Freeze-thaw durability of sulfur concrete

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Freeze-thaw durability of sulfur concrete

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C A N A D A S e r THI B92 no. 92 c . 2

FREEZE-THAW

DURABIUTY

OF

SULFUR CONCRETE

by

J.

Beaudoin. and

P.

J.

Screda

BUILDING RESEARCH -iL'RARY

-

A U G 1 1974

nlnomw RESEARCH COUNCIL

Based on investigation

by

A.

H.

Vroorn, Consultant to the National Research Council of Canada and

A. Ortega and

W.

Rybczynski

of the School of Architecture, McGill University

D I V I S I O N O F BUlLDlNG R E Z E A R C H

-

H A l l O H A L I t E S E A R C H C O U H C I L

-

O T T A W A C A N A D A

!

I

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FREEZE-THAW

DURABILITY O F S U L F U R CONCRETE

by

J. J.

Beaudoin and

P.

J.

Sereda

The potential for use of aulflar as a binder (replacing cement) in concrete products is being studied assiduously in Canada because

large inventories of elemental sulfur a r e accumulating in Alberta as a result of scrubbing sour gas. The challenge is t o find new uses for the surplus sulfur.

Dr. A.

H.

Vroorn*, while acting as a consultant to the National Research Council of Canada, accepted the challenge t o a s s e s s the feasibility of using sulfur as the binding matrix in concrete; the

facilities at the Division of Building Research,

NRC,

w e r e made avail- able to undertake the task of evaluating "concreteP' matrices composed of sulfur and s u l f u r containing various organic and i n o r g a n i c additives. Coincident with this investigation, Dr. Ortega and

W.

Rybczynski,

School of Architecture, U n i v e r s i t y of McGilS w e r e investigating the u s e

of sulfur f o r low c o s t housing and collaborated in the production o f samples for this p r o g r a m . This report presents the r e s u l t s of this joint investigation.

A large p a r t of the investigation was designed t o a s s e s s the ability of s u l f u r concrete to withstand repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. It was expected that, because sulfur has a high coefficient af thermal expansion, i t would be thermally incompatible w i t h the aggregate inclusions and subsequent failure would result. In the sam- p l e s prepared for testing a number of organic and inorganic additives w e r e t r i e d in the hope of finding a material that would offset any ill

effects due t o thermal incompatibility. (A list of additives is given in

Appendix A . ) Their performance is assessed. EXPERIMENTAL

Mixes for Samples

The sequence of mixing was generally as f o l l o w s ; Aggregate

w a s heated while rotating in a drum-type mixer. Liquid sulfur

(approximate temperature: 130'C) or additive and liquid sulfur (130°C)

w e r e poured into the rotating mixer and mixed until they blended with

(4)

the aggregate. The admixture w a s u s u a l l y added to the p r e m e l t e d sulfur and left for a s p e c i f i c retention time or the mixturc: w a s i m -

mediately added to the preheated aggregate. Appendix B to this r e -

port includes a list of mix details giving c o n s t i t u e n t s and mix pro- portions for each sample t e s t e d i n the p r o g r a m (provided c o u r t e s y

of Mc G i l l U n i v e r s ity)

-

Samale s

P r i s m s , nominally 3-in. by 4-in. by 16-in. w e r e c a s t in s t e e l

moulds. h s e r t s for length change measurement w e r e cast into the

ends of several samples, The t o t a l number of samples included in the t e s t p r o g r a m w a s 1 7 3 .

Freeze-Thaw Cvcles

M o s t samples w e r e subjected t o a freeze-thaw c y c l e consisting

of six hours f r e e z i n g in air and s i x h o u r s thawing in w a t e r ; temperature

range was 0 ° F to 45OF.

A few samples ( N o s . 1613, 1 7 8 , 18B, 19A, 2 0 8 , 21B, 22B,

23B, 24B and 25B) w e r e f r o z e n in air ( - 1 0

"F)

f o r 1 6 hours and thawed at room t e m p e r a t u r e

(7QQF)

for 8 hours; this cycle w a s p e r f o r m e d five

days per week. The remaining two days each week tho samples w e r e exposed to the air in the laboratory.

Length Change

Length change f o r samples N o s . 1A to 15A w a s measured a f t e r each freeze-thaw cycle using a standard comparator with sensitivity 1 x 10-4 in.

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

Measurements of fundamental f r e q u e n c i e s (longitudinal and

transverse) of 3-in. by $-in. by 16-in. s u l f u r concrete p r i s m s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o ASTM C2i5-60. Dynamic modulus w a s c e m -

puted. from the formula:

where:

W

= weight of specimen, Ib L = length, in,

(5)

t , b = dimensions of cross-section of prism, in.

na

=

fundamental longitudinal frequency, cycles p e r second. Dynamic modulus was also calculated f r o m the measurement of fundamental transverse frequency using a similar formula.

Densitv

The density of each sample w a s obtained f r o m the measured

weight and volume. The volume was determined by weighing the sarn-

ples in water and applying Archimedes principle. Modulus of R u ~ t u r a

Modulus of rapture t e s t s w e r e performed according to ASTM

C293-68 on samples 31A, 8OA, 84A, 85A, BOB, 85B, 848 and 218. Compressive Strength

Cornpres sive stxength was measueed an portions of beams broken in flexure

for

modulus of rupt~lre tests in accordance with A S T M C l 1 6 - 6 8 .

T

her ma1 Expans ion

This test invoLved measuring the length change of the specimen between -10°F and 70°F. Specimens s e l e c t e d w e r e 2A, 21B and 51B. R e c o v e r v of Dvnamic Modulus of Elasticitv

Some samples were stored i n the laboratory after a s e l e c t e d n u m b e r of continuous freeze- thaw cycles and dynamic modulus deter

-

mined after a storage period. A f e w samples w e r e subjected t o several repetitions of cycling and storage in order to ascertain the effect on dynamic modulus of elasticity.

RESULTS AND DISGUSSION

Table l lists the densities and initial value of the dynamic

modulus of elasticity for the 173 samples tested. F i g u r e s 2 to 11 plot the ratio

E/E,

against the number of freeze-thaw cycles. E is the value of dynamic modulus for a given c y c l e and E, is the initial value of the dynamic modulus, The relative performance of each sample for any number of cycles is readily observed.

Table 1IA describes samples that have values of E/E, _> 0.80 at 200 cycles of fxeezing and thawing. Twelve samples satisfied this criterion; nine samples contained pyrites and/or R P D (Resinous

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T a b l e IIB contains a description of samples f o r which 0. 50

5

E / E ~ 5 0.80 at 200 c y c l ~ s of f r e e z i n g a d thawing. A l l b c ~ t f o u r of the sixteen samples listed contain p y r i t e s and/or RPD.

I t should be noted that although s a m p l e 21B did not undergo 2 0 0

c y c l e s i t maintained a value of E / E ~ = E. 00 at. 150 c y c l e s ,

T h e following observations can be made f r o m T a b l e s FIA and 118.

(1) The amount 0 5 s u l f u r in a l l the mixes is r e h t i v e l y c o n s t a n t , i. e , ,

2970

t o 33. 2570, by weight.

(2) T h o s e samples containing p y r i t e s show two d i s t i n c t p e r f o r m a n c e levels:

( i ) w h e r e 20%

<

P

<

35%, the values of ( E / E , ] ~ ~ ~ a r e :

(ii) w h e r e 5%

<

P

<

20% the values of z / E , ~ ~ ~ ~ are:

W i t h i n e a c h performance l e v e l i h z r e a p p e a r s to h e n o c o r r e l a t i o n

between either aggregate t e m p e r a t u r e or mix c a s t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e a n d

performance. F i g u r e I , w h i c h illustrates the effective contribution of

pyrites, renders questionable t h e repeatability of r e s u l t s , as sarnplles 79A, 83A, and 200A are of the s a m e composition but show g r e a t e r than 20% difference in E / E ~ .

( 3 ) W h e r e p y r r h o t i t e w a s u s e d (2070 tto 6 5 % ) :

Detailed results of t e s t s follo;u, gained f r o m examination of F i g u r e s 2 to 14.

Figure 2

--

results f o r samples 1 t o 8B.

T h e response of samples

4A,

4B and 4 C i n d i c a t e s t h a t an anomaly occurred w i t h i n t h e first 1 0 cycles. These samples e x p e r i e n c e a s

much a s 40 per cent increase in d y n a m i c modulus w i t h i n 10 cycles.

Sample

4B

appears to be the superior sample, retaining 80 per cent of E, a t 11 0 cycles, Samples 4A and 4C retain about 60 p e r cent Eo at

110 cycles. The remaining samples s h o w a rapid d e c r e a s e in Eo (as much as 7 0 per cent i n 10 to 20 cycles).

(7)

F i g u r e 3

--

results f o r s a m p l e s 7A to 16A.

Samples 10A, 11B, 10B and 15B retain about 80 per cent E, at 110 cycles, Sample

15B

shows a 5 per cent increase in E, at 5

cycles. Sample 15A retains about 80 p e r cent Eo at 1 5 cycles and then drops suddenly. The remaining samples show rapid decrease

in E,

F i g u r e 4

--

results far samples h b B to 21B.

Samples 21A and 21B maintain 9 5 per cent Eo for 240 c y c l e s . Sample l 8 A maintains about 80 per cent E, at 110 cycles. Remaining samples show 60 per cent E, at l l 0 cycles with the exception of sam- p l e 2OA which maintains only 20 per cent E, in 10 cycles,

Figure 5 - - results of samples 2ZA to 29A.

Samples 22A and 22B show a constant increase in Eo ( 1 0 per cent) after 10 cycles which is maintained for 280 cycles. The r e - maining samples show rapid decreases in E, (approx. 50 per cent in

30 c y c l e s ) with exception of 25B which exhibited 60 per cent recovery following 70 per cent decrease in 45 cycles, followed by a further

30 per cent decrease and 40 per cent increase to a xesultant s t a t e of

1.05

Eo.

Figuse 6

--

results of samples 30A to 47A.

Samples 37A and 43A exhibit 5 and 1 5 per cent

Eo

i n c r e a s e in

20 cycles. Samples 35A,

36A

and 44A maintain 80 per cent E, at 110

c y c l e s . The remaining samples retain 60 per c e n t E, in 6 0 cycles. Figure 7

--

results of samples 48A to 75A a t 110 cycles.

Samplea 64A, 50A,

66A,

and

51A

retain 7 5 per cent, 60 per cent, 48 p e r cent and 40 per cent of E, respectively. The remaining

samples show rapid decreases in E within 50 cycles. Figure 8

--

results of samples 73B to 9ZA.

Sample 80A shows a 40 per cent increase in Eo within 40 cycles and subsequent decrease to 75 per cent Eo w i t h i n 180 cycles. Sample

82A

maintains a constant level at 98 per cent

Eo

for 320 cycles. Sam-

ple 83A retains at least 8.0 per cent

E,

for 300 cycles and samples 79A, 85A and 81A maintain 70 per cent E, at 110 cycles. The remain- d e r show

5

50 per cent E o at below 50 cycles with sample 7 3 B showing

the poorest performance.

Figure

9 --

results

of

samples

97A

to 109A.

Sample

IOOA

and lOlA maintain 8Q per cent E, at 110 cycles. Sample 97A maintains 6 0 per cent

E,

at 110 cycles. The remainder

(8)

s h o w s

<

50 per cent E, in 50 c y c l e s .

F i g u r e 10

- -

r e s u l t s af samples ilOA to L20A.

(Samples 114A and l l b A maintain E/E, = 1.0 f n r 280 c y c l e s . Sample 114A maintains 9 5 p e r c e n t

Eo

f o r 2813 _{c y c l e s . Sample}

_lZOA

maintains 85 per cent E o f o r 250 el-cles. Samples 111-4, 11i'A: and

115A r e t a i n

9 2

p e r cent, 7 3 per cent and l e s s than 30 per cent E, r e s p e c t i v e l y at 110 c y c l e s . The remaining s a m p l e s d e c r e a s e in E very rapidly.

Figure 11 - - r e s u l t s of samples 1Z1A t o 144A.

Samples 135A, 136A, 13SA, 139A and 141-4 maintained 9 5 per cent EO at 1 1 0 c y c l e s and

>

70 p e r c e n t E, after 300 cycles. S a m p l e 134A s h o w e d an i n c r e a s e i n E, of 5 per cent after 20 cycles and de- creased rapidly to 45 p e r cent E o in

90

c y c l e s . Sample 132A rnain- tained 70 per cent

E,

at LIO c y e l e s and sample 133A maintained 6 0 per cent Eo at 1 4 0 cycles. Sample 1 0 6 3 retained 5 5 p e r cent E , at 80

cycles. Sample 131A retained 5 5 p e r cent E, at 110 c y c l e s , T h e

remainder retained less than 5 p e r cent E, i n l e s s than 59 c y c l e s . F i g u r e s 12, 1 3 and 14

- -

l e n g t h change versus nuinber of cycles.

Least r e s i d u a l expansion (< 0. OL; 2 e ~ cent at 20 cycles) is s h o w n

for samples

4A,

4B, 4C, l 5 H and i 513. Maximum r e s i d u a l l e n g t h

change is shown f o r samples 3 C , 5 C , 146 and 14A. These o b s e r v a t i o n s

a g r e e qualitatively w i t h the performance oi the samples a s indicated by dynamic modulus measurements. Table IIL lists values of dynamic

modulus measurements for 17 samples which have u n d e r g o n e i n t z r -

mittent p e r i o d s of continuous cycling a.nd s t o r a g e at r o o m t e r n p ~ w a t u r e

( 7 0

OF),

Samples

ZA,

15B, 31-4, 33A and 40A e x h i b i t I.ncre;lses i n

dynamic modulus upon subsequent cycling, Sample 3 i A exhibits approx- imately 1 3 per cent increase in d y n a m i c modulus. Table ILV r e c o r d s

r e s u l t s of modulus of r u p t u r e and c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h of 5 s e l e c t e d

samples which w e r e cycled and three w h i c h w e r e not cycled, D e c r e a s e

in m o d u l u s of r u p t u r e as a result of freeze-thaw c y c l i n g w a s as much

as 300 per cent for sample 84A,

T h e r m a l expansion w a s measured f o r s p e c i m e n s 2A,

21B,

and

51B

between -10°F and 70°F. The per cent expansion w a s 0 . 0 9 8 7 ,

01.1806

and 0.0959 respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

At the time this r e p o r t w a s being w r i t t e n there r e m a i n e d s i x unidentified compounds which w e r e u s e d a s a d d i t i v e s in manufacturing several! of the sulfur concrete s a m p l e s . They w e r e : P L - 4 i , RPD,

(9)

Famak, Pamale C25,

E-488

and

E-498.

A s the compositior~ of t h e s e additives is concomitant with their influence on the observecl experimental results, the conclusions necessarily reflect only the r e l a t i v e pcrfor-

mance of individual samples within the suite.

N o

inferences as to the

mechanis m (or mechanisms) responsible far the observed phenomena are given. This i s compatible w i t h the s i n g u l a r nature of the inves- tigation, i. e. , data from investigations concerned with proper ties

other than freeze-thaw durability would b e necessary before a n y general conclusions could be drawn.

1. T h e r e w e r e 1 5 s a m p l e s t h a t s a t i s f i e d ~ / ~ ~ _ > 0 , 7 5 a t 2 0 0 c y c l e s : 2kA, 22A, 43A, 80A, 8ZA, 83A, 114A, E16A, 119A, 120A, 135A,

138A,

141A,

143A, and 136A.

2 .

O f

the 1 5 samples which retained E/E, _> 0 . 75 at 200 c y c l e s , 9 contained pyrites and/or

RPD;

4 contained mine tailings consist

-

ing of pyrites and pyrrhotite. One sampLe containing the admixture R P D alone performed reasonably w e l l , One sample containing

coke also performed wen, The admixture

PL-41

w a s relatively successful with samples 4A, 4B and 4G. Samples 10A and 10B

contained dic~clopentadiene and sample 1

LB

contained crude alpha

methyls tyrene.

6

3. The range of values for E, was 0 . 6 4 x 10 p s i for 123A to 5.40 x 106 p s i for 21B.

4, T h e range of densities w a s

1.64

for 142A to 3. 26 f o r 15A.

5, Seventy-four per cent of the samples that satisfied EJE,

2

0.75 at

6 200 cycles had values of En

>

3. 50 x 10 p s i .

6 .

T h e r e appeared to be no correlation between sample density and

Preeze-thaw performance.

7 . F o r several samples,

4A,

4B,

4C, 8A, 22A, 22B, 4 3 4 80A and 117A, E did not continuously decrease manotonically w i t h the

number of freeze -thaw cycles b u t actuaLly increased.

8. Several samples showed increases in E subsequent to intermittent cycling and storage periods.

9. The trends shown by the dynamic modulus of elas ticity as calculated

f r o m measurements of the fundamental t r a n s v e r s e frequency w e r e

similar to those determined by measurement of the fundamental longitudinal frequency.

10. F o r the samples exhibiting increases in E d u r i n g freeze-thaw cycling 4A,

4B

and 4C contained PL-41. The remaining samples contained pyrites and/or R P D w i t h the exception of 117A which con-

(10)

11. A s the t h e r m a l coefficient of linear exapansion for pyrites is approximately

9.

1 x l o d 6 i n . / i n . / ' ~ results cannot be explained

on the b a s i s of thermal compatibility with sulfur, the latter having a c o e f f i c i e n t of thermal expansion of approximately 64 x 10- 6

in. /in.

/

'

C.

The authors w i s h to acknowledge the valuable assistance of

M e s s r s . T. Dougherty,

R.

Meyers and H. Shultz w h o c a r r i e d out the cxpesimental work at DBR.

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D c n s i t y IIENSITIES A N D INLTLAL DYNAMIC M O D U L U S OF

ELASTICITY FOlZ SAMPLES TESTED

@L?T/B

E : Y o u n ~ l s ~ o d u l u s x 106 psi Sample 4ZA 4 3A 4 4 A 4 5R 4 6A 4 713 4 8A 49A 5 0 A 5 1 A 5ZA 53A 54 A D r r ~ ~ s i t y E n 1 Sample Density 0 1.79 Z . 8 6 1 . 8 3 2.58 1 . 8 6 2 . 5 8 Z . U 5 3. 3 5 2 . 0 9 3. 1 7 1 9 3 2. l Z 3 . 4 6 20A 2 . 4 1 3- h l 20B 2 . 4 3 3.74 21A 2 . 7 5 5 . n 9 2 1 3 2 . 6 4 5.40 Z . 12 3 . 2 5 2.09 3 . 3 0 2 - 1 9 3 . 5 3 2 . 1 8 3. 5 5 1 . 9 3 2 . 3 1 1.95 2.24 2.13 3 . 4 7 22A 2 . 7 0 4 . 0 6 2. 14 3. 5 0

[

Z2B 2.69 4.10 ZhA

I

55A 2 . 1 8 3. 39 2 . 2 5 1 . 7 0 2 - 2 5 1 . 6 2 2.2f5 1. 6 7 2 . 2 2 !:I5 2 - 2 3 1 - 4 8 26B 26C 1.73 2 . h 5 27A 2 . 8 3 3 . 0 1 Z7B 2.01 3 . 0 3 28A 2 . 2 3 0.65 23.4 2 . 1 5 2 . 5 1 215 2. 4 2 . 6 3 24A 2 . 3 0 2.80 24E3 2 . 3 1 2.76 25A l . S 9 2 - 1 5 25Ii 55B 57A b I b4A 6 5A is13 66A 7 1 A 72A 1.88 3 . l f i 1 . 9 5 3.08 2 - 2 6 3.67 2 . 2 9 3 . 6 5 2 8 B 2 . 2 3 0 . 6 5 29A 1 . 8 1 1 . 6 8 29B + 1.77 1.79 Z9C 1.80 1 . 8 0

(12)

9 1 A 92A 93A 94A 95A 96.4 9 7 A 'MA 9'EA I UOA LUlA l O 2 A 103A 104A 1 0 5 A lObA San~plr. D e n s i t y E 0 8 6 A 2. 50 4 . 4 8 8i'A 2. 17 3 . 6 3 88A 2. 31 3 - 8 4 89-4 2 . 27 4 . 0 5 90A 2.07 3.38 6 E = Young's M o d u l u s x 10 psi 0 Sample D L - n s i t y E 0 lObB 2 . 1 5 2.73 lOJR 2 . 1 7 2 - 96 108A 2 . 0 1 3 , 2 3 , 109A 2.21 3 . 4 6 llOA 2.33 4- 12

(13)

TABLE IIA

SAMPLES

THAT

HAVE E/E > 0 . 8 0 A T 200 C Y C L E S

0

OF

F R E E Z I N G AND THAWING

*

Sample Composition E/Eo

2940s; 3570P; 357oSd; l7oC 3

O

%S; 1 5 %M; 340Ja~d ; 2

O

Y o P ; 1 TOG 3570s; 3070Sd; 25%P; 1% Red Mud 30%S; 354oSd; 35%P 3070s; 35%Sd; 35% tailing 3570s; 65% P y r r h o t i t e 3 5 7 , ; 307&d; 3570 Coke 300JoS; 35%P; 35%Sd 30%; 35%P; 35%Sd 3 0 %S; 6970Sd; 1 %C 3

07&;

340JbSd; 35% tailing; I %C 3 0 7 s ; SOYoSd; 20% P y r rhotite

Nomenclature: S = Sulfur, Sd = S a n d , M = Magnatite, P = Pyrites, C = R P D

(14)

T A B L E TIB

SAMPLES

F O R

WHICH 0. 50 S E / E ~ 0 . 8 0 A T 2 0 0 C Y C L E S

0

O F F R E E Z I N G AND THAWING

Sample Composition E/Eo

83A 43A 8O.A 137A lOOA EOB 18A 35A

36A

44A 87A

79A

85A 86A 6 4A 13219 5OYoSd; 3001QS;

2O%P

3070s; I O T o P ;

270C;

50%S; 2O%P; 29%S; I%C 30%; 357cSd; 35% Pyrrhotite 30%S; 5070Sd; 2 0 7 P

6

57oSd; 33. ZS%S; 1. 7

57%

Dicyclopentadiene 34%; laJoPL-41; 657&d 5070Sd; 2OVo'oP; 2 9 7 8 ; I%C 65%Sd; 337%; 1.75%G 3O%S; S % P ; 170G; 64%Sd SOY&d; 3070s; 2070 Zlrnenite S O W ; Z O % P ; 30% 3470s; 1ToG;

6570Sd

507&; 30%; 20%M

sol%sa;

3070s;

2 0 ~ ~ ~

3070s;

65Y&d;

470

Coke; l%C

(15)

(16)

TABLE I V

Sample Modulus of R u p t u r e Modulus of R u p t u r e C o m p r e s s i v e

( Cycled Samples), ( U n c y c l e d ) , S t r e n g t h ,

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P Y R I T E S ( B Y

W E I G H T ) ,

%

1 F I G U R E

I

E F F E C T

OF

P Y R I T E S

C O N C E N T R A T 1 O N

O N

D Y N A M I C

M O D U L U S

OF

ELASTICITY OF

S U L F U R C O N C R E T E

I

l

o

5 - 2 0

%

P Y R I T E S

-

2 0 - 3 5 %

P Y R I T E S

22A

I

1 1 6 A

a

1146

m 1 1 9 A

8 2 1 A

8 2 A

-

_o

_83A

o

4 3 A

o

8 0 A

-

l O O A

-

0

3 5 A

-

o

44A

Q

7 9 A

-. 0

6 4 A

1 I

I

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- (1 20 4 0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 3110 F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L E S F I G U R E 2 E F F E C T OF F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L I N G O N D Y N A M I C M O D U L U S O F ' E L A S T I C I T Y O F S U L F U R C O N C R E T E

(19)

F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L E S

F I G U R E 3

EFFECT O F F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L I N G ON D Y N A M I C M O D U L U S O F E L A S T I C Y T Y O F S U L F U R C O N C R E T E

(20)

O 0 20 40 6 0 8 0 100 1 2 0 1 4 0 160 1 8 0 200 220 240 2 6 0 2 8 0 300 F R E E Z E

-

THAW C Y C L E S F I G U R E 4 S A M P L E v A 1 8 B 8 2 1 8 a 1 9 ~ - - EFFECT OF F R E E Z E - T H A N C Y C L I N G ON D Y N A M I C MODULUS O F E L A S T I C I T Y O F S U L F U R C O N C R E T E t I 1 I

(21)

I I a Q v S A M P L E 2 2 A 0 2 2 B E 23A 2 3 B 2 4 A - A 2 4 8 r 2 5 ~ P 2 5 5 V - 3. 26A 0 2 7 A FJ 2 8 A Q 29A I 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2 0 0 220 240 260 280 3 0 0 FREEZE - T H A W C Y C L E S E F F E C T O F F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L I N G ON D Y N A M I C M O D U L U S O F E L A S T I C I T Y O F S U L F U R C O N C R E T E

(22)

S A M P L E

F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C l E S

F I G U R E 6

EFFECT O F F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L I N G O N D Y N A M I C M O D U L U S O F E L A S T I C I T Y O F S U L F U R

(23)

FREEZE - T H A W C Y C L E S

F I G U R E 7

E F F E C T OF F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L I N G ON D Y N A M I C M O D U L U S OF E L A S T I C I T Y OF S U L F U R

(24)

S A M P L E 738 e 84A o 7 4 A a 8 5 A m 7 7 A e 8 6 A o 7 8 A X7d A 796 a 8 8 A A BOA R g 9 A 7 g l A A 9 0 6 v 826 A91A + 83A A 9 2 A 0

1

1 I I I I

I

I I Q 20 4 0 6 0 80 100 1 2 0 140 1 6 0 180 200 220 240 260 2 8 0 300 3 2 0 340 360 F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L E S F l G U R f 8 E F F E C T OF F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C P l N G O M D Y N A M I C MODULUS O F E L A S T I C l T Y OF SULFUR C O N C R E T E

(25)

FREEZE - T H A W C Y C L E S

F I G U R E 9

E F F E C T O F F R E E Z E - T H A W C Y C L I N G ON D Y N A M I C M O D U L U S OF E L A S T I C I T Y O F S U L F U R C O N C R E T E

(26)

APPENDIX B

MIX

DESIGN DATA

S a r n ~ l e No. 1 30% S 70% Sand

35%

S 65% Sand 35% S 65% Sand GRADED SAND ( s e e

#

1)' 40% S 60% Graded Sand 40%

S

66% Graded Sand 40% S

60%

Graded

Sand

3 1 . 5 % S 3.5% PL-41 6 5 % Graded Sand

The mixture of S and PL-41 w a s premelted together. V e r y noxious g a s e s given off.

31.5%

S

3.570 PL-41, 65% Graded Sand

Quick-cooled by immer sioa in snow.

31.5%'0 S 3 . 5 % P L - 4 1 65%GsadedSand

9570 Complete casting,

33.2570

S

1.7570 Linseed Oil 6 5 % Graded Sand

(5% of

S

content)

The oil left 30 min. in premelted S at 130°C [265*E),

33.2570s l m 7 5 % L i n s e e d O i l 65'70GradedSand

(57a of S content)

The oil left 30 min. in prernelted

S

at 130

'

C

(265

aF).

33.2570s 1.7570LinseedOil 6570GradedSand

(570

of S Content)

(27)

Sample

No.

6A 33.2570s 11,750/0SunflowerOil 6570Sand

(i. e m

570

S by weight)

O i l left 30 min. in prernelted S at, 1 3 0 " C (265°F).

33.2570 '0 1.7 570 Sunflower O i l 6 57'0 Sand

( i , e m 570 S by weight)

Oil l e f t 30 rnin. in prernelted S at 1 3 0 O C (265'F).

3570 S 5570 G r a d e d Sand 1070 Mica

Mica added to hot (275'F) sand. Graded m i c a

-100m - 35

+

lOOm

-

20 -I- 35m

This mixture not liquid enough and sulfur added.

3570 S 5570 Graded Sand 1070 M i c a

4170 S 50% Sand

970

Mica ( s e e #7A)

3 3 . 2 5 v o S 1 . 7 5 % R P D 6570Sand

( i . e. 5% S by weight)

RPD left 30 rnin. in prernelted S a t 130"

G

1265 O F ) .

Shrinkage during cooling on both sides.

33.2570s 1 . 7 5 7 0 R P D 657oSand (i. e , 5%

S

by w e i g h t )

RPD

left 30 rnin. inpremelted S at 1 3 Q D C (265'F). Shrinkage d u r i n g cooling o n one s i d e .

6570

Sand 33.2570 S 1.7570 RRPD (i. e. 570 S by weight)

RPD

left 30 min. in prernelted sulfur at 130°C ( 2 6 5 ° F ) . D u r i n g cooling period (1 5 min. a f t e r coating) something happened like a volcano. (i. e, possibly because of m o r e

R P D left in the vat from before)

65% Sand 33,2570 S S f . 7570 R P D (i, e, 570 S by weight)

RPD

left 30 min. in prernelted s u l f u r at 130°C ( 2 6 5 ° F ) .

(28)

Sample No.

l 0 A

65%

Sand

33,2570 S 1.75% Dicyclopentadiene

[570

S

content)

Dicyclopentadiene left 30 min. in premelted S a t 130 " C 65% Sand 33.2570 S 1.75% Dicyclopentadiene

(59" S content)

Dicyclopentadieae left 30 min. in premelted S at 130 ' C 65%Sand 3 3 . 2 5 % S S.750;roCxudeAlphaMethylstyrene

(57'0 S content)

Crude styrene left 15 rnin. in premelted S at 130 *C. Thermocouple inserted in centre of block.

Mix contains small per cent of dicyciopentadiene mix.

6570

Sand

33.2570

S

1 . 7 5% Crude Alpha Methylstyrene (5% '0 content)

Crude styrene left

15

min. in premelted S a t 13O0C. Incomplete sample.

6570Sand 33.2570s 1.75DJoCrudeAlpkaMethylstyrene

65% S content)

Crude styrene left 30 min. in premelted S at 130°C.

65% Sand 33.2570 S 1.7 5% Crude Alpha Methylstyrene (570 S content)

( s e e # 1ZA)

30%S 7 ~ % S l a g / 5 0 m e s h )

Mix is extremely liquid due to weight of slag. 30% S 70% S l a g (50 mesh)

Incompkte S a m p l e ( 2 1 3 mix # 1 3 ) ( 1 1 3 mix

#

20% S &O% Slag [by weight)

(50 mesh) P r y mix.

(29)

Sample

No.

1413 20% S 80% Slag (50 m e s h ) (by weight)

2 5% S 7 570 Pyrites

3070 S 7070 Pyrites Casted in two operations 25%

S

in f i r s t operation 3070

S

in second operation 34qfoS 1% R P D 65% Sand

(i. e , 3%

S

by weight)

RPD left 30 min, in premelted S a t 130 C.

3470 S 5 % R P D (i. e. 370

S

by weight)

6570

Sand

R P D left 30 min. in premelted S at 1 3 0 "

C.

3470 S 1 % RRFD (i. e. 39'0

S

by weight) 6570 Sand

R P D left 30 min. i n premelted S at

X

3 0 "

C. RPD

preheated.

( s e e #17A)

3 4 7 0 s lYoPP1-41(i.e. 37oSbyweight) 657wSand

P1-41 left 315 min. in p r e m e l t e d S at 130 OG,

( s e e # 1 8 4

34% S 1% Dicyclopentadiene

65% Sand

(i, e , 3 % S by weight)

Dicyclopentadiene left 30 min, in prernelted S at 1 30 " C.

( s e e # 2OB)

3070s 3 5 7 0 S l a g ( 5 0 r n e s h ) 3570Saalld

Sand is preheated, s l a g added and later p r e m e l t e d sulfur. Mix temperature at p o u r i n g time

.

. .

1 2 5 ° C (255°F).

(30)

Sample No.

21A

Sand is preheated, pyrites added and later p r e r n e l t e d 5. Mix temperature at pouring time

. .

,

115°C

(240°F).

Pyrites and sand mixture temperature w h i l e adding p r e - melted S

. . .

225OF (108°C).

( s e e

#

2 1 4

29% S 35% Pyrites 35% Sand 1 % R P D (370Sby weight) Sand is preheated, pyrites added and Later p r e m e l t e d S with

RPD.

RPD added to premelted S and l e f t 5 min. using lab motor

to mix with

5.

Sand and pyrites temperature while adding p r e m e l t e d S .

w i t h R P D

.

1 0 5 ° C (220°F).

Mix temperature at pouring time

.

, , 110 " C 1230°F).

(see

#

2ZA)

65'7'0 Sand 31. 5% S 3,

5%

Dipentine

Dipentine added to premelted s u l f u r at 1306C and immediately added to preheated sand.

E x t r e m e cloud evaporation of dipentine f r o m s u l f u r concrete for 1 5 min.

( s e e # 23A)

6570

Sand 3 1 . 5% S 3.570 Styrene

Styrene added to premelted sulfur at 1 3 0 ° C and immediately added to preheated s and.

Cloud evaporation of styrene from s u l f u r concrete f o r

1 5 min.

( s e e # 24A)

65% Graded Sand 34% S 1% Dipentine

Pipentine left in premelted s u l f u r at 130

" C

for 30 min. agitated continuously d u r i n g this period.

N o evaporation of dipentine observed. P o u r i n g temperature

.

..

l l O ° C (230°F).

(31)

Sample No.

2

6A

657'0 Graded Sand 17. 5% S 17. 57'0 S t B a s k (B

1

S1 B a r k mix added to premelted sulfur and t h e n a d d e d to

preheated sand.

Sand temperature before adding

S

+

Bark

.

. .

2 2 S a F . P o u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e

.

.,

240°F.

( s e e # 26A)

65% G r a d e d Sand 17.5% S 17.5% S

+

Bark

(BZ)

S,

Bark mix added to premelted s u l f u r and then added to

preheated sand.

Sand

te rnperature before adding

S

+

Bark

.

,

.

250 O F .

P o u r i n g temperature ,

.

240

OF.

65%

Sand 31,

570

S 3. 570 Pamak

Pamak added to premelted s u l f u r at 130

'C

and immediately

added t o p r e h e a t e d sand.

Sand t e m p e r a t n r e before a d d i n g S f Pamak

.

1 l O

"

C. P o u r i n g temperature

.

1 1 5°C.

( s e e f: 28A)

357oSand 350JoS 30YoEarth

Sand heated first, e a r t h added and heated together.

P r e m e l t e d s u l f u r added to preheated sand and earth.

Sand-earth t e m p e r a t u r e before adding suLfur

. . .

130°C. P o u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e

.,,

1 3 0 ° C ,

2 4 8 and C [see # 29A)

30A 3570 5 6 5 % G r a d e d Sand

Temperature oi s a n d as sulfur added

.

. .

1 1 8 " C.

P o u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e Q £ mix

. .

.

125°C

30B 357'0 S

657'0

G r a d e d Sand

(32)

Sample

No.

3 1 A 657'0 Sand 3 3 . 25% Sulfur 1, 75%1 L i n s c c d 011 (pruc-c-sscd) O i l added to premelted s u l f u r and l e f t 30 min. at 1 3 0

"C.

Sand temperature before adding S and a i l

.

1 0 5 ° C . Pouring temperature

.

. .

110 "G.

Lab motor added to mix o i l with S. ( s e e

#

31A)

6570 Sand 33,2570 S 1.757'0 Linseed O i l (processed) O i l added to prernelted s u l f u r and l e f t 30 min. at 160

"C.

S

and o i l

.

. .

1 0 5 '

C.

P o u r i n g temperature , ,

.

1 1 5 ° C . Lab motor used t o mix o i l with S .

( s e e #3ZA)

657oSand 33.25%S l 1 . 7 5 % 1 o u n g O i l

Oil added to premelted sulfur and l e f t 1 5 min. a t 130°C.

S

and o i l

. .

.

1 0 5 OC. Pouring t e m p e r a t u r e ,

. .

110

'C.

Lab motor used to mix oil w i t h S .

( s e e #33A)

( s e e

#34B)

65% Sand 31. 5% S 3. 570 R P D

RPD added to premelted

S

and left 30 min. at 1 3 0 Q C . Sand temperature as S and R P D added ,

.

105'C.

Pouring temperature

.

1 1 0 O C ,

50% Sand 20% Pyrites 29% S 1 % R P D

Sand is preheated, pyrites added and heated tagether. R P D added to premelted S at 130 OC and then added t o s a n d and pyrites.

Temperature of sand and pyrites as S and R P D added..

.

105

" C.

Pouring temperature

. .

.

11 5

OC,

(33)

Sample

No.

3

5B

( s e e

#35A)

R P D added to premelted sulfur at 1 3 0 ° C and immediately added to preheated sand.

Sand temperature before adding S and R P D

.

105°C-

P o u r i n g temperature

. . .

11 5°C. ( s e e # 36A)

5370

Sand 12% E a r t h 3370

S

27'0 R P D Sand and earth a r e preheated.

R P D added to pre melted

S

at 130

" C

and immediately added t o sand-earth mix.

Sand and earth temperature before adding S and R P D

. . .

120 "

C.

P o u r i n g t e m p e r a t u r e

.

, 125'C.

50% Sand 20% P y r i t e s 28%

S

270 R P D

RPD added t o p r e m e l e d s u l f u r at 130 " C and immediately added t o preheated sand-pyrites.

Sand temperature before adding S and R P D ,

. .

1 0 5 "

C. .

.

120 "

C.

6 5 % Sand 31. 5% S 3. 5% Crude Alpha Methylstyrene Styrene added to premelted s u l f u r at 130°C and immediately added to preheated sand.

Sand temperature b e f o r e adding S and s t y r e n e

. . .

1 1 5°C.

Pouring temperature

.

, , 120

"C.

M i x contains small percentage of pyrites and RPD.

(34)

S a m ~ l e No.

Styrene added to premelted s u l f u r at

130°C

and immediately added t o preheated sand.

Sand

temperature before adding

S

and styrene

. .

.

1IOoC.

.

. .

1 Z O

" C.

( s e e #40A}

6070 Sand 3070 S 10% P y r i t e s

Sand is preheated, pyrites added and then premelted S.

T e m p e r a t u r e of sand and pyrites as s u l f u r added

. . .

100°C, Pouring temperature

.

..

115OC.

( s e e ff41A)

6 5 % Sand 30% S 570 Pyrites

Sand is preheated, p y r i t e s added and then prernelted S.

T e m p e r a t u r e ef sand and pyrites as s u l f u r added ,

. .

100°C. P o u r i n g temperature

.

115OC.

( s e e 842A)

3070 S IOyoPyrites 2% R P D 5870 Sand

RPD added to prernelted S at 130°C and immediately added

t o preheated sand-pyrites.

T e m p e r a t u r e of sand-pyrites as sulfur added

.

,

.

100°C. P o u r i n g temperature

.

110 OC.

( s e e #43A)

3070

S

5% P y r i t e s 1% R P D 64% Sand

RPD

added to prernelted S at 130°C and immediately added to preheated sand-pyrites.

T e m p e r a t u r e of s a n d - p y r i t e s as s u l f u r added

.

..

105OC.

P o u r i n g temperature

.

. .

110

-C.

(35)

Sample No.

4

5A

30%

S

3570

Sand

3570

Expanded Shells

Sand is preheated, expanded shells

added

and then pre-

melted S.

Temperature of sand and shells mix as sulfur added

.

. .

90°C. P o u r i n g temperature

.

, 105°C.

Mix contains small

70

of RPD.

( s e e

i4.W

30% S 50% Sand 2070 Expanded Shells

Sand is preheated, expanded shells added and then pre-

melted sulfur,

Temperature of sand and shells mix as sulfur added

. . .

11 0

C,

.

. .

123-C.

( s e e

#46AJ

3 4 % S

lY'RPD

6570Sand

RPD added to prernelted sulfur at 130-C and immediately added to preheated sand,

Molds preheated to 125°C.

Temperature of sand as sulfur and

R P D

added

. .

.

105°C. Pouring temperature

.

,

.

11

5°C.

[ s e e

#47A)

34.570s 00.5!loRRPD 6571Sand

RPD

added to prernelted sulfur at 1 3 0

* C

and immediately added to preheated sand.

T e m p e r a t u r e of sand as sulfur and R P D added

. . .

105°C. P o u r i n g temperature

. . .

1 1 5"

C.

W e i g h t 6 - 5 6 kg.

( s e e #48A)

(36)

Samwle No.

49A 34.5% S SO, 5% R P D 6 5 % Sand

R P D added to premelted sulfur at 130 " C and immediately

added to preheated sand,

Molds preheated to 100 " C

Temperature of sand as sulfur and R P D added

.

,

.

105°C.

P o u r i n g temperature

.

11 5 " C,

Noted l e s s crystalization on top w e i g h t 6. 56 kg. ( s e e # 4 9 4

Weight 6 . 5 6 kg

3470s SVORPD 65y0Sand

RPD

added to premelted sulfur at 1 3 O e C and l e f t 20 min., then added to preheated sand,

T e m p e r a t u r e of sand as sulfur and R P D added

. . .

1 1 5" C . P o u r i n g temperature

.

,

.

1 1 5°C.

W e i g h t 6 . 57 k g ( s e e # 50A) W e i g h t 6.57 kg

3470

S

1 % R P D 65% Sand

R P D added to premelted sulfur at 13Q°C and left f o r 20

min. then added to preheated sand.

1

Temperature of sand as sulfur and RPD added

. . .

1 l 5 " C. P o l t r i n g temperature

. . .

1 1

sac.

W e i g h t

6 ,

58 kg

see

#51A) W e i g h t 6.57 kg

R P D added to psernelted s u l f u r at 130

" C

and l e f t for 45 rnin. , then added to preheated sand.

(37)

B-12 Sample

No.

Temperature of sand as sulfur and R P D a d d e d , .

.

105°C.

.

1 1 5'C. Noted dark brown colowred mixture. W e i g h t 5 . 6 kg

( s e e # 52A)

W e i g h t 5 . 6 kg

RPD

added to premelted s u l f u r at 130 * C and left for 45 min.

,

then added to preheated sand.

Molds preheated to 100aC.

Temperature

of

sand a a sulfur and RPD added

.

105"

C. .

.

115°C.

Noted dark brown coloured mixture.

Weight 5.6 kg

5 3 B [ s e e ##53A)

Weight 5.7 kg

54A and

B

R P D added to premelted sulfur at 1 3 0 ° C and immediately added to preheated sand.

Temperature of sand as s u l f u r and

RPD

added

.

130°C.

. . .

120

*

C.

55A and B

34.75Y0S

0 . 2 5 % R P D 6501oSand

RPD

added to premelted sulfur at 1 3 0

'C

and immediately added to preheated sand,

Molds preheated at 100°C.

Temperature of sand as sulfur and R P D added

. .

.

130

"

C, P o u r i n g temperature

.

. .

126

'C.

(38)

B - l 3 Sample No.

56 37% S 331.

570

Sand 31.5% Gypsum

Sulfur at 130 OC added to preheated gypsum and sa11d.

Sand and gypsum preheated to 105°C.

. . .

10 5 "

C.

Bad s m e l l . Hardens fast.

3570 S 57'0 Gypsum 60% Sand

Sulfur at 130°C added t o preheated gypsum a n d sand, Sand and gypsum preheated to 1 0 5 "

C. . . .

115°C.

58A and B 3 5 7 0 s ZOj'oGygsurn 637'0Sand

Temperature of sand and gypsum as sulfur added

. . .

100" C.

P o u r i n g temperature of mix

. . .

1 1 0

"

C. 59A and B 35% S 27'0 Gypsum 6 3 % Sand

Molds w e r e preheated to 1 2 5 * C .

Temperature of sand and gypsum as sulfur added

.

. .

1 0 0 ° C .

Pouring temperature of mix

.

,

.

110°C.

Excess s u l f u r went nut of the molds d u r i n g cooling time. bOA and

B

34.570 S 2% Gypsum 0.570 RRPD 63% Sand

R P D added t o premelted sulfur at l 3 O 0 C and immediately added t o preheated sand- gypsum mix.

Temperature of sand and gypsum as sulfur added

.

. .

105°C. P o u r i n g temperature of mix

.

. .

115°C.

Re-cycling of 1ZA and

1ZB

samples, the s a m p l e s contain:

657'0 Sand 33. 2

570

Sulfur 1.757'0 Crude Alpha Methyl- styrene

( s e e also # 12A)

(39)

Sample No.

62A and B 65'70 Sand 1% W h i t e Cast Iron ~ o w d e i ha_P 64 fine 3470 Sulfur

Sand is preheated, i r o n added and later prernetted S. Sand and iron temperature while adding prernelted s u l f u r

105°C.

. . .

1211 " C.

63A and B 6 5 % Sand 34% S 1% Sponge I r o n P o w d e r M P 6 1

Sand is preheated, iron added and later prernelted s u l f u r . Sand and i r o n temperature while adding premelted sulfur

. .

.

105OC-

. . .

115*C.

64A and

B

5070 Sand 30% '0 2070 Pyrites

Sand is preheated, pyrites added and later prernelted S .

Sand-pyrites temperature w h i l e adding premelted S

. . .

1 10 "

C. .

.

110°C.

Sample B has thermocouple.

65A and B 3570

S

2'7'0 Limestone 325 6370 Sand

Sand is preheated, lime added and later premelted

S.

Sand and lime temperature while. adding prernelted sulfur

. .

.

l Q 5 " C .

Mix temperature at pouring time

.

. .

11 5

C.

66A and B 65% Sand 34%

S

1 % Carbon Black Sterling

R

Sand is preheated, carbon black added and later premelted S. Sand- carbon black temperature w h i l e adding p r e m e l t e d

S

.

..

105°C.

. .

.

120

" C.

67 A and B 6570 Sand 35% S

Sand temperature while adding prernelted S

. .

.

1 J 5 "

C.

(40)

Sample No. 6 8 A a n d B

69

A and B T O A and

B

3 1 A and

B

7 2 A and

B

P I - 4 1 added t o premelted 5, after mt:lting adrlc.rk ~ i n ~ ~ l t . r i i . i t < - l ~ to preheated sand.

Sand temperature w h i l e adding S and PI-41

.

1 0 5 " C. Pouring temperature

. . .

1 2 0 ' G .

6 5 % Sand 3470

S

170 P I - 4 1

P1-41 added to premelted sulfur, after melting added

immediately to preheated sand.

Sand temperature while adding S and Pl-41

. . .

1104C. P o u r i n g temperature

.

. .

120

"C.

6570

Sand 34% S

170

Dicyclopentadiene

Dicyclopentadiene added to p r e m e l t e d S and immediately

added t o preheated sand,

Sand temperature while adding S and Dicyclopentadiene

...

l l O ° C .

.

, , 120

"C.

Sample B w i t h thermocouple.

Pamale added ta premelted sulfur and immediately added

to preheated sand.

Sand temperature while adding S and Pamale

. . .

100

"C.

. . .

110 " C.

62% Sand 3% Pine bark 35% S

Sand is preheated, bark added and later premelted S.

Sand-bark t e m p e r a t u r e while adding premelted S

. .

, 1 1 0 "

C.

P o u r i n g temperature

. .

.

120°C.

65% Sand 34% S 1% P u r e Styrene

Styrene added to premelted sulfur and immediately added ta preheated sand.

Sand temperature w h i l e adding S and styrene

...

1 0 0 * C

(41)

Sample No.

7 4 A and

B

65%

Sand 34%

S

1% E-488

E-488 added to premelted S and immediately added to

preheated sand.

Sand temperature w h i l e adding

S

and

E-488

...

105°C. P o u r i n g temperature

. .

.

1 1 5 "

C.

7 5 A and B b5%Saed 34QloS l % E - 4 9 8

E-498

added to premelted S and immediately added to preheated sand.

Sand temperature while adding S and E-498

. . .

105*C, P o u r i n g temperature

.

. .

115OC.

7 6

A and

B

6370 Sand 270 SSmlica Flour 3470 S

170 RPD

R P D added to premelted

S

and immediately added to p r e - heated sand-silica flour mix.

Temperature of sand-silica flour mix as sulfur-RFD

a d d e d . .

.

110°C.

.

120

"G.

7 7 A and B 50% Sand 20% Fly Ash 30% S

Sand is preheated, fly ash added and later premelted S . Sand-fly ask mix temperature w h i l e adding premelted S

..

.

115OC.

. .

.

125°C.

7 8 A and B 50% Sand 2070 Current Tailings ( f i l t e r e d ) [pyrites) 3070 S

Sand is preheated, pyrites added and later premelted S . Sand-pyrites mix temperature while adding premelted sulfur , ,

.

105°C.

Pouring temperature 120

C.

79

A and

B

50% Sand ZO% in situ Tails ( P y r i t e s ) 3070 S

Sand is preheated, p y r i t e s added and later premelted S .

Sand-pyrites temperature while adding prernelted sulfur

...

l l o a c .

(42)

Sample No.

80 A and B 5070 Sand ~ 0 % C u r r e n t Tailings (filtered] ( p y r i t e s )

Z 9 % S I% R P D

R P D added to premelted S and immediately added to preheated sand-pyrites mix.

Sand-pyrites temperature w h i l e adding S and R P D

. . .

115°C.

. . .

1 2 5 "

C.

8 1 A and B 3070 S 70% -Pyrites

Sulfur i s premelted and added to preheated pyrites.

Pyrites temperature while adding premelted S

. .

,

I 1 O 0

C,

. .

.

120mC,

[ s e e #15B] Vibrator used.

Little contraction observed.

82 A and B 30% S

3570

Pyrites 35% Sand

Sand

is preheated, pyrites added and later premelted S ,

S a d pyrites temperature while adding premelted S

.

. .

105°C.

.

. .

120

"C.

( s e e X21)

Vibrator used in sample A only,

83 A and

B

50% Sand 3070 S 2070 P y r i t e s

Sand is preheated, pyrites added and later premelted

S.

Sand pyrites temperature while adding prernelted S

.

10 5 C. Pouring temperature

. .

.

120 " C .

Vibrator used in Sample A only, ( s e e

#64)

8 4 A and

B

3070 S 35% Sand 3570 G r a v e l

Sand is preheated, gravel added and later pretmelted s u l f u r . Sand-gravel temperature while adding premelted S

. . .

100°C.