PUBLIC HEALTH /SANTÉ PUBLIQUE
Twelve years of follow-up for patients treated with ARVs in Senegal (ANRS Cohort 1215): description of population and methodology
Douze ans de suivi de patients traités par ARV au Sénégal (cohorte ANRS 1215) : description de la population et de la méthodologie
I. Ndoye · B. Taverne · and the ANRS 1215 cohort Study Group
Received: 26 February 2014; Accepted: 17 June 2014
© Société de pathologie exotique et Springer-Verlag France 2014
AbstractThe ANRS Cohort 1215 brought together the first 400 patients receiving antiretroviral treatments through the government program for ARV treatment in Senegal. These people, infected with HIV-1, began their treatment between 1998 and 2002; they were treated with 2 NRTI + 1 PI or NNRTI. This prospective observational cohort received follow-up over the course of 12 years, from 1999 to 2010, and was one of the earliest established cohorts in Africa and providing the longest duration of ART follow-up. A series of interdisciplinary studies was conducted among these patients to assess the medical and social as well as the indi- vidual and collective impact of these treatments over the long term. This article presents the cohort’s key methodo- logical characteristics.
KeywordsANRS Cohort 1215 · PLHIV · HIV · HAART · ART · Long-term follow-up · Senegal · Sub-Saharan Africa
RésuméLa cohorte ANRS 1215 a regroupé les 400 premiers patients recevant des traitements antirétroviraux à travers le programme gouvernemental de traitement par les ARV du Sénégal. Ces personnes, infectées par le VIH-1, ont débuté leur traitement entre 1998 et 2002 ; elles ont été traitées par 2 NRTI + 1 PI ou NNRTI. Cette cohorte observationnelle prospective a été suivie sur une durée totale de 12 ans, de 1999 à 2010 ; c’est l’une des plus anciennes en Afrique off- rant la plus longue durée de suivi sous ARV. Un ensemble de recherches pluridisciplinaires a été réalisé auprès de ces
patients afin d’évaluer l’impact médical et social, indivi- duel et collectif, des traitements à long terme. Cet article présente les principales caractéristiques méthodologiques de la cohorte.
Mots clésCohorte ANRS 1215 · PVVIH · VIH · ARV · Suivi au long terme · Sénégal · Afrique intertropicale
Introduction
The research conducted under the name “ANRS Cohort 1215” has the following major characteristics: (i) the advanced date of implementation–1999–five years before WHO promoted the strategy of universal free access to ARV drugs for Southern countries, announced in 2003; (ii) the significant duration of patient follow-up—12 years—from 1999 to 2011; and (iii) the multidisciplinary aspect of the corresponding studies. Conducted from both a fundamental and applied perspective, this research helped guide the Sene- galese government in making public health decisions related to the implementation of its national treatment program for people living with HIV.
This research program was developed within an interna- tional research partnership between the Senegalese National Council for the Fight Against AIDS (or CNLS, Conseil National de Lutte contre le Sida), the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS, or Agence nationale française de recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales), and the French Research Institute for Development (IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement).
I. Ndoye
Conseil national de lutte contre le Sida du Sénégal, Dakar, Sénégal
B. Taverne (*)
Centre régional de recherche et de formation à la prise en charge clinique, CHU de Fann à Dakar, Sénégal (CRCF) ; UMI 233 de l’IRD TransVIHMI e-mail : Bernard.Taverne@ird.fr
DOI 10.1007/s13149-014-0379-4
ANRS Cohort 1215, scientific support for the Senegalese national program
The ANRS Cohort 1215 was created in conjunction with the Senegalese government’s ARV treatment program, the Sene- galese Antiretroviral Drug Access Initiative (or ISAARV, Initiative sénégalaise d’accès aux médicaments ARV). The Senegalese State committed to ensuring free access to ARV drugs early on, and the first treatment regimens were deliv- ered in August 1998. Hence, Senegal was one of the first African countries to make this decision, at a time when the prevailing international consensus recommended strength- ening prevention of HIV transmission over treating people who were infected in resource-constrained countries.
In this context, initiating an ARV treatment program at the national level was a bold decision; it hinged on a multi- disciplinary research program combining medical sciences (virology, bioclinical science, and epidemiology under the direction of I. Ndoye and E. Delaporte) and social sciences (anthropology, economics, and public health under the direc- tion of O. Sylla and A. Desclaux). This ANRS-funded pro- gram included the creation of a prospective observational cohort made up of the first patients receiving ARV drugs in Senegal; other research was then embedded into this pro- gram. Administered under the general name“ANRS Cohort 1215,” this program was the scientific support system for ISAARV starting in 1999 and during its first years in operation.
Initially planned to last three years, the ANRS Cohort 1215 was extended three times through funding from ANRS, and with support from the Research Institute for Development (IRD), the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
and the European Union, which enabled research to continue until 2011. The goal of these studies was always to provide concrete responses to the issues and local needs related to patient care in Senegal, while contributing to discussions about and the advancement of global knowledge regarding the use of ARV treatment in resource-limited countries.
Evolution of research issues
In 1999, this involved evaluating the process of care and documenting the feasibility, accessibility, acceptability, and efficacy of ARV treatment in an African capital. However, the implementation of ARV access programs raised a number of issues, particularly related to insufficient scientific knowl- edge about the efficacy of these therapies in the health con- texts of Southern countries, the complexity of treatments intended for a lifetime and requiring rigorous medical follow-up, the need for well-developed health infrastructure to implement these treatments, as well as the high cost of the drugs. As with any other health program, the ARV access programs had to prove that they could meet the five require- ments for public health, namely: equity, an optimal cost- efficiency ratio, accessibility and acceptability for the popu- lations involved, and sustainability. The ANRS 1215 pro- gram was one of the first to respond to these issues in 2000.
Over the years, the research topics were revised. Starting in 2003, once the principle that ARV treatments must be used was accepted worldwide, scientific investigations pointed towards the medium- and then long-term impact of treatments. For the most recent period (2009–2011), issues concerned the impact of ten years of treatment. They were defined based on the findings of previous studies conducted Members of the ANRS 1215 study group (2009–2011)
Ibra Ndoye (National Council for the Fight Against AIDS, Dakar, Senegal), Eric Delaporte, Jean-François Etard, Martine Peeters, Alice Desclaux, Pierre de Beaudrap, Christian Laurent, Julie Coutherut, Tidiane Ndoye, Nicole Vidal, Claire Moquet, Sabrina Eymard-Duvernay, Cécile Cames, Kirsten Bork, Sabah Boufkhed, Mathilde Couderc, Amandine Cournil, Bernard Taverne (IRD, UMI 233; Montpellier 1 University, France), Assane Diouf, Mame Basty Koïta Fall, Alle Baba Dieng, Chris- tian Eric Massidi, Adama Sarr, Khoudia Sow, Mariane Ndiaye Berthe, Saïdou Ba, Absa Ba, Catherine Lissoune Fall Sané, Sokhna Boye, Caroline Desclaux-Sall, Héléne Dior Mbodj, Coumba Gueye Cissé, Frédérique Muller, Kouro Bousso Niang, Marie-Louise Sarr, Estelle Simen, Alassane Sow, El Hadj Malick Sy Camara (Regional Center for Research and Training in Clini- cal Treatment, National University Hospital Center in Fann, Dakar, Senegal), Maryvonne Maynart, Isabelle Lanièce, Vanina
Cilote (Department of Cooperation and Cultural Affairs, French Embassy, Dakar, Senegal), Papa Salif Sow, Ibrahima Ndiaye, Cheickh Tidiane Ndour, Viviane Pierre Marie Ciss, (National University Hospital Center in Fann, Infectious and Tropical Dis- ease Unit, Dakar, Senegal), Ndeye Fatou Ngom Guèye, Djibril Baal, Batista Gilbert, Andréa Robalo Diassy (National University Hospital Center in Fann, Ambulatory Treatment Center, Dakar, Senegal), Jeanne Diaw (General Hospital in Grand Yoff, Dakar, Senegal) René Ecochard, (Claude Bernard Lyon I University, France), Mathieu Bastard (Epicentre, Paris, France), Kadidiatou Ba Fall, Pape Madoumbé Guèye, Pape Samba Ba, Madiouba Dia- wara (Principal Hospital in Dakar, Senegal), Souleymane Mboup, Pape Alassane Diaw, Halimatou Diop Ndiaye, Ndeye Coumba Touré Kane, Moussa Thiam (Le Dantec National University Hos- pital Center, Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory, Dakar, Sene- gal), Karim Diop (Ministry of Health, Division of AIDS Control, Dakar, Senegal), Bara Ndiaye (National University Hospital Cen- ter in Fann, Dakar, Senegal).
in Senegal and took into account current international knowledge. These issues involved:
•
Medical sciences: immunological restoration among the most immuno-depressed patients, virological failure and resistance mutations, the evolution of treatment efficacy and mortality, description of co-morbidities, the study of the effects of aging, and sexual health.•
Public health: evolution in treatment adherence, the socio- economic future for patients, the socio-medical conditions and determinants of treatment failure, and the future of children born to parents receiving ARV treatment.•
Social sciences: the experience of the disease and of treat- ment over the long term, social aspects of child bearing for women living with HIV treated with ARVs, and per- ceptions and practices related to the prevention and sexual transmission of HIV among patients receiving ARV treatment.Each of these topics led to specific investigations, usually interrelated, through approaches aimed at complementarity.
Some topics arose from initially unforeseen developments that were deemed essential to rigorous analysis, such as the perception of lipodystrophy, the study on widows’and aging individuals’vulnerability, critical analysis of measuring stig- matization, etc.
Cohort description and available information
Biomedical follow-upSize of cohort and how it was set up
The ANRS Cohort 1215 is made up of 444 adult patients infected with HIV-1 (age > 15 years) who began ARV treatment between August 1998 and December 2004.
This cohort was established over the course of several phases: (i) 324 patients began their treatment within the framework of the Senegalese government’s ARV Drug Access Initiative (ISAARV) between August 1998 and April 2002; (ii) 80 patients initially participated in trials for 18 months that assessed treatment combinations con- taining Efavirenz (EFZ) between January 2000 and April 2001 (ANRS trial 1204/IMEA 011 and ANRS trial 1206/
IMEA 012); and (iii) 40 patients initially participated in a trial assessing a treatment combination containing Tenofo- vir (TDF) between June and December 2004.
The initial treatment regimens were a triple therapy combining two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibi- tors (NRTIs) and either one protease inhibitor (PI) or one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI);
18 patients received a treatment with only two nucleoside inhibitors before May 2000.
All of the patients were recruited in the first three care facilities equipped to provide care for HIV patients and to prescribe ARV drugs: the Principal Hospital in Dakar along with the Ambulatory Treatment Center and the Infectious Diseases Unit/Clinical Research Center, both within the National University Hospital Center in Fann.
ARV drugs and all laboratory tests were provided for free for patients participating in the clinical trials. Beginning in December 2003, ARV drugs were free for all patients when the national policy for payment exemptions for ARV drugs was applied. Since 2005, the research program has covered all HIV-related health expenses (including hospitalizations) for cohort participants, and the poorest patients received a travel allowance.
The clinical trials and the cohort were validated by the National Health Research Ethics Committee. All participants gave written consent to participate. After 30 June 2010, the continuity of patient care was covered within the national program, as initially intended. Procedures for providing clin- ical information to physicians and patient orientation were defined in close collaboration with the research team and prescribing doctors.
Procedure for patient follow-up
Patients were enrolled following a pre-recruitment and then a recruitment visit that included conducting routine biologi- cal exams as well as CD4 count and viral load assessments.
Patients were seen one month after starting treatment and then every two months. Patients had access to additional medical consultations, upon request, depending on their health status. Biological follow-up was conducted every six months.
A pharmacist dispensed the drugs monthly or every two months and, at this time, filled out a questionnaire on treat- ment adherence, while also suggesting measures to improve adherence when needed.
Social support was offered to participants who requested it by a social worker and a member of a PLHIV self-support association. This support involved participation in discus- sion groups, various family mediation activities, and visits to hospitalized patients.
Biological exams
The CD4 cell counts were assessed using the FACSCount System (Becton Dickinson, Le Pont de Claix, France) and plasma viral load using either the Amplicor HIV-1 1.5 or 2.0 assay (Roche Molecular Systems, Meylan, France) or the Bayer bDNA HIV-1 Quantiplex assay 2.0 or 3.0 (Bayer Diagnostics, Aulnay s/Bois, France). The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) detection with confirmatory test (IMx HBs Ag; Abbott, Rungis, France) and two hepatitis C virus
(HCV) enzyme immunoassay screening tests (IMx HCV version 3.0; Abbott) were performed at the enrollment visit. All these tests were performed in Dakar.
Monitoring the cohort
Research assistants periodically met with the physicians prov- ing care to the patients to fill out standardized research files.
All recorded data were made anonymous. Data were subject to double-keyboard entry with validation checks using custom-developed software. Every month, the research assis- tants, the pharmacist, one anthropologist, social workers, and members of associations for people living with HIV met to track down patients not seen at a scheduled visit for more than two months or patients who were two weeks late to drug dis- pensation. Repeated phone calls were made, and several home visits were organized to discuss reasons for non- adherence. These discussions helped several missing patients restart treatment. After six months of no news or an unwill- ingness to resume treatment, contact was ceased. Confidenti- ality regarding HIV status was strictly observed during any contact.
The biomedical database
A database was established within the framework of this cohort. It assembled a series of anonymized socio- demographic, biological, and clinical data on patients in the cohort. This database is hosted on a server located in the Regional Center for Research and Training in Clinical Treatment in Dakar (CRCF). Regulated by a joint- ownership agreement between the Senegalese National Council for the Fight Against AIDS, the Research Insti- tute for Development, and French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis, it specifies the rights and obligations of joint ownership and defines the proce- dures for the use of data by third parties. Main socio- demographic and bioclinical characteristics at inclusion and at the end of follow-up are presented in Table 1.
Social sciences studies
Throughout the duration of medical follow-up for patients, several studies in social sciences were conducted that combined quantitative methods using questionnaires and qualitative methods based on individual and group interviews.
These studies involved either all cohort participants or subsets of participants who were selected based on the study topic.
Participants received specific information and a request for additional consent before conducting these surveys. The close relationships with some participants made it possible to conduct repeated interviews over ten years. The survey questionnaires and interviews have been anonymized and
used for each study, which used its own database; cross anal- ysis of data across the different studies was conducted. The socio-anthropological data were not compiled into a single database linked to the bioclinical database.
Methodological contribution to public health from the ANRS 1215 program in terms of applied research
In 1999, access to ARV drugs in Southern countries was a completely new area of research. All the teams working on this topic did it with tools that were initially developed for other contexts (for example, the use of ARVs in Northern countries) or for other diseases (various tropical diseases).
The teams had to adapt their methods and create new research systems that were adjusted to the specificities of the HIV epidemic in Southern countries. Moreover, it quickly became clear that the social, cultural, economic, and even political dimensions had to be investigated with as much rigor as the virological, medical and epidemiologi- cal aspects. This finding led to the creation of multidisciplin- ary teams. This was the case for the ANRS 1215 research program team that resulted in various methodological inno- vations in the areas of organizing research, specific data collection and measuring techniques, and data analysis methods.
The repeated renewals, each with a specified time frame for the research process, meant that participant consent was regularly updated. This updating of consent provided an opportunity to test the various methods for delivering pre- consent information to patients; this study used their input in identifying which methods best suited them. At the same time, the evaluation of patient information procedures in addition to observations collected from interviews with health professionals and those drawn from tracking down patients lost to follow-up helped define the role of ethical mediator in the research center. The ethical mediator works at the interface between patients, health professionals, and members of patient associations to support these vari- ous stakeholders to gain understanding and fulfill their expectations.
The biomedical information for each patient was ini- tially saved in a database created using an EPI-INFO application (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], Atlanta, USA). In 2004, a software application using VisualBasic6-MySQL was developed to enable multi-user data entry with input controls, double entry, monthly validation of data, exportation, and backup. This system was further improved in 2006 with the addition of a tool to generate on-line questionnaires (Voozanoo® plat- form under PHP-MySQL) that allowed secure remote access to the database; this application was developed in
the context of a partnership with the EpiConcept Company with funding from IRD.
Among the more subtle, but nevertheless significant, adaptations is the application of the collection and report- ing process for serious adverse events that is usually used in clinical trials and applied here to medical follow-up for the cohort; and the development of new methods for modeling incomplete longitudinal data, such as latent variable models or Bayesian models to analyze treatment adherence.
The study on bone aging was conducted using an alterna- tive technique to assess bone density with ultrasonography (ultrasound of the calcaneus), which has never been used in the South. This method has proven to be easy to implement and at a lower cost than the reference methods.
The pharmacy service intervention, which combined data collection and regular treatment education sessions for patients receiving follow-up over the long-term, helped iden- tify the necessary methods for assessing adherence during dispensation, currently taught during training sessions on adherence at the sub-regional level.
In the social sciences, critical analysis of results from information obtained through the use of tools currently recommended by WHO on sharing information or measur- ing stigmatization calls the reliability of these methods into question and should, therefore, result in their revision. The team suggested methods for investigating stigmatization specific to a socially vulnerable population.
Lastly, multidisciplinarity was the guiding principle of the ANRS 1215 program. Understanding the issues and Table 1 Demographics, HIV status, and main characteristics of the ANRS Cohort 1215 at treatment initiation and at the end of follow-up /Principales caractéristiques des patients de la cohorte ANRS 1215 à l’inclusion et à l’issue du suivi.
At treatment initiation At the end of follow-up
Characteristics Number % Number %
Age 403 239
Median years (IQR) 37 (31–43) 46 (40–54)
> 45 95 23.5 126 52.7
Sex 403 239
Male 183 45.4 101 42.3
CDC Stage 403
B 160 39.7
C 223 55.3
Body Mass Index (BMI) 399 239
Median kg/m2(IQR) 19.9 (18.0–22.4) 22.3 (19.8–25.6)
< 18.5 119 29.8 46 19.2
Protease Inhibitor–containing regimen 403
Yes 169 41.9
Past history of tuberculosis 403
Yes 113 28
Hemoglobin level 341 233
Median g/dL (IQR) 10.7 (9.3–12.0) 12.9 (11.8–13.8)
≤10 136 34 10 4.3
CD4 cell count 398 239
Median cells/μL (IQR) 127 (53–217) 486 (351–694)
≤200 274 69.3 14 5.9
HIV viral load copies/mL 314 236
Median (IQR) 5.2 (4.7–5.6)
< 50 199 84.3
HBs antigen at D0 357 223
Positive 62 17.4 32 14.3
Anti-HCV antibodies at D0 356 223
Positive 28 7.9 16 7.2
IQR: interquartile range.
constraints of medical treatment with ARV drugs must be viewed through a range of perspectives that complement each other and allow for their examination through vari- ous dimensions. From 1999 to 2011, practitioners and researchers from various disciplines in the medical and social sciences worked together. They compared their observations and set out to consider and enhance their interpretations through the viewpoint of other disciplines.
All stages of the research program—defining research topics, setting up studies, presenting initial results— gave rise to discussions and critiques that combined all
the scientific disciplines represented within the team on an equal basis.
Collaboration requests
The list of publications (Table 2), the thesaurus of the bio- clinical database, and procedures for data retrieval to con- duct secondary analyses may be requested from the principal investigators Dr Ibra Ndoye (indoye@cnls-senegal.org) and Dr Bernard Taverne (Bernard.Taverne@ird.fr).
Table 2 Publications from the ANRS 1215 program in Senegal (until the 30/06/2014) /Publications issues du programme ANRS 1215 au Sénégal, au 30/06/2014.
•Bastard M, Koita Fall MB, Lanièce I, Taverne B, Desclaux A, Ecochard R, Sow PS, Delaporte E, Etard JF. Revisiting long-term adherence to ART in Senegal using latent class analysis. Journal of AIDS, 2011, 7(1):55-61.
•Braitstein P, Brinkhof MW, Dabis F, Schechter M, Boulle A, Miotti P, Wood R, Laurent C, Sprinz E, Seyler C, Bangsberg DR, Balestre E, Sterne JA, May M, Egger M, for The Antiretroviral Therapy in Lower Income Countries (ART-LINC) Collaboration and ART Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC) Groups, Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy:
comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet, 2006, 367(9513): 817-24.
•Cournil A, Eymard-Duvernay S, Diouf A, Moquet C, Coutherut J, Ngom Gueye NF, Cames C, Taverne B, Bork K, Sow PS, Delaporte E, ANRS 1215 Study Group. Reduced quantitative ultrasound bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in Senegal. PLoS One, 2012, 7(2):e31726.
•Dabis F, Balestre E, Braitstein P, Miotti P, Brinkhof MWG, Schneider M, Schechter M, Laurent C, Boulle A, Kabugo C, Capkun G, Seyler C, McIntyre J, Sprinz E, Bansgberg D, Van der Borght S, Egger M for The Antiretroviral Therapy in Lower Income Countries (ART-LINC) Study Group. Antiretroviral therapy in lower income countries (ART-LINC): international collaboration of treatment cohorts. Int J Epidemiol, 2005, 34(5): 979-86.
•De Beaudrap P, Diallo MB, Landman R, Guèye NF, Ndiaye I, Diouf A, Kane CT, Etard JF, Girard PM, Sow PS, Delaporte E.
Changes in the renal function after tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy initiation in a Senegalese cohort (ANRS 1215). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010, Nov;26(11):1221-7.
•De Beaudrap P, Etard JF, Diouf A, Ndiaye I, Gueye NF, Gueye PM, Sow PS, Mboup S, Ndoye I, Ecochard R, Eric D. Modeling CD4+ cell count increase over a six-year period in hiv-1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009, 80(6):1047-1053.
•De Beaudrap P, Etard JF, Diouf A, Ndiaye I, Ngom Guèye NF, Sow PS, Touré Kane NC, Ecochard R, Delaporte E and ANRS 1215 Study Group. Incidence and determinants of new AIDS-defining illness after HAART initiation in a Senegalese cohort. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2010, 19;10(1):179.
•De Beaudrap P, Etard JF, Ecochard R, Diouf A, Dieng A, Cilote V, et al. Change over time of mortality predictors after HAART initiation in a Senegalese cohort. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(3):227-234.
•De Beaudrap P, Etard JF, Guèye FN, Guèye M, Landman R, Girard PM, Sow PS, Ndoye I, Delaporte E, ANRS 1215/1290 Study Group. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of efavirenz- and nevirapine-containing regimens in adult HIV-1 Senegalese patients.
AIDS Res and Hum Retroviruses, 2008, 24(6):753-60.
•De Beaudrap P1, Thiam M, Diouf A, Toure-Kane C, Ngom-Guèye NF, Vidal N, Mboup S, Ndoye I, Sow PS, Delaporte E, ANRS 1215 Study Group. Risk of virological failure and drug resistance during first and second -line antiretroviral therapy in a 10-year cohort in Senegal: results from the ANRS 1215 cohort. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2013, 62, 381–387.
•Desclaux A., A propos de la gratuité des traitements antirétroviraux en Afrique : concrétisation d’une notion utopique ? In: Mehdi R., Maljean-Dubois S. (Eds), La société internationale et les grandes pandémies. Paris, Pedone, 2007, 195-202
•Desclaux A., Ciss M., Taverne B., Sow P.S., Egrot M., Faye M.A., Lanièce I., Sylla O., Delaporte E., Ndoye I., Access to antiretroviral drugs and AIDS management in Senegal. AIDS, 2003 , Vol. 17 (suppl3) S95-S101.
•Desclaux A., Equity in access to AIDS Treatment in Africa: pitfalls amongst achievements. in Singer M., Castro A. (eds).
Unhealthy health policy: a critical medical anthropology perspective. Lanham, Altamira Press, 2004, 115-132.
(Suite page suivante)
Table 2(suite)
•Desclaux A., L’observance en Afrique : question de culture ou « vieux problème » de santé publique ? in L’observance aux traitements contre le VIH/sida : mesure, déterminants, évolution. Paris, ANRS, Collection Sciences Sociales et Sida ; 2001:
57-66.
•Desclaux A., Laniece I., Ndoye I., Taverne B. (Ed.) L’Initiative sénégalaise d’accès aux médicaments antirétroviraux. Analyses économiques, sociales, comportementales et médicales. Coll. Sciences sociales et santé, ANRS, Paris, 2002, 260 p.
•Desclaux A., Laniece I., Ndoye I., Taverne B. (Eds), The Senegalese Antiretroviral Drug Access Initiative. An Economic, Social, Behavioural and Biomedical Analysis, Paris : ANRS, UNAIDS, WHO ; 2004, 230 p
•Desclaux A., Les antirétroviraux en Afrique : de la culture dans une économie mondialisée. Anthropologie et sociétés, 2003, 27 (2):41-58.
•Desclaux A., Levy J., Cultures et médicaments. Ancien objet ou nouveau courant en anthropologie médicale ? Introduction du numéro thématique d’Anthropologie et sociétés sur“Culture et médicaments”, 2003, 27(2):5-21
•Desclaux A., O medicamento, um objeto de futuro na anthropologia de saùde. Revista Mediaçoes, Londrina, 2008, II (2), 113-130
•Diop-Ndiaye H, Touré-Kane C, Etard JF, Lô G, Diaw PA, Ngom-Gueye NF, Gueye PM, Ba-Fall K, Ndiaye I, Sow PS, Delaporte E, Mboup S. Hepatitis B, C seroprevalence and Delta viruses in HIV-1 Senegalese patients at HAART initiation (retrospective study).
Journal of Medical Virology, 2008, 80:1332-6.
•Diouf, A., Cournil, A., Ba-Fall, K., Ngom-Gueye, N.F., Eymard-Duvernay, S., Ndiaye, I., Batista, G., Gueye, P.M., Ba, P.S., Taverne, B., et al. (2012). Diabetes and Hypertension among Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment since 1998 in Senegal:
Prevalence and Associated Factors. ISRN AIDS, 2012, Dec 1;2012:621565
•Egger M, Spycher BD, Sidle J, Weigel R, Geng EH, Fox MP, MacPhail P, van Cutsem G, Messou E, Wood R, Nash D, Pascoe M, Dickinson D, Etard JF, McIntyre JA, Brinkhof MWG, for IeDEA East Africa, West Africa and Southern Africa. Correcting Mortality for Loss to Follow-Up: A Nomogram Applied to Antiretroviral Treatment Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Medicine, 2011, 8 (1). e1000390.
•Elsensohn MH, Klich A, Ecochard R, Bastard M, Genolini C, Etard JF, Gustin MP. A graphical method to assess distribution assumption in group-based trajectory models. Stat Methods Med Res, 2013, DOI 0962280213475643.
•Etard JF, Diouf A, De Beaudrap P, Akoi K, Ngom-Guèye NF, Ndiaye I, Ecochard R, Sow PS, Eric D, Short and Long-Term Incidence of Tuberculosis and CD4-Cell Count Dynamic on HAART in Senegal. The Open AIDS Journal. 2009, 3:63-70.
•Etard JF, Lanièce I, Koita Fall MB, Cilote V, Blazejewski L, Diop K, Desclaux A, Ecochard R, Ndoye I, Delaporte E and ANRS 1215/90 study group. A 84-month follow-up of adherence to HAART in a cohort of adults Senegalese patients. Trop Med Int Hlth, 2007, 12(10):1191-1198.
•Etard JF, Ndiaye I, Thierry-Mieg M, Ngom Guèye NF, Mandoumbé Guèye P, Lanièce I, Dieng AB, Diouf A, Laurent C, Mboup S, Sow PS and Delaporte E, for the ANRS 1290 study group. Mortality and causes of death in adults receiving HAART in Senegal:
a 7-year cohort study. AIDS, 2006, 20(8): 1181-1189
•Furber A., Hodgson I., Desclaux A., Mukasa D., Barriers for better care for people with AIDS in developing countries. British Medical Journal, 2004, 329 : 1281-1283 .
•Gabillard D, Lewden C, Ndoye I, Moh R, Ségéral O, Tonwe-Gold B, Etard JF, Pagnaroat M, Fournier-Nicolle I, Eholié S, Konate I, Minga A, Mpoudi-Ngolé E, Koulla-Shiro S, Zannou Djimon M, Anglaret X, Laurent C. Mortality, AIDS-morbidity and loss to follow-up by current CD4 cell count among HIV-1 infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Africa and Asia: data from the ANRS 12222 collaboration. JAIDS, 2013, 62(5):555-561, April 15, 2013.
•Gao F, Vidal N, Li Y, Trask SA, Chen Y, Kostrikis LG, Ho DD, Kim J, Oh MD, Choe K, Salminien M, Robertson DL, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Peeters M. Evidence of two distinct subtypes within the HIV-1 subtype A radiation. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir, 2001, 17 (8): 675-88.
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(Suite page suivante)
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge Sharon Calandra who translated the article and edited the final version.
Conflict of interest :The authors do not have any conflict of interest to declare.
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