Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting west nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in spanish wild ruminants

Glycosylation of the West Nile Virus Envelope Protein Increases In Vivo and In Vitro Viral Multiplication in Birds.. Viral

We conducted extensive surveillance for West Nile virus infection in equines and chickens in Guadeloupe in 2003–2004.. We showed a high seroprevalence in equines in 2003 related

This survey revealed a high level of exposure of these animals to fl aviviruses: seroprevalence rates of 60% in horses and of 62% in dogs were observed using a competitive West

We tried to determine individual and environmental factors associated with the risk of West Nile virus seropositivity in 2002-2003.. Information was retrospectively collected from

Since its introduction to the Western Hemisphere in 1999, WNV had spread across North America, Central and South America and the Caribbean, although the vast majority of severe

West Nile virus- related disease in humans and horses is still being reported from the USA and lately confirmed human cases have been reported from France [56].. Further- more,

Similarly, 6 (8.2%) of the 73 horses that were annually immu- nized with the inactivated vaccine that were seropositive in April were seroneg- ative in November, 2005, and 2 (50%) of

Serological evidence of West Nile virus circulation in Portugal..