ZOONOTIC ONCHOCERCIASIS CAUSED BY A PARASITE FROM WILD BOAR IN OITA, JAPAN
A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORMS FOR ITS DIAGNOSIS
TAKAOKA H.*, BAIN O.**, UNI S.***, KORENAGA M.****, KOZEK W.J.*, SHIRASAKA C*****,
AOKI C*. OTSUKA Y.*. FUKUDA M.*. ESHITA Y.* & DAA T. ******
Summary:
Histological examination of a nodule removed from the back of the hand of a 58-year-old woman from Oita, Kyushu, Japan showed an Onchocerca female sectioned through the posterior region of the worm (ovaries identifiable) and young (thin cuticle).
Six Onchocerca species are enzootic in that area: O . gutturosa and O . lienalis in cattle, O . suzukii in serows [Capricornis crispus), O. skrjabini and an Onchocerca sp. in Cervus nippon nippon, and O . dewittei japonica in wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax). Diagnostic charactets of female Onchocerca species, such as the cuticle and its ridges, change along the body length. Tables of the histologic morphology of the mid- and posterior body-regions of the local species are presented. In addition, it was observed that transverse ridges arose and thickened during the adult stage (examination of fourth stage and juvenile females of O. volvulus). The specimen described in this report, with its prominent and widely spaced ridges, was identified as O . d. japonica. Four of the 10 zoonotic cases of onchocerciasis reported worldwide were from Oita, three of them being caused by O . d. japonica, the prevalence of which in local wild boar was 2 2 of 2 4 (92 %).
KEY WORDS : zoonosis, Japan, Onchocerca dewittei japonica, wild boar.
Z
OONOTIC ONCHOCERCIASIS IS A RARE INFECTION IN HUMANS: A TOTAL OF NINE CASES HAS BEEN PRE- VIOUSLY DESCRIBED WORLDWIDE IN THE LAST 4 0 YEARS (BURR etal, 1 9 9 8 ; PAMPIGLIONE eta!., 2 0 0 1 ; TAKAOKAetal., 2 0 0 1 ) ; INTERESTINGLY, THREE OF THEM WERE REPORTED FROM THE SAME LOCALITY, OITA, KYUSHU, JAPAN; ONE CASE WAS DESCRIBED B Y BOTH BEAVER et al. ( 1 9 8 9 ) AND HASHI- MOTO et al. ( 1 9 9 0 ) , AND THE OTHERS B Y TAKAOKA et al.
( 1 9 9 6 , 2 0 0 1 ) . THE NEW CASE REPORTED HERE ALSO OCCURRED
*Department of Infectious Disease Control. Oita University, Hasama- cho, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
** Parasitologie comparée et Modèles expérimentaux, associé à 1TNSERM (11567), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et École Pra- tique des Hautes Études, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
*** Department of Medical Zoology. Osaka City University Medical School. Abeno-ku. Osaka 5-45-8585. Japan.
**** Department of Parasitology. Kochi University, Nankoku-shi.
Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
***** Notsuharu Hospital. Notsuharu-cho, Oita 879-7101. Japan.
****** Department of Pathology, Oita University, Hasama-cho, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
Correspondence: Hiroyuki Takaoka, Tel.: +81-97-586-5700 - Fax: +81-975-86-5702.
E-mail: [email protected]
Resume : ONCHOCERCOSE ZOONOTIQUE À OITA, JAPON AVEC LA DESCRIPTION D'UN QUATRIEME CAS
Une femme de 58 ans vivant à Oita, Kyushu, Japon, a un nodule sur le dos de la main; l'histologie révèle la présence d'une onchocerque femelle, jeune (cuticule mince), sectionnée dans la région postérieure (ovaires identifiés). Six espèces sont présentes dans la région: O . gutlurosa et O . lienalis chez le bétail, O . suzukii chez le serow Capricornis crispus, O . skrjabini et Onchocerca sp. chez Cervus n. nippon et O . dewittei japonica chez le sanglier, Sus scrofa leucomystax. Un tableau de leurs caractères discriminatifs histologiques est effectué, en distinguant les régions moyenne et postérieure du corps. Des stades 4 et des femelles juvéniles d'onchocerque sont aussi observés (O. volvulus); elles montrent que les côtes transversales se forment et s épaississent durant le stade adulte. Le spécimen étudié, avec ses côtes transversales remarquablement saillantes et espacées, peut être identifié à O . d . japonica. Quatre des 10 cas d'onchocercose zoonotique connus dans le monde proviennent d'Oita et trois d'entre eux sont dûs à O . d . japonica; 9 2 % des 24 sangliers examinés dans la région sont parasités par cette onchocerque.
MOTS CLÉS
: zoonose, Japon, Onchocerca dewittei japonico, sanglier.IN THIS REGION, IN A PATIENT WHO HAS NOT TRAVELLED OUT- SIDE KYUSHU. THESE FOUR CASES SUGGEST THE EXISTENCE OF LOCAL CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF ANIMAL Onchocerca SPECIES TO HUMANS.
OITA IS A REGION WITH CULTIVATED AREAS, CATTLE RANCHES, AND WILD-LIFE SANCTUARIES (MT. SOBO, 1 , 7 5 6 M HIGH) THAT SHELTER THE WILD UNGULATES: SEROWS (Capricornis crispus
TEMMINCK), SIKA DEER (.Cervus nippon nippon ( T E M - MINCK)) AND WILD BOAR (Sus scrofa leucomystax T E M - MINCK). STUDIES DONE DURING THE PAST FIFTEEN YEARS (TAKAOKA etal., 1 9 8 9 ; TAKAOKA & BAIN, 1 9 9 0 : YAGI el al., 1 9 9 4 ; TAKAOKA, 1 9 9 4 ; UNI etal., 1 9 9 7 ; TAKAOKA, 1 9 9 9 ; UNI el al., 2 0 0 1 ) HAVE SHOWN THE DIVERSITY OF
Onchocerca SPECIES ENZOOTIC IN OITA. IN ADDITION TO TWO COSMOPOLITAN PARASITES FROM CATTLE, O. gutturosa NEU- MANN, 1 9 1 0 , AND O. lienalis STILES, 1 8 9 2 , FOUR OTHER SPE- CIES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED FROM WILD UNGULATES IN OITA, OF WHICH ONE HAS NOT YET BEEN DESCRIBED (UNI et al., IN PREPARATION): O. suzukii YAGI, BAIN & SHOHO, 1 9 9 4 , FROM SEROW, WHICH MAY ALSO B E TRANSFUGE IN CATTLE (UNI
et al., 1 9 9 7 ) , O. skrjabini RUKHLYADEV, 1 9 6 4 , A PALEARCTIC SPECIES FROM CERVIDS (BAIN & SCHULZ-KEY, 1 9 7 4 ; BARUS
P a r a s i t e . 2 0 0 4 . 11. 2 8 5 - 2 9 2
Mémoire 285
IN OITA, JAPAN
A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS O F MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE W O R M S FOR ITS DIAGNOSIS Article available athttp://www.parasite-journal.orgorhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2004113285
TAKAOKA H., BAIN O. & UNI S. ET AL.
Fig. 1. - Onchocerca s p e c i e s in O i t a , J a p a n , h i s t o l o g i c s e c t i o n s . A t o C , from t h e p a t i e n t . A: T u m o r s h o w i n g t h e t w o w o r m s e c t i o n s a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g t i s s u e r e a c t i o n . B : T r a n s v e r s e s e c t i o n o f f e m a l e w o r m s h o w i n g t h e t w o - l a y e r e d c u t i c l e , tall s o m a t i c c e l l s , m a r k e d lateral c h o r d s , f o u r s e c t i o n s o f o v a r i e s ( o n e o r t w o r e p r o d u c t i v e d u c t s ) , a n d t h e s m a l l i n t e s t i n e . C : L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f f e m a l e w o r m s h o w i n g m a r k e d t r a n s v e r s e r i d g e s o n t h e e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e o f t h e c u t i c l e . D t o F. F e m a l e b o d y c u t i c l e o f t h r e e Onchocerca s p e c i e s from w i l d u n g u lates, l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n s . D : O. deuitteijaponica from w i l d b o a r . E: O. skrjahini from Cervns n. nippon. F: Onchocerca s p . from Cervus n. nippon.
S c a l e s b a r s in u m : A , 2 0 0 ; B , 3 0 ; C - F , 5 0 .
286 P a r a s i t e , 2 0 0 4 , 11, 2 8 5 - 2 9 2
M é m o i r e
ZOONOTIC ONCHOCERCIASIS IN JAPAN
& K o u b e k , 1 9 9 3 ) , and the c l o s e l y related s p e c i e s , Onchocerca sp. Uni, Bain & T a k a o k a , both from sika in Oita, and O. dewittei japonica Uni, Bain & T a k a o k a , 2 0 0 1 , from wild boar.
Definitive identification was possible o f the causative agent o f o n e o f the human c a s e s as O. el. japonica ( T a k a o k a et al., 2 0 0 1 ) b e c a u s e the male filaria had the cuticular longitudinal crests characteristic o f the male o f this s p e c i e s (Uni et al., 2 0 0 1 ) . O n e s p e c i m e n from the s e c o n d human c a s e (Takaoka et al, 1996), reported before the discovery o f O. d. japonica, was later s h o w n to correspond to O. d. japónica ( T a k a o k a et al, 2 0 0 1 ) . The filaria o f the first c a s e ( B e a v e r et al., 1 9 8 9 ; Hashi
moto et al. 1990) had not b e e n identified b e c a u s e only transverse sections w e r e available for e x a m i n a t i o n ; however, the possibility was ruled out that it was the Onchocerca s p e c i e s from a s e r o w discovered earlier (Suzuki et al, 1982), but not described at that time.
As part o f the identification o f the fourth c a s e o f z o o notic o n c h o c e r c i a s i s in Oita reported here, w e have summarized the characteristics o f local Onchocerca species. T h e s e characteristics are visible in histologic s e c t i o n s and are b a s e d o n descriptions o f mature worms. W e took into consideration that cuticular and hypodermal characteristics c h a n g e along the length o f the female. Moreover, the w o r m identified in this c a s e report was apparently young, s o w e set out to collect data o n the d e v e l o p m e n t o f the cuticle and its orna
mentation from the s p e c i m e n s o f O. volvulus (Leuckart.
1893) material deposited in museum collections, for use for this diagnosis and identification o f Onchocerca spp. in histologic sections.
MATERIALS A N D METHODS
A
nodule was d e t e c t e d in early April 2 0 0 3 in a 58-year-old w o m a n living in Notsuharu, Oita Prefecture, in southwestern J a p a n . T h e s u b c u t a n e o u s swelling was on the b a c k o f the left h a n d ; the lesion w a s inflamed and tender o n April 10, 2003- T h e nodule, about 2.5 c m in diameter, was b i o p s i e d at Notsuharu Hospital o n the s a m e day, fixed in 10 % for
malin, s e c t i o n e d , and stained with hematoxylin-eosin.
T w o histologic sections o f the nodule available for study c o n t a i n e d a n e m a t o d e surrounded by granulo
matous tissue infiltrated with many lymphocytes, histio
cytes (= epithelioid cells), and eosinophils (Fig. 1A-C).
T h e remains o f the nodule ( c o l l e c t i o n n u m b e r MNHN 441 S E ) w e r e dissected in l a c t o p h e n o l for recovery o f the remaining w o r m s e g m e n t s , but n o n e was found.
Laboratory examination and tests o f the patient's b l o o d and serum included a c o m p l e t e b l o o d cell count, including a differential b l o o d count, the activities o f aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and
lactate dehydrogenase, and the C-reactive protein level.
In addition, the patient's serum taken on April 16, 2003 was tested b y ELISA ( K o r e n a g a et al, 1 9 8 3 ) for O. gut- turosa antigens. T h e sera o f 13 Guatemalan p e o p l e giving positive results for O. volvulus and those o f 12 J a p a n e s e p e o p l e giving negative results for the s a m e worm w e r e used as controls.
For comparative studies, w e used histologic sections o f O. d. japonica from wild boar, coll. n u m b e r MNHN 442 and 4 4 3 SE and coll. n u m b e r Osaka City LJniver- sity Medical S c h o o l ( O C U M S ) 0 0 1 3 3 - 1 A (Fig. I D ) ; O. skrjahini from sika, coll. n u m b e r OCUMS 0 2 7 8 6 - 1 (Fig. I E ) ; Onchocerca sp. Uni, Bain & T a k a o k a , 2 0 0 3 from sika, coll. n u m b e r OCLJMS 2 0 2 4 9 - 3 (Fig. I F ) ; w h o l e s p e c i m e n s o f O. volvulus female fourth-stage larvae ( n o vulvar o p e n i n g ) r e c o v e r e d b y H. J . Win- khardt in 1 9 8 5 from an experimentally infected Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, coll. n u m b e r MNHN, 310 E D ; and two female young adults (vulva o p e n ) , isolated from human nodules by H. Schulz-Key in 1982. coll. n u m b e r MNHN. 4 4 4 SE.
The following histologic and m o r p h o l o g i c characteris
tics o f adult w o r m s w e r e taken from a k e y o f Oncho
cerca s p e c i e s ( B a i n , 1 9 8 1 ) : ( i ) c u t i c l e : t h i c k n e s s , n u m b e r o f layers, external ridges (spacing, height, and width at b a s e ) , internal striae, longitudinal grooves, and lateral thickenings; (ii) symmetry o f the body; (iii) hypo- dermal lateral chords: height and width at b a s e ; (iv) muscles: thickness, approximate number per quadrant;
and (v) diameters o f the intestine and the body. T h e m o r p h o l o g i c characteristics o f the m i d b o d y region w e r e taken from published descriptions; for the pos
terior region, w h i c h has not b e e n described in detail, w e measured several published figures (Bain & Schulz- Key, 1 9 7 4 ; Bain, 1 9 7 5 ; Bain et al, 1 9 7 8 ; Uni et al, 2 0 0 1 ) .
RESULTS
B
lood and chemistry tests w e r e within reference limits e x c e p t for e o s i n o p h i l i a ( 6 . 5 % ) . T h e patient's serum reacted with the O. gutturosa antigen. T h e optical density by ELISA for O. gutturosa antigen was as follows: 1.38 in the patient, 0 . 0 2 7 5 ( 0 . 0 1 0 and 0 . 1 2 6 ; median with 25th and 75th percentiles) in J a p a n e s e subjects (negative controls) and 0.95 ( 0 . 5 1 a n d 1.90) in G u a t e m a l a n s u b j e c t s ( p o s i t i v e controls).
DESCRIPTION OF WORM FROM THE PATIENT
Only two histologic sections o f the worm, o n e trans
verse (Fig. 1B) and the other o b l i q u e (Fig. 1C), w e r e available for study. T h e description o f the w o r m is as follows ( T a b l e I): dorsoventral symmetry o f body, dia-
Parasite, 2 0 0 a , 11, 2 8 5 - 2 9 2
M é m o i r e 287
Case reports from Oita, Japan
Beaver Takaoka Takaoka Worm sections
el al. 1989 et al. 1996 Present study et al. 2001 of O. d. japonica in tissues of natural host*
Worm sex Female ° Female Female Male Female, uterine level Female, vaginal level 0
Transverse ridges Present Present Present - Present Absent
Longitudinalgrooves or crests Absent Absent Absent Present Absent Absent
Dorsoventral symmetry Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cuticle laterally thickened No No No - No No
Internal transverse striae - Absent Absent - Absent Absent
Cuticle thickness** 14-40 0 0 15-30 4-7 12-17 8-32 2.5
Outer vs. inner layer thickness** Thicker than 9-11 Equal Equal - Equal -
Ridge section - Sharp Sharp - Sharp -
Ridge height/width** - 11/22 5-7/14 - 7-13/12-17 -
Inter-ridge space** - 67-105 40-80 - 110-150
Lateral chord height/width** NR 16-21/26-52 22-24/16-20 15/30 10/45 Mi
Muscle height™ 30 30 18-30 15 45 12
Muscle number per quadrant 5 7-12 5 -7 ? NR 7-12 6
Section diameter** 190-238 182-260 80-100 70-110 150 70-80
Intestine diameter** 5 - 20 15-22 12-22 12 25 15
Worm identification ? O. d. japónica O. d. japónica O. d. japonica O. d. japonica Sex & age of patient F, 2 years old F, 57 years old F, 58 years old F, 52 years old
"Unpublished data. "Measurements in micrometers. NR, not reported. "Transverse sections only. ""Including ridges and confirmed by Hashimoto et al, 1990. F: woman.
Table I. - Morphologic characteristics of worm sections from the 4 human cases in Oita, compared with histologic sections of O. d. japonica from Sus scrofa leucomyslax.
TAKAOKA H, HAINO.S; ET AL.
288 Memoire Parasite, 2004, 7 7. 285-292
ZOONOTK ONCHOCERCIASIS IN JAPAN
meter 8 0 - 1 0 0 pm. Cuticle: 4-7 p m thick, c o m p o s e d o f two layers equal in t h i c k n e s s ; cuticle thicker sublate- rally b e c a u s e the transverse section c r o s s e d through part o f the ridges; external surface with prominent, sharp transverse ridges s p a c e d 4 0 - 8 0 p m apart, thick
ness o f ridges twice that o f cuticle; internal cuticular layer without transverse striae; longitudinal g r o o v e s absent. Lateral chords 22-24 pm thick and up to 2 0 um wide. Thin hypodermis at b a s e o f muscles. Somatic muscles o f the polymyarian-coelomyarian type, muscle cells about 18-30 pm thick, apparently five per qua
drant. Genital tract present only in the transverse s e c tion that contained four small sections identified to ova
ries. Intestine, 12-22 pm in diameter.
HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF ONCHOCERCA SPECIES FROM OITA
Key characteristics are s h o w n in Fig. 2. Comparisons o f the midregion and the posterior region are separate ( T a b l e II). T h e dorsoventral asymmetry o f the b o d y calls for c o m m e n t . Such asymmetry is o b s e r v e d only in O. gutturosa; it has b e e n described by Bain et al.
( 1 9 7 8 ) and also b y Eberhard in his Ph.D. dissertation ( 1 9 7 6 ) , but not in his s u b s e q u e n t article ( 1 9 7 9 ) . Also deserving c o m m e n t are the longitudinal g r o o v e s o f O.
lienalis, described by Bain et al. ( 1 9 7 8 ) . Other cha
racteristics such as ridges and internal striae o f the c o s m o p o l i t a n s p e c i e s h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d earlier b y several authors ( B e a v e r et al., 1 9 7 4 ; Bain, 1 9 7 5 ; Bain et al., 1 9 7 8 ; Eberhard. 1976, 1 9 7 9 ) .
CUTICLE SPECIALIZATION OF O. VOLVULUS
T h e fourth-stage female has a thin cuticle with external striae like those normally s e e n in n e m a t o d e s . T w o young-adult females had a thin cuticle, 7-8 pm at mid- b o d y , consisting o f only o n e layer; the m o r p h o l o g y o f their cuticle d e p e n d s on the degree o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f these worms. T h e smaller female, 22 m m long and 75 p m wide, had an externally striated cuticle, without any ridge, identical to that o f the male (Bain, 1 9 7 5 ) . T h e female that w a s 3 5 . 6 mm long and 7 0 pm w i d e had delicate ridges, 4-6 pm apart, in the midpart o f the b o d y ; internal striae w e r e absent (Fig. 2 H ) . T h e larger female s e e m e d to b e b e g i n n i n g to d e v e l o p its cuticular specialization. In the fully d e v e l o p e d female, the cuticle is 1 0 - 3 0 um thick and is divided into two layers, the external layer with ridges 30-40 p m apart, and the internal layer with two striae b e t w e e n adjoi
ning pairs o f ridges ( B e a v e r et al., 1 9 7 4 ; Bain, 1 9 7 5 ) . H o w e v e r , the anterior region o f the female has the u n s p e c i a l i z e d m o r p h o l o g y o f all o t h e r Onchocerca s p e c i e s .
DISCUSSION
T he specimen reported here was a female o f an Onchocerca species characterized b y the small d i a m e t e r o f t h e i n t e s t i n e , thin h y p o d e r m i s ( B e a v e r et al., 1 9 8 9 ) , and p r e s e n c e o f several regularly spaced transverse ridges. T h e transverse section appears to b e from the posterior region b e c a u s e it passed through the ovaries. T h e cuticle was thinner (4-7 p m ) than in other Onchocerca species, suggesting that the s p e c i m e n was a young female. Observations o f O. vol
vulus have s h o w n cuticular thickening and acquisition o f ridges during the adult stage. T h e young specimen o f the h u m a n c a s e reported here had salient ridges.
Transverse ridges are lacking in O. suzukii and deli
cate in O. lienalis, O. skrjabini, and an Onchocerca sp.
in Oita (Table II). T w o other species, O. gutturosa and O. d. japonica, have salient ridges. In O. gutturosa, the cuticle is thickened in lateral areas, and the posterior region has ridges 10 pm apart, instead o f the 40-80 pm for the s p e c i m e n reported here. Moreover, in O. gut
turosa, the b o d y is dorsoventrally asymmetric, and the lateral chords are m o r e towards the dorsal aspect, a difference a c c e n t u a t e d in the posterior region (Bain et al, 1 9 7 8 ; Eberhard, 1 9 7 6 ) . This difference was not found here, but the validity o f this characteristic for identifying a young individual is uncertain, b e c a u s e the degree o f asymmetry may c h a n g e during maturation.
T h e m o r p h o l o g y o f the n e m a t o d e found in the c a s e reported here fits with that o f O. d. japonica, in which s p e c i e s cuticular ridges are present, and sharp in the posterior region, with a distance b e t w e e n them o f 50- 80 um (Table II). Therefore, this filaría is identified as O. d. japónica. B e a v e r et al. ( 1 9 8 9 ) noted the great variation in the cuticle thickness o f their specimens and concluded that the variation arose b e c a u s e o f the thick transverse ridges. T h e symmetry o f the b o d y o f the female worm and the other characteristics fit those o f O. d. japónica ( T a b l e I ) , so O. d. japónica was also the causative agent o f this first c a s e from Oita.
F o u r o f t h e ten c a s e s o f z o o n o t i c o n c h o c e r c i a s i s reported worldwide at this date have occurred in Oita, J a p a n , and the causative agent incriminated in at least three o f these h u m a n c a s e s is O. d. japónica, a para
site o f wild boar. In other countries, Onchocerca spe
cies from cattle or horses have b e e n implicated in h u m a n infections. T h e p r e s e n c e o f O. d. japónica in wild b o a r has recently b e e n reported (LIni et al, 2 0 0 1 ) and its p r e v a l e n c e is high in Oita: b e t w e e n August 22, 2001 and March 6, 2 0 0 3 , o f the 24 wild b o a r e x a m i n e d for microfilariae in skin snips, 22 (92 % ) had microfi
lariae o f O. d. japónica. In contrast the prevalence o f O. gutturosa, the other s p e c i e s with p r o n o u n c e d cuti
cular ridges, is 3.0 % ( 4 / 1 3 4 ) in cattle ( T a k a o k a , 1997).
T h e vectors o f O. gutturosa and O. lienalis from cattle
P a r a s i t e . 2 0 0 4 , 11, 2 8 5 - 2 9 2
Mémoire 2 8 9
Fig. 2. - Cut ic ul ar f e m a l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Onchocerca s p e c i e s from c a t t l e a n d w i l d u n g u l a t e s in O i t a , a n d from y o u n g O. volvulus. A: T r a n s v e r s e r i d g e s a n d i n t e r n a l striae, O. gutturosa, m i d b o d y ( f r o m B a i n , 1 9 7 5 ) . B : E x t e r n a l striae, O. suzukii, m i d b o d y (from Y a g i el al.. 1 9 9 4 ) . C: L o n g i t u d i n a l g r o o v e s . O. lienalis, p o s t e r i o r r e g i o n (from B a i n et al.. 1 9 7 8 ) . D : D o r s o v e n t r a l a s y m m e t r y , lateral t h i c k e n i n g s . O. gutturosa.
p o s t e r i o r r e g i o n ( f r o m B a i n et al., 1 9 7 8 ) . E: R i d g e , h e i g h t ( H ) a n d w i d t h ( W ) . F & G : H a b i t u s a n d r i d g e s o f p o s t e r i o r r e g i o n o f O. guttu
rosa ( f r o m B a i n , 1 9 7 5 ) a n d O. d. japónica ( f r o m U n i et al, 2 0 0 1 ) . H: T i n y c u t i c u l a r r i d g e s o f O. volvulus, y o u n g - a d u l t f e m a l e 35.6 m m l o n g a n d 7 0 p m w i d e , at o e s o p h a g e a l - i n t e s t i n a l j u n c t i o n (* i n d i c a t e s t h e part with d r a w n r i d g e s ) . I: D r a w i n g o f a t r a n s v e r s e s e c t i o n o f Onchocerca s p . o f t h e p r e s e n t h u m a n c a s e ; r i d g e s a r e s e c t i o n e d at t w o p l a c e s m a k i n g t h e c u t i c l e t h i c k e r ( s a m e a s in Fig I B ) .
2 9 0 P a r a s i t e , 2 0 0 4 , 11, 2 8 5 - 2 9 2
TAKAOKA H., BAIN O. & UNI S, ET AL.
M é m o i r e
O. suzukii O. lienalis O. gutturosa O. skrjabini O. dewittei japonica Onchocerca s p .
B o d y t r a n s v e r s e r i d g e s A b s e n t P r e s e n t P r e s e n t P r e s e n t P r e s e n t P r e s e n t
L o n g i t u d i n a l g r o o v e s O n e lateral All o v e r t h e c u t i c l e A b s e n t A b s e n t A b s e n t A b s e n t
D o r s o v e n t r a l s y m m e t r y Y e s Y e s D o r s a l r e d u c t i o n Y e s Y e s Y e s
C u t i c l e l a t e r a l l y t h i c k e n e d Slightly N o Y e s Y e s N o No
I n t e r n a l t r a n s v e r s e s t r i a e A b s e n t 2 o r u n d u l a t i o n s 4 - 8 3-4 A b s e n t 2
C u t i c l e t h i c k n e s s m e d . / l a t . * 2 0 - 3 0 / 2 0 - 3 0 1 2 - 1 7 / 1 2 - 1 7 2 5 * * [ 2 9 1 - 3 5 / 5 0 3 5 / 5 0 2 0 - 3 0 / 2 0 - 3 0 3 0 / 3 0
O u t e r vs. i n n e r l a y e r t h i c k n e s s 4:1 1:4 1:1 1:1 to 1:1 1:1 1:1
R i d g e s h a p e
-
V e r y s i n u o u s Straight t o s i n u o u s Slightly s i n u o u s Straight Slightly s i n u o u sR i d g e s e c t i o n - F l a t t e n e d S h a r p D e l i c a t e S h a r p D e l i c a t e
R i d g e h e i g h t / w i d t h *
-
13/221 1 2 / 5 - 1 0 6 / 1 2 1 8 - 2 5 / 2 5 - 5 0 3 / 8I n t e r - r i d g e s p a c e * - 2 5 - 4 5 7 0 - 8 0 4 8 - 5 5 fl()*-25() 2 5 - 4 0
Lateral c h o r d h e i g h t / w i d t h * 3 7 / 1 5 5 1 2 - 2 0 / 5 5 - 6 5 2 0 / 1 0 0 1 5 / 5 0 2 0 / 6 0 1 0 / 3 8
M u s c l e height* 5 2 2 5 4 0 1 5 - 2 0 5 0 - 6 0 2 3
M u s c l e n u m b e r p e r q u a d r a n t 5-7 5-7 4 - 6 5-7 6-7
I n t e s t i n e * 2 0 - 4 8 1 3 - 3 0 2 0 - 3 7 3 8 17 15
-
D i a m e t e r at m i d b o d y * 2 2 8 - 4 3 0 [150] 1 8 0 - 2 2 0 1 4 0 - 2 2 5 1 7 0 - 3 3 0 [ 3 4 0 ] 1 9 0 - 2 6 0 6 0 - 1 2 0
D i a m e t e r at p o s t e r i o r p a r t * , " * 1 7 0 1 6 0 - 1 9 0 7 5 - 9 0 1 5 0 150 130
D i a m e t e r at a n u s * 1 5 0 8 5 7 0 - 9 5 1 1 0 7 0 - 1 2 0 6 0
C u t i c l e t h i c k n e s s m e d . / l a t . * 3 0 - 5 0 / 3 0 - 5 0 2 0 / 2 0 1 4 / 3 3 1 6 / 1 6 2 0 - 2 5 / 2 0 - 2 5 -
R i d g e h e i g h t / w i d t h * - E x t e r n a l striae 1 0 / 1 0 E x t e r n a l s t r i a e 1 0 - 2 0 / 2 2 - 3 0 External striae
I n t e r - r i d g e s p a c e * - - 10 - 5 0 - 8 0 -
P o s t e r i o r part h a b i t u s Straight T o r t u o u s S p i r a l l y c o i l e d Straight Straight Spirally c o i l e d
H o s t ( s ) in O i t a Capricomis crispas Cattle Cattle Cervus ii. Nippon Sus scrofa leucomystax Cervus a. nippon
Cattle
R e f e r e n c e s Y a g i et al., 1 9 9 4 B a m el al.. 1 9 7 8 B a i n . 1 9 7 5 B a i n cS: S c h u l z - K e y , 1 9 7 4 Uni et al.. 2 0 0 1 O n g o i n g s t u d y U n i et al.. 1 9 9 8 E b e r h a r d , 1 9 7 9 B a i n et al.. 1 9 7 8 Y a g i et al.. 1 9 9 4 U n i ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) U n i ( u n p u b l i s h e d )
E b e r h a r d , 1 9 7 9 Uni ( u n p u b l i s h e d )
* M e a s u r e m e n t s in m i c r o m e t e r s . ' • Y o u n g f e m a l e . *** A b o u t 2 5 0 |am a n t e r i o r t o a n u s . M e d . m e d i a n ; hit., lateral. [ ] F r o m E b e r h a r d , 1 9 7 9 , o r Yagi et al, 1 9 9 4 a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s p e c i e s .
T a b l e It. - Onchocerca s p e c i e s f o u n d in O i t a : c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s useful for d i a g n o s i s from h i s t o l o g i c s e c t i o n s o f h u m a n n o d u l e s .
Parasite, 2004. 11, 285-292 Mémoire 291 ZOONOTIC ONCHOCERCIASIS IN JAPAN
T A K A O K A H., B A I N O , & U N I S. ET AL.
in Oita h a v e b e e n identified as b e i n g b l a c k flies ( T a k a o k a et al., 1 9 8 9 ; T a k a o k a & Bain, 1 9 9 0 ; Takaoka, 1994, 1 9 9 9 ) . T h e yet unidentified vectors o f O. d. japó- nica from wild b o a r must b e anthropozoophilic.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
W
e t h a n k Dr. H . J . W i n k h a r d t a n d Prof.H. Schulz-Key for providing the O. volvulus s p e c i m e n s . W . J . K o z e k w o u l d l i k e to express his appreciation for the support obtained from the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris and the D e a n s h i p o f B i o c h e m i c a l S c i e n c e s Medical S c i e n c e s Campus, University o f Puerto Rico.
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M é m o i r e
