- 4il-ilr5 4t ..* â*,,13.1 - L.ES!13 Ëcl;$l )*.s
,",lli3 i.14t!l
C}lr.
.l(
+t.;1tt) ' .*"*
.c.xt+ç é,t',".lg4r.Lî
: oe--il"c
oLl_.pll
g. l»c dlLll
hÀ,J:t4
'-'e ? +.àg+
U,',; ,15!l-l
a*-r.llJ(ÉJJ.
.rJt
,rr:lt ,6j d **: ,!l§ll3 icl-fI oL3trJl3
r-i-1TJl3 u,".,,Tt,fi$till d.,=$
l+,a-lr+,
++l:+ ,-Àl:À*+ al^-i.lt: .;TK
J-J-Jü-l:L d
,'i.-l ôLl=p3
c5_9cr;:6blt .1j..lt -
.Ll§ll3 âelJ'ill JÉ,e ,Jr.o+s.li ,js
,''1-,
c.:Ll_;r3ô:s+ ,d§ll
JJÊ..11-
.qEsll: ôcl-fll
J.,-
crt+-i#
,'L-t
C.rLl-,lr:èq-+ :Ôltill
JJââll-
.qESIl: âelJÉll _»s
6)c
or Résumé:Dans cet article
lechercheur expose quelques
études qui ont pour thème la dyslexie
-
dysorthographie. A desseinde
cladfier quelques conceptsqui
sont en rappottdirect avec ce
trouble,L' enchaînement comme suit:
1"'axe consacré aux études qui ont pour thème le diagnostic de la dyslexie
-
dysor-thographie.Zéme axe consacré aux études
qui ont pour thèrne
les principalescauses de
ladyslexie
-
dysorthographie.3 ème axe consacré aux études
qui ont pour
thèmel'élaboration des programmes thérapeutiques destinés aux
enfants dyslexiques -
ôl^l-:ÀY
t+1'.-,J§ll crtt:,a:^ll .1.
q..BSJlJ ËelJill-!^,e
Jrü+hÀ €k:
r.jr-iÀ"iü LI|S^TJJ ,qllSll3 Ëel.,;Ëll crl+ll-;»é rlJJl3
ô$*Ullr+ ê
C*1, i,-tÀ .dt-,Jr 6:l-,13 ./
Ë-j3J5!t çs:tl
.-rl-/,.aYl .Ilj+ll -,!t
*-
r.xt+ç ,i,t J! L.§ o+"t ffyt p3l'J3 q,,hlli$.
Ë _-
I ''rtii c».Ül Cr.. .i
- itu-.4p* i-ll
_ L.ti(ltt ôrl.,,JÂll .}.c.ii
,+Sk"ai,â,
k;cf3.t3 l.6itr.u.*.
à. JJ i.§rrot
_9*--Jlelli
OYL;^qs:
.J-».,
"itt
drtu,,..-llir -$ll
eiÀl»qEslll
ËelJËllu+Js J ,:t-,,3t
d-'lnj-ÊjJ
"ttÀ!l gr
q.uJl ,.JCH!
.-'.,..,'r'31J,àJ"JU
ü*^tl"ll ô;É
alÀxl g,.r.k+= d dtü
CtJü
Jss ,r4*tdll Êd$r.*& i+ af.
crJ§ll
diir-ill
r-1 ;,5,; aJiSllJ ôetJill;*,c ç:3 ü. ,Jütÿ! JiSll
uJf$l J,.ÿl
,u*J:.dJl AlElù.,s3: ,{+tj+ll
4*,Jr"Jl+ ËI'3llJU}": 1}*- ,J
cJa ;rl-i:-,Yt+ élli_9 e1"^'1.:^ 4:;;.)-ÇJ
+-;À.li cjitr^ C-3 i
'isi:llC :r+
Ldl++"':l-É-lr i"Esllr ôel;Âll (J,,JJ$
ôJt
cl_n ê.JJll +;:++lt: ç+,irll èl-Éll.U<+ ,liSU
â.it-ll
â+Jl,ildtih.ll 1r-i,
,La_Xc,UEjr.tiJ
à+t-llé pl,ill ôt+r",-,J:=,1971 Kirck. S
(élJÉùr.-) dLci
§.Â:La
O*-,L-i c.U-l:..*;e eitr.j*.-ll 4§. iir. I
.4r'5L"1
,lA gL;.'.- -
.1grtsÎ
a!r3 crtr_r,,.,.--
élli * p*:
,teJt+--lâr.',.-ll t:r
ç;.".1irXll éll.l
t$
rài.
.rlal
4SlJl
çJr*ll crLr.r**-cl
La_»r_l f«+!l,Ir+, .,-,lJJl
JÀ'Tilldrti.-l:. {.r.i
pÎ
,,.l,"ee,all çill L1ill lrÀ .,,t* er--J"ll 4*"ol lth: ,q.;rK!13
UFÉ,i,: E lt+^d
üi=l+ll3 u",-./.rll ç+1 c*+ tÀld t*"àl3 to-.r=l:crl.,llJl
.dl3(ll_r
jlJÂll .-Jl
e).c_l:,r:YlS
k $
_,r_11* â:)EGir
élhr .ql§ll_, âelJill J,,"s cJi+ri"i,id É*+
ôl*,l-;.r :qfuIl .Urs*tt-
.ql§lts
ËelJill;."e ç!-Ï
.,s dr.=+ûl*,l;r :ojtIl
JüÈdl-
.ql§ll:
6elJill ;,.,c6)c ,J
drr.+ùLl.;.r
:<3ll JJÊ.ll-
JJI§i -4h*.,
-
r.yLre aLr.,pir.§
ipt-t+yt l_r!d13,-J.ry e§.,"ftü cX.r$
C).o .i
-
ÂJiilrl 1;r*. i*|.,p-
Lti§lll Érl.jÉll r..oC
dr=l+Jl ù-â-,1,l i:rLl.;.l3 d:r o:+ir"
-,1-l-Ji
4L^àlJL
*es
,rJe3.kl I'*Jl Lul .:lJl 3l
:
_1-elJl"*J
cJ:Lüê L#,
ôrl.;É!l
J.e
uÊiL.*i3çr, rirr;ll &lJl§
1,$tôLrlJJl :qblt
.lsâ-r!l :L.trs$3:4#ll
crt*,lJ§l-
i(1994)
:uô§l
rr{JrL*J LIY - I
Éhi.E 19J /+-üS.ll
j-r;ll *J' -iJdl ottÀi j§ JJ
+-l-.plt crÀraé
,à.
.JS*1.*B k§l-Ê
ortt ,:t43r.^ttrjr-.il e$Il3;_
13113 cj-rTt.-i.-lt .^Jr;-!iJl:
,â,.rr§^!lj-r-jl
cr+ ç-r.-+tt j#^ill3 ,àeJ,^..*ltotr,.-Tl iJ#
'u*üll+rls"ll
âlSll .,.I,cüFIl: ,t{-it!
âJ.+ yl â^lS:l ti:-
ütSol*r j-r-il
}+-l.9!- ,/
4+J:S^ll a-lSS* .iJ,:ll
,r-l,e ;;.rill3 ,(tÀU,.J leiLr el*"r) [,r-f
l.ral
L l. I
.loi '1t5itC..tt, â§-*ll
a.lsllçjEll
dbl=jll,& i-l"ill:
,4i"=Ie$-l
dJTl,il+ll
u,*ËJ,rljJ L+*
r.1" üJS3i 6ety -;t-üÀlc§ é-l .æ>.ll
LJïti:J
,çJ,4ll j#"tll3 ç,-,Jl
jÊJ"tJl :La3 Ul;Ëll .rl.r,:-,Ylcrl-i4-
,-;a'4L..1 :LI. BII
4J."Lll
a.| üS.llj:.-jl *Jr .i-Fll ôl-lk LIUI i.,.Àll olj,§l /.U:S"I L
Kll .,Jo ü-ysll'9 e6.s.éq§l .Jt üFll:
,a!iti, er-elLlt.i!l
.âSJ,"ll i-lSll ,ritt*ll LJlIJllr
, \,it-i.
e+-Éil| a-KllhJJ ,übJl
,nllq.S (328):
r,J:yt, i.-ll
ù^ âr;^hP2Al
u," â-,TJJI ++ocrlrs
c1,jùo
"û,c, u"ô ç3hir.\tl e,I3ll.
à.^ll g,.ir.^$
(3441J;lill . a. ll
.iaiJS cl^ ,.*l-1. i9ji.*,0 clSJ .r=l:
. à' Jiüil d+- .LJill ;S. ltl'i^, 4$lql crl:;^hl çlSll e"3"Jl â-8.
cr"-ilr^llll1c ùilS-l .4$l3.it QJl+
â-,-,1r.+rl5Jt', t t^"-
-
r.xl+" éti+ Âr.l+ q"t û+y l*$., q,llyt Âl+.I
,.rrut 6;.dl C),o .i
-
i1l;lrii,;r*
i*l3r-
L.Esllt ôrl..fll y.c4+..J1
,/
1+,!:._l a*,Jr^ll ê;,..dr;. u. çJhi,)l
ô!l.:ll3dHl: j3Tl
,;'
tlu*Jh.ll â+s,"'1"ô
LS.4"'ré ç.ll oJl çrt;!Yl3
o-cLn3=.Yl q9:1."^ll_9.éJrll
cgrsjd
Éss.l3 â*,,p"J 4+r^ll ü^ (J"Jh^ e..',j :tllill
,lav z.itjill 1'p â-,1-lrll'ia o§
c-rl.;L
,
à. ^i,f
OUS r§ J-9ful . à. ll rJfi^§J a*Jr$
o-.pLî-
1cJ-lsll
2J^ d \3r*-
Or+d3!l
, à. llcrl\t§ J
ç1 ,er.*^ll
'u*d -ltn:lélllo
J
d,+üt
S.ôjJl
.pü"Jr
3io3.-ll u"+ ,rt s
3T o3'^-ll"r+ i+ Ct
,-ilJÊJl)
39","^ll 'u$ elk+l .Jr!t .-i.-tt
cJtl.o$ ül§J4++
cJ# tJ#,S, E3tii âJ$ll qd ,Jrÿt.-Ltt
ôl-]3^Ei»l
lJ#s Ert^$ éluÀ 6,1, (S.S9 o-.pâç.;!*^!l
.(16.23
"-,1r§ ,r-ù*^tt eitl;r-,|) :J.JiS^ll
j:.-/
.r-l,c' tyill
.,l,ÈLul
1.6-'-J ,-i3JÊll e*,-l ct*+ ç-».411 ''J*.:ll
g
,...r'.-Î ,(0/o67:
tr-,-rll)-i-r»ll i-,J u# çæ+ll j#"ill Js
,(o/n51: l;-Jl) êlill
Ê'r,^r3 ô.r.illleJ'" $ -i:-r-ll ü# çJ,-+ll -,+af u^ ,..r',-i etill
e-,;*a3 âÀ'i,llk
,.J.di.-û.Jl3 Llt^-iLll
6^
o/o40j O'ttrl
rÂdjfol ..i.-ll ,:lr;^$
6rl +-JrStar*-ü -
Z.at^lSll
i*,J
ü#çxJt
j,*l,üll Oi Lr*üs,ç-»-+ll j#"ill JtIil crl.rÿ
*tà[c,
+l*èll-9 Ëu.-i]l
crls-.pJl-l"iJ J i*,lJJl
cr;,61i-
3i).
,§)3ll, if. ll
*1.:;^$,Je .+,*1 lrtLri ËjClJ
u-rS-ll3 e.*Jl3 i»Ji:ll g,",-r*-i l*[Lrl dLi"]l k .à] .i-l-r-ll ]+t OÎ: ,Qiti dr.l#l
LfJetrs.§
Llsll ,jle .iJdl
i-lte+cl
eJBllJd$l: cjrlt u-;.-tl
c,hJ^Ea-KI
"Jr .iJ,ltl
,sls;Jrill
ü:'..,jslri
â3)[:]l,-i:Â--ll
c.l\t^F, L,Îqi+
hÀ3.4§+
aiti,
,-iJÈllI+t ,È
âJàill ü+.iS, ü1 ,JSir;i:.
jlj+ll -, !L*
-
ryl+ otry ir.q;,:FLir.ll f-É'lll -Jrÿ fu+.{
,"ïEr ô$ll Cy...i _ iit-jr-1 i.,- ".. Ll.,,ir.l _ LEsllr 6rl.jÉll .y,o
.
à. ll ilhr§ ,JÊ .rr..-l a-KI lsl. .iJ'ill
üi :,*,lJJlôJéÎ -
4-iÉl
ül-àèll3l3 .jtlll
s9:É.,*,+ Li
.6.r-;iia A.ISI"Jt .iJ'll cl
cjrÿl.,jl+Jl i
a-fSff*Jt .iJÉlf
g,".'-.-1
.6UÂi. a-lSll ,,.l,cér.J (y'
l*âLir 4+-Js^ll a^KIl J+-l;:rk"
OI 4*,lJJl':-6Li -
5.r.l,c
...,"-1 i-lte-ll oil
g13âi)ill .-i.il| iÈÂ:I i*.'ilI+ c*-lk+ ,.+'-l
.eJ$t u
çil3ll, i.
llol+"§ )ca ,
o:15!l, i'
tt Or cJrït' i'
ll crlq^$.r-l,c t*iurr 4+-üS"ll
i-lsll l+-l
Él-,ll**.-rr,-1 gi a-,t*pt crJe.Ll-
66»
,ta-ih.,â.Kll
cJ:lr ;-,13,,-il1.ifÿl .l+t : ,ra
âDt3llsi.i,-ll
cJq.Sot-r--!t
L.,1 ,a-!-.n.llùSll 6
cl-:11-rCdl C+lr^
.,Jc.iJ,ll eü3;.ll
Lr-,1
.la-itq
â^IÉ!lclilr âj,.all Lt-;
efu3§.llloj:.f
â-iSllcjill
AiJ'-àll-i!l Ia.;
,â-!Sll os;Sl;Jl .i:-r-ll
.,.\"-iJdll
,a.i.ln â-lsll -.;c.I ùJ3slliJ[e
LJJ Gâ-l$lqi ii3.r^ll
si3J,=ll,] .iJ,l1 ,qit4 gli]':
4l ç1ll.,Jtét *Jc
t<*^.,* gLo,..,-,U él Â+Jill
Lt., '|a.itq :-lSIlclilr
;r'"llc,l-i<" ";,-1 .r' d$l
itJ.il.I "J" ;-Flt J a.Jr$
o-,;gUî-
ZéIh ,rtÊ ç".Js!l
r- JJ r;+J
d'§+-ll-9 .AUU ,-iJô.-llcrl\l
h*Jt .i-":ll
aL,i..*ll
â"$l
4-+tll)dH:
cJrïtO*i;l
.,le ËJJË.ll ;plJill qiS O1 :J ,;-;ÇJl.+BS lC Lt4rârJ e drLu..-,pi
ql t-lt*tt
elhl,-'-.-ii
CeS, (--r
1411fb
,J+..iJill
d,t"-i$J"§l tr"+^tt
60/o14 (-11411) 4.1t ,;EIlr-i.-ll âijâi çl
,o:U+ttj+Jl
,slÊiF):il çl-r§
ôÎC ôF+ll ee us3
d"" ,I*J ,j
ajLiÿ e.ju oli
i-,;r.i.- c.rl.u3C (l.r+l) 4+Jd
A-lSJlird)J
,,,j-.;r:üfu oi J! èJ-+ll
c.,3LftÂ
câ.l-eiS^ll at^lSll.Jr .jJdll
.,Jl4ll dlJJl ôltk-
,rJr.trlt
,i.
llrl
le r,rl 4Ërih:+YlâI.-rll
+llJ
-, .*L*-
{}l;e ,:,ls,} i*l+ {pU.+yt pjrlll3 crJ.§l Âly."dii uÉrll C)L..î
-
lrt t-':i**.
Ll_!-
tLiStls 6rl;Â11 3"e'!i*"1
drlJl+J
gl\J "l",llùEi! ùl
ù...tSll,#=l
Alli3d.-,+L|
8i axl *Jr .iJ,ill: ,4üir
.-rjiS.Jl.i!l
j+-l-rg-r.-;I j*lôlll tJ^*
!lJ) çUt , à. ll g; :lr;
Y3,,llïl
,à.
tlC ,t ïf ,
i..^rl g..:lr; ébJl
.,llEll si.-ll
(1994) ,
p1ll*! Àl .p'q.^,, Lt1-
21,,:I
cJ.,-e*.-l Ëj*^.ll1§jLJt -.ptt.ll
.y:,.
à.i(ll!J
i-,|-;-rlloira
d,1. (28)
,ôEYl dr
(111) ÊeL)it
(139)â-lJJl â!o ,.,i^..',3
,4,61d11 :qlEll d.rl3§l é^t+ll.riiul3..L:ll d
d.rL_or.-aô. ô3ltJ g;$l
_1§-rll(1978 ,CL^- é_,, .^-1 .rl.lcl) _;j,.= ll çlS$l u^Li.
-
(1981 r Myklenust
cr-§L
rlrcJ) .\., l',ll -».li:r-r,l+^-
a!*3ll
ol.r.,.-l
ËjÉ,".111§JLII ôYt+-ll
i1c,,
à.ïSI ,J+Î ,_r. clll_lr :
o.ltIt4+jt
.,1e4$ul
élÂJl ,é-.;sll ,i*lslf; .4+él
,i-ërJ':^llâilll
,o*^^.,!lell;:)l
.dl,ü+Yl
çr4À*Tll, ê
L"dlsl
cr".;6LiJé§t
crL+_rrôtt*,Jt
ù#4Sl.
-,! âIÿ.:crli
cljJs rJ+_, Êre_
1.â.".Àll
t".t
i'1+4§rtJl
_.pl}.lld
&Uylc.Ç_! ott*ri.,
cjtüî *§;.r r:lÀ-r3L dH UL, -l
âly.r,rli ciry
r_»-9-
2.q,+-À+tll
élJJl
,++-êlr.i d
Lrbiij4llËt$l çJr
uJJlJlé:+ll oia ciot+ rir ,ù:ll drtJJ*l l§ÂJl ,ll!: Jl f r.*.r
â;lll:
.*-^^.,J1cll'lr)l çJ*i d Uî,p_xlt
ruj,,:Jlç3i oL)l dtitl Cf*J
ctt^L:.lt
oç,.!t Jtul dL-l *ilsà
l!-,,tj^ltjj$l
-,it
* = rrt*o otr3 ir.§t"t
i'Jl lrhllr +hyt it+.,:+!il ûgall CY.â.
-
Â.1tjlrl i.s*.i*ll -
L.t:slll irl.;Êll -ro ,,IÊ ü*ür+ll qr.il â-,lJàll fL"3Âl 6,'as^4§Jul
-,1lt.Lll -rLf,ijl-
3.,fj.rll 6r.tt uiliril-r .ptL^ll
oiaqiliii
Y3 rl*9i- .r=,!Jt
d1cCJI *!-5*.= -lÉ+
Êl-3ÀYl Ë-,13É+
4-,lJJl'"',oJÎ
ri3-jii cl. le-tit L-,.l,,lill
ol-.»tiét-o V ,;-,4^iX-Jl ijJ,ll 6-l;çll rÇ
.ê"i-ll3
;;,-,!13 r;Â!Ja;L; 1pLht,
i*"i11994
; ;t'&i" 4*
{*'t',;r-
3Cdll
c-rlaj*..açJi rJ.)Sl ,Jt -iJ':ll C â*,lJJl '"irÀ
cri,ÉSr ,C.*3Jl
ûtr3n---; al.$-rll .l"l3rJt{ üJ.lJl ç,e3
qgrriÉ;r-3
.4"'51r3+Yl
âL-*Jt d,r*-;r3tl+,i*ltÂll g* â-J,-3 J'.o (100) ar açll
AL-*JI d Ci3ll
d.rt-rj*-.a;4t$-*ll ,J^l3,ll
ül.r,r'''lAi-Ul
ggr:'i*t
.(1989
,çrl.É;êl -;J slscj) ,qÉlsr)l '"t
., .,
, tê
t.or3'le i*'lJ'rll 6-ütl crl:ô1r.3**.,a1Al.üJ"Il ,j"lJ,ll ül"$J
d
fu,t-=l
âIÿrdli
,.3:-rg ly+y Ê)"-
1d"'I d+.
çri /,luLll ee-15;ü:jr+
ix§l du"LIl$)i: er§3 d.tl-i^ ü*
Cnll.rih.$J
J"ilti
ee+=d!
ixÈll ix"t"Xôl+j ôtt-j.
c*.-r ç*;»:"ll â.iîllpca j+,ll+
(-}"t,=ylcj.l:t iF
JSçf ô-rJ
53ÉY :
2ü#
rt+T g,o a1!S* L3 .o-,|;Jl A{il! cll§: q},y .i:-.,Ell:
u"ü!l+Éllâ*Ji^J ,..r;jl
,.düJt+
a-rll OU^l'll ipi
âc-9,";-drh-rr dilÀ-i^
.J.àsll d üJt
Jasll
O*^1,-ll +»15aéJ,"-
crt.i-lr,J.t" i
(0.05) q93i."r$t 4$t ',!
â§r.rsli cl:y
r+-r.,-
3.JÉ$l
U+.lr-ll:
.+-,rll,J O:U+
Ur$t üJ^Irll gl \l
l''llJÊul
UJi àDt*lt'
J"b'll
,.J O:U'*.r,l§l -' l*t'-
-
<yl.,s É,I-Je;r.t+ 4PL.by fJ*!l., q,hyt fu+.,-rut 63rll C)[- .î
-
itiJtl4p* Ll+r-
L.tisllr irl.;É!l .pc,1993
: dU æS" Jjrr.r
,qPÉ.,Lr.
ôLÂUU â*,1;.r-
4iüXlI
6jÉ^^ll â+,.-Ài,ll cJiail.rll
.rJo"rr:lt
,tilJJj
â*,l-pll eÂ.u611_,/l ,
t.
tlo! t.*n
FTls h$13 (5s)g* a.i'll
,',1(.*,C;'ll
*1.r3,'.^- ç3.r:ql[ill c,tr§l
alrri.,rl ..r-9 .oels")l. i. ll ,.J,.-ll3 t#-"Jl âilll çjrL ir Js ç!
,€'.-*LTüJ§il -
(oSUr
J.rcJ)'6lél
dùls"i'^â'it! -
(CL- é;
."-1Jæi)
.-.1;r.-.ll etS§l -,!-üÀl-
,_,[iiJl àie
ùJl qo
.rlæ,!),rJ_eUAL]X
' :ê
1-C i-,lJil îfl;
5itr t''e"il :6.5tiillç:i dlitll
'3!C*of-ir*al3
Ë-1jr.4 JçLJ4+J*-ll
g.5»:r" ù]-
1;-,p,!t t-: feilyi
ru+t-,.1i: .srLt+fl f*!Lt DlÀ ô" crLrr,-I
roc.l"3;,Yl ,-St-Éll crl-r3r,,o
ô"
lÀL"ilùr* ;ar .,-itijl
âoL+s A-,-r'r^ll3.
rrjll-r,llillr
oletr':Yl3 Llt+Àll3.i-r+ .rl*)K r,'
â.rËtillai,lJùll ir
LE./ 4St^l
4Iÿrcrli
r.3-l}d,\r - 2
.3rc_e ,6;À;.Jl
*
33»:iJlr OLI|u
-,i_!i"Yl .q'lt'iiYlüljû/l frc:
+pLoi+ytdÊ ùà
,J"ült+ffi:,fl;+Yl
cll-,;ollfrcr ,tl-lj,..*ll
cI^.:.u:
AJ"$-"^ll dl^.3 .A.Eihll â3oÉ +rilJl
rir.'
J cU"iill Lt,a.r.:
o"ülllt"à
r à-.",
.U"iilt+ âÂllJ i'n=,"i.LlJlq i.-ul
CrLs*^-lt .-5eJ,jÊeÂ1,Ée,'r+:lJl A-sJ^+- i1;; éllr:I w tP J .J a'r !P J, rw
.ll.+yt s:
eljù.iYlr+.J
eùEX ols3r;.^Il r-u+ câ:y.r+,e;Sj+J -, !L*
-
uliÊ .:f.Jl i-l+ i:pt 3i.yl ç3hll3.,.l,r5lt iJ;.:
,:$U ggsllg)ta iilJlrl Âià,- â-13.r
-
L.l5ltl3 ôrl3il. I ..pc:4#i$l
ét*,lJr$-
qr:(Stanovich and
Keith I
l9g7) 'o!<J'obl, JiE
' â*''l-p-
1ela.rr..rr33
Ëel;$ 4t"C
d.i+JE-ll ,+ .-iJ,3ll C i*'lJJl
c'd':r(68)
.,lc
â-,lJJl Alioô!;^il eÔtr3Jl
orÀ Ü. ,.il.triél
drYLIl U''iti''ïiJ.ËelJËll
d
C-: d,rtr;aa Ê*itl ,sll:3l.Yle$I ü'-ll+
l+"8L-,^
ü,lu4 ).it (17) q.s3 é
-,!-r--:)lcr)':L'o drÀ:-t+ :fEJl
ir
4$J.-ll ËelJill ôt+Jr,âir
ô3,,ti)ü (15): 'i:Fl-Jl
'ocl-,fll ér1'r3*'a.i+Jl ,:lyl 33r.;"
(Christina Van et al 1993)
:ipijs
Crtârul 'ut i*"l;'l -
26BSII J*yüll3 Êel-.ftl
d
eri:Il 19r..Lr éi-5ll C i*'lJJl *ira
.il§,il1 ëljl ü,-ll
+à13ir
4+JdrlJi-
dJ'3él" -b
e«+lt:1t"i-Yl3 ôl+J',é .:;r=i: ë$ü l,-1, ir". Êa;.t"
éll§-r'lirb (ll') U 1+ll
d'ilillâ§1
.
a,l*+ fc!-lfir^1-}t. ,:"
él!i3.1pl-;$
ai-Jl+tç ,t'
ÊJdll dù[S^i'r-j.u ,Jo ol-jirYl3
u^JJi^llg* ic ."+. ,lr§'J e ',r.'ltUt +Jsll
uÉ.\»l3l oYid
ôe3-ÉJl3 âer".*Jl â'rtJl uPl+Lt$-É él: +vt!l ajJl
41 +gt
-=)
4.Iÿ.r c.Ji l^ârJÀ élLiÀJ ,+ i*'lJJl eU' o-lii
:6..58:ll'
â,i.-5u"llr ,L,:À.3.,*ll u*iJtiJt êJi+ ,#Ê a*JJJI
.éo:*
d''l+-ÈÔll--É^
lsrS ,l,alif drL.J',é
çsl
rJt'üTfùl
e'à31"u-
ofi3ll:3La-Yl ir
tJS,l
.i,j*rLJl
$)t:tl+
tu-ltL t4JJ ËJl,l,)l ürLJl et{4lle*'+ çi )+-J
dÊijj+ll
-, !L*-
(J',l,ae ,:fr,1l ir.t+ (fLil.$ p*Jl3 çlrïtily
,"fti: ggrll
CY.. .l
-
i*!t-, is..,..Lll -
a+tisltr irl.;ÂJl .r,c :L.Esll3 ô*l.;Êtl J,{,'su.iÂ..ii
çr,drl+,;ll
oL,..l.;§l,§ dJilll ,-l-É.il
,''-rlL1 c,l_lln,fl
el*.l.;Jl3,3l-+ll
,-!11JlÉj,ll ,:È
o.àhÀ
r,-*i.ii crl:ls ôLlJJl ,io ù] :dêl J urli-:
,LESllsôcl;il|
-:*ç:.jYlS Ç!$ ;.r
:.$-r§l:^
U. ,JlJL.àYl l_,rl$il â:=t+llcJ..l.i."l (1994
:ei-.pJl+'-,,
t+_,r) 4*,1-,1ré -
1ôlJk*ll c++ çl3llr
cJJTIôlej+lt
u"::i;,rljÊj
â,.!^,,rJ ùrS! Ëelê
,t;!t
U"ri:J.ç;»^4ll
j*yüll-9 ,ç-^^,Jl -lJ*o:llLa3;et;il
rlr,i*,YLrâ.-tll
uJiS^ll
.illl I+J
q+", ,"_üS.ll j_r_rll .,Jc.iJ,ll ol_;Ç
a-l§Ul â.".Àlt,éÇ.Jl cd
+;S.lt LKll ,+ ,-ilillr
rËrs.§â.lsll è ,-iJÂillr
,4itt+.i§-*ll
a-"KIl,jl+ll dl,,lJtr ,laih"
4+ üs"ll LlsJtLu3
YJtr: élb 6tS(199a :ur#r
n$t_»JÀl .+"
,l'*., â.-l_,p) ,s,-
2ed.rl_.;,Éi^ll
uà'+ t*+à-,
4$Ldllpl,lll crtr.pj 6jri..ll 4sÀJl
_.pl-E Ilç--r.ill
cl J-,ll_r é..;..!.|*.i*Bl:
a+él_l a!_J.j^llâ;lll:
qF* ..J1 éllJrytS4t$-*ll
d^l,*Jlé,]:Ei .ii (1
994:sl.:a^â^-rrr) â*,t;r
", -'î*''
.+sls.l+yt
aLll irx (,J fdlt
oL.r-."l
Àl .È:r
J o.os-o3 o.cE_l .l^s. 6t*Ul.:) a*,t.p,',. . i
rJ*=!+
4.rl,All cr113*.-
ç3i
\yXJJ r-..-À-T,ll 1,.5L-Àll éIB,r.l!k
l-Snl(9319r
Ct-"J" .iJ,ll C (1997 :,'U(J .UilrJ,iE-)
â-,1;rdriu_r -
5oil u çJtü q,lll ÉyLrll u:+S3
elaqrsJ3Ëelê 4+rCl
crtr3*.-lldr
ù3rlt+&rll cjtitYl
+.ls3é
_;l.r=:Yl crY.rl.r-oplr-i-L,
(ôLJ,,,.-ll.4*ir rÎ i!F-t- !*gl+r ù. ôJ,lq a§l jtüïl:
1$* iel_j oL3*,-
.1rl.;J -, r*L."
-
r.xt+c otry in q {+"Ll+!l esLll.l +ltyt fu+"cati: 6sSl 6].a .
-
iJJrtis*.
i-l.1r-
L.t4llr ôrl.fll .rc,"Jr
k+LÀnl (1993:iJrJiiJ
6ls lrr"'*US) â*,1-,p dJjSJL+ -
6.a!,,:ll o1,13,,,-
ç:i it dfjtTl
t{-$:.1}él
dDls^î^ll3al';3n'-ll *i +lâ:
gt3rTl ,JFaÉ.i,: crà'ei'J
.pl cr[l-;.ll
..1.fill
hÀùÿ .p[:' g'3
l,c,tll
drl+_.,---Jl gell.r
CIl.:a UiCi^ri , $),:ll
LrJ ielJiill-,..,r1 4+t-ÉI ,i-"lSll ,-jJ,ü)
i fi+J,.é f6r fuJêll
6elJillçr di+JF'-
:la;^ icl-,f!lj_r-!l .,lc .iJdll crl;Ç
,ç_,1'^4ll'ï*"illr q',Jl
ju*.:ll er-i.:-ll ,alLàylüjillj
e6.r,a.§',
I<ll (Jle ,-iJrnJlJ,a.it,
.-.r3iS^ll.i-Fll
I+-).y':
+J:S^llit *ll JC.:llr ,la.ih.
â,.ris.ll a.lSll J+-.1:,él;.Jl ,s t*jill a-KI
.,IÈar-*ll)
o-à*lr3*"- r5: ai.LJl
ËelJÂlloi ot.-r,.- kr.: .(+§JJl
â'lsllg*,l
ü-,Jl
,rJcol.-er,-J
dsti^ y';Jl oL:".- JJi JEtll é$
t"S'(f*rlt, .ost"i=)l3
ç."ii]lJ,l,pJl -, ;rr- -
-
o"!e ,sLr.! irr§ist
i+yt pSLll3.,.l.ritllly
."ïqi ôrillC)l,o.i
-
irlt-'tip*
Ll.p-
Llisll3 ôr|.fl|..,l.,c:4*a)tÂ
tê
l-+I:i,-i
ü1 UIS"Jé+, L^
pç;.rl gs§l
dlüTl fL,-
ü# +ESII: ËelJill-xç
,-rlrt:l
J,iü+-
1.-ta olr-r.-
' r '
..u.ll al,*ll o1-r3*,-ç,ei ditïl 6^+ ùl -
2i'ru,'rr. L!' u,u''+
.q*sr-, 6erJÂ,
,J ,,..,'
ê*,Jq,u
"*ir
,.r.,1
Îq: ,;ll *t^lsll
j,*,,üuf A:-
cJ3Tl ,i. tl +.)i q+ -
3.üjJl ,Jô .,Ic U ,l
dr q.-ll L,"s+ç{ll1
3i ojr,.-llç;»4ll j#^ill g
,-.,*,.-Ï eôLISllf-J i»l fJ,-jl
''#,3ll ,i)-
4-",J
i;r+ç:r^+lt 't*dl
613,êtill
Ëj'^ÀJ âr.iJlk -J ci3!l 1-t
i»t.j:»ll
uJ+ç-r,-+ll
**.:116 .-r'.^-i CJI ,;-J
âr.ï,llt*o-J -i:-r*ll
i
.dL..i^llJù-irJl
k+*^à.5l6r.,i,ll3 üJJ$ll drLJX.cJ
+l*tll:
ÉJ+,-i.ll drlsJÊllJ+-l ül
5cr.l
..Jl
J+-l,-* âiXll ,-iriJl iü ,Je
.,,,,o1l*îLrl
;j,oell3 6 qS*Jl,.i:>ll .!+t cl" .r-.-l
leitif Lj^-i.ll k+.à9 -ir>ll J+t ui-l
,la.itq.l*it
rlLlt-it"ll
tet
a3rlüJÉ,il iF)Ll
,slÊ ....l,*ii ai.l,j+ç;S"Jl ,-iJ-ll I"u
;-lt<+ Cl-
6\Jr ul çi,+
liÀJ r6.rs.§ A"KII.Jr .iJrill e:k+
c.r. êJEIJo:tilt, jrll
IJI..üSJ ùT d§ â.r;ii.o a..KJl .,.l,c
.iJJl
,rJc i-.pil| I ,+-üSl -\â a3)illüJÂJl
.â!+
aitl .i!l
Lt_2p
;_pilld5Jtt -, t u-
-
urt1e Él^.1l ir.t+ f*oUrytf$llr
çtsyt Âl+.,.tÈr i,$!l c)L. e{i,'§ ÂF.- Â-13.1
-
aqESIi3 6r}.,fl1 .;,o,JrTl ,
;. tl \l")[i .,lc
,-,.,'-1,iUJl
cd LISI|,Jt .iJ,3ll
ù)-
7,+ .iJ,3ll
6!À &ll3l3 ,n,,[ill .9 ü.".]l*Jr tl
cô.r ]ri^ â.lSI,rJt .iFll
Cl..,jl+*ll
d a.§ ,È "i-r-fl u
.+,,.-1 ôr ri:. â^l$lI+-l
,,sLrr*- il+yt
eJ|Sllrd$l: cj-fl| ' i' tl +Jl3 q+ -
8i.1.
dJYl ei.-ll ii): ,JÊ .J'-1 ;tk^ll
oraüJr leiLit
LrÊS^lli-KIl
.dJtill ,
i.
-lfrr çjLIl , à. I ir)3 ,ilÊJ
c,r.ilïl'
a' -ll\^)3
"J' .iJdl
ôl-j,.e+,-,;1 .r' #Ul JiilJl ,È
;-1$l ù)-
9ç1
,;u+ll
JiJ-:ll ,sle\Jrll
,.+J§ ô1 J,! Ôr*+lletr us,
.â:)3llürÂ.-ll
cje,l
OI+lli
..1.r.,iu drli 6Jii.â
d,rl'*JJJ (q+.tt) t1;*:t al$
âij?SçJJs
iJSa ajîC ô.=ill
o-,1l,i,1t
S e âr.3§^ll crtlsll ,JÈ ,-iJ"ll
lt*I"o.etSl
Ji,À3lld-;k- &
,lrYtsi,-ll
L;) ehi'J A.l3-l$r)l 4LJ"ll
ir*o)jI+-l: çy;ll j,*Él]r
33^,.*tt j'ii"3 ôlJt{+Jiû3ll Ott!
O)-
10,J_il| ,
r. tl g* rl"r;jé!+*ll i iXlt "J' -iJJlr 4itl+
,-r üS^ll.i!l
eJ$ ü.-lt .r{ ;tïl . a.
!l g^rl.r;
Y3.r/$l si.-Jl Jj
JllilJ -,
!t
--
ol,|f ati3 ir.§ lfU+yt fsLtls.J.tyt il+.+!U oH$ C)...1
-
iilJ.Jiar*
Lf.,p-
tti$,ls 6rl.;Êll..,y,o:4{ti§ll
Ërl;§l
J-*eïl+*i
,,râêrrlll c,lSLü.ll
ert*,I-;rll :o.Lïll JJrÂll: Lyll
ot*.l3.r!l-
T(2000)
:,r$i r$ld i'gl Lty - f
,Jii.-JL âLLll
ËJShlltLÉtl .9r.
i1o ü,i,SIlC 4-,lJil
c.rÂr-tJé§l çn
(f3a) rcj^
ô+14§r lrJ.§ (236) ,1.a+I dr:isi
r§3,o^,.:Kll
é
ç*,t*,TlËI,jll
4*iEllâitll g. ;EJl ü,-ll \i)j g* dil-i)l æ
(102):ir
sa-l â*,lJrtl Ëh'lsALIJI
i-,Sl.rlï.,,UL
.,-!e A-,IJJ,:Ï,:JFl
.â3-1jl rl.ro!
ç;+ (0.05)
$I,r éJi.". r.c $L-.1 iJl:
,fu-;à r3ç'3 ,rJc 6':E:ll crl'r4+J.-+ll d.c+ll,â+Lilll Êts+ll
dr
dSof
Cr*+rul:,l,all crt;j,,"- ç-ei \"XIl
ja3 rfs:lJl id:ll *ry CllJ
:'ilSll4+JJlj a;rül itLill ft+ll
,aplSJlçl ir
41rLJl +È)llll df$aLÜ
ËJshll +*l't -, Ëct§ ie-ri,"rttü-:l or,; u icl§
qg-ei.-.)F d**i .,lc
4-,lJJl cr§Î S-r .Â;*,ltSyl
1.,p,:ll ot4jn--
.C':ll crl-r3"*o J+,,üd
(âLLJI ËJSlIltJ'ti:
(1997\: ô*.r r..i r"* i!..â"
i.-,,l-;.r-
2aLill crL3*.-; ât$J"ll
1J3+JtJ.l3,lt *i "Jt .iJ':ll C
c.,À-d$jSi .(ôUylJ -léIl)
g*+ rl-r-rrllühl
.4"tihûr)lâLlll +;.)'j .s.l
alrri.J é:
(ç-il.$,,.Ylëljt
,i. ll
,"é;\rS: hJ^§ (196)
c.l^ 4+Jl:qlBll
c.,'tr§l Jjics,o .rlæJ).Crlll
crl.r3,r,oç:$ 1§:Ul "1..:t'
:'tl .r!L -
(1994 e .:l3c
.:.*Î
,Ct*Àl ù*
"»ljglt -, iru".
-
sr.t+cotry;r.§
l+"t +yt e+trlll d.ryt Âl+.'"tlil o+ll C)*a.
-
i*ljtrl i:p*. Ll_»-
irlislls ôrliÉll y"e(1978 ,C1^-
é-l ."-1
rhcJ) .-,13.-^ll elS§l Jt$Àl-
-!-Ël
r+e .rl.rcJ).6-j*fu çst"-i§Yl
q,.ct"3=Yl q9 qi,.*llu"liù. -
(1995 (LJ,-i3,ll (c,=utt
rtuj) .+rTl
4fo+lr c}l+L-
ç.:LJ§Vl3 çel-3+Yl 19-ü..*lL ,l,alt crL3*,.-
!t$-ll ,Jc
AJUtlld$
.ditü LlJt arÉl
4si+llr:â,.r.irÿ drl*.l-.1.rll
- ç
:(Vellutino and Frank 1996) é§lJà ,Ji*:J*l*â
i,"11-1
âel-fll
û1{J,-.,.â ç:.rJ+*:p-ll
ô}+eJJCl i.àJ''-C 4*,lJJl
crÂsao.à
)i.t (118) g,. i-,|;.rll t+p c.,i:S: - 6)*ll -.,è,.J P ilJ§l - a+I Jyl
,=-˧.;cl_fll ol .:L,3*- dr
ü3,ltr o..
çJhÊr)l cJ3Tl ü,-11,ç-rl iel-;ill crLr.r!.,jUs ailt dU§l
-)*p.lr.., ôJtÀs t.-tÀ t-+ts
âelJill
c.rl-r3*.- '1-,i:gg$l
oY3ai1c 1;-1.,ïl 4#JËJl crL.*.-ll
.-.r;.,iol.1tSiYl
.istr.l
1++x îa;$,rle
,r.rS1oJt .l**tl
4Jj ,",1. Jüt
4*,lJ.rll o:o güEioqï
:6dEillcrl-r.,,.-ll â+jx
l*,Ü LU
U4ü1..àll
ct-.fll"ga
.s.!+$l+ll
cr)S...^ï cj.düIl
q9J 4J^*irÂll:(Willems et at 1996) Og-nig i"t*l+.,
i*,1$
-2
dr J!
a..-lÀ+*r-r*,IA
crl4jn-^- .r:+: a+tS^l dr=+C
â*,1-2rll c-rÀ.radJ^.i,J
.a*tKU /,,:ll ol5n*- ge
il53',.,^J$d
(JSSll eéll-,pYl ,'l+:iYl)âL-*ll i;,)r3
rdrlr:-,ê+- u
.J§Î* 6^^
fut'a=flâLy iÊE
4-,lJJl.jlj1$ -, :rt *
-
r.xlrp ,-:,tr.;o ir.§ lpU+yt pjürl3 çhllily
I
I'
,"rgr ô#ll C),o .i
-
4;l;lrii;r*
Ll;.r-
L.Eslll ôrl;Éll .;.,c+^)Er
côlsb (10J 09)
drr{1$^jll *-lu'Î 6:l:Ë cl..
4J"e!l 4,'ihi')lé.:r- (13r
11) c»,t" t!^jll *J-'i 6-i-» ü," ËiE^ll
+Sl.lil)l aLJ^ll '*l! iil,ryl+
,-rL.Jl3 4+-,êll Ëel_!ll_eai.lJl ârljll+
4,.-1À drl-,)tnil dË+I":ir
JSæ uSlJt
,I'3!lotlrn-4
â.-1À crl-.rL$ly 1J+^-e-4;."il ÔlJL:il
.j.:ll: éllJr)l
, olnj-ÿl:
r pl,:ll crL3*-'o tLÉ-ll.rlt ,.1.
:6dlsJl.-,S$l-r
éllJiyl ,
o§jYlolLc
drtJlJt^àl-
.â-r.,,;ra:
4+!
dr)S.i,.- .f:rll
+1,»!*;l- :Llisl
ôrl;Él'l J'^"e +l+*i oses$
e,l.rtjislll
cil*,,lJJl (,.!È éJtr$l.eb
..1"ql ,"J. -f L3
crLl-.;rll gn a^cj,";J"+l ü*ul cr-rll tt"
,J"lJrJl 6elJËll -I..Ê
.JtpÎ ir
ù1,'!i..1 dr[-l}tl
g." âcar";^ ettaJ g-+
,.gtt.-")
Llr
c.-.6ü "34,.çL;o)l3
,4:;c1^i-)15,§rTl3
,1ill,-ilYlr ,iit -^-ll 6elJÂ$e iW
dJYl*ë^+
r,+ âSii.i"jhl:' clt
OI (1997 :ü",= r^=i .r.o.^LÈml
,glt\(,,u#H:
eç.tL.o:§)i3,oelJ+ll
é-ri,.*llÉli§l e+-
cl" ful5ll3c.)1.
6r"+ a;r! +,li'lluplylt .f+ r:-.::
rrl3Jl e1ts-',J d$-'$l
ç93['"0.drYul 6,r^+ c;rl .,lt ôYl
,JÈ.à)l *Jt
AJtll.ÈliYl
r-F.::'JiUl
l-»S l;3.r
.+$.r! Ç!-,i
r-r+J dU,§g crJÀÎ c.rl*,l3r elt'u 61 VirilÀ 61;ct ü+Yl3 ,qrL.i§lYl
J.lCl
c"ül+J,! qEsll:
ËelJill ..1*- JJçL.J
ôJShJl
1*!'L: Ëel§
,J,.:llol,-e",-
(2000:n+]j rSlyJ +J; *t-r5
r'rl^r-.;ell-;.rll
,,l,:iYl) oa alE d.l:o ,JÊ
(1996:-r"U*)
-,rS-,1Op .,! '4Lut oJstl3 .+§lt$l crl;$t O+ 6i: l<I.+. ,*s çt+-Tt oiÀs
(JS§ltrJ3lj+!l'd,ù-
-
(J{l+c c,tr; ir.§ ilÊt i.Jl esl,Jls +ll$ if+',''ltij r*rll Cl,. .i
-
idt3lrr!s*. i*ty -
LEsJll 6rl-Éll .p,grÀ â.-lJl
âel_,$l;.-
-,a-.,*,i*1
..1",j
(teeOclilyr
,+ÉrJl+J i.-l-,p."Phonological Cause" "q,++Jôll',33.-ll,,,i.jil :i".OLi
.;tr.rTt
,.,-,..J1 -9,rqEsll:ËelJtll
-^"cç!*,1
ani 61- t
.A+*
dl].i1 .*j'U,.'"rill
;§-1ll ç§,ll 6L$t
,11-
2çr.6:l-É ql§ll: ôelê
A'.,-..),ll e-lJ+ll,.t,.
,i#J,3 ôJiiJ -
3.L;g 90
J
60 gsrL
:iÀS*"ll
cj.l.Fll.9 qLsllg ôrl;§tly^c
,
jrLo
r'111'orr+r^llaô[Jl
z,t.-zû LÈÈ
oLl_.pllir +rrll
cr,.l!ril
'=-. V.. J. J J v J
up*
e+él:
,â-ul.LJl ,-rl,.üSl GJI-.S â.Ln-*ll ,J^l-rll:i<+ .x
âJ§llJ ËelJ,iJldr ü 6. ùilS
4l+,ll.J*l: ..r-^i
ae+cl -rl-jll - dlS^ll ËLxllr
sJt"i@e Maistre)
(f9S8f,e"! çr)-r
(Borel Maisonny) (1953,l.9jr
r.Jlty)*li
çl-r1cr!l;À.-l lJ qlisll:
ôelJill r."cçl 't:l
L e io .JS c.,,;-.1Îe,;-
4'i.lS^ll
++l!: f ,."rll
Lrlirll .,Ji.". .,lc çl J-':l
,fuJ- +r.1-)ç+J
L]1.-iir é
drL*l,p"'' li' Ls.(dl
...J'^-J|JêJl cr.:,".,J"cJE,i',i"t-jll
â.Dtc .:_n:
.r{
@arnsley) (1970 o1*', _,rt): (Hildreth) (1954O!*) d:
.tESJt3ôcl-!I
r-i-.üStr,jl{ t $
LJirtll r3rJ'": fu-rJl:*i-f-ll i»
4++-1.(te6S cË-r+_r
ûr"t) éll§:
(1957 gr"jJlÀ)dr G
drLl_,pcrh
-21§t g*üËelJill
ul-üSl
6§t.'a3 Jt*J drJ^J 4+-Éll .-rl,,ËSl crj3.,.c;i
âDl.c ryç3,rJc)
(1971 O-:*tl3)3 (Popp) (1964Ç$) ü"
g§ â-,1.p cq1 r§3 hÀ.LtSllr
.â,tsJlr Ëel_.;rilt,
.jtill ËL§]l
AÔl.c (1973cls-r-l:
ç_r_»]: (Watson-r,1,§l -, ;rt *,- r.rl+p o[l.,p
iu§
4"t rryt ÊJ'ldlJ'.+hiJl il+i
,"ttii ôJJIC>l,. .i _ :rtjt-i â.q,.,.. Lf;.r _ qUsttl ôrl.,fll .,;r.,.p
a3LJ- §E
U3 crLl'pll
".16Ja,:l-,p:-l .}yi g^ dl.LI
g-.,1g3êry| ,rJ'
+Esll-r ôcl-fll*- -,tJ *1
,r"J
t-..tS,tsl.f a>,'.ll cjtitil' dh
d+- (Troubles istrumentaux d'origine fonctionnelte) .-p§l
' , '+' "lf ,5 gl.r;S^ll 6.li^,,a *-lcotj:t:l
g^ :"13S3âcly -l-s
e6;rlCr.
Jrsr.""YlfL'
.(CXt
-1Él, ,5JU-i- ,;tS.
++y-r âr-J-.à. 6u;. Ë-;3*a,ui- 1$§
ql"eIl:L.ts!13
ôrl.;ill suo ç)c *p
rlrr1llols§ .jll
crL,,l.1rll:<ill
JJÂâll:iu...,pll êt-,lJ.tll
-
i(2007\:cXlii
4.rJlg)l,a
à,*,1.1.r-
1CJË"
Lf§j - qr+)c e^br
-*"'E.s-
A^àJ"-C 4*,lJJl
cr,,,,y.c,Jc,=,li:ll ,i 4,+)e titils
4*Sfl1- q."$
i#-Éll ôrtÈj.,lÊ
r,ü+JT.j,.tP
Êet+-üS^
ei--, ùÀ ù^
élll3 4r'il§.,)lâLJ^ll i:,)j crJ tlisJl: ôeljl
4-lJJl
c+-=J.(o$"jil'a +lS.lt
4,ü+llr â*ÉbJlÉr"Jl it *)
LJ*Y+lrïl
Ël'3ll u. eJ$ , à' ll \;")E rr ôiF§r h*^I: (120) k lrÊ tu;c
"J"
rüg3tSi^3 ùf3f3l.,i^ ü1icJ,a+i
C
dr^-,,iJ 4Sl3,itQJh ôJ$il .çil§ü)l
.1*-,J* csJi.!l_, 1t+1,à t."Ât.uJ
:
l*.,l3rll crl3ri' :qltill dJJ§l ,rlc
rLacYlé
4-,lJJl o-:a é"ri-3 ,J-J ,1"J$
J§J6.;. g,.Ê
élJiJ(i.êClJ
4,Élfill ta.;c:.+:el-)-ll -
1.OL:ùJI
L,jF",jS..çrt,= i.:Lc! té$,- .t:-É ü^ éiJl
.:r1 drl-;LiÂl A-lll"+-
2:a,;lEll
ol-jSiYLl yVt ,;t+,
.t<.r!û: lai.r.- d-DLt'.+lli$l -, ;*t *
-
r-rtrc .:,t Js erJ+ 4pLLJl e$lll +tlyt i't+.I
,'rur 4;rJl
C).. .l
-
4+Ltrtis*
4-l+r-
LEslts ôrl.fll .;r.,eMarie de maistre '
ji-L 6r
g_,ttJ'J iJ.-"sll ôJJ'.-ll Jl.,ii|-
Mira
Stamback'é!t,3-
l;l1."J
4+$t+llJl5I -
Marie de maistre
"ii-L çs
ç-,1L' J
i,rilS^ll AlfultJ§Àl -
.K- ABC ( .;r,-lt âL'L ) .;U;lt
4+-9,11Jt$l -
#;lt gr ail$l
â:.JliÈi
19J IESJI: ËelJill g;ri.*,.AS _l§il -
.(e.,=Ut .rl.:cJ
g*
",a): .ilsi+Yltê t" C i*,lJ$l ,',. l{
:6Jt3ill4tcr.;.lt
iLrL. _.! crlt*_9i" ga;1;tt^j âIÿr cJi
r3-l-ts!r: -
.ric ,i.-l-;rll
6
;rônJl
u{Jlni.yl \f çu$ ,r$ll ,} ahU:tl:
a*U*Jl.4-,lJ.ll
qf
frÀi..*ll agy.yllqr§,ll
6.tjJ+lliJ'l! d.$
L^ ,(0.05) 4§,.r a; ,L"^tê Lq,',,oJJ Él e).c d +§;rtt -
â;."iJl 4i9-Éll -,13r!.a1 .,Jc
+S'Ut-
.': .dl§Il: et;rtt
qlL=ll A-,lJJl ü, ËL".Ji."^
45).c 6.ol: Êr.i
'o_yJ,2t-
.qESIlr ;elJill _.p"c ç_e3 q!ih:',)l
aL-*ll
i'q+LI Ê*"qi t.J-j
ir
AL-)"JI'- i
ôc^I,-ll +*-.r§6Jr
.rlr,c,!-
.4r- J^lJl
4-riJSJ,JlJt
àYl hÀ(1997):irÉ{r t +i C*É A,,/;l -
2,.'liill
,.+ç.y/ + çr§j 6.b:
-rpL &_x-I
i-,l_pll crà.uir",;rll
,J^lCl ùLl ùÀ u.
4$hiiYl AL-)^ltiÈ: glJ -l*jll
crLr_r.-"lc
hJ^l:
(230)
l.€él$t;c ,+ â*,llll
c+-r=J.otr3*.-Jl
,glli,1r,
fu"lSll.ih3l)l eLilt
u,.u*lJlj
&JEll ùbü.-lli§i
ü^iirBr
l.to)El
-rljpJl -, lrt *
-
rylc ,rLr.! ir.Lr 4pL.l+yl pShJl,g -J§l i,tyq§i oÉ$l C.),4 iilctJ 4+à* l*l;r
-
L.lsl3frtif
.;,c:4JEll
dJJ§l
'''l^'L(e,=f*ff
S-)) .Cdl o!-.,,''
LJ,,IL-
r+c
çlê r;c
rlrcJ) .âJ*,}-IçrL'"'i§!l
ç.ct."3... Yl 193l'",ollU"!L -
(cfu-l:t rsiL'" t
Àl.çrLÀ-i
6.E* - tê L C
a-,lJJl'"1'o; :ftsll
âeJr.+-ll gt+-,t.r drtt-,JË^
4;
aS"L-sJ iIÿr crli
r!:-.1lr-»: -
ür,Jl i
(0.05)4IIr
cg .:,.*ric rç:t''i-;)l et'-/.
tol! l+:
J${#iJ*ll cJst ll
,â-,_.1ül,i-)*Tl
(4-"ii \lâ.Blt+A"-lÂllj ,y';ll
c.rL;*,"-filt",Jl
'J,'ÀillJÈj
LlJl
drtÀl+Yl+ A*-l3ll d.l[.rroI é
(0.01) â§tlg3l'*" $e
É1Pl-i+Ylt . ,çu+ll (}!Éll ctJ Étr.,,-ll ë"+l
ü""11çlsll ej.+-ll
l§,e ,i-,1-pll,r
.â-,1!l ;,r*"'Jl ç:t'i-,l)l et'JJ.l
4+lets +Silt+
': té
L+"'=iJ
.4*-À"ill c-Dls,,*ll
e). ,,l ,fUdl
:ti,-.l)l -,13r q^al.Jt
+SLü-
ç-rl
+$lshYlâLJ,.ll iil)jl l'5)e qtti-i el:
Ê14^âiËv;a
.alr.:11
cr!3s.- cjitll
-ys1,#t
f&rlâL-*ll
,r qF-àùi^t"ll trU$
G'l;r1rlrel -
.4{+l} ê
dùls,î,"t| Ey++-r-
r5Jed"rll:
'qFlCl èr* *
(1994) :ct+!+ ++rJl r+e
r.{r. bd â*J1-
3t;,-*r,i':
â-,1-p (t+-S*;St;ilJill t'-ll,
JJ§ a*'lJJlf:-::' -l:*
,ê L ,jci.l J,! .,,*ü
çâ3 "1p)-edi+ll -' !r'*