Improvement and Automation of the Publishing Facilities of
ECA
(Economic Commission for Africa) Addis Ababa
United Nations Department of Administration and Management Project
Report by Giulio Mantin, Publishing Division, DCS
United Nations New York, 1991
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background 11
Preface III
Terms of Reference 1
Preliminary Report 2
Execution of Terms of Reference 6
List of equipment proposed 9
Functions of the Documents and Publishing Service in ECA 16
Graphs of Work Profile - 1988-1989-1990 18
Publishing Service Workflow 26
Organization and Staffing 30
Proposed personnel structure 32
Proposal for ECA Printshop Layout 48
Computerization of Inventory 50
Training 53
Maintenance 65
Summary... 68
Annex I - Report of Mr. H. Metzendorf 70
Annex II - Internal Study Report 83
BACKGROUND
Although a major part of the history and background have already been documented in the preliminary report, the writer wilt include the background history up to recent developments, in order to provide a complete picture for new readers and a better understanding of the sequence of events for future reference.
This report will include an evaluation of the old system and planning for the future programmes of 1991-1992. All actual progress to date will be documented.
ii
PREFACE
It was the intention of this mission, in addition to terms of reference, to achieve the following points:
1. To translate proposals in the previous report into concrete plans;
2. To elaborate on specific measures for implementation of the report;
3. To reach an agreement with Headquarters to take additional measures to identify sources of supplies and necessary equipment;
4. To assist Headquarters in identifying remaining gaps in the overall structure of Documents and Publishing Service (DPS); and
5. To identify the elements of the training requirements of DPS personnel.
One of the most significant needs for the structuring of DPS is the recognition by ECA that this Department mustbeautonomous with regard to its budgetary requirements and personnel structure.
This would ultimately ensure the smooth operation of DPS, i.e., personnel, machinery and all subsequent functions.
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Visit of Mr. Giulio Mantin. Chief of Reproduction Section, HeadQuarters - November 1990
PROGRAMME
Introduction to and preliminary discussions with Mr. A. Hasaunndee, and Mr. Pentii Viluksela.
Review of equipment purchase specifications of equipment
training of operators/maintenance technicians
equipment layout in new premises (Library basement) preparation of installations (electrical, plumbing, etc.) maintenance arrangements
Review of organizational structure of Reproduction Unit organization of Sub-units
organization of special tasks (maintenance, stock control, etc.)
Review of work flow reporting of production
control and reporting of materials usage production planning
Review of usage and procurement of graphic materials
Writing of the Mission Preliminary Report
1
PRELIMINARY REPORT
This preliminary reportisbased on observations of the present conditions of the main elements of Documents and Publishing Service (DPS):
(a) Machinery
(b) Personnel Structure (c) Supplies and Materials
(d) New premises . Location of equipment
Although the terms of reference emphasize the concentration of the first point (machinery), in order to obtain a profile of the DPS, part of the time was spent on evaluating the overall condition of personnel and supplies, and the planned building structure.
(a) Machinery
Evaluation was made on the equipment proposed by ECA, based on the report of Mr. M.H.
Metzendorf, Chief, Publishing Service, UN, Geneva, taking into consideration the overall requirements of parliamentary documentation and publications. A systematic scrutiny of all equipment specifications resulted in the replacement of item 4 (two folding machines), whose functions can as well be achieved with item 5 (which, in addition to collating and stitching, can be used as a stand-alone folder).
As a result,the appropriated funds can nowbeused for the purchase of two or more new model automated Gestetners (similar to the one presently used in New York), which can beused as a Copy Enlarger and Reducer. This can beused to reduce large statistical tables, saving camera work and film accordingly, and as a copier at the same time. The remaining step now is to check the specifications in Geneva and New York and prepare the purchase requisition.
(b) Personnel Structure
It was observed that the present structure does not comply with the work flow, and the path of responsibility does not meet the need of DPS. The role of Managers is not clear. In the main report, the organigram for personnel and work flow will show that the present structure is far from being compatible with the work which it is mandated to perform. Although there is a need for restructuring, only one additional post at the professional level (highly technical post which will be used for several purposes in addition to lithographic and computer graphic training to the present staff) will be needed. I will elaborate on this point in the future. A verbal explanation was given to Mr. Pentii Viluksela on this subject. All other areas will have to absorb minor changes, i.e., presently two supervisors manage half of the pre-press and half of the press staff. This is not logical from a technical standpoint, and, therefore, it can be corrected with a simple structural change, without causing any staff displacement. There are few cases as such and in the future, ifapproved, we will work on a work flow and personnel organigram accordingly. Other units to be reviewed will include the Graphic Presentation Unit and the Typing Pool (presently reporting to the DPS). Establishment of a computerized production and material usage control, mechanical and maintenance will also be taken up. With this we will also require the establishment of a team of technicians specializing in electronics.
(c) Supplies'and Materials
Supplies are purchased independently ofDPS,resulting in numerous problems: unsuitable type of printing plates have been received,without chemicals,or delayed to the point that they had expired.
Some supplies cannot be purchased in large quantities because their shelf life isshort. For example, offset plates have an ideal shelf life of only two and half months, and they should be purchased accordingly. Large quantities of offset ink lie in the store for long periods; the ink could have severe quality and productivity problems by the time it is used.
3
The purchase process from ordering to receiving of supplies is complicated and time-consuming.
Some supplies, like plates and masking sheets, have frequently been out of stock, causing production to stop.
There is an increasing demand for high quality printing of important publications at ECA. The present selection of materials will not allow the work to be done.
(d) New Premises -- Location of eQuipment
After visiting the library basement (L I), it was established that from all engineering and personnel standpoint, it is a much more suitable location for the Reproduction Plant than the present premises. Copies of the building layout were submitted for planning of the layout of equipment, electrical and water lines. Additional water supply is needed in the camera process and for printing machines.
Electric requirements are still to be specified and submitted for planning of the electrical installations.
The door dimensions were found small for taking the equipment in. They should beenlarged especially the one leading to the sloped corridor.
Pr02ramme for inventory
Ihave submitted the computer programme for the stock inventory control with a set of printouts and instructions whichI brought with me from New York.
We tested the xerox paper from New York with the paper used here and it proved to be inferior.
ECA imports a superior quality of paper from Finland.
I have gathered the documentation necessary to make a preliminary assessment and will consult Headquarters regarding expansion of this study. In light of the size and complexity of the project, it is highly recommended at this point that the Chief of Documents and Publishing Service visit Headquarters to have a complete picture of this task.
This mission will consist of the follow-up on the purchase of machinery, specifications, etc.,and reviewing the operations of the Department of Conference Services. This will include the operations of Documents Control, Typing Pool and Technological Innovations Unit. He will visit the Printing Section to explore the Graphic Presentation Unit and its latest software; Copy Preparation and Proofreading Unit and their typesetters. He will also visit the manufacturing facilities including Records, Reproduction,Pre-Press, Press and Finishing and Distribution Section. In addition, he will study the Mechanical Shop and their inventory system and the Supplies inventory system. It is estimated that the time required for this mission willbetwo weeks at Headquarters.
I have submitted the equipment specifications to Purchasing Section, Geneva, who will process these requisitions with instructions from Headquarters. I will submit a proposal for the new items (Gestetners) no later than 14 December 1990. The only item that is still pending is the typesetting equipment (Linotronic 300). I am in contact with UN, Geneva to obtain more information on this sytem and if we can benefit from a different one. My intervention will not beneeded until the space for the printing plant is evacuated and the computer operation (loading and unpacking, etc.) completed and at that time, we will address the physical placement of machinery. I will continue to stay in touch with the Department of Administration and Management for future coordination.
My sincere gratitude to all those who helped me at ECA and UN, Geneva during the mission.
5
EXECUTION OF TERMS OF REFERENCE
The following are the findings after exploring the building dedicated for Reproduction. The building specification meets the demands for a printing operation. There are finishing details which can be addressed in the future: none, however, that will hold up the operation's preparations for installation. For readers' reference,A PRELIMINARY DRAWING OF THE BUILDING IS ATTACHED FOLLOWING THE ROOMS' DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATION.
Dark Room
1. Water to beprovided for future film development.
2. Sufficient space is available for the developingsink and cameras.
3. Electrical: Two-phase and three-phase power to bemade available, 380 volts to a minimum of 110.
4. Ventilation to be provided in future.
Exposure and Stripping Room
1. Water tobeprovided for future plate development.
2. Sufficient space for plate developer and light table.
3. Electrical: Two-phaseand three-phase power to be made available,380 volts to a minimum of Ito.
4. Ventilation to be provided in the future.
Printing. Bindery and Mimeograph Units Large Plant
I. Presently, only one single source of water is available in the plant. Additional maintenance sinks must beinstalled for application or working roller dampeners and glue rollers, etc.
Electromechanic Shop
1. Electromechanic Shop to be considered for future operation of machinery and limited storage space for spare parts.
2. Electrical: Two-phase and three-phase power available, 3-80 volts to a minimum of 110.
3. Air to besupplied from main compressor.
3. Electrical: Two-phase and three-phase power available, 380 volts to a minimum of 110.
4. Sufficient ventilation exists.
5. Air pressure plans have to be drawn up to design and install air compressors to provide adequate air pressure for operation of machinery. The compressor, if found necessary, will be placed outside of the building to prevent noise and hazardous conditions.
6. All electrical cable supplies, air pressure and plumbing willbe carried on the ceiling and dropped to the corresponding equipment (according to final placement of equipment, see drawing).
7. Plans are now being considered for the installation of a humidity control system for the future.
Dark Room
Waterisessential but is not present
Space is adequate
Electrical: Two-phase and three-phase power available; 380 volts to a minimum of 110.
Ventilationisrequired. To be installed inthe future, taking in consideration removal of fumes. 2. Space is adequate
Typesetting
1. Water is not necessary
3. Electrical: Two-phase and three-phase power available; 380 volts to a
minimwn of 110.
4. Ventilation is adequate.
7
SJ.2Ie
Store Room
t. Water is necessary but not essential.
2. Adequate space is available.
3. Electricity - Adequate lighting is essential.
4. Ventilation is required.
LIST OF EQUIPMENT PROPOSED
The following list was derived after lengthycorrespondence between UN-DAM - ECA and the Consultant. Itisnow submitted for future consideration.
PRINTING EQUIPMENT QUANTITY STATUS
1. Platemaker 2
2. Etching Device 2
3. Offset Machine 4
4. Mimeo Machine · 3 Already shipped
5. Collating/stitching machine 2 6. Perfect binder
7. Light perfect binder I
8. Camera/Platemaker
9. Typesetter I Already shipped
10. Color postscript printer 2 Already shipped
10% freight and insurance Training Cost
The list of suppliers of printing equipment in Europe is annexed. Although only few of them are presently required, this list can serve as a future reference and guidance.
9
Wire Stitchers
"'BOURG, C.P. S.A.
B-1348 Ottignies (Belgien), 22 Rue de Franquenies
LA FORNIGRAFICA 01 F. ZECHINI & C.s.a.s.
1-20134-Milano, Viale Forlanini 65
*MULLER MARTINI AG CH-4800 Zofingen (Schweiz) Untere BruhlstraBe
"'NAGEL. ERNST, GmbH & CO. KG 0-7000 Stuttgart 80,
BreitwiesenstraBe 21
PLASTOGRAPH A.G.
CH-8630 RulilZH (Schweiz), DorfstraBe 25
VEGA S.p.A.
1-20037 Pademo Dugnano/Milano (Italien) V.1e dell'Industria, 6
'" U.N. Suppliers
Gluing Machines
GANDOSSI & FOSSATI S.p.A.
1-20127 Milano (Italien) Via Agordat, 34
*HUNKELER AG
Fabrik Fur Grafische Maschinen CH-4806 Wikon (Schweiz)
INTERNATIONAL PAPER BOX MACHINE CO.
Nashua,
New Hampshire U.S.A.
LA FORNIGRAFICA DI F. ZECHINI & C. s.a.s.
1-20134-Milano Viale Forlanini 65
*TRANKLEIN, KARL, GmbH D-7036Schonaich,
RingstraBe 2
VAGGELLI Q., GESTIONE DITTA, S.p.A.
1-50135 Firenze
Via G. D'Annunzio n. 99
* U.N. Suppliers
11
Perforatinc Machines
BALDWIN GEGENHEINER GmbH D-8900 Augsburg
Derchinger StraBe 137
BURN, JAMES, INTERNATIONAL LTD.
GB-Escher/Surrey KTIO SBD (England)
*FALTEX AG
CH-561O Wohlen (Schweiz) NordstraBe 1
GATE GROUP USA
New York CitylN.Y. 10014 (USA) 345 Hudson Street
*HUNKELER AG
Fabrik Fur Grafische Maschinen CH-4806 Wikon (Schweiz)
LA FORNIGRAFICA DI F. ZECHINI & C. s.a.s.
1-20134-Milano Viale Forlanini 65
*NAGEL, ERNST, GmbH & CO. KG D-70oo Stuttgart 80
BreitwiesenstraBe 21
*R YOBI LIMITED
Fuchu-Shi Hiroshima-Ken 726 (Japan) 762-Mesaki-Cho
DENZ&CO.
Lagerstrasse 107
8021 -ZURICH (SUISSE)
GRAB ET WILD AG Stationstrasse, 49
8902 -URDORF (suisse)
KUHLMANN AG Letzigraben 176
8047 -ZURICH (SUISSE)
NEOLTEC SA Route de la Pierre
1024 - ECUBLENS (SUISSE)
*RACHER ET CO.
Marktgasse 12
8025 -ZURICH (SUISSE)
RWD REPPISCH-WERKE AG Bergstrasse 23
8953 -DIETIKON (SUISSE)
*U.N. Suppliers
Drafting Tables
13
Perfect Binding Machines
*BOURG,
c.r.,
S.AB-1348 Ottiginies (Belgien), 22 Rue de Franquenies
EURO GRAPHIC SERVICES B.V.
NL-5203 DD Hertogenbosch (Niederlande)
LA FORNIGRAFICA DI F. ZECHINI & C. s.a.s. 1-20134-Milano
Viale Forlanini 65
*MULLER MARTINI AG CH-4800Zofingen (Schweiz) Untere BruhlstraBe
SULBY ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD.
GB-London SWl9 3XN
* U.N. Suppliers
Collating Machines
*BOURG, C.P., S.A.
B-1348 Ottignies (Belgien),22 Rue de Franquenies
DIDDE GRAPHIC SYSTEMS CORPORATION Emporia/Kansas 66801 (USA)
EHLERMANN, DIPL.-ING. HANS, GmbH & CO.KG 0-2810 Verden/Aller
EURO GRAPHIC SERVICES B.V.
NL-5203 DO Hertogenbosch (Niederlande)
*GRAFOTEC SALES S.A.
CH-6914 Carona (Schweiz)
*MULLER MARTINI AG CH-4800 Zofingen (Schweiz) Untere BruhlstraBe
WATKISS AUTOMATION LIMITED G B-Biggleswade/Beds (England)
*U.N. Suppliers
15
FUNCTIONS OF THE DOCUMENTS AND PUBLISHING SERVICE IN ECA
1. Establishes policies, procedures and practices for, and co-ordinates the provision of, conference services in ECA;
2. Co-ordinates the publishing programme of ECA and exercises production control over documents and publications;
3. Inconsultation with the secretariats of ECA bodies and with other conference-servicing units, prepares the calendar of ECA meetings and conferences for the approval of the General Assembly and co-ordinates its implementation;
4. Reproduces, distributes ECA documents and publications; and
5. Gathers and analyzes statistical data on all ECA conference-servicing activities.
Recommendations
Taking into consideration the terms of reference, this consultant has arrived at the conclusion that in order to design and implement a documentation system for ECA,a Controlled System must be established.
CONTROLLED SYSTEM
The most critical factor for this programmeisthe design of the Management Network which will execute the programme from the initial to the final stage. This Network's chances for success will bemuch better ifthe Manager and Supervisor have no political affiliation. Their function must be based on the fact that they are going to run an 'Efficient Control System' which its purpose is to produce documents.
Their role in the Organization is primarily to 'RU N a Printing Company', they report to, and receive instructions from the Director only. They should have support and autonomy with no interference in implementing the three steps of the Control process:
1) establishing standards of "how things ought to be";
2) measuring performance standards "how things really are"; and 3) correcting deviations.
MANAGERIAL NETWORK TASK
The task for this network will be to plan, design and implement a major branch of ECA.
First iteminthe planisthe personnel structure. This consultant has supplied in this report the personnel structure and qualifications, once this is implemented, responsibilities must be delegated accordingly, each team leader is responsible for his own unit,each task given by the supervisor must be completed within an established length of time. All staff members for the Reproduction area should fall under a central authority, 'The Plant Manager', which plays a major role in the successful function of the Documents and Publishing Services.
I7
GRAPHS OF WORK PROFILE -- 1988-1989-1990
The following graphs represent the activities of the Publishing Unit over the last three years.
NUMBER OF JOBS
(1988-90)
oo~ I
50-ff N\ - - ····..·..····..···..··1
40.JI···..···..···..·· · · ···· · ····· ··1..~
tD
30-11..· ··..····..··· ··""",,120..Jl...··..·..·....···..·..·
10J ....·......... ..·
o
I'JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1988 1989 ~ 1990
~
NUMBER OF JOBS
(1988-90)
35011 - I
300~"""""" ' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .
250~·..···..···..···..···~
200-ll·..···..····..···..··....1
150-ll·..·...·....··..··...·,
100-ll..·..·..· · ··
50-ll·...·..·..···....···....
o
I'Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
NUMBER OF TOTAL PRINTED PAGES
(1988-90)
1.4-n...--- - - - -1
1.2-11••••••••••.••••••....•.•••••••••.•..• ••••....•••.
N...
1-..···
(j) 0.8 .Qc
6
0.6-11 .O.4~····· · ·······..·..···
0.2~················
o
I'I····..···• ·········..····..··· ···..······ ··..·····..· ·..·····..·..··..··· ···~l····..···..····..········1
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
to.>
l\)
NUMBER OF ORIGINAL PAGES
(1988-90)
4500~ I
4000-ll······ ···..··Nj ··· ·..·· ,
3500
3000~...·..·...·..·...·
2500-u·....·....····....·....·..·
2000~..·...·...····....·..i
1500.-U......···....·..·..·....
1000
500~..··· ·..· ··
o
I'Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
4.5 4 3.5 3
(ii"c 2.5
N
.Q
w
~ 2
' - "
1.5 1
0.5 0
NUMBER OF TOTAL PRINTED PAGES
(1988-90)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
ECAJDPS OFFSET JOB
JOBS IN PROCESS
06.]1.90 Page
Run Units Status 1985600
POPULATION NEWSLETIER ElF AFRICA INDEX 57
AFRICA INDEX 59
STATISTICAL COMPoON CONTRAC.
BLESSING OF AFRICA F
ANALYSE DES INTERVALLES...
RURAL PROGRESS IX/2 UN-PAAERDSURVEY WORKSHOP DOC COVER WORKSHOP BROCHURE DEVINDEX AFRICA
AFREXPERTS QUESTIONN.E AFR.EXPERTS QUESTIONN.F DOC COVER
AA PLAN OF ACTION (STAT) F DIRECTORY OF AFR. EXPERTS CREDIT 1 (INCREASING...) EXPECTED JOBS
MANUAL ON TYPOLOGIES...
AA PLAN OF ACTION (STAT) A AASELECTED STATEMENTS E CREDIT 2 (GUIDE FOR...) ANNUAL REPORT F ANNUAL REPORT A
BIENNIAL REPORT OF E.S.E BIENNIAL REPORT OF E.S. F AFR CHARTER ON SOc. ACTION FOCUS ON AFR INDUSTRY 1/90E AAFSAP/SEL. POLICY INSTRUM. E AAFSAP/SEL. POLICY INSTRUM.F AAFSAP/SEL. POLICY INSTRUM.A A BRIDGED AAF-SAP E
A BRIDGED AAF-SAPF A BRIDGED AAF-SAP A AAF-SAPCASE STUDIES E AAF-SAPCASE STUDIES F AAF-SAP CASE STUDIES A
POP 30 LIBR 272 LIBR 276 POP 262 COES 20 POP 32 JEFA 52 STAT 82 JEFA 1 JEFA 4 PADIS 56 PADIS 4 PAUlS 4
NRD 1
STAT 10 PAUlS 172 ATRCW
JEFA 60
STAT to COES 70 ATRCW COES 200 COES 190 COES 140 COES 160 SERPD 12 IHSD 40 COES 100 COES 120 COES 120 COES 32 COES 36 COES 36 COES 100 COES 120 COES 120
1500 2000 2000 1500
300 1500 1500 200 2500
200 1500 2000 2000 400 750 1000 40
750 200 750 40
1000 300 1350
800
500 1500 10000 5000 2000 20000 10000 2000 5000 3000 1000
45000 PRESS(lO%) 544000 CAMERA 552000 CAMERA 393000 PRESS(95%)
6000 MASKING 48000 MASKING 78000 PRESS(95%) 16400 MASKING
2500 PLATE 800 PLATE 84000 CAMERA
8000 CAMERA 8000 CAMERA 400 CAMERA 7500 CAMERA 172000 CAMERA 500 20000 CAMERA
4651500
45000 LAYOUT 2000 TYPING 525000 LAYOUT
500 20000 LAYOUT 200000 LAYOUT
57000 TYPING 189000 LAYOUT 128000 REVISION
6000 LAYOUT 60000 LAYOUT 1000000 EDITING
600000 OCT. 90 240000 OCT.90 640000 OCT. 90 360000 OCT. 90 72000 OCT.90 500000 NOV. 90 360000 NOV.90 120000 NOV.90
FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS N32 FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS C/9 FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS CI8 FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS N31
STAT 170 2400 STAT 170 2400 STAT 170 2400 STAT 170 2400
408000 CAMERA-READY 408000 CAMERA-READY 408000 CAMERA-READY 408000 CAMERA-READY
MIMEO DUPLICATION YEAR
1988 1989 1990
TOTAL JOBS 2176 2176 1672
TOTAL ORIGINAL PAGES 30536 29030 24081
TOTAL PRINTED PAGES 8547143 7213363 6066448
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PAGES 14 12.9 16.8
AVERAGE NUMBER OF COPIES 290 274.2 381.5
OFFSET DUPLICATION YEAR
1988 1989 1990
TOTAL JOBS 303 285 370
TOTAL ORIGINAL PAGES 4858 4136 7393
TOTAL PRINTED PAGES 7985885 5283175 13974010
AVERAGE NUMBER OF PAGES 21.5 15.3 30.4
AVERAGE NUMBER OF COPIES 1119.5 1158.5 1666.9
PUBLISHING SERVICE WORKFLOW
Although the following chart is self-explanatory, the one point to be emphasized is the flow of documents from the pools to Documents Control and vice-versa; once the document is print-ready, Documents Control will then submit it to Reproduction Plant for processing.
DOCUMENTS AND PUBLISHING SERVICE WORKFLOW
DOCUMENTS RECEIVED FOR PROCESSING
TRANSLATION~
REVISION
I
!...-JTYPING PROOFREADING
GRAPHIC PRESENTATIO UNIT
• -01:-...-.;~DISTRIBUTION
1. Documents Control - Translation - Original language to typing 2. Translated text to typing
3. Typed text to revision (Translation Section) 4. Revised text to typing
5. Revised and typed to proofreading 6. Proofread text to typing for corrections
7. Corrected final text to stencil or DocumentsTyping Unit 8. DocumentsControl - Reproduction - Distribution
27
How These Two Sections Work as One System
The duties and responsibilities for the Documents Control Section and the Reproduction Section must be clear and coherent and the implementation of a system among them is a must. A system in which an order of document flow, from conception to reproduction must be designed. The path in which the status of the document can be verified with the least amount of difficulties. A system where Documents Control will establish, with Production Control, the following:
1. A priority list
(which document should be processed first)
2. Every document to be processed must be logged in and given a date in and date out;
3. No change in priority, unless it is with the approval of the Director;
4. Once the document is submitted from Documents Control to Production Control, it is the responsibility of the Reproduction Section to produce the document;
5. A one-hour meeting once a week must be established among the Director, Production Control, Documents Control and the Reproduction and Distribution Sections in order to establish scheduling,strategy for future meetings,and execution of the priority list.
Finally, this system will help narrow the communication gap now existing.
Supervisor*
Asst. Supervisor"
Camera& Offset
~_---l..i_ _ I
I
Camera (1)fl(')ffiet(3)
29 ChiefDPS Organization
Supervisor Asst. Supervisor Mimeo& Bindery
supervisor/asst. perform camera and platemaking work SET UP OF PRINTING 1990
Sub-Unit No. of staff Main equipment -Type Age
Camera 3 Elfasol vert. camera 50x60 em 8
Robertson horiz. camera 40x50 em 20
nuAre plate frame 8
manual film and plate development and drying
Mimeo 4 6 Gestetner A4 duplicators 8-15
I Gestetner A3 duplicators 12
Offset 4 Solna 125 A2 l/lO press 23
Heidelberg SORK A2 110 press 6
Gestetner 213 A3 110 presses 5,15
Bindery 5 Stahl KS78 A2 folder (3 folds) 7
A3 folder (I fold) 18
Minabinda Perfect Binder 20
2 Manual Stitchers 15
Come cutter Al 6
Manual Collating
Total 18 (+ 5 temporary staff for collating)
*
ORGANIZATION AND STAFFING
Documents and Publishing Service -- Personnel Structure Noyember 1990 Chief P3 - Pentii Viluksela
Documents and Reproduction Officer L2 Yemane Solomon Layout Assitance 05 Teshome Barnabas
Overhead post: Technician G6 Encumbered by other section
Typing Unit (20 OS)
Supervisor 07 (WS 50%) Brenda Prouty
Assistant Supervisor 06 (WS 80%) Etenesh Aberra Typists 03
French: 5 English: 5 Arabic: 2 Proofreaders 04
French: 2 English: 2 Arabic: 2
Note: 2 typist posts encumbered in other sections
Camera & Offset (6 OS)
Supervisor G6 (WS 901Yo) Mulugeta Kassa
Assistant Supervisor 05 (WS95%) Negash G. Yohanes Camera and Platemaking staff05
Mimeo and Bindery (12 GS)
Supervisor 07 (WS400;;J) Ahmed Mohamed
Assistant Supervisor 06 (WS80%) Bekele Haile Selassie 5 Mimeo operators 03
5 Bindery operators/collators
Note: 1 bindery posts encumbered from other sections
Distribution Unit (5 GS) Supervisor 06 - Victoria Berhane
Sr. Documents Clerk 04 3 Documents Clerk 03 1 Vacancy 03
Note: 1 documents clerk posts encumbered by other sections.
PROPOSED PERSONNEL STRUCTURE
Centralization of Personnel Structure Reproduction Plant
The most critical factor in restructuring the Reproduction Section is managerial. The success of the programme lies completely in the managerial skills of the assigned individuals to carry the project through. A manager with the combination of dedication, motivation, skilled communication and technical know-howcan follow this plan of action through and achieve progressive results in an established amount of time.
Hence the commitment and support of the administration toward the managerial group must be constant.
Responsibilitiesmust be delegated according to the structure. Each team leader in his respective area (press, pre-press, bindery) is responsible for his own unit,each task given by the supervisor must be completed within an established amount of time. At the same time, the supervisor and assistant supervisors should be given full autonomy to process their work through from start to finish.
The staff members in this section should fall under one central authority, "The Plant Manager".
ORGANIGRAM OF REPRODUCTION SECTION
(2)
CHIEF
I
DOC. & REP. OFFICERr- I
LAYOUT ASSISTANTI
I I I
TYPING MIMEO & BINDERY DJSIRIBlJIlCI-l
SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR
ASST.SUPERVISOR ASST. SUPERVISOR 5IXX'.a.ERKS
13TYPISTS 5 MIMEO OPERATOR (1)
5 PROOFREADERS 4 BINDERY MlO CAMERA & OFFSET
1MESSENGER/O
SUPERVISOR
ASST. SUPERVISOR 1CAMERA PL. TECH 3OFFSET OPERATOR
NOTES:
(1) Partial Supervision
(2) 3Temporary staff for manual collating
STAFF TOTALS:
Typing 21
Reproduction 18
Distribution 6
Others 3
TOTAL 48
33
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post:
Qualifications:
Languages:
Education and Experience:
JOB DESCRIPTION Chief of Reproduction Plant
Professional - P-3 Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
Under the direction of the Director, is responsible for the operation of the Reproduction Plant, which consists of: pre-press, press, bindery and mechanical repair shop.
Directly supervises the allocation of First Shift work, its quality and its timely issuance in accordance with established meeting schedules.
Assures proper flow of work, utilization of equipment and adjustment of production methods when the occasion demands.
Maintains records for the Director as follows: attendance sheets, production sheets, performance evaluation reports, spoilage reports and other relevant First Shift records. Responsible for implementation of directives laid down by the Director for the scheduling of maintenance for equipment in the Reproduction Plant and for keeping records of scheduled maintenance. Is alert to equipment conditions and informs the Director of repairs and replacements that are needed and of new equipment which would increase productivity.
Fluency in English; working knowledge of other working languages desirable.
University or equivalent. Minimum of ten years at his or trade in a recognized establishment or organization with offset web/sheet-fed presses and saddle stitch and perfect binding equipment. A thorough technical knowledge of production methods and processes in the offset pre-press, pressing and finishing trades.
Post Tide:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Chief of Production Control Professional - P-2
Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
Direct and guide the operations of production control in consultation with other services concerned to carry out the responsibilities of the Reproduction Section in meeting the daily production deadlines for documents and publications produced internally. Manage the Section's capital equipment and supplies account.
(a) Schedule the daily work to be done in the Reproduction Plant, according to priorities;
(b) Determine the most suitable method to beused, bearing in mind the nature of the work and the capacity of the Plant in relation to deadlines;
(c) Check all work produced in the Plant for accuracy and manufacturing quality;
(d) Assign and advise author department') on technical requirement') for submission of material for internal printing;
(e) Co-ordinate the work produced internally for the approved publishing programme and prepare a monthly status report for the Publications Board and all programme managers on the use of internal printing facilities at ECA for the production of sales publications, public information material, stationery and miscellaneous printing requirements;
(f) Attend the weekly co-ordinatingmeeting with Documents Control;
(g) Direct the work of the Supply and Stock Control operations. Approve all requests for the acquisition of equipment, paper, film and all other supplies for the Section before authorization and certification by the Director and Executive Office;
35
Qualifications:
Languages:
Education and Experience:
(h) Ensure that all requisitions for capital equipment and internal supplies remain within budget allocations;
(i) Keep accounts for the Division up to date and prepare a monthly status report on expenditures and obligations;
(j) Attend weekly meetings called by the Director of the Division.
Participate in the discussions relating to personnel, production, financial and administrative matters;
(k) Draft memoranda for the Director on matters relating to production control activities, prepare and discuss performance evaluation reports and other personnel matters with the Prod uction Control staff. Carry out special assignments as directed by the Director of the Division.
Fluency in English.
Formal training in photolithography and printing production methods from a recognized technical or in-plant establishment. Administrative experience and complete familiarity with the operation of an offset and bindery plant.
A minimum of ten years practical experience in in-plant, with at least five years of continuous experience in production control activities.
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties:
1. Productivity:
II. Quality Assurance
III. Training:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Shift Supervisor - Reproduction Plant General Service -
Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
Under the direction of the Chief of Plant, oversee the operation of the shift.
Maintain production schedules and quality standards. Supervise Assistant Supervisors in the pre-press, press and bindery areas.
With the Chief of Plant, develop technical and safety training programmes;
implement preventive maintenance programme; oversee waste reduction with Assistant Supervisors. Perform administrative functions, direct mechanics in their duties.
(a) Plan work flow so that documents are produced quickly and efficiently on schedule;
(b) Co-ordinate activities of pre-press, press and bindery with Assistant Supervisors;
(c) Provide coverage in any of the three areas;
(d) Assign staff members to various work areas as work load requires.
(a) Evaluate quality of work with Team Leader prior to production, decide the best method;
(b) Check quality of work produced and initial each job released to distribution.
(a) Implement training programmes as discussed with the Chief of Plant;
(b) Suggest training programmes as discussed with the Chief of Plant;
(c) Investigate seminars, etc., make recommendations;
(d) Provide training to staff members based on knowledge and experience.
37
IV. Safety:
V. Maintenance:
(a) Provide safety instructions to staff members;
(b) Ensure safety procedures are followed and proper equipment is used;
(c) Machines or tools that are in an unsafe condition must be removed from service until repairs can be made.
(a) Implement preventive maintenance programme and oversee its can tinuance;
(b) Direct the activities of external and internal mechanics.
VI. Waste Reductionl (a) Make recommendations to reduce waste;
Control
(b) Control paper waste by accurate use of press counters. VII. Staff
Relations:
VIII. Administration:
Qual ificalions Languages:
Education and Experience:
(a) Attend staff meetings, report on
activities, productivity, quality, attendance, equipment and plant conditions.
(a) Summarize production statistics reports;
(b) Validate attendance report;
(c) Prepare productivity status report;
(d) Prepare quality status report;
(e) Submit report on supply consumption;
(D
Compile maintenance report.Facility in English
Minimum of ten years trade "hands on" experience in the supervision of an offset web and sheetfed press, saddle stitch and perfect binding operation.
Degree from a printing technology institution would also be desirable. A thorough knowledge of production methods, inter-personnel relations, and printing industry trade practices is essential.
Summary of Responsibilities of Team Leader
1. At the beginning of each shift:
(a) Meets with his counterpart to discuss the status of work in progress;
(b) Reviews and assesses the situation of the workload in the lightof the deadlines as scheduled in the daily priority list and Production Control;
(c) Briefs the assigned staff and co-ordinates the assignment of the work of their respective Units accordingly.
2. During the course of the shift:
(a) Consults with or prepares a report to the Supervisor or Chief of the Plant on matters or problems relating to equipment, supplies, maintenance, production and staff matters that might arise during hisscheduled shift;
(b) Maintains overall supervision throughout the shift to ensure a smooth work flow between units;
(c) Ensures that the jobs are processed on time to meet scheduled deadlines.
3. At the end of the shift:
(a) Updates the Priority List and Production Control schedule for briefing and meeting with the Supervisor.
39
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Senior Mechanic Manual Worker - M-4 Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
Under the general supervision of the Chief of the Reproduction Plant, is responsible for the maintenance and repair of all equipment in the Reproduction and Distribution Sections:
1. Maintenance - Repair - Assembly:
Constantly monitors the function, operation and level of all machinery and equipment to ensure correct and safe operation. Example of machinery: camera's developer, folding machines, offset presses, both web and sheet fed mimeograph.
2. Design and Re-design:
Constructs new parts for above machinery to maintain proper and safe operation. Reconstruct faulty parts, welds, machines, or makes other modifications as needed.
3. Ordering - Record Keeping:
Maintains constant inventory of parts, tools and equipment to keep machine shop running and also to keep Reproduction area running.
Keeps inventory and record of parts and equipment received.
4. Is responsible for the scheduling and record keeping of servicing and repairs of all equipment.
5. Instructs operators in repair work and, in particular, In the operation and maintenance of the above equipment.
6. Gives advice and instructions to operational personnel in matters of operation and maintenance.
7. Works independently and supervises the work of the staff assigned
Qualifications Languages:
Education and Experience:
Facility inEnglish.
High school or equivalent. Must have mechanical/machinist experience, preferably in printing and bindery equipment. Should have a good knowledge of industrial motor control and electronics, and in the operation of printing equipment.
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post
Qualifications Languages:
Education and Experience:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Heavy Offset Pressman General Service - TC-6 Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
1. Under the supervision of the Assistant Shift Supervisor, makes ready and operates litho offset press sheet fed.
Reproduces Meeting Services documentation in three official languages:
forms, maps,graphs and other publications of various sizes and formats in line, halftone to be printed in black or multi-colored ink on different types of papers stocks.
2. Mixes chemicals to maintain ink and water balance, checks copy and layouts for quality of jobs. Ensures a good job and a timely production. Is aware of safety regulations and applies them.
3. Provides daily routine maintenance, checks and trouble shoots malfunctions, wear of parts to assure proper functioning of equipment.
4. May be called upon to perform work in pre-press and finishing areas as workload and priorities require.
Facility in English.
High school diploma. Completion of apprenticeship as pressman (format 15" to 36" sheet fed) offset presses. Should have a minimum of4to 5 years related machine and trade experience as a pressman.
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post:
Qualifications Languages:
Education and Experience:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Light Offset Pressman General Service - TC-5 Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
1. Under the supervision of the Assistant Shift Supervisor, operates litho offset press. Reproduces meeting service documentation in three official languages: forms, maps, graphs and other publications of various sizes and formats in line, or halftone;to beprinted on different types of paper stocks.
2. Applies necessary procedures on machine and trade experience and checks copy, layout, page sequence and quality of work produced to ensure that a good job is produced in a timely manner. Is aware of safety regulations and applies them.
3. Provides daily routine maintenance, checks and troubleshoot') malfunctions, wear of parts to assure proper functioning of equipment.
4. Trains new operators of Small Press Unit in all functions of operations and safety- related matters. Coordinates efforts of new operators in the timely expediting of jobs and duties to be performed.
Reports status and progress of trainees to supervisor of relative shift.--
Facility in English.
High school diploma. Graphic Arts printing education desirable. Trade and machine experience on sheetfed offset press of three to four years.
43
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post:
Oualifications Languages:
Education and Experience:
JOB DESCRIPTION Cameraman
General Service - TC-5 Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
I. Sizes up copy for same size. reduction or enlargement in a variety of single color or multi-color negatives and positives for the preparation of stripped work for print plates used in reproduction.
2. Operates automatic cameras, film processors, light sources, lenses of various focal lengths. chemicals, developers. fixers and control of variable exposures, illumination of copy board and aperture settings, speeds of processors, temperature registration systems such as butterfly or crosshair for hairline tolerance of .001 inch.
3. Operates contact frame to produce paper pOSItIVes, paper duplicates, film positives and film duplicators, shrinks and spreads.
4. Full knowledge on how to use different kinds of filters. Also knowledge of negative retouching and of stripping.
5. Maintains equipment: cleaning, oiling and minor repairs.
6. Trains junior camera operators.
English and being able to differentiate between other UN languages.
Training by chemical company such as Kodak,Dupont or Gevaert; and on-the-job training.
Requires ability to use the automatic processor, and to develop film manually by safety light vision and tray agitation.
Requires skill in mounting and centering of copy, preventing unwanted exposure and waste of film, and ability to make computations using a slide rule to reduce or enlarge; also to assure proper density and image fidelity. Good knowledge of blueprint ozalid reproduction machine.
Trade school -five years of practical experience with an in-plant shop.
45
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post:
Qualifications Languages:
Education and Experience:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Junior Layout Technician General Service - TC- 5 Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
Under the direction of the Assistant Supervisor of the Unit, prepares for plate-making negatives, positives and stencils by layout, stripping, line-up, imposition, amending,registering, checking,scraping, scribing and identifying. Co-ordinates covers, artwork and text matter. On occasions, prepares copy for camera by checking, layout, amending, stripping, marking by enlargements or reducing. Under close supervision, separates for color, and, on occasion, strips halftone and line combinations and other work requiring special skills.
Facility in English
High school diploma; Graphic Arts printing education desirable. Trade and machine experience on sheetfed offset press of three to four years.
Post Title:
Category and Level:
Department:
Duties of Post:
Qualifications Languages:
Education and Experience:
JOB DESCRIPTION
Junior Platemaker - Machine Operator General Service - TC-4
Conference Services
Documents and Publishing Service
Under the direction of the Assistant Supervisor of the Unit, the duties of the Junior Platemaker are to make metal or paper plates 10" x 16"
to 22" x 34" in size. To etch, counteretch, expose, develop, and preserve offset plates, and in this capacity, to compound chemicals entailed in the operation of platemaking. To have sufficient mechanical and technical knowledge to ensure utilization of all equipment to full capacity, and to improvise new methods of reproduction when the occasion demands.
Facility in English
High school or previous technical experience as an assistant or apprentice platemaker.
47
PROPOSAL FOR ECA PRINTSHOP LAYOUT
ECA PRINTSHOP
•
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DATE
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•
NO.
•
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1. "'edottedlin. reflects the ef ect.e-Ice! supply.
A("('(')lm1()(lat:.lonha.s to be 1I\;.1Qe- fOf" the electcical out.Iets every 3 metres.
2. 11le .solidline ["eflect:!l the w&ter line. Watel"
supply lines to~made accocding to the (X)8ition o[ the equipoent.
J. The equipment position doe. not reflect the fi ....1 arrangements. Arrangement.s wi 11 have to be made [or the dtaterce .00 the poSitionorthe equipment. 4. The toilet. "i II have toberedesigned .nd
["@activated.
11). The rnr.in eontcancehas tobeenlarged. Afler / '
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i Shelf i
4bJ~Q~P~D-=-=B~1 R
e
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Distribution
Additional windows Additional light wall & doorl. / Additional water & drain Shelf used as wall between
printshop and library
~ OJ
The next three chapters, "Inventory", "Training" and "Maintenance", are primarily for the Chief of Plant's (or the appointed Supervisor's) usage, to plan ahead on how to deal with these three aspects.
49
COMPUTERIZATION OF INVENTORY
Computerization of Inventory and Material Economics
A computer system should be used to maintain inventory control. Normally,the plant manager is responsible for ensuring that the proper amount of departmental materials and supplies are available, e.g., paper, ink, plates, developer,solvents, etc. This responsibility holds true regardless of whether it is the manager or the purchasing department that does the actual ordering. In some instances, the inplant manager is also responsible for either maintaining the customer's inventory of finished printed materials or at least for establishing the reorder points and quantity, e.g., when inventory drops to 1,000, order 5,000 more. The logic for maintaining control is based on a combination of usage, replacement time, shelf life, storage space and economics.
Inventory control of materials and supplies involves, among others, the following considerations:
1. Usage: How much are we using in a particular period? If, for example, we use between 250,000 and 300,000 sheets of (A4) or 8-112" x 11 ", 20 lb. bond per month with 500,000 during September, our first consideration is to ensure that the quantities we order make use of this information.
2. Replacement Time: From the time an order is placed to actual delivery, how much time is involved? Again, using paper for an example, ifit's a stock paper house item such as 8-112" x II ", 20 lb. bond, delivery would probably take place during the next week or two from Addis Ababa or Europe. So, theoretically then, we need to maintain only three weeks inventory, which even makes allowanced for one day for conditioning time (sometimes paper requires an adjustment time to approach plant conditions). Butifour paper were of a special size which was only stocked at the paper mill or had to be specially prepared, act delivery may then require anywhere from one to six months. If such stock were used regularly, the plant would have to maintain at least a one to eight-week inventory, as appropriate. In actuality,ifdelivery time was normally four weeks, inventory should probably be planned to allow for six weeks delivery as a means of providing a margin for the unexpected.
51
3. Shelf Life: Everything has a shelf life. With plates and film, it is easily determined because an expiration date is prominently posted. Although cold will extend film life, shelf life is still a factor to be considered when ordering. With inks, a shelf life of six months to a year may be assumed, but with proper care the inks can last for a considerably longer period. Liquid chemicals are prone to evaporation; powders are subjected to deterioration through absorption of humidity, causing them to perish. Even paper can turn colors or be subjected to a mill dropping a particular color or hue which thenceforth cannot be matched for future orders.
Although proper care, such as the prompt resealing of containers and the maintenance of a relatively controlled storage atmosphere, can preserve papers shelf life for many years or well beyond the usage point, shelf life should always be considered when placing ordering.
4. Storage Space: An inplant requires space for production equipment and personnel to work effectively. In addition, space for work in process (or jobs currently being manufactured), storage and miscellaneous areas (such as for the manager's desk or office and for customer communications) must alsobe provided. The dollars saved through ordering in larger quantities or through the maintenance of excessive inventories may prove false economies when they are seen as a part of the total picture.
5. Economics: Most materials and supplies are costed based on the quantity ordered. For example, buying four cartons of paper instead of one would probably reduce the unit price by 10 or IS%. Similarly, buying twenty-five pounds of ink will cost considerably less per unit than when buying one pound of ink.
In conclusion, the plant manager will have to design a computerized system of inventory control, taking into consideration: storage space, economics, replacement time and staff required to support and maintain the system. Proper control of inventory will contribute substantial savings in time,
TRAINING
Preliminary on the job training by suppliers must be provided after equipment installation.
a) Training in typesetting technology to start in 1991.
b) Offset press operation to commence in 1991.
c) Designing lay-out technology to commence in 1991.
d) Binding technology to commence with installation of the equipment.
e) Operation of electro-mehanical equipment.
A further comprehensive training should beconducted by a master of printing crafts as soon as all the equipment is installed and working. For this training, I recommend that one of our retired Supervisors who are familiar with all hands-on aspects of Lithography and equipment operationbe utilized.
Training Study to beConducted
Once the first phase is completed, the dates for the training of a larger number of the staff will have to be set. Following a study which should seek to determine, among other things, which staff members are to be trained in: Pre-press, Press, Bindery, Inventory Control, Documents Control, Maintenance and Management.
At this same time (after completion of the first phase of training), a decision will have to be made as to who will be given advanced training. Candidates must be chosen taking into consideration their academic background and their command of the English language, (since they will have to absorb oral and written information and then convey it to their subordinates and colleagues.
Training
Once the personnel structure has been established, management should seek out and recognize those individuals with the determination to make the necessary investment in time and effort to learn their particular field in depth.
Five areas where common need for training exist, are:
Managerial
Computer Literacy Pre-Press
Press Bindery
55
Management (Training)
Although the learning process is individually controlled, there are ten qualities that contribute significantly to the success of a Plant Manager or a Supervisor:
1. They exhibit foresight and the ability to execute effective strategic planning. Consequently, they are less likely to beside-tracked by the pursuit of short-term gain at the expense of long-term planning.
2. They estimate in advance their staffing, equipment, financial and other needs to successfully complete a project.
3. They consistently aim toward higher levels of accomplishment by committing themselves to the pursuit of ever-increasing excellence in addition to attaining specific goals.
4. They are not content with safe, predictable performance, but insist on stretching their current levels.
5. They demonstrate extremely high levels of self-confidence and self-worth. Any failure or rejection is treated only as a temporary setback.
6. They have a significant need for responsibility and control. They are not afraid to take action, and seldom feel victimized by their circumstances. They rely on superior communication skills and salesmanship to generate new options for solving old problems.
7. They mentally rehearse key situations. Many managers, for example,rehearse their behavior and the anticipated behavior of their audience before starting an important meeting.
8. They tend to engage in their work for the art and passion of it. Their "mission" matters to them, and they approach it with genuine enthusiasm.
9. They concentrate on solving problems rather than placing blame. As a consequence, they avoid behavior that is self-defeating and counter-productive.
10. They have a tendency to assume ownership of their ideas and products. They prefer to act upon well-considered ideas, testing them to their limits.
While the most successful managers possess particular characteristics that allow them to perform optimally, the qualities mentioned above can, in fact, be learned. Two individuals with this school
COMPUTER LITERACY PROGRAMME
There are two computer areas which have to be covered in order to satisfy the needs of Documents and Publishing Service inventory and typesetting. In both cases, the staff member should be able to identify and discuss the following:
1. activities the computer can perform;
2. available options for processing information with a computer;
3. functions of computer hardware and software;
4. phases of a system development life cycle and to understand the role of the user in this process;
5. current trends in electronic data processing, with particular reference to the ECA environment.
This is for people who have no prior data processing experience. Itwill cover basic terminology, the functions and capabilities of a computer, the phases of a system development cycle, as well as specific topics related to data processing operations in the ECA system. This will also hold true for staff members whose current functions require an understanding of the data processing applications and technology. Department of Administration and Management will provide these services, after completion of the computer installation.
57
Pre-Press
The Pre-Press training consists of the following three areas:
Camera Stripping Platemaking
Camera
The process camera is basically designed to make film negatives or positives from two- dimensional copy. Its essential components are a copyboard, lighting system, process lens and a film board. In conjunction with this, must be a means of processing film,
Available are many types of conventional films as well as conventional film alternatives.
Knowing when to use them can result in both increased quality and dollar savings on material and time.
The two basic categories of copy are line such as type and continuous tOne such as a photograph which must use a proper screen to reproduce to the eye varying shades of gray. This is called a halftone and requires considerably more skill to make than a line shot. Coupled with these are such effects as duotones.
There are also two basic camera classifications which are horizontal and vertical, For example, filters and possibly back lighting may be essential to meet the basic needs.
The bottom line is that manufacturers are constantly striving for making cameras produce better quality through simpler means and suppliers are doing the same with the film and related areas plus constantly introducing new products by the most knowledgeable camerapersons with the proper
