Agricultural planning

AGRICUL!URAL PLANN ING

connrrs

1.

Experlaenta

ln

Agr!oul~ Planntq

J.n Sellesal - Cuaaace.

2. Ethnolog1cal and Rel1g1ou Obetacles.

' · Cooperatives

i n tba

cont ext

or

r]ODil'lftiUlty

De•lopment.

4.

Agr!culb.ral

C redit J.:nat1tllt1ona:

thelr 11&1!1

technical

~rob1ems

and def1c1enciee.

5. A8riculftral

!.Caxat1on ln

the ne.lop1Dg

COIIIltrlN.

6.

~onoœic Existentiali~m.

1. Frogramme

^o~

the

^~wnmer

::; ou rse.

~

~

UNITED NATIONS

AFR~CAN INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC DEV:ELOPMENT AND PLANNING

DAKAR

. 1

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 JULY 1967

TEACHERS¹ SEMINAR, 24-28 JULY 1967

EXPERIMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL PLANNING IN SENEG.àL

C A S A M A N C E

by

Miss Traute SCHARF

CONTENTS

MAP OF CASAMANCE Introduction I. Casamance in the economy of Senegal

a) Physioal environment : soil

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 2

climate ··. \ ~

b) Human environment : Present situation of the working·population Ethnie groups : the Diola

Rice-growers - the lliâr.g1Nii.i:-icé grcwers.

Sooio-demographic conclusions.

II. The different experimente in regional development

a) Casamance wi thin the framework of the senegalese plan •

1. Development prospects formulated by the "Regional planning Commis- sion".

2. Priority objectives of the 2nd plan.

3. Main obstacles to the development of rica growing - Rica against groundnut

- Extension work apparatus.

b) Projects of technical assistance in Casamance

1. SPECIAL FUND : Rural vocational training of "New Fa.rmers" in Casamance at Bignona.

2. FORMOSA : Demonstration team of the Ohinese Republic of Formosa rice growing at Diatouma.

3. U.S.A. ^a Demonstration project of Agricultural development in the Casamance region.

4·

ISRAEL : Seed production.

III. Dif.fioul tiee faoing agrioul tural d.evelopment ⁱⁿ A:t'rioa.

a) Obstacles of the physical environment 1. Soil : fertilizer operation

2. ^Climat~ : uncertainty irrigation operation

... 1. '" .

' : j '

b) Obstacles of the human

enviroll1ll.l~

^s

3. Social structure and_land/:enure system 4. Islam and developmeliii ..

~.:L.J .... : ' ... ),, .

IDEP/ET/SUTiR80

Page 3

c) Obstacles of the human and

mater'~àFinfràstructure

5.

Agricultural training 1

6. Agricultural credit d) Extornal obstacles

···-~' 1 .. Thé .worJd.ularlœt ,fer ~xport cro~E!

IV • Bibliogra:phjf~.;.. ...

j

•.··-~· ~··· .. ., ... ~. ~ --. ^~ ....

····:· 'tr.

.J • • ~ ' ...

,· ... ^{! .}

_.,. ' . ~ .

r·: ·.·

.:•:.

.•·

. r~ j • .. : . C:!.:

. . .

... ~ .. ·~ .. ~---··-·-

.. ,

•. ..!

0

"

IICII..Ofrii(T[ItS ^{!10 1S}

1

100

U R 8 E L

.

^..~··

..

. . .J' •• ·· "

··_t• r

SENEGAL

ADMINISTRATION AND POPULATION

- - - -International boundaries - -- - Reclonal boundarie$

... Departant boundarles

'

^{0 NaR..alo••J} DlpartJMil~ ^{tional Jlec,apitel} hea4qu.artara ^{adq"art•r•}

JOPUV.TIOII OF TOifliS

ovn 10,000

• 10,000-lt,OOO

• zo,ooo-.,,ooo

• S0,000•100,000

over 100,000

DENSITY OF POPULATION per sq. U.

r-- - 1

r--

S and uncler 6-15 16·10 ll·SO 51-15 70-100 Over 100

.. :ll!'I'ROJ).JCTION ... .

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page

4

Experimenta in agricul tural planning in Senegiù. are recent. ·This agri- cul tUral policy"" is

ba~ éd. ori

the"

diversi:fic~tion arl·d

thé· ràpid development of export. cro:Ps. · For this dual . purpos e, ·a certain rtùinber of eXperimenta have be en tried. An agri.cultural policy, àt,'leas·t in"

I'ts'

main guidelines; was defined in the two development plans of Senegal.

"The _.. ag~icultural target&.of the second four-.year plan firstly take up

,. .;.•.) . .; .

.

^;

again and ip-t_~ns.ify the fundamental actions already launched by the first plan the increase 9f export crops ~ and secondly lay special stress on the problems of product~on diversification.and the org~nization of markets" (1)

.Among these experimenta in agricultural planning, made in certain re- gions - Casamance, the ¹¹Fleuve: Sine-Saloum, the most int.eresting one is undoub- ted,ly -t{;hat, of. Ca~p.mance, bp:th, because of the ~arge munber of projects and be-

:. . • .:, \... ' . . . l ' . 1 ' .

cause of the latent poten'tï.ial of ~p.is r~gion, th~ ~evelopment of which would be

. , ' . •. ' ., .'

particularly valuap,le for the nat_iol'l:lit:L economy.

~ --·-·

(1) Bulletin de l'Afrique Noire n°

377, June 1965

I. CASAMANCE IN THE ECONOMY OF SENEGAL a) Physical anvironment : Soil

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page

5

The present QOOr situation of. the Casamance region conceals

. . . ~· . .

'

i}~·>·eal iiëtèntiaL !ts ·agrioultüriü poteritiali ti es are promising and morl diverse than those of the groundnuts growing regions. Casamance is _{(. . . .}

One· ·o:r-

the rare regions of Senegal where natural conditions -soil and climate- favour rica cultivation.

This region representa 14,4% of the area of· Senegal. But des- pite the large area theoretically availàble for cultivation -more than 4 hectares per rural inhabi tant- orily

9%

of the total area are at present·

annually under crop : this is due to the tise of purely manual !IIethods'

· which. on the average :only makes possil:>le t;b.,e cul tivation of half an hec- .. tare per· rural . inhabi tant

Therélative quantity of output varies appreciably in the threo areas and especially between the rice-growing lower Casamance one hand and the middle and upper Casamance on the other. The highlands of Casamance are ei ther forest or groundnut areas and are sometimes also sui-·

table for dXX rice-growing, while the soil on the lowland is potentially suitable for water rice-growing.

The annual rice conaumption in Senegal ia estimated at 180,000 tons. Only 1/3 of this total is produced in the country and the remaining 2/3 are imported. Casamance i tself can no longer cover i te o~~r

nee da and has to import on the average 8, 000 tons of white ri ce every ;v ^t.:.- It is estimated that in about 10 years the annual needs in rice will l)s

about 80,000 tons for Casamance and about 280,000 tons for the whole of Senegal.

An increase in rica production is essential to cover the foc~

deficit and relieve the desequilibrium of Senegal's balance of payments.

Casamance is the only senegalese region whioh could, thanks to its pbysi- cal environment, beoome the rica gr~pa;ry- of S.enegal, .as the Fleuve Region used to be for millet

Climate:

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page

6

The climate of Casamance presents very marked variations from the South West to the North East : from the maritime Guinean type of cJi- mate in lower Casamance, we pass to the sùdano....:guinean type in the middle Casamance, then finally to the sahelo-sudanese type of Eastern Senegal.

The climate is characterized by a very pronounced dry season

. ^' .

··· Trorrï tlïe beginning or·itovember to the end of May and a rainy season from .,

June to October.

The rainfall increases regularly from North to S?uth and frc:a East to West ; from about 870 ~m in Tambaoounda to ·1580 mm in Ziguinch:-:-.

The 'inter-annual varia tiens are great and can e:x:ceed 2afo, increasing tc

·-wârds the East.

The sunshine is weak during the rainy season : 145 hours iL August, 800 hours from July to Deoember with·a temporaryrise in October

· an'd November.

The agrioultural consequences of the climate are the follo- wing : the rainfall is sufficent for rice-growing in South west of Ziguinchor, but a supplementary irrigation is necassary fpr the rico

' ' ··:: ,-~~ ... ~ ~·.:-> :_!":: ..

~--···-^•· --· ^··---~-~ -····-- fields east of Ziguinchor.

The temperature, the humidi ty and the evapor,a..tion are very favourable to rice-grow:ing from J01ly to November, then. less .favourE~blc

'-.. -' .. • ' .

from January to May : rice-growing out of s.eason will rare~y be feas:L";l.::J

; irrigated dry cultivation is more often feasible. This situation in Casamance is typical of most African countries, where the introduction of migation cou.ld increase the production oonsiderably.

b) Human environment

Present situation of the working population

.The main char,acteristics of the population in Casamance

. .40%

of the po.P1lla.,ti~n are <mder 20

.·B~% of the pç:>pulation .are l..'llld.er 60.

• ... 10 .

⁰

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 1

It is therefore a very young population ; but there i:s' chronic e,:J.c"

general under-employment of the working population : in sorne places it is 5CY/o. It lasts from December to June. Owing tp the lack of collective orgc"t- nizatio:ri of development services and of immediat.e profi tabili ty, the popu-·

lation is not interested in individual lahd improvement work such as the

clearing of stubble or building dykes which .would be feasible at this time, In Middle and .Upper Çasamance, the cul tivation of food crops is "women' s fic 1•¹'

the men do not do more than 130 to 150 days'work a year, the work-day ^be;·~·

estimated at 6 or_7 hours of effective work.

The health condition· of the rural popula ti~.~ is not very sa tif.;"'' c -·

tory, especially towa ls . the East : malaria, traohoma, leprosy. Only t~r0

hospi tals, Ziguinchor and Kolda, and a few bush clinics are not sufficient to improve this situation.

The nutrional balance is quantitavely satisfactory but qualitative- ly deficient (high infant mortality at weaning). It is.based on rice, millet and fish. A critical "hungry period" sometimes marks the beginning of the rainy season.

Ethnie groups

The Diola rice-grower.

There are many groups in Casamanc~among these we have the diolas of maritime Casamance who are experienced rice-growers and'workers. The way of life.of the farmer is dominated by the cultivation of rica,· on which all his efforts are concentratéd and which makes this other activi-

·ties sübsidiary. Rice-growing is "the very meaning of the diola·peasant settlement" ·(1) The domestic organization; the division of labo'llr, the legal life, the site of the village itself is conditionned by rice-gro- wing.

. . ... ^. ..

The cultivation in wet ground takes two-forms ·extensive and in-

. . . .

tensive. The former characterized by the absence of transplanting, and i t ...

is found in the regions where the rice fields àré humerous. The sowing is dona on the growing area in rows·· and broadcast, on g'enerally .dry soil. The latter requires prier sowing in a nursery transplanting in the submerged (1) L.V. THOMAS- les Diolas, DAKAR/IFAN/1959·

IDEP/ET/SUT/880

Page

8

r:l,ce fields ~ this avoids the development of weèds and improves the r'3-·

sistance of the plant.

The Diola fertilizes his land, which quickly becomes poor th:·.·nu,)l a continuous cultivation. The clearing is always done individually o:c 0-:ll- leotive::Ly on the mangrove. The land must be first desalinated; which if:

done by the collective construction of several dykes

·.-.. ,;

The desalination,!llaY last two to three years, at the end of whic:J.

the land will be ready for cultivation. ^{.. -:.1} The sowing is done by the =women, at· the beginning of June

for

^{tL .}

. early rice, at the end -of the month for the la te rice. W~men again d(y th··

haryesting but thier time wi th .the help of ,me,n. I~ takes place in Nove!It •·:r·

,,:f9:r;',~~~e ~rly

rice, ·. aifd from the end of

l)eç-~lilber

to Febr,u,ary-, for the Iatc

.. ·.;.:

varieties. •"',l"···;

) ....

There·is a perfect 4ivision 6f ::Labo):ll' in 'the Diola household, the men, do

~he·

:r8ugh work

~d thé

women do the mitnr:bmance wcil'k

':1--~q.uiring

^at-

; . ,. ^' ~

tentive care •. Thi'a is oharaéter'istic of the farn!er of lower Casamance who

: . J,: ':' . '\ . ~··

, .. rejets specialization by sex è.s regards agricul tl,lll'al pro.dtiotion.

,. '. ^\ ·~ ·. ' . ^' ~ ,· . '

..

·, .Groundnut has be en recently introduced, but -~~ _:~-~r~aror helped to change the tradi tional _economy. The rice is never marketed.; . th.e women ...

-~r·d-~'the

granary jealously and the Diola tends more and more, in arder to

obtain sorne money income, to sacrifice rice-growing in faveur of groundnut cul tivation which demande less work and which is more paying. The produc- tio:n is deoreasing, for the fertilizing processes and the weeding are ne- gleted ^SO SS ·ta enable the fal'mer to devote himself to the j~rOl,llldnut fields,

The attachment to rice, and the need to improve thtir l~yel of li- ving have resulted in a very favourable response of the di'G)las to the im-

···.

provement of collective land.

The marginal rice-gpowers

As we go flarther' to ·the. east,' rice-growihg .itHile remaining impo:r.·-

:t~~t, is no longer so essEm;tial as i t is wi ~-~ the Di.olas. The Mandingu ~.s

' • . ' · •

and the·Peulhs of the middle.and upper Casamance neglect rice-growing

• 0 ~

1 ...

,.(.

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page

9

which becomes the responsibilities of the woman. The surplus rice which is not eaten is the property of the woman who sells i t if she so desires.

But owing to the lack of water control the areas cultivated are just enough to cover the needs of the family. l{hile the women rice gro~ers

are in faveur of the improvement of the irrigated areas, their husbands seem less inclined to participate in the land_ improvement work voluntarily,,

This kind of works needs to be done by government agencies with medium-term repayment.

Other minor peoples are the Mandjaques and the Baînouks.

x x x

,.·;

In spi te of his still very tradi tionalist outlook, the farmer of __

Casamance is beginning to be affected by modern influences and by the grecLt tempt3.tion whibh the cul tivation of groundntit representa. for the farmer i;

·· Senegal. The slow penetration of Islam or Christia.ility in the Dibla ·country might perhaps hel:p to accelerate these mod.ernizing processes and

to

ch<•ngc' the farming techniques,. the diola being more~-reeeptive to -outside influEJncoP than the farmers of the Fleuve Region with their ancient Islamic tradition.

Socio-demographic conclus.ions

Surveys made by CINAM and GERCA show that the f'ollowing factors <WO

favourable to the extension of rica growing:

The over-population of lower Casamance, particularly in the ^ru~3l are as.

The indi vidual and collective nece.S:si.:ty to improve gross incarne and the standard of living.

The general interest in rica, a "noble food"

The land tenure system of the Diol a.- - indi-viduà.l p:roperty fixed and ~:p.alienable. . : ; ~ .

The Peuhl -~nd Mandingue habit of marketing surplue ri

ce.

r

- The present under-employment of the working population.

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 10

·· · -Thé ·lêss ·favourable factors:

·;;;."The··!ack of interest in rice on the part of the men in Middle and Upper Casamance.

Diola habit of hoarding rice.

- The· semi-nomadic habits of the Peuhl.

The inadequate schooling, especially in Continental Casamance.

II. TEE DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMEUT

a) Casamance wi thin the fra.rnework of the S.enegalese Plan

1. Development prospects formulated by the "Regional Planning Commission".

These prospects are based on estimates of the national grow-Gh 01

the population and the increase in yields and areas cul ti vated once thu u;::o of dr.a:y.gb:t ÇI.I).;imals f,Uld. sçrund .. fa.rming methode .have. spread to the majo~'i ty of farmers.

They were established in order to take advantage of the r:.r'"~~: ·:·.·, conditions of the region and introduce crops complementary to those c -~

ether regions, to limi t the are as under groundnut and thus to contrP,,:·c to the diversification and the integration of tl'ie Senegalese economy.

'J: ·.-

:'rhe results obtained by this method of approach are interestiEg and the production structure forecast for 1980 is definitely better

balanced.than that of 1963.

G:roundnut decreases relatively (for an absolute production 1-rhich

rr,ore than doubles). New crops appear: cotton in Upper Casamance; tobacco in Lower Casamance. Maize and millet increase greatly and will leave ~

lar,ge surplus for marketing.

'

Groundnut Millet Ri ce Palm oil Tu bers Maize

Fruits-Vegetables Cotton

1\.nirnal husbandry·--·- li'ishing

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 11

---

---1---~

Structure of the Tonnage Index for 1963 :

gross rural product ^=' 1 O:J ;

~;~:~t _ _j~~- -;~~l---~;;;-- ;;:~;;~~~- ---;:;:;:~

--- --- ---

---:--:-:-1---~---

---·i

27 20 107

,ooo

276,000 ¹ 260 - ¹

15 19 62,000 278,000 ^l' 450

13 11 "60,000 156,000 260

12 5

2 3.5 0 6.5- 3

5

6 10 6 4·5

a·---·

'20,000 48,000 11,000 100

1

24,000 336,000 148,000 1

39,000

1 1

120 700 1,340 39,000

520 j Forests

i

;>iscellaneous

11.5 1. 5

4·5

5·5

0.5 (inclu-

àing.

tobacco

.... ₁₆₀

--- ^-~~~~~~~L ________ ^{t ______ ~}

!

1 1

1

i '

1 ! 1 100 100

L~---~---J

________ _

---~---¹

^l

^{• Totaï 330}

The increase in rieie output aims essentially at covering the food deficit. According to an estimate of the Regional Commission, the yields of the rice-gro'wing areas at present irrigated or flooded could be greatly increased, by 1980, by local small-scale land improvements and by an improvement in farmh1[;

methods and in varieties used. The Commission proposes to make every ^effor~~

in capital and in personnel, to conquer in the next 15 ( 13) years 15,000 hectr:.r-.;.0 of tbe salt lands of the Lower Casamance.

It therefore resulta from the regional prospects that·if the nation wishes to make a greater effort for rica output, ·it·will have to envisage:

( i) ei ther a more rapid rate of developing new land in the three m·.:: ~~­

of Casamance, which will probably exceed the nation' s possibili ti es in resourcGc::

and development services, already inval ved in the physical plarming of the !leltë

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 12

(ii) or a production of ri ce during the raining season in rc..,.~atio 1

;.•

with dry crops, with only half the Y;i~ld of irrigated rica, but wit:Q.~ut

in.V'ê'Stment in la.:rld improvement '·and wi th no limi t to the area other, ;than the work capacity and the interest the farrner will put into it.

Both as regards ri ce and millet and as regards fruit· and vegeta- bles, the Casamance region could expect to provide a considerable proportior of the national production for the home market; and developrnent programmes as well as researoh and marketing institutions are to be established for this purpos e.

2. The priori ty targets of the 2nd ··Flà.ii

It is clear from analyzing the evolution of production between 1960 and 1963 that no growth was obtained in the Casamance region during the period of the first pl:m. The investment effort which was concentrateri on the road infrastructure, was not accompanied by a corresponding investment ., effort (although this was envisaged in the first plan) in research or surveys which would enable the resulta obtained to be used at extension work leval.

In particular, as regards the methode of cultivating irrigated rice and rica grown during the .r.ainy ^~seas.cn - 3-,000··hectares had been earmarked for trials - and as regards citrus fruit research ·and animal husbandry, nothing provided for in the first plan was implemented.

High-level assistance to "pre-extension" work, marketing orgruü- zation, and research are the main targets to note in the second plan, ~he aLJ being to start intensive development. These crops will be geared to the national home market, and even, later on, to the foreign rn.arket.

But this development of Casamance will vary aocording to the area:

(i) Lower Casamance: irrigated rica, though the improvement of existing rice-fields~·the development Of new rica-fields reclaimed from thG salt soil and the improvement of varieties and farming methods should beco:cc the main ac-ti vi ty.

This area will be considered as cri tic al, compared to the tuo others, beoause the population pressure there, especially in the South of the de:partment of Bignona, is very great and is ref'lected in a :farge-scale emigration of both men and women.

•

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 13

(ii) Middle Casamance: This area offers, in the Southern part si tuated ·b-étween the Caàâ.mancË3

ri

ver and Guinea, a sub-area, Balantacounda~

which is very favourable for irrigated · ërops thrm.ighout the year, making possible the growing of b;manas and later of citrus fruits, as well as the full use of dry lands around the plantations (millet, rain-irrigated rico9

groundnut) • ·

In the northern part (a much less densely populated a:ros.) 9

the plan target is to reduce, if possible, the importance of groundnut in chosen rotation.

(iii) Upper Casamance: a less humid region, apparently better fer cotton and stock breeding. · Thereagairi -the types of farms have to be defined, as well as the crop rotations. Rudimentary water planning woulr:

increase the use of water resouroes.

J..1,-

J '

In view of the priority to be given to the development of Lower Casamance, so as to provide new lands for

H-s

·population, the complot·-"

physioal planning of the vailays of Upper Casamance (Kounkané) can only be

. . ~J. .

envisaged in a second stage, subsequent to the 2nd plan.

3. Main obstacles to t~~ de_yelC>;QJ!l~nt of rica growing •.

Rice against groundnut

During the last few decades, groundnut cultivation has developed very rapidly, at the expanse of rice-growing in Casamance. This fact is not surprising if we compare certain aspects of the two crops.

Preparation of the soil: tho cultivation of groundnut is done in light soils.

J.~..fter the ·first clearing, the preparation of the ground avery year, is e3.s;y.

In many cases, i t could very wall be dona wi th a light mechanization ( pl•m- ghing with draught animals). This contracta with_ the heavy work involv3d in the preparation of the ground in rica fields, particularly in the mangrovs:.J.

The salt .1 ands als o require a certain amount of addi tional work auch as tl::.e construction of embankments etc.

of work per hectare.

and this increases the number of hours

Rice growing on salt lands necessi tatas on the average 120 days ¹ , , , ::.',

per h13ctare out of the 130 days of the rainy set:J,son, while the cultiv,:;:i_ ··

of groundnut requires only 60 d~s.

IDEP/ET/SUT/880

\ r

Page 13 ^\

Location of the fields: the groundnut fields are usually grouped around ~l1~

villages and can therefore be quickly and easily reached duri!lg'_.:.the re.in;y seasqn. T~e rica-fields are spread out in long and narrow valleys, ofte::1 very far ·~+om the village.

Yields: the average yield of bath groundnuts and ri ce is about 1 , 000 kg/ln Priee: 'the priee of gr.ouiulnut.s....~20 .. CFA/k.g) is higher than that of paddy

( 18 CFA/kg);'

and the quanti ty are watched. . There.

are. or~anizations

^to

distribution of seeds;··the ih:trocfÛct'f~lf·ot mechanization and of fert:;..l~zs..:~· .

• 1 :. • . ;

and of questions relating to market_ing, shelling, transport and proces<o~-~n · The ,groundnuts serve as·raw material for an already existing indus~ry~

whil.e the rice is not subject to any processing and has therefore nei thor

• :. 1 :.''';,:)

market or subsidiary industries.

: ~ \ p . '

;,; ..

COMPARISON OF GROUNDNUT

AND

RICE CROPS

----1~-~-~~-~~~~--- -~~---·~--^{. .}

---,

·· , . -:; , f~ctor ~ol.llldn:uts :riqe

l

•• l , . ---~---Î

preparat-ion of thè ground

. . . . ^. superficiàl and easy deep and difficult

·-~--~---~-~~--~-~~~ ---~---^{. -·} ---~---~~---~-"'-·---··· -~

yields 800-1,200 kg/ha 80ü-1,200 kg/ha

t -~---~---~~---

average pr1.ce

---

20 CFA/kg 18 CFA/kg

. '

--- ---···

.... ^'

_...;, ______________ .;.._____

---i-"o~~---

...

¹

good non-existent

1

organization"of the production

t ~=~:::::~-~:~:~~:=~{::----~~::~::~:::--- --::-~::~::~:::~-~=~---~

imported rica

l m_-_:=_-_~

^--t

-_a:_~_-_-_r

^--e--s

--o~---c

-_e_:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

-::a~:;::---~ ~~;!~~:::::::· ....

______________________ j ___ =_:::::~_:::~--- -·----

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 14

The ex~nsion apparatus

The traditional rice-grower of Casamance has, up to recent years, only had the help of tradition and of his neighbours. The improvements obtained in other ragions of Senegal and Africa are still unknown to him.

The specifie example, the "demonstration :field" is indispensable _t_o the success of all extension work in agriculture. It is necessary to h~vo

demonstration plots, cultivated with the farrners' own resources and equip- ment and wi th the techniques recommended by the research orgariiz-a·f1-ons·.

These plots are entrusted to agricultw;al instructors or to a grass-roots level "animateur" and are located in the centre of the principal physically planned areas, particularly in the pilot sectors.

About 100 demonstration plots were prepared by the FAO and the Agricu^{1. -} ture Department in 1962. They have been ma.naged by the administrative

personnel on the spot and only required a minimum of supervisory costs.

This action must be repeated and gradually increased.

' . ^' ' : ~'. / ' . '

The extension work proper is on the ether hand very inad-equate.- For·

70,000 rice producers in Casamance, there are only a few do zen rural

"ani-·

mateurs" and about 20 instructors for whom rice-growing is only ~~rt of their activities. To caver the needs of Casamance, it would be necess2:t>~-

to instruct ,about a hundred "ani.m.ateursT' avery year especially in rice-g:!:'owing The training of middle-grade and junior personnel will be mucb m:1re

difficult. The number of Senegalese instructors (agricultural assisb;r'.tG' trai!J-ed every year is too s~all; t_he rare ci vil service or contractual superintendents are absorbed by administrative work. H:oreover, the ir!·~::-·,.<l';r

.in the of'ficers of the "animation rurale" (stimulation of rural leadcl:rsL .. ~~)

is insufficient to follow up efficiently the work of the "a.nimators" in thoir d~-to-d~ work.

In the field of an experiment of "pre-extension" work, concerning farrning with draught animale or rnechanioal traction, the types of crop r'otation, · fertilizers, and farming me.thods, th~i-e is --~~iY. little in- the w~ of lassons which can be used d:ireotly at the leval

of

the fa.1'm.

IDEP/ET/SU'l'/880 Page 15

Because of this ve=E_~. reg~\3~~§1o'?_le fact, the extension worker in Casain;:m~ , usually only has available techni~ues which were worked out for the drier groundnut. g:row~nff areÇt.s and cap only gi ve unsui table ad vice or advice relating only to groundnuts.

Thus poorly e~uipped to meat the farmers' needs and the "non-grlt>undnut targets in the regional programme, the extension work apparatus 'is' f'ùrther handicapped by the very small number ·of engineers able to prepare, guide ^anc~

control t.he efforts made.

This deficiency in senior officer~ is a much greater hindrance in t.t:!.s region where there is a need to perfect various methods covering several commodi ti es and several types of farm, thah in· the groundnut are

ha··

where the topics of extension work are much simpler and have already been put into practice.

The very clear result is that neither fertiliser₉ nor farming witL draught animals have yet been truly introduced into any of the distriots of Casamance, which lags considerably behind the rest of the country.

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 16

b) T.echnioaL.Aesistanoe Projects ·in Casamance

1. SPECIAL FUND: The rural vocational training of "Tew.'""Fïirmers"·

in

Casamance at Bignona.

2. FORMOSA

3. U.S.A.

4.

ISRAEL

: D.emonstration Team from the Chinese · R.epublic (Fo;r:-mcsa).

Rice-grow~ng at Diatouma. ; ..

: Agricultural development demonstration project in the Casamance region.

: Seed prodlJ_ctipn.

SPECIAL FUND

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 17

Rural vocational training of " New Fa.rmers " in Casamance, at Bignona

1. Description of the pro,iect.

The Senegalese Government asked for ~he help of the-United Nations Special Fund for drawing up a programme of rural vocational training •. )~y

virtue of an agreement in 1961, the Special FUnd entrusted the implementt:.tion of the project to the International Labour·~ot'n~--(tto);-

The purpose of this project is to establish a system for tro.irJ.inr5 rural leaders in contact wi th farmers and;rura.l..crafiismen .. :-It' was in f;;.ct a question of " training tr.ainers. " but in a new style. The aim was to train

" pilot " farmers.

But to train the pilot-farmers i t was necessary t'o train a certain number of instructorÈf. This training could .not be carried out wi th the usual methods. Tho originali ty of this new approach consisted in training these ins truc 1. o1:s ., in vivo " in rural stttroundings, in the presence of the

" pil<;>t.-farmers ", to take into account the reactions of the latter, as well as the local circumstances and acJ:lStant:t;y. to readapt programmes and methods used in the light of local neods.

- - · - · The general a.im of th~ project was to train rural leaders, a.ccor- ding i;o pragmatic and complementary methods in direct contact wi th the fa.rmillci ma~~es.

This training covers three basic sectors of rural development Training of instructors for rural communities,

Training of instructors for rural craft centres,

Training of women instructors who in turn train the " mani triees "

of rural family education and g.ide them.

. .. ^{; .,} .

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 18

, ·The basiq agre_ement was si_gned irt _... l9-~1.Jn~ ... ~ :...tll~_J2irepj;çr of the

~--·~·~···-..

_

--.--·-"··----... _ ... ^, .. _-·· ^-~ ... ^~

Project only arrived in Senegal, i;t_ J9.6.J .• _.'J.l~e duration of the project ie four yea.rs and it will end at the end of 1967.

2. Oost of the Project.

The total oost of the project is 2,762,600 dollars out of which Senegal pay~ more than

50%.

The Government has respected its obligations fully •... ·~ ·

The Senegalese Government contribution will have reached

·1,392,000 dollars on the 31st of December broken down as follows : a) Cqntribution in kind

Contribution in kind since the beginning of the project.up to 31st Decembex 1966 (.o.ounterpart and_administrative personnel,

land and buildings) ••••••••

Estimate of contribution in kind (personnel and equipment) during the year 1967.

725

,ooo

•· •; 1"!34,000.

Total contribution of the European Development

Fu nd 320,000

'·

Total contribution in kind ••• 1 ,229

,ooo

b) 15% Contribution in cash

to the oost of experts Total

... ^_.; ... -~

dollars

163,000 1,392,000 dollars

... 1 .. .

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 19

The contribution of the Special ]und amounted to 1,533,600 dollars of which tho greatest part was for the payment of experts, that is 1,088,300 dollars. If we ta.ke into account the repayment b;r .the Senegalese Govex·rmcnt to the Special Fund of 15% of the oost of experts, the contribution of -~'t.o

fund is in reality, 1,370,600 U.S. dollars.

3.

Yield.

When the " pilot farmer " has been able to obtain all the necessec.ry

i.

e~uipment on leaving the of using ne.w techni~ues,

realistic, we can accept

Centre,. the increase i~ y~elds, from the mere faot ranges between 100 and 15Q% _. for groundnuts. To be .

that production could be doubled. These obsorvatior·

are also valid for millet and sorghum.

Figures show that the average increases in y:i:.~ld. obtained at th""

centre of Guérina, are

1.938 kg of grouridnuts to the hectare instead ^of·;: the · regional average· of 1,070,

1.660 kg for millet and 1.848 kg for sorghum instead of 825 kg, 3,131 kg for maize instead of 880 kg.

The e:xtr.a .money earned from the cross-breeding, and sale of animals

~d transport using carts is considerable. The Guerina Centre calculated that the average income, which is 20.000 CFA in the Department of Bie;;nona, rise to 40.000 CFA for the pilot-farmer.

4·

Extension-Work.

This Rural vocational training project does not only have direct rep"':rcussions on the pilot-farmer. There are also " induced " affects, and this is the main interest of tho bperation. During the first crop season afte:r the pilot-farmers left the Centre, from three to five heads of family in each village, seeing the results obtained by the latter, had recourse to them in ordor to try the new mothods for thems~lves.

. .. ^; ...

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 20

The multiplier effoot.~.c.à;n .. bo very .ra.pid·· on·onc cond-i-tion : i t is vital that the pilot-farmcr, on lca.ving the Centre, should receive the ·-.quip- men1f wi thout which he 'cannat play tho role of modal which is expected Cbof him.

This is an essential point, and if it is not settled, the~~ is a danger tha t Govornment' s effort

in

-=this f1(ù(l w·illbC;. nulli:fied. It would b0 illogical and unoconomic for Sencgal to have spont so mue-hon launching the project - more than 1 million dollars in four years - and run the risk of failuro bocauso it did not provide tho four cr five million CFA francs a year needed to supply the pilot-féÜ-mers wi th equipmont. Tho oost of . ·,.

equipping the individual farmer ranges from 80.000CFA to 120.000 CFA duJ}cm- ding on the type of crop and tho region.

5 •. 'rraining.

It is fé:irly difficult to cstimate the short term offectivonGss of a training experimont, especiall~· when this training deals with rural deve- lopment. This kind of specifie, living and adapted training is is undoubtedly aw,akep.ing incr~asing intt~rest both among the instructors anq. the farmers.

If we wanted proof of tho interest that farmers havé in this kind of training, we should find i t in the remarkable and rare fact that farmG::r-s , many of them heads ·of fami!Y, agree to le ave the ir villages and live tm:~:'

" '~ ....

a "boarding-school ¹¹ environmont for eight months, far from the ir homes <.:c;~c~

this 1-ri thout any defections from among the 88 trainees of the three grour:s

.

who trainod at the Guerina Centre.

It cannat be denied that the time the farmcrs iii;.e.lit. at the CentrE- creatod a ¹¹ new spirit" and that the region is t:nding to emerge from its passivity. Thore has been a new awareness of rcsponsibili ty and a critical attitude towards the traditional methods.

Training bas crea.ted a team spirit and tho desirë to emulate as betvreon the pilot-farmcr and the instructor (the Centre tonds to become a focal point of attraction).·.·

... ^; ...

.. ^{- , ..} -

' · Evaluation.

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 21

If the eff~cts of this tecl:ln;t.aal.as&tstanoe project were to spread throughou:t all Casamance, it would have a positive impact on the whole national economy.

Substitution for imported food would make more foreign exchange available for importing capital goods. In the long run the project m~ even influence the balance of p~ments.

For it is hoped that the pilot-farmer who is a product of this agricultural training Centre will doubmhis output. Taking into account the fact that exttinsion services are assured, there will be no delay in these positive affects making themselves folt.

But this " new fa.rmer of tho Cas amance " who doubles . his 'output is also· the basis of

a

new at ti tude t ... ·d.rds :.J'ricuiture. This

~echni"9al ass~stance

projëct

l~s

"stress on tra.irii.ng and

èxte~·si"on ~ork.

i:l.:':"ld

is thus a project with very high " human productivity "

trainer~ ..•.

·.~· .l.

·~·~f ,._.The project could be considered as a model. of tochnica.l-assistn:'c.

if thè"· extension was not jeopardized by inadequate complementa.it'y financial ·' aid for supplying the pilot-farmers with equipment.

FORMOSA i

,,.'.-.

. ^' Demonstration Team. ·From the ·Chinese Republic (Formo.sa.)

Rica growing .. a:t~:Dia.t.Q"!liJla.

1. Description of the Project.

Wi th a view to improving tradi.tional rice-growing in Gasamc.nco _{. '·• .} ~

.;.,.

the governments of Senegal and mationalist China signed a technical assis-_{. . .. ~} tance agre0ment. The Chinese Government undertook to send a ten-man agricul- tural demonstration team for two years to carry out experimenta in the

g~owing of rice •

. ::·I ...

The Chinese method consista of.setting three harvests a year from the same plots.

.

^~.·1

..•

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 2:?

The conditions essential to success are : levelling the ground, and control water, constant wator level, flat land - thesè·-two· cond:i tions are essential to the c;tlinese method •.. _{. . . . . .! .· ~-}~ _.. . _{. ..} ~-:~ ,,::··, .:

The sîmplest mèans are used to do the work since 'the oquipment consista of hand tools,spades, picks and hoes, ànd the essential element here is laboUr which to sorne extent replaces "the machine.

As well as rico, the Chinese demonstration team have experiment...;d.

wi th other crops ra.nging from tobacco to vegetables of all kinds and fibros

i" .L ....

such as jute· and cotton.

2. Cost of the Project.

A.

Senegaleso Government.

Housing, eleotricity and furniture are supplied by Senegal to tho Chïhese technicians. Senegal also supplies and filain tains the agricul tural equipmen't placed at tho disposai of the tcam which also obtain~ froe modic~ù

i

treatment. The team gives to Senegal all the produce of the experimental farm with the exception of the very small part used for its owJ food.

The Senegalese Government is responsible for clearinéj; and prepo- ring the land, installing tho watering points, the irrigation and ' d~ainage

system, the supply of fertilizer insecticièesrund seeds with the exception of those of the selected Chinese rice-which are provided by the team.

____ ~. Chir:.eS:c Re.public •. , ^{. . .J~ '}

The Chineso Government are responsible for travel and living expanses and also for sorne of the seeds of which an interesting varicty

" The Taichung native n91 " has beon made ava.il'a.ble ·to·Senega.L ··

· 3. Yield~

The re sul ts arc more than convincing and the higli yields have· ^GVOll far exceeded the most optimistic hopes ontertained at tho beginni~ :

Chinese Rico : average yield minimum

maximum

with an average growth cycle of 93 days.

4,5

t/ha

3,5

t/hé).

1,0

t/ha

1

!A)cal rice

' . ' ~ ' . ..• . ^~ ..

·'·:._,;[:~";~-:~.;~:.·-~:

. ^~ .

...

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 23

: ave;-age yield 2t/ha wi th a growth cycle o:f 134 days.

' 1

. • ,. Such results cbnsti'tuto an enormous prugress, compared with av0~·age

yields o:f le~'s·:.-that It/ha {-to ·be precise 650 kh/ha) obtainod not wi thout

' ' '

difficul ty by SénegalGsé> :farmers for a who le yea:i:.

The succession of throe crops a year on the same plot shows the possibility o:f incrcasing yields of crops and the pr6ductiVi'ty'o:r agriculturaJ labour. In the long run, we oan expoct that well-guided farmers might aohieve at léast twb harvests :from thEdr lands i:f the problem of continuous irrigatior.;

is'solved.

Rotat:i,9n;Ç>f c,rops etc~ -c.;.n also be enV'isaged, In bath cases, :riee growing could almoE!t eliminate the " dead period" of.,the dry season when the fa.r.ll\e~s '·often have nothing to do and there is _:~. general slowing dqwn o:f 'the aotivities o:f the population.

4· ^~tension work.

The agreem..:nt made provision for the initial bringing under cul tivatl.on of

1.5

hectares which were cleared by the Génie Rural (rural

l··· ·i u

engihoèrs) helped by the Chinese already on the spot. L6.ter on 2,57 hectares were cleared and levelleù by 'tho Chinose themselves, making a total of 4.07 hectares o:f lands or

49

plots brought into use.

But J?lans :for the devolopment of the Diatouma arca concerned 20 ha out of which 8 have at present beon cloared by SOLAICA. '

Dosyi te all the good wi th shown, there are also considerable ob::-;-- . tacl~s t.o · O;JÇtension work : the first ide a of the chinoso. was t6 toach tho

. , l . 1; •

.. :nat:i,onal culi;iv.~tion of ;r,-ice to tho women. But i t beoame apparent that tho pAysical cons~itution of men made tLGn hetter suited to undcrtake auch work.

In the Mandingue country howover, men seem less &ttraoted tc work in rico-fields. Often, when asked why they refusod to go dawn en masse ta the rico-fields, these :reople a.nswer " Our ancestors did not go dawn into the rice-:fiulds, it is women's work.

. .. ^; ...

IDEPj:ET/SUT/880 Page

24

It is therefore neither a question of obvious laziness nor a pri~!j

one of ill will, but i t. seems a question of beliefs of ar;t irrational at ti-~ i,-,_-

which canin no way be equated with hostility to work. As ~uoh it is a sociological problem which must be solved from a social ppint of view by

!!animation" and :patient demonstration arnong the population.

5 • Tr aini:pg •

.. U'ticle 13 of. the agreement, between Senegal and Formosa states t~u:t

the Senegalese Government will take the reoeesary ste:ps to mike it possible for some of its nationale to :partici:t;Jate in the work of the demonstration

t~q.rn. At the moment, no Senegalese is taking :part 'in thià ·ex:periment.

This is a crucial rriatter because this method is the result of systomatic c.tctiozi on the whole of the factors condi tioning the cul tivation of rica, in order to achieve maximum yields.

This fact representa negligence on the. ... part.of . .Senegal which has not taken the necessa.ry measures to derive maximum benofit from an inex:pensive

' . ' .

technique. Evq.Il the first stage of training " on the job training " has not

. . ;, J.f.~ 1 • •

yet boen carrie4, out;, ,a.:part from sorne refugees from Portuguese Guinea whom i t has been decided t.o settle in the area of Diatouma.

6. Evaluation.

The· demonstration oar·ried out by the ChinGse team is an important

·~e-et espccially if we consider the resul ts obtained and the modera te n:1ture of tho outlay.

This :project also shows the :potentialities of rice-growing. It may be aocepted that Casamance is at the head of the rica growing regions .I·lacing select(;)Çl rice seed at tht~ disposal bf' Senegal saves years of research, an inestimable contribution •

. ·• J

~. ~ .. . ,

..

^~

1 ...

.

^'.

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Pago 25

If we oonsider the fact that i{he dovolopmont of thosë rice and tobacco seods, must have oost hugo sums of moncy and yea:r,>s of research aud if wo also consider the fact_that resoarch in this field often depends, on the world levol? on oconomic espionago, the cost-beuefit ratio for thG Senegaleso government is an optimum one.

It is regrettable that sociological factors should be opposod to rapid extension and should prcvent profit being derivod from techniques which arc the fr1.iit of long tradition.

U. S. A.

Wicultural·Dev(llcpmont Demonstration Pro.iect in the Casamance region - A.I.D.

I. Description of the Project.

The United States Governmont COJ;ltributes·, togo thor wi th tho

~ •• • ~ - · · · · ' ' · · • . . . . ••• ' • # • •

Senegaleso government, to the implomenting of an agricultural development demonstration project in Casamance. Tho- duration '.o-f-tho-!)re>joct is estima toit at five years from the date of signature of the projoct agreement in 1967.

Duririg first two yea:rs, tho appropriate .Arnorican farming methcclu will be adapted to Senegalese conditions. Demons tra ti on plots of one hoc t;).ro irrigated wi th fresh watar will be propared for the :?·~_l_t_ivation of rice.

Demonstration plots of 6 hectares will be prepared for dry farming (in t}~__:

mountains) of millèt and maize.

The plal;l of work may however be modified, by lft. tt;.al agr0ement according to changes in priorities and chronology, èiot&ted by experienco or by conditions concerning the projoct, and according to corrective measures

üocesse.ry to ensure a progitile'sion in conformi ty wi th the targets and aims fixod.

.

.

. . . .. ^; ...

IDEP/~~~~(8,89,.\, ,,~- Page 26 ·

The number of madel plots will be fixed by tho head of the American team after an estimate of conditions and needs. It is oxpec~ed that a

maximum of three plots of each typo will be used as follows :

a. 'Demonstration of techniques for complote land clearance

b Adaptation of modern farming mothods to tho E~oil, wator and oth0~

conditions of plant growth in Casamance

o. Demonstration of the building of dikes, of digging drainD{'•J ditches and other forms of water control ;

d. Experimenta with sood fortilizor and ways of combating plant peste and diseases ;

o. Demonstration of techniques of planting, of cul tivation and o:ê' harve s ting· .. -;---· ·

f. Training of ext-e-nsion· agents--· and· of··f'armcrs cht>sen for the three cooperative centres.

2. Cast of the project.

a. Gov0rnment of SenegaL

By virtue of the project agreement, the Senegaleso Governmont ma..-ws

provision for funds in francs CFA to caver certain exponditure in local curroncy for the finanêiaî' yéars, 1967 and 1968 ostimated as follows

.A.. Personnel.

Diroctor of the regional dovolopment ôrganization, four agricultural

onginoors~ three middle-grade tochnicians, an administrative assistant, a secrotary.

100 mari-months

l .,.

22,050,000 Francs CFA

·

(9o~obo ·dollars)

... ^; ...

'· ,,, ' \

.; .. ) ..

IDEF/ET/SUT/880

...:..;..;~:·:.~:.~::. .. ~·-'·

Page 27

B. :kahd·,-·_~'.''?81' hept~es of lands :

.'\-·"'". r···'·· rr. .

a. Thiee plots of 1 hec taro for rice, bo Three plots of 6 hectares for c ,,-40 hectares for rioe growing, d, 490 hectares for cr~p farming, o. 240 hectares of grazing,

totally or partiallY in kind

b. Un~yed States Government.

millet and maize,

·.:•:....

8o,531 ,ooo Francs CFA

(328,000 dollars)

i 02,581,500 Francs CFA _ ,\,'.

) .. C~J (418,700 dollars)

The G,Q:Vernmçn~ of the Un1.-téd st:n:tes places at tho diSl>Osal of the

.l..• ...

Government ofSenegal funds in francs CFA which the Senegalosc Gover:rllnent und.ortakes· t6î:l:lsè in financing certain expendi tùre in local cv.rrency dtfrin(~

the financi~l years 1967 and 1968 and which are estimatod as :follows

A. Topographical·suxvey. Preparation of the le,nd a:nd bringing under cu1.tivatioi{ of sïx demônstration plots and throe coop~rativ.e · farms.

B. Eç;1.dpment for six madel plots and throo cooperatives

42,011

,994

F:r.Ç~.ncs CJ.i'.A

' .

171,478 dollars.

22,540,000 Francs CFA

92,000 dollars

C. Training. To· organize in-service a trai:i'ling fbr' .:ôecnts· of tho ,S::.;.-:_~J d'Expansion Rurale, to train 15/20 fermors in tho u~e of oxen as di'aught animats, to train tho administrative porscirincl for the cooperatives, to train six tracter drivers,

7,350,000 Francs CFA

30,000 ^dollars

... 1 ...

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 28

3. Yield.

D. Housing of the Aroorican tochnicians. Construction or··

hiring of buildings to be used as offices, oquipment, 12,250,000 Francs OF~l..

50,000 dollars

E. Eguipment. 1 catorpillar tracter with bulldozer,

an

exco.vatc:r-.

2 station wagons, 3 whoel :tractors corresponding to MF-165;

0 !

19,600,000 :B'rancs CF_~

80,000 dollars F. Working expanses of tho toam of American tcchnicians

2,450,000 Francs CJ!'A 10,000 dollars

TOTAL 158,337,994 Francs CF~

'

.. ,, ··•·· ...

646.278 dollars

=====

Tha·aim of this tochnical assistance project is to show that i t is possible to increase and diversify agricultural production in Casamance by introducing an appropriate technology to comp.l~m~":f!t .. tho .. u:x;isi;ing resotu'CGs by means of demonstration experimenta and projects auch as.

A. Cultivation of 6 demonstration plots which will show an averago increase in production of 35% a year and of 448% .in 5 years.

B. Cul tivation of

8

demonstration cooperatives .t.o" imp"r9ve the produc- tion of rice, millet aud maize and to ensure that thore is a end~.";

system and an adequate marketing organization.

c.

Tes.olllin4l of improved methods of cul tivation to 160 fa:t:'mers so tt;: t;

they ca.n achieve an increase in yield pe_r ~ec}?.I'e of 100% and 2.n

increase in area of 100% por farmer in the cooperatives.

0 •

01 •• •

4• Training.

IDEP/ET/SUT/880 Page 29

Training activities will be undertaken as saon as possible by the two governments and will be.oa.rried on during the entiro duration of the pi'ojoet at three levels :

administrative officers of the Senegalese govornment - technicians and

- farmers.

Tochnical personnel will be trained in the United States, in third oountrios and in the field, where they will be taught improved farming meth.ods

~d mothods of administration and management of units and contres of produc- tion. Afterwards technioal personnel oan impart to farmers the knbwledge tho;y·

have acquired.

An Qrganization has to be crea.ted in Casamance concerned with tho qua.li tati ve, and. the quantitative, development cf the a.gricul tura.l sector1 'V·Jhi :..t

has ·a staff with the knowledge and the administrative and technical experïe;.1c ^ô that are required •

.t:\. •. To impart to senior officers of the Senegalese ag.ricultural service, .Amer:i- oan meth()~:fil of administration' and' training. '· '

B. To train 24 intermediate agrioul

t~~al

assistants in groups of eight f:-;r a. y3ar

. l • . ' ' ,. . 1 ~ •

in'tiniversities in the United:Statés; these will be posted to the regional

· ) '

organiza.tion.

C. To -prain 18 to 36 agrioultural extension agents.

It ;dEinnot. in f'aot be ·acoepted as a solution that there 'is nothing tt> l.:,o

done, especially when we notice that the 'DiDla~ a tribe related t-o

the

:M:lridin{::;ucG;

.have a fairly high level of technical knowledge conoerning rioe-growing.

The extension of this projeot is hindered by a "mental resistance" which oould jeopardise its suooess.

5. Exte:ns:;i.on work

On condition of an evaluation of the Senegalese cooperative system being carried out.by .the American tea.m, two cooperatives for rioe production are planned and a cooperative for mountain orops, dry farming. To faoilitate

. ,.; •. :