Summar y
1:._tiIJÌg r~i{•`1 :`.Yani{xiE'
of
j(i(]cf .Sldp,7j4'in Ifrc'fl.c¡7t!. 1111 .5•7k'Jfli'i'{!{' .S(.'YJ.¡]!'.s hfm' i!{:YFm'177h. 4' pla tlrwitsystem gave way ¡Li irti'iii'Ce £.S{7ii t•r.??Mr.fl'rii;1.1(' x77CLr IKt't in' cr.rrci •ilft]i7%}'c,r
t{'rr kY'rlí'~'•4, i .CJi.S•r)S•i]r]51 . .5' 7kk7r rf7i .5' C 1'C?irJil ~ ~l'CJ2r~'iir ?IC& iiTr7~]iC'rx7S, .Mr{:iI t7.5 p[)CJP »c'l'ft7 r'fi710nL'e C.if
SOUR? {r?fi7ixfi7(XilJ1' ~'iic?tfiJti!xi t,n. :-.'.'ií .5'r JrT~7r7i ;UrlCilquality
{f__7
iLLif4', ~JüY r safety and price Srr7lL/J .'.
{Jf.~L1l`fí~`S rFii7 : fFilrii'i5'
x1C1 : feel {!(f2rrJ7~7L'tá rrx { :{i~ ?¿' with these
big1n.Y andare £{il."'a1!rlrrrg, fiTiO.J'e fx2rir7irc J.FTr I' rI1('fi'r2CJt7 The paper argues that solvingthese f7xai?iC!xTl.ti might
fah' M!}xY' than
txll)TC' .SF{Jt1' JÍrri:'l~'t:f7lJfxl7. ~r ~?t~i ~r2ti l'}.Fi r{'{.•{`x11
an-going j1{'.Ì1i .5'i2rd2{;t•
f,Fi{'JYF:r:'ting :pl'c7f}ie7)J .ti' :t7 .l]c' River Dt'ira trfiida?7•lr7ht•'ll !1 C:?JiJ{]f:'rii 'r7trf'rl fJr•{:l.,I{>('r between l.df{' f t'77tYe JrPircr77ilitUfir;l.i de
Pt'cbere.hr? en Agronomic pour frI.hi•ve?{J fJpL'i'nt'rii a 'MrlI)J . r.O { }'rtc fxIr21P1 rt~;r rc:rr~dl2xx~i .5cie'x76{ Ir,sirilrt ~
I'VA,'5:1f and the Rí'gf[7jJr7i ~fJ~?T[ri17c7it{ifir Centre fin' Rc'S{}ax 'L' h [JI]ít Ï. } cr 1~?~c7i77?!~rl! U? Co(7Y.SC ~1Tílf17.S, Plrt54'•3 ,
,BCJflt.S•r(17[1 Daher Cropsinf}Je Humid ffopc:.,' r}r•,$ .Sra andikrl'Pacy;''L
etltrí'1 _
!When facing failures. ofstade intervention, analystsottcn proç]oSe to deregulate and I et thuninket lead WE=
,facing market failum . they wwil] propose mare state intervention ({)str0m, E. 1997) . As for maw. scclo rs and 1 ac.LiyLticS, cities food supply s}•sll :rus are s~ rr}n~L3 affected by mallket liberalization pros,r;lnlti alJld Jc1l?rIl7S . 'Economists otte[i consider tl]ese reforms as et-l1c14`Ilt solutions c3E3wc1ally xflh4.ls S[rO11L tilalle LLlt4' l'WI1[141I1
4pr'L•v]oL13lti ' lead to deficient supply systems (as in thc centrally pla¡lllllcìS economic systems or formc r
communist cnuatries)_ Competition :1177one, tradurs would lead Lt- ]€rxNçr 'mule ]llart,in5, E :.ette :.- Supply
networlcs, cost effective distribution . etc. A free market would mean bcttcr fed 'Alban dwellers. Howevcr, it seems that the withdrawal of state intervention in food supply systems fiencraites new difficulties : tllo d.C•vClc]prrlti.J]t ofroacls, Mallet places, Iil:l.[LSiJ]g . planning ]tipULation',.L, cLi sptltc procccLL1re and credit F2E:U36.2S
does not alti5at~s fitilloti'rthedWvc.loprneist of privatetrL:lL :rs - activities (l7nulrrah . Cr E. and Hubbard, M . 199n
;Public in[el'k•er]t I{ln is Chen often s11!ygestexl tt~ prerllsce an CIl 4'arOn 1ne]][ IbeaILtaiin R market d.2Velapl1le.lit
.(};lltg•3 .ir{l, R_t; . IINL ; f7]]u[[tah . L_i .Ë. . and llubbard . M . ]999) . The State, as an insLi[unott with forma l •p]occdl]rl'.s to clinic fixed rules . IS IjrÇtSt;llt4'd aAS compIL:nll:[Lt .7r3• (0 the n]aa]keC . an institution with
self-LjetLYrl11 ining rLIICS 13l][ el{:In51J]tS c~111115~ t{]r stalte Ir1t4:r3•t:]lLiiJ]], SLIe11 y1$ 111e l73e.SCIva1irrn c77 s .ltl st$c1e1ry ffrcJ d safety and food quality standards o] the resohuic5n of traalsawlion c,anllJ4.ts may not depend exclusively on ih e State and the market. How these elellliJftS aTL actually cleall with also depends U]i 5',x1411nL. Fenmal and
informad iIltCr,3ctiì}II iules at different ]ti4'c]5. Ihcsl: ]Ules cire. not included in cN :L?noalLe rel gü lo-]]s or official legislation . To apprehend those other forms
of
institu[io[Ls. "Ixllii]cail economists need a richer set ol - polic y : fornli]IaLic7llt11,111 jllgl `the ' Market and 'the- S[,xtti• 0mrlrnl, E . l997,page 2) . Theex :Lm1]]e.offood supply In Vict 11}lin gives a partic4r`la]] insight on these issues . The evclI u,Ll3n of I he 1''[l:tIla nl4e economy over the last CtwG decades salw a~a eenlra,lly p]auy]yed SvS1cm give: way to a competitive market . This path of change wen tquite saeccs#fiLll3• but also brought r1or5 problems. [t swe 11as that solving these problems will take more tha n just new Stale re .g:ulatiotts . This papem builds onrLx.Liut and on-going Geld studies cari Il>,arkciing problems i n
the Red Ri tirerDelta conducted in collaboration by C[RAD 1 . the VA,+'l ` and the.CGPRT t_:c•nire'.
;Fifteen years ago, Victnalnl-s food supply dlstnhuti{ln was mainly ruleded by. the ec]yeln[ttcnt il'ii]rtlti, A . and 13e Vylde•r . ~ 19% ; ksus . E. mid Dao TM . A 199S . Lefiot]Iven, K . 1996 ; Flntalli, P. L. and Xuau1, V .•l• ,
I992.j . Agricu lttlrat production 1 was organi7ed in a 1-•.ol ksx tiyl : way by co-operatives of producers . Marketin g and dlstrihutii}ü was in the hands avow-owned companies (state food company, state slaughtcrhouse, etc .). At that time, food deficiency was an important problem . :Many regions suffered from I a6 of rice . and othe r 1 t'ciilrl`. lnle:Irraliy7nR1dc.R4cl5e.l%hcenrrt.4rcf]LUI15i.e¡MO' le Devel0ppenien t
2 Vietnam ApritisLlilLr;LlScience instilut e
3Rv~IUllat C1?--CIrÛ1naLIo11 C 1,`.174rC f..-5r Rest;rtctiII¡I71dr1evCtop][L4f11 ofc'oaars:,Grains, Pulses . I10c}isand Tuber Crops ilY111.C. Humid Tropics of Asia and the Pacific
a . .~~r.`~'c'• rç „~:. :~• } 'rr=S' •: ~-r• . ~: :• y' :v M1'a.~¡ competitive market in seat-ch or public reglilalioli s
; . : ~• :A:-r ._ •>• •V •~r~~•~á.' :~,~k .:: .Y~•~4t~ .~~'' . : . t;
~:
-•:t The case =food supply in the nor11•t lrl Vi et n am .. . : ~.-. :: ~
.. ~r'~• .~ .
.:4-Franck JESU S CiJaid Amis L :tic]pot
stllffs (meat . -ti~r-gct;ab1~, fruits) were difficult to find through the state-ruled re.-taiilirig system At the
e time_ an infc~rnna] eeononik, had developed in response to the faillnre lrt the centralized st~lte *stem - I n
rural arcas . cultivated plots left to J :nrnr3er{" individual rClanla~,enlL~nt.. alone with {7t114r raon~:oLlecti~~ e
activities . produced more than collective ones (1w~tls, F. ~uld Dao The . A . 1998) . They allowed farmers to
feed. the.n Iae]4'cs . [n urbail ~I.Jc:aS . the fond supply still remaincx3 dtrp~Ilclant on Malarcas . The rationed state
foI?+~ supply system" led to an important development of an intonnaa] par,lllcl market . hiding From the publi c a'othoritics (E~1T~rdc.., A . and De ~'ti~ Idc~r . S . 1996) . Urban kdw~seIl:;rs even dea'ilo¡~ed a pecializr ;~s;rie:LllluI~ I
preldtlciion s~~stelll . with pigs and chicken raised dire~.t[ti. in the houses~uld flats
Toda+~. ~~ iti.inarEa is a major C.~f,ortur of . agricultural products (riça., naka[~.r. coffee, etc) . What happened, in .
between. is that th4 state~~~ithr3rc~l'.' 31loSt OfitSinte`~rk~t:nlil}Jl ilk the ~~,11carLLw . Farmers ~~'eru a]]oeat~.tid land to
manage as they wished, with cooperatives U- 4~nne, to survive through the prerv~isl~7n or' agrieultuial services .
Trade, processing, transportation and tutaiIi tig ~3~c~r4 left ha prly~tt~: agents. The main state htteth'Cl)t10n in trade, remained on food security schemes through nee-capon quotas arid a rice floor price system . Contrary to titihyzi haFrlJC.nael.i in f-:tasIcrn E~uncape_ the rapid li4acra]izatioil of the ec.CrllOm~~ k~entquite.effieientlyand Led to a it _growth ofpr~~tiuetinn (Trail '17aI, AD l~+fi) . [rt fret, when the liberalization Itilornls siartl~d, the
Informal acJaa~,rrtx ~t',~5alrea.cY WO]l de~'eloped and ni;.adx to develop liu iltier .
Today, production, distribution and ~4t :Iilkop, areessentially Illan~3trcd bypJia~a[ctraders, withthe exception of
C'€pcarLatl4~n. and imlacarLat ion where die state still plays a ((mix relic Private agents arc. mostly individual s using family labor wall no or few hired workers I;f~onnas, P . 1992) . Many came ['KIM t he forme] state s}.~tc m (Lc CácaLIL~~~un, J~ 1 1..196) : but more and more, at local Ic'~~cls, come from the agrii;uttilral sector where Limrte
land resources and pcotaul :ltioJS growth F!utiEl ['arllltirs to we.k e~p[aolttlllltle5 outside ilarletllttiri (Jesus. F . and
Dao T71~ . A . I r}r)M~l There is fierce competition among ihc~~e traders, but also <ut ob~'to~Iw trend l]f' capit :~ l
~nmul;ationy~ . and a te7ndesrreti~ to trade f'urt3n~:r and hsrthcr Wady with time, E7ri~lgnl~ ghe northern and
southern üxtrurrritik~ of the country a4.roçs ?l)(lÙ knl . Transactions are aiadc. on an individual basis withou t
formal corltraa~.l,and er~clitn IS InoslL3~ informa l as well. 'Tills system successfully sll¡lpl i~; sufficient fo<xl for
the 'urban market and c.v .'nmanages to roster c~portation .
L.l.~;;kkn~, at such rapid achievements, ORO COtL1c1 easily ei~Ile.lLIde thatlariti'tlLrr ir51''esl n1cllt ss ~LI LZie g ent and tha t the state should baek away from the economy even fua[her . And Lhcrc would be quite ,o0l reason s a'o4 atIni; such a pusttion 'Thom has not been any lan obI cm of food supply for the urban market since th e roi process began. Moreover, the Ovate distnbllti{1n system provides food to urban consumers with a T~Cr~' low farm-rC9,;i] price c3i [1~ r~~ieC . [n EIa~aoi- rteC is sold to etansu tMerS at a e~I11k L 5 percent 11Ii}. I1ç r than at the. tarn) gate level (sea: Table l~j, .while the farm-wholesale di1Tcr~.nce rl~aeh~.~ 40 l~.rc~.n¢ in Indonesi a (k:r-~w~idelcloand Nadi, P .U . 1999) and the farm-retail dif3~renct r~leh4.s nlçxre ihall 1 C'Ii,)ff percent in the. United States (USDA . 1~lk) Por Fxlnk the farm-retail !nice difference is 22 percent for E[ac~ ;Ji ccrosun>vrs, while it =dies L .~t?-+(Iti} F .werccllt in the linked Stat~.~ (USDA data ]990-1 1,19':.)).
•l';~ble 1- Price levels along the rice. and pig conk lnrlditr chains
Rice trade Pig trade
III t .SS fat.T .of
of I .I I.I ;~per,{tliut,4,•'Taxiti•cningt~
L ,!li'17I ralC7';,.hl.:.'
.^•nt~+' I14'L'V•~I~'l!ila. '.l'.'.aka!
Farm`'~It~•~a' : a
hZrm :ati' arsc. e J a I~~ ;i I Ll ::ll' ;, Wholesale -Farm oak! trado 111ar~nra I
I 7°,+;, .5 K°rt
~Retail-Wholesale 4r,c margins L? 8°/8
_
12 l?~~b
Retail price ln [Lanai ] 75
_
1]~°ó 73
StaN'ri:i' : surveys hanii.'r¿:lr:<2 in the fea' River .■:Iih:a by r.~ c,'A'lhar anal r: team
I;'t`irrrrrrsl'.sf sCrtrrlJ.sls_fr-rrre ii1S.r it'iar f Lcihi i'~Jrr!i i)rarg
- ifr99.l
HI?33' ::4'L•r. nJlu:rulms L}[[Iaclerÿ .e.IYT, t[lil :a3'. a dllf}erennl vIl:kw' of the S11tI¡7150Il . They show !hat, in :Ole rice or the pis ccamrroxlltv chain of northern Viet Nam . traders face problems concerning delayed payments, price ìnstabilits . . product quality aund access to intt.naatielnal markets (Table 2) '. And, une ;.paxxedLy, they consiale r
E .'t,C,d dislriErlalian ktitls crf„anirk^ci oJliclall }' tLllrll. ly, h,3 sliItU-ectintr011c41 rct~ilin_ system in which stale •.5i;ikcrstuuld0 as]x•cifiei. ninon of feed incxc.ltiuagcfore+]tlpaIls dislnbuiceiby the 0,31c;:ticeardul to IlleEmil),Sl'l.a: .
'rileklir..rtiCr iuler pn e+'irtci Il lnaderS ha','C ken in
for 10 ...cars 07 MOW .
Among all prclble.lils ctipresseYl bytn adels IiiIring ulteaviewsonly.lhemost common arcp,rescnltxlin Table 2 and o111}' late Flrsi LhrexareLlaLjscdinduLaii ..
Table 2 - Traders' prüt~le~n ~ in the rice nid pi~ commodit) Chai m Proportion oftr~.d.ers f,Miiu'~
rol~lc.ms
.-Maio problems Rice commodity chain Pig commodity chai n
.~l~~rrrz
~lo~rstrfcrr.c
t !nc~rrv rrifr#fer.c
Ail
frurirr~ YlF~'~irxlesrrfcrs - Retailers. D l~,vc.dpayment s D . 28°:~4 40% :yL~ 40% - _4 ¿ t y i''.rrs
Price insl ~rbililv' }` 4-44l:„
~, , iSUi~ ' rF{}Uff . . ! -~~4
%(i
0 291% lnsuffcic.nt quality 23% 3L)% 40% 43%% a . 40%%•~, Lac k ofca~~ital ;°•;, -` 33';-‘ -0% 17% 30% 19 % - 4` -', f Ileneilal77~}~flflcFa] I irn :::r ~/U ]~ :o- ]1JrUL
~1 :a + Source . srrrve'kN€••r.ur :iaCii :din fhE'ReelRiverDeltaii.vtirerrullxaranda¡erg.?~.■i I:i :fllclrni',sE S•C.f{•rrritifiYol7a i':9 .Sj lead 15,y'i.arrnF,
Risk on transactiOli and price instabilit y
Traders complaining abou[ delayed payments and price instability (around 40 pcrcent of aiew and pié
3tiI701e5,1lürs irtterV'ie'61cd ccianpla3n abolit Pric:J.! iasstabtlil;' whi]t 30-40 percent of all traders ti~acttiplatist abou t dti]ayedpayments) mainly refer Luthe Fugh risk Ieti•ti.l of agricultural [rade business. Since the beginning o f
reform process. thentter:ihtrruf traders hash{x:.n inefc-ti4il7g strongly and compotitiuii is fi ere::: among []Se m is situation led to deereascti in trade margins during thc last dooade (IFPRI . 199 (0 and a o f d :.°ptindt.t.cti~of sellers uNn buyers . Most tfader4 sell though a diverted payment system ill ti%hteh the buyer gives the final payment for a transaction kvht:n the next tmnsaction comes, only . lo divert the same amoun t from the payment of the neW transaction. Such ercaiit bistding . eonihincd with ti:ery kmv trade rilargins '' ;Ind t1ic absence of formal sx0ncaaCt5 1173kC prie ~~iaatis~n~ srtr3. ]aataidous ;Indr.'.am Lead to tni :i! laaual~iupt~ }' 3;tWr l
buye:rs refuse to reimburse . Price; variations also influence traders through [hear effects on farmers ' production decisions . This is especially true for animal production sltehas pigs, where a con±iu ..:..d decreas e ofpag,¡trice and increase offtticiing price (mainly lice, se; Fis,rurc. 1) can strongly reduce ne1 benefit (as inihc.
1998-21.100 period) leading to production decrease in both . quantity and clkiality - "
Through the iic.e floor price system, lhe state has a stabilizing effect but thc s}stcrtt docs not rcduce price hikes and onlY tlicl ate5 fcFr rice. Tinders . h3• linking a[tiaskcts Further and Iisriher ;t5k'ak' also play a iOle in s.takrilii.ln .13,prices . But nothinë,is currently' done todueaease tl7c risks on tiatr3ac.lion costs .
Tr :ideis genOr~tlHyaW.aita krill OfstaLe. it1[er ~'erit ian aimed at market. stabilization id7rr~u~la il0ot pricesys [ and export dc1r'çlt7prnunt .
Evolution of pig and feeding prices in the Red River Delta
12 .
_
FAii,7g.ilc live
Frl..3 ' Fr,ntli5gc4 :`.5 DTI pnteI 0 r 7 . . . , I ;'ir} 1991 1992 1$ác13 199-0 1 }5 1999 1997 193i 19G'9 Years Jigure Y
c]ngirl,aldam from the ftio.p,r,iI11I11c 17eUti't: Idt}Ii.t;e pm]tx'L f~Jri?l~l .k' de Recherche tid''Echange s
1] and VASI)
b..% th e Products quality
WELi:11 traclm complain abrsul quality they mainly rdi•r >lo the. diff-Lcultic. Ltl I71k!{:1 In4 the increas ing. dt]]] :1J] d
of 'Urban consumers for better food and LELe Ir1tcn1a11i}]1a]] standards for uxpoltatuon AlthutLgh no trars-?artint quality evaluation s}•stcrn exists, quality is more or less paid for at the retailing level . especially in urba.n
markets . But many problems rent= in the management of qualitywilhinthe. commodity chain .
For rice, 40 percent of wholesalers and rea.ailtrrs ]]3tcra'ic4k•ccl ct~nlp]aIllc:d about Io,,v recC 4rai1] quality . about difficulties in piorgrain grading. -lime difficulties onóinatc from high heterogeneity of grain sources an d low attention paid to grading at larnlo.rs' and c:•irllcctors ' levels . Wholesalers bulo rice from many collectors , who, in turn, huy paddy from many dil.feecnl fanners . each selling sm :Ill t7tl,3ntitie,s. a%'cragt:, E'armtirs sell
only one-third of their nee production (the res[ is used for animal fading and famil :,,. consumption ) TIyers.tbre . thi~4• Lti]]d t+? maximize the gtlanlilv produced (for animal fC:cdlctr, and self-sufficiency) and littl e ailu°n[iC]rL is paid to producing gory.] grain gtlasilk- `yïoreover . at farmer and collector levels, there is no clea r pricc difttirtincc for grainilu,II it)' and, 11113S ; little.uneentive to imp love Lt or Lo Dade grain .
For pigs . trade's complain ,rlx,u[ pigs bcins; Lou
J .
III conformed or sold when. sick ('it} lx.rcti.Ilt or a il Pig traders complain about pig quality) . Aã the producer Icvc1, ~~ fx]r lice, selling is nottl1c maini,bjediveof pig raising . Most fanners mise pigs mainly t'er manure and as a saving scheme : when these two olementsarc not raktrL i]3 accOIML, pig ][11Sr11á ci41c, rlot return any benefit . t_3nI :y IS to 25 pŸrcCn1 of all fanners produce Inoropigs than would be necessary for just manuring crops arid manage to get some profit out of tho activity . 'i'hcrcfcrrt• . takutip, advantage ofatil-li 1 able feed and producing 1113]itIr;. often supcrccd~~ imprt}ti i]Sg Pie, tEualit}• -Morcrlve.r, price premium for 14cn1er Pigs or for Ixtter conformed animals arc neit h er clear 33u1 4 YstcnLLLlc . Even at the consumer level . slicing 0111 thick fat is the main tiy ;.1t• used to meet (he lcan meat demand_ withou t taking account of the real it content of the meat . As for food safety . another aspect of pig meat quality, the currcnl behavior ofprt.-luctrs . traders. consurnuts and k'Cterin:LrY control scrYii-.cs rrL.ako ii cîilru;u3t tcl cnsllr2 healthy meat to urbmi nlarkct5 Sick pigs are still va]d on the market without thechlruurttcrs knowledge . Lack irCrnti:inslimitvetcrinark. controls, and consumers d€, not undersiaLnci ~a] trust (and tl]t:]cforc can not ustir) t11 t;
fcx]d safety control ¡narks when they ap .pear
Altogether . stale intervcrttlonfor quality improvement is very low giill, in a. few villages overtho whole Re d River Delta, initiatives on pig quality from private actors can hc Found . -117c.rc, all villagers p re: prtscluc.mg IMOcapigs and 'traders arcbtivinfi, pigs with prim 10- l5%higllk.rthan ini+ihcl' placi~`s rirr ]ice. I n rare. ;aLks .
r} 6Z
wholesalers can kx?• found eoLlns4lin ; fanners on n[rhivation and post-harvest techniques arid taa}•irtg, them
more lütbetter grain quality .
These initiativesall rely. on a rt,{dificalion l~f bat11 traders and farmers ' bchavior supportin4 Lilo oP iniuEL
the c,uali[4' ontpLLt of whole eortlmc~{iii~ chai]] d<7eS11 'l d4pcnd on [11n actions ofonly onetype ofactor . tact. ¡trc]+].Llccts_ traders : but also public sers..iccs and consumers are all affecting . by their actions and Lrtteraciii.1ns . [he 04b,;1 c]uali[y level and, [}Il:rl:iÜlti, all
a role to play in lhe iaLtrl'c4'cmnnl Of aau;lli[ y levels
lícF35C•ti'er, these initiatives have. Elti[r~LLlltid scOpe and sc;Jl rv . they are L}+•>i}LraphlC-ally ver.' limited ,uyd do not
deal with product safety . 'Bey alsofaceotherstron~ limitations . Quality evaluation is not achieved illlough a
elms, transparent process, but depends heavily on eyesight, cxpti•ric.nee, and confidence building . RA trader S
as well] as for comsun1ti]S the final eŸalua[]on comes after the deal k scaled . In situations like. tlis . where
quality LS not completely identified before the transaction, and where inforntaticln asNmar3ctrn. is impúL'tat, t
ti] .u flcaulvcn . IK 1 L.)96): problems of a.clvvrsti. sti.IcctLnn and rt1.0ral ]1a~t~rti {x.C•ur (S[]glltz, ] E L987) . Sinc e
moral hazard ean lead to ops]C.}liullistle free-riding behavior and adverse selection can make a market of spcc•i Fíc ~orx]s disappear .' (Ravnaud . E .and Sal]vee: L 20010) , it may. rut be poss]blc for e.xis[ills', In 111 :LI :k'eti
to endure or tospread .
To ~..se gu,11it3• l]roLl]ei17s_ traders cc]risídcr that s~atc. irltCrxncnlior5 is ne'•c.cssary . They b.el.eve [hat the
government should aim at developing export :.-Mon €onlr:lc.is with clear quality staLtejards and controls %%bell would, according lo thC]33, pull tip the. internal market rju :Llity Il1Crea,4e pnutis and . C,orISCX]L1L:rLLI3', g]Ye
more illti.c.lltive fi~r I,rcxlutiti.lsto Invesi inyuatlit :,. .
Access to international market s
for both problems ofpriee insl :ybili[4 .u14~ pro,jLwt quality. access to am ]]7[nrlliittOrlal market is considered by
tradersas a dtsiralrlcsolution 'I"rac]L.r :;also considerthat the. statehas an essential role to Ow,: to link them to
outside markets . Currently . price and quality levels hamper cN;port oP ;]c]rtuniiic3 . Rice is expoited in larg e
quantity l}[li exported grains an oflow quality. and paid at low prices (betwixt'. US$2.t5 and 270 per ton Elf white rim while one ton oI' - fh,-li white milled long grain is sold USS :'.0-40 higher and one ton ofUmtcd
Stalls white milled 11h]g grau, i5 sold l.;SS7(}-I Z[ .} hi ,ghcr - Sl7urci. : USDAand VictriaEn Agricultural Mtmstry
data) . Moreover, exportations mainly come from the south of Vietnam and cur]unt domestic. price 1nvels in
the north
or
Vietnam would rrlake at difficult[o cxport Fted River Deltanec Pig eaExol .tatLons llave strongl ydccreascd since N9-;-1'.)95 (Figure :'). Since pig prices in Vietnam are I0wcr than in ~111~;r cou ntries,
including the LI,ti IicCl States
of
America (N i~,]rc_?~. this lack oF e.ompctitix'kalcss should riot be b lo mcd ell: highpraee hut on low quality Ieve•Is . Fornlti.rly, pork was. sold to eastern Europe, Cc?untric,s arLC~ I{i.l:3sia c:LRtir•ti. markets . These markets have thinned dramatically and arc new open to western Europe countries Other irlternaiional i3iarket opportunities exist but demand high quality standards tllLit Vietnamese pork production i trL n4ll ctlrrentlV mei;t - iv u I .eTrolly, B . ]99.”
Currently. exportations are mainly managed by state-mimed c.urnpanies alillougl1 private lnl•l'sluls play an increasing roll: in ritie üxportation in 'he south ofVictna m
"I"rac]crs consider the state is [he only actor able . to "find' international markels for Vietnamese products and that iI should set and coffin)! quality as kw~:I 1 :L4 production s1 .irlìl:LCLLti fornxportai icln .
" ' fnciul case, il 3.muSd uc .]111x.rn ilk market o[ as]x..cific quality for pi g
'" A similarcvoh;liün t7lx:l!' e~ fnr k•Cp4`1 :Ibll'S prcdnell4311of theRC~i L~Iw'k:t f]c:LL'I,with adet,caseef cxparta l
oppui tlulHies lo the 'Oman i. Soyiel l:n]4]sandnaslc:rYtEurope countries rind itcl.cve.tapallaIt of new nL lrlieti I~J',.AlransLC'Is wLtlliil Viein3rn (Dan
nnclUSio n
T1t4 Vietnam case shows that a free market and private investment can play a major roc in making supply arid distribution sufficient and dynamic alsdl m achieving low trade margins . A look al the situation
o r
traders of two major agrie.ulturll prc,lttuLs . rtC.C and purl., reveals that they o4~nsiaj cr the state to have an t,nporL•uit role to play
rogtcl .ltions aimed at facilitating aaaas In cx¡ruirt- Stabilizing price and ensuiin g
quality standards forconsumeis . current actions of private. economic agents on one side and ol "the stat e
CY1] the C.thti side do not apFeZtr to stic€ex~d in achieving satisfying, rttsulLs on these three points . 1'rivat e
tinders' opinions scorn to acknowledge difl:ie.ulttos for rraEkd institutions alone to cope s5ith such tasks .
k' are Looking for ma7re slato uctt .rw'cntit~n . ]n a ocYunlry Witti.lti public Intc1k•el5tton has Mainly been ruled
the state . such a position maystut exactly mean 1t7ore national4c1vorrJmcnt inwrwi:lttlon,hut rnn Y well understood as a demand for more public ., common or pr►llcx-tive regulations. The slate may not have sufficient means Lo cover such demands. cspc.cially in a Nor country like Viet gani and afle.r the recen t Asian uuotlomic crisis. which reduced the. int'lit% offtui;igtl capital . 1w9o1eovor, solving the corrent problem s may not depend on the soe intervention of public agencies . Quality and Safety of Food ptro[ittc:t . risk on tt~cnsac.tit}ns . are the result Of behaviors :aid l1twractic7ns to-TlccanY difrrc.rcai stakcho{Icrs . A1y3onB l hc:existing s[:tkcholdcrs . it so;:n7 .ti that none has the ahilil~ . alone, iai u4)11ttOl these results completely along a u'htrle' commodity chain . In such situation, e t3h Iishint 4~]c~tr rules tit- interaction is often nc,ccss.attr . Biit what individual behaviors are not compliant, ntles ma's. welt ktt. twisted by free-ridera and become inefficient . Rulc',s should be accompanied hv iauettlves, control means and management tools 1;. 13rti5kcrhorff, D .W . 1996 )
.. .; they should he crafted by the stakeholders themselves . Cm-rent dynamics in Vietnam to imply that new institutional armngt.ruurtts are rtxlttirtd and that it is hic coordination ofprotluce.rs, jarP'<tte.traders . lirea l authorities and national c11 regional ¡rub]ic agencies or survim which is at stalce to 11]I thc. -institutiona l vetcxstini- (Dao1hL T 1998!L lcit by fiflsx.rt years of liberalization ficsidc the technical i1mo4'ations, whic h ~iro usiLg ]]}•well Cared for, the citaILon8e for ir' ictnatnose cities food sttli']il )' uta.' well he th~. dex'clopmen[ ir C
o new institutional arrangements +nvolving governmenta~wl3otoa. . private tradti.rS . farmm: and consumers. 't*ons iricring []1e current situatiOn, tlMe resle of titer Mate and of local authorities in SuCll a pr{x.;ss probably ]iu s
in fauilltatin ; and proncoting the emergence and the development LA' these ne~s <u'tann,cnrt;nt, among the, scattered individual lat'n7 .:`'rs auici traders Mao Thõ . T. 21.I00) . Aoitiovtnp, this is a konipIcx [a31, l br whic h
nietho+ls. Ilayes already been developed (Bourgeois, R . and Herrera, D . l99S ; BOurgCOiS . R. and Jesus . F . 200 {]ll ;lgnon, I I. 19r).
Bibliography ;
:E3ourgcuis . . & 1). llcrrerrt 199K .r•'ilif5r-t's el dir7lrrs~rt' pouri'r7et'ir7rr -Lamc5 ehrlrit' f'AI]fAC. Montpellier _ France. Cl AD . [ 76 PP
Bourgeois, R . 4.~ E' . .Icsus 210I . 8a,r.'rxFci;ir,{'{](`forsr?ri'ii'r '1.'ltt:1(!,S in policy definition - f'trrt { :'{!f ?rS rrit'rrr{1iri. a7red
rexoi.y 'Or c+ new rre::rratwmc°rrr r}i ,~ra ~?ra dccis)on.v,Tohe published in 2001 pp .
Brittkerhot-fi, D .W . 1996 ." Coordintittion issues in policy implementation networks : an illustration from Madagascar's environmental action p5an . FE"r,ria{ ~)c', rrc~¡.r,rfi~}rrt f!}f {J) . [497-1 . 111
Dan 1hê, I . 1998 . Vietnam_ Le vide institutionnel . Courrier de laphn ;:1e. Sept-Out .
Dan Thh, T. Mfl[? W.e.l i i vn Il3cc phai Ltiõrtk inl :t ü yzt nõi ig nghi{:p ("On thedevcI pmcnt strategies fo r economy and 2tgri4 :11ttyro " l . Phal [rien nunc thtiii . Hanoi . Vietnam : ]-M .
Dao ThL', T., T .
Duc . T. Boi 'l'hi, Ií. 7'rin Ngae & D . Lê 'l'fnL Chili 2000 . .5'i'auiv cJr1 C:orr!rrir7aiiry t:horFi Q.{ .FY ivirlrr{' .s in ¡lie
1d
i6 '.4tY~11e ; rte. E Lao, . Vietnam, Vietnam ,~~sic tilitical Science [11s1 ¡tote . 13 pp.F:rwidodo.& 1P.[] .
i':r7eer.s r,r'tntci{• ii?rt-ari :-nluJr: rrr] 1igricrirtJrrein I.rraiorztrsia : ("rxrri►ritx.iny nspec•rl. . Bogor_ In{lont,~~,ia . {.s(.ifT1 'Centre.. l?.(} pp
Fiorde,A . St S. De VyIde.r 14)9(i..
i'
-m :)-iplan te)mairk{•r. rho ecoxtorrtJa' rr:.7rzsirrarrr rFr G'i trrr: :nrr . Boulder, USA , We.sfvicw Ness . 360 ppll RPRI, I94id7 . Rice Market monittwitlgand policy tr-ati€Jils study [ i i i Vietnam] .Waslu neton DC . USA_ II'PRI : 5 ; 5
,]I.€..slls, l' iK A. O.kCF I h{• ] 998.. i:4'.~ J is{frrrrit`.5' aiia N.fi!t7r?! ira.'¡Jir..S
it'2rr-J {.:'r1';.5'err r .:-'S' rjrt'rrt7g.i'; ca ,mc'o,rrs . Nogent sur Marne, France . CIhtAr)-t]Ría11 . 2 pp
KIItgA3trlf, R.I . 1991, Atir'arsrirr r{7 ,wi :r7iiry : 1ïc'. k»i,o' ".S'rarrt' 6't,nar , Marker en i:c9rrrrrnecD'i:'k1Gi0pr3JE'rrr. Safi 1.'razrtsisc:tr, USA, 1ntc.rnaLiolyal C:Cnter fe}1 Eco nomic Growth. 311; j1
P- ' ~ ~ _ ' ~l ~. . . v ..:i. . .'. . :. . . ~ .~~,:. ~ . _ .
Le Got!! w•elS, K . I99(a . f.rs}br1121•c dr evor'a'r .yxtrC}ricie
Yi.Crnrlr' ¡xurc :i'2ac' r~.rt,s iC 0'0'10
a
'r+ Pieuver~n. ~1f~fi~f Man[F}r:L&l, fErtJ 1cc, [ 1J715•ur41Lu iIt:1yicuL4}ul] il3r I - LTti SA M • CNEARC : 110 pp .
{)]i afanu a } iI . 9987 . "Ui]o It6ctsstEire r~1]{ .:c}ELLru EJ~; ul}F}rI.x]}uk Lhé:c}rir11ics vL pr.t . maELic]uus du !a guslito-» du l a n .ElI 1re : I'tu ldif palrilnclnial dc! ty¡}c
.,
[ 'aJr~t~~a{i2 ;I ..f~.rvd7',S'~I
Onu mxCi., (~
_r
4.1 r 1'14_ 'Hubbard I 9c.? . f;Thum ,rtNxf Supply anal
Pm'k. ic. c i'eJVcri'}' Romc . I[p1}• . F• .AO . 1 I pp .
Ostrom, E . l':)'-)'? ' I ho t omL~ ;~r~t1 w'~ 5[1.3dti. o~l'41~I ic 1 -:col7ornics .''/tcr,ep?L}2Jc'c' f3 :1.0.1?v f Jr t~r~? i•'rz7xlr~ ~ :.
YA?Li'm27f! ~}2 .Yr2fi2g i5!i{?dA51,0xdin .P2}rJ t~ (.Y7~ ~:~firP17JY2~' •
I'iil gaIl, F_ I . . & VA . Xo}.pail 1992 . ••V1CEIljIll . {jc~oII~~ LakIlt9ã on and rlcc o~p(jttc#I ti Itx'~7 (lk~~Il ' i .~r7~~1JJNi ~ rf~,}vc7ofanlorar c~~u~ ~1+frPrrt}F c'?Ji7~r u,a' : 697••? I &
Rayuwd, E . Se. L .SA u .r•ée 200O . ••Sigacs Co]]~: Lii sdc LIutE1iLt u[ sLE uc Lurts dt ~t}u kc>>s :l~scc . 'l~C~llc,rM~~ }
r'!irci?(iI25) . ] U I-1]2 .
Ru3tJyAS . I . L~`9Z_l.7r'~)fo)me~~~
JC2-arrf+.Pt ~~ar~~at~;Fr ~l2ikYrrc' cy21'rc23curship rn d{rc'lri~}rri .
11ti.Yii, Sxr•i[ietir]aiSd .
]]]LL]nrtLionrtl Lakxo-ur OLYc.e :. i {}4 pp . S[iglitz,J . L_ 19S'7 .
must; andcon .sogYSCncosof th .;:dcpc1ldenooof quality on price ." r.kurna r ~c•~Jrar~rr~c ?itcr•r2r ltre 25 : I -4g
l'ránTIii, A .D . ( I1)96) Comparaison dc{ poli;gtiso
Fs dc stabilisation au Vic,inarrE o.r dans Lc£ pays dc I '
JfJ2r2•fi71111 .5'
1'2'22 fic' .5•r?2712 Afi747%,.SP. F?C.1rJfi!f7r?!2Cf2ri? r?r ~~r?k'r?if7~7~~?J~PI?1~t di.'
Hanoi . Vio Narn .
Li5I)A 1 I!-19g.Agr•k:122'.ffiri? 1. 274 ?
99R ~~'oshi ~g[o1S DC'_ USA . L I S DA . 277 p p
Yu. Le I roJ7~, B . {1993) . Lc sY•stC[rro d[:prc1C311oLEor1po(um(lu duL[a du FiCE1 ti•e
![[PDF] Débuter avec le langage Prolog cours pdf | Formation informatique](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)