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<i>Keramosphaera allobrogensis</i>, n. sp., from the Upper Berriasian of the Jura Mountains and the Subalpine Region

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Keramosphaera allobrogensis , n. sp., from the Upper Berriasian of the Jura Mountains and the Subalpine Region

STEINHAUSER, Norbert, BRÖNNIMANN, Paul, ZANINETTI, Louisette

STEINHAUSER, Norbert, BRÖNNIMANN, Paul, ZANINETTI, Louisette. Keramosphaera allobrogensis, n. sp., from the Upper Berriasian of the Jura Mountains and the Subalpine Region. Archives des Sciences, 1969, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 105-124

DOI : 10.5169/SEALS-739151

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:154212

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

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