حدود الدّفع بتنفيذ أوامر الرئيس الأعلى في القانون الدولي الجنائي

Texte intégral

(1)2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â<{<.

(2) . 57 . @ @@óÜÇþa@îöŠÛa@Šßaëc@ˆîÐäni@ÉÏ†Ûa@…ë†y @ @ïöbä¦a@ïÛë†Ûa@æìãbÔÛa@¿ .

(3) /

(4) . . ‫ א

(5) א א א א א א

(6) א א‬ ! $ ‫ א‬%& ' ( )‫ *א‬# ‫ א ! א‬%‫אכ! כ א א‬# + ‫א‬,‫ א‬-.) ! ‫ כא א‬/0 10,‫ א‬2 ‫ א‬3 .456 %&7 ‫ כ‬9 !‫כ! א א! א א‬# ‫ א‬/‫א‬3 :6‫ א א‬%‫כ‬# ‫ א‬/‫( <;א‬7‫= א‬6 >6 ?7 ‫)@ א‬ .‫א‬4<,‫ א‬AB ‫ א‬5C

(7) @D@ ‫א א‬.) E3F !‫כ‬#1 ‫א כא‬1 ‫א‬ H‫א‬I ‫( א‬7‫א‬J ‫( א‬F7‫א‬K ‫א א‬L !<@<‫א‬J ‫ א‬F‫א‬MN‫א א‬5 O# ‫א א‬.) ‫א‬# . ‫א<@ א‬J1 P‫&אכא‬5<‫&א א‬10 Q 5 3 ‫ א כ‬5 ‫א‬ <‫@א‬J ‫&א א‬6 T 5 ‫ א‬U7‫א‬1 U7‫ א א‬-.) !H‫ @א‬R ‫כ‬S5 ‫א‬. ‫א א‬6 !‫כ‬# ‫ א

(8) א א א<@ א‬/‫א‬V5 ‫ א‬R !W@ ‫א א! א‬ . X@KY ‫א א‬.&6 ! ‫א‬ Abstract : The criminal legislator in many countries, especially the Iraqi legislature seeks to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes and the reduction of escaping responsibility and get them to obey a Chairman and not possible to discuss these orders, which was prompted by some leaders to the former regime before the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal was Court opinion on the subject in the cases of Dujail and Anfal. In this research paper we will discuss the legal implications of the orders issued by commanders and superiors, which could give rise to violations of international law. We will try to ensure the suitability of these principles with the principles recognized in the national laws of Iraqi and the commitment of of the Iraqi legislature in the law of the court of international standards in this regard.

(9)

(10) .

(11) .

(12) ‫‪58‬‬. ‫

(13). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬ ‫‬. ‫ כ ‪< ?5 E,‬א< ‪ ZJ 3 C#5‬כ‪ T@5‬א‪3 E,‬א‪ /‬א‬ ‫‪ > ^ 5‬א]<א א @‪ /‬א<‪&5‬אכ ‪ [ >@J#‬א >‪ +‬כ ‪?51‬‬ ‫א ‪ L‬א ‪ %1‬א ‬ ‫א ‪_5 3‬א‪ 0 D‬א א‪ %‬א ‪ 5‬כ‪` & A‬‬ ‫ ‪ -.) (F@aY‬א א‪ %‬א > ‪ D3‬א‪ !B F‬א[‪5‬א '‪ P‬כ&א‬ ‫‪ Q6‬א ‪K#‬א<! א ‪&6 ?55 5‬א ‪3 %&1c3‬א‪ /‬א ‪CJ‬א‪ H‬א א א א‪.1b‬‬ ‫‪ MS‬א‬ ‫ [;‪ e‬א א‪ %‬א ! ‪&54K6‬א ‪3 [3‬כ‪ d‬א א‪` (F@ab %‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬א ‪5‬א‪ P‬א ! ‪6‬א)‪5‬א‪0 &J /‬א ‪b‬א‪ QJ0 !g‬א ‪ f‬א ‪5‬‬ ‫ ‪& eD‬א א]<א<! ‪ QJ0‬א ‪ h #‬א א ! א ‪d‬א<!‪@ +‬א‪1 H‬כ א ‪ 5‬כא<‪e‬‬ ‫ כ ‪ Q‬א ‪V‬א‪0‬א‪ P‬א ‪ !#1‬א ! ‪ c 3‬א !‪ +‬א)‪e‬‬ ‫‪#‬אכא‪@W i F@< P‬כ@ ‪ 56‬כ‪ V‬א)‪5‬א‪ ! $ 10 /‬א‪ ,‬א‪ 7‬א ‪J‬א<@‬ ‫א א‪7k‬א‪.) 7‬א א)‪5‬א‪ QJ0 /‬א ‪V‬א

(14) א ‪ j1‬א @! א & כ‪+‬‬ ‫א<‪ 5‬א‪ F‬א ‪C4‬א‪0‬א‪ P‬א ‪ f‬א ‪ 5‬א‪ F‬כ&א א ‪ D h K‬א < א ‪ V‬‬ ‫א ‪.1‬‬ ‫‪ < %5‬א‪# H‬כ! ‪B‬א! ‪b ! 7‬א‪# !g‬אכ! א ‪ h #‬‬ ‫‪ J‬א &א‪ QB@6 .‬א ‪ J‬א‪ 808 F‬א ‪K‬א‪0 F7‬‬ ‫א @! א & כ א ‪) P.Y‬א‪` E‬‬ ‫‪ 21‬א‪56 ,‬א‪ 1993/2/22 lF‬א‪ -.) eF‬א ‪#‬כ! &‪&5‬א ‬ ‫‪#‬אכ! א ‪J‬א‪ (7‬א @‪'c‬א א א‪Y 0 !J6‬א ‪@J %&54‬א‪0‬‬ ‫א ‪J‬א<@ א א]<א< כא ‪ A5J‬א א‪ 0‬א ‪ 7 a‬א‪K5c‬א‪ h‬א[‪5‬א‪k‬‬ ‫א‪50‬א‪ H‬א ‪ &a5‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ QB@6‬א‪ 21 F‬א‪ < % 1994/11/8 955 %F ,‬א‪# H‬כ!‬ ‫‪# ) .R b3 ! 7‬כ! ‪F‬א<א ‪#‬אכ! א‪Yn,‬א‪ X‬א ‪ B 0 $‬א‪%‬‬ ‫‪6‬א‪ (7‬א ‪) c 2‬א א<‪&5‬אכא‪ P‬א ‪J1 ( aY‬א<@ א א]<א< ‪0‬א‪/‬‬ ‫‪.1994‬‬. ‫& ‪- +.

(15) .

(16) " +

(17) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(18) ‫

(19). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪59‬‬. ‫ ‪ P n‬א ‪;< 7@B (F C6‬א‪C /‬א ‪7 7‬א‪!& @5 %‬‬ ‫א ; א א‪ %‬א ! א ‪ ( aY‬א! כ&א ‪ +‬כ‪ A1‬א‪%,‬‬ ‫א ‪@ (#5‬א‪ !&B‬א<‪&5‬אכא‪ P‬א ‪J‬א<@ א ‪ 2S56‬א ‪#‬כ! א א!‬ ‫א ! א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! ‪.1998/7/17‬‬ ‫כ א ‪ -.) S6 @J‬א ‪#‬אכ‪ %‬א‪@ J P50‬א‪ 0‬א ‪! $‬‬ ‫ ‪#‬אכ! כ א א‪ %‬א ! ‪@ 10‬א‪ 0‬א ‪J‬א<@ א ‪ 7 +‬א ; ‬ ‫ @א‪ 0‬א ‪ ! $‬א ‪ (F J‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א א‪7 ! @1#1 1b‬‬ ‫'‪ P‬א א ‪J‬א‪ . h‬א ‪07‬א א ‪ ! $ J O#‬א‪ ,‬א‪7‬‬ ‫א‪ 10 H‬א‪ 2,‬א ‪&10 /@J 5‬א‬ ‫‪ 0‬א א‪ %‬א ‪ 5‬כ‪ Q‬כ‪ A‬א‪` 50‬‬ ‫א א‪ !0‬א !‪ %1 +‬א ‪ ! $‬א א‪ 0 !on‬א א‪ %‬א ! ‪ K#‬‬ ‫‪ !'0‬א [)א‪< +‬א ‪ ! $ e#g3‬א ‪ 7 4‬א א! ‪ 10‬א ‪K‬‬ ‫א ! א ‪ K‬א ‪ O#‬כא ‪& 6‬א ‪ /0‬כ א א( ‪J0 '6‬א‪.h‬‬ ‫‪ !)3 :3‬א ‪:O#‬‬ ‫‪ !)3 S‬א ‪ 3 O#‬א

(20) א א א א א‬ ‫א

(21) א א ‪#‬אכ! כ א א‪ %‬א ! א ‪ #‬‬ ‫*א) ( ' &‪ %‬א ‪ 9 +! $‬כ ‪ 3 .456 %&7‬א ‪ 2‬א‪10,‬‬ ‫‪ /0‬כא א ! )‪ -.‬א‪,‬א ‪ @) +‬א ‪ =6 >6 ?7‬א‪;< (7‬א‪ /‬א ‪#‬כ‪%‬‬ ‫א א‪3 :6‬א‪ /‬א ‪#‬כ! א א! א א! א ‪1‬א כא ‪#1‬כ! ‪.) E3F‬א‬ ‫א @‪ 5C

(22) @D‬א ‪ AB‬א‪4<,‬א )‪.‬א א ‪5 O#‬א א‪MN‬א‪F‬‬ ‫א ‪J‬א<@<! ‪L‬א א ‪K‬א‪ (F7‬א ‪J‬א‪ (7‬א ‪I‬א‪ H‬א ‪ 5‬א כ ‪Q 5 3‬‬ ‫‪&10‬א א<‪&5‬אכא‪J1 P‬א<@ א ‪ B 3‬א‪ %‬א ‪.h #‬‬ ‫‪#‬א א ‪S5‬כ ‪@ R‬א‪ -.) !H‬א א‪1 U7‬א‪ U7‬א ‪&6 T 5‬א ‬ ‫א ‪@J‬א< א א! א @‪ R +!W‬א ‪V5‬א‪ /‬א

(23) א א א<@ א ‪#‬כ!‬ ‫‪6‬א א א ! ‪.&6‬א א ‪.X@KY‬‬. ‫

(24).

(25)

(26) ‬.

(27) ‫

(28). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪M‬א<א‪ T) :‬א ‪:O#‬‬ ‫`‬. ‫< )‪.‬א א ‪ O#‬א ‪@5‬א‪ ?D‬א ‪ 3 .4

(29) @D@ q a5‬‬ ‫א ‪ 2‬א‪ 10,‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א ‪ 0 Q‬א ‪5‬א‪ I‬א‪A) : N‬‬ ‫א ]‪40‬א‪ H‬כ‪ Q‬א ! ‪ 10‬א ‪ R@5‬א @‪3 W‬‬ ‫‪3 Ad‬א א ‪I‬א‪H‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א א‪ +1b‬כא ‪ H 6 q a5‬א ‪ -.) M3 AK45‬א‪,‬א ‪W‬א‪&50‬א‬ ‫א<א ‬ ‫‪0‬א כ‪ R ! 7 ! B A‬כא א‪50‬א‪3 .4 F‬א א ‪I‬א‪H‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫@א<? א ‪.! $‬‬ ‫‪M‬א ‪d‬א ‪ !&:‬א ‪:O#‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬א ‪ 10 O#‬א &‪ r‬א ‪ 11#5‬א ‪J‬א‪ A1#5 F‬א ‪ X@K‬א ‪J‬א<@<!‬ ‫‪[3‬כא‪ /‬א ‪#‬אכ‪ %‬א ! ‪&5;<3‬א א‪,‬א! א א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א‬ ‫ ‪#1‬כ! א ! א א! א א! א ;א‪#1 /‬כ! א ! א א! ‬ ‫@‪'c‬א ‪F‬א<א א<@ א ‪#‬כ! א א! א א! א ‪1‬א‪F3 +‬א‪ H‬א ‪&J4‬א‪H‬‬ ‫א ‪6 :15 5‬א @‪.

(30) @D‬‬ ‫‪F‬א‪6‬א‪) :‬כ‪ !1‬א ‪:O#‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫ _ ^ א] א‪6 /‬א @‪

(31) @D‬א‪S F‬א ‪ !M'M >J< 3‬א[‪: O‬‬ ‫א ‪ O#‬א‪ J :,‬א ‪3 .4 0 ! $‬א א ‪I‬א‪.H‬‬ ‫א ‪ O#‬א ‪d‬א<‪ 3 :‬א ‪ 2‬א‪ 10,‬א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! א !‬ ‫א א!‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ O#‬א ‪d‬א ‪ 3 :O‬א ‪ 2‬א‪ 10,‬א<@ א ‪#‬כ! א א! א א!‬ ‫א ‪1‬א‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ !"#$‬‬ ‫‪%&' ( ) *+, -. /0$ 1,‬‬. ‫ ‪[ J‬א א ‪ >J4‬א ‪CJ‬א‪.& 7[ ?D +A@W e . H‬א א ?‪ +‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬כ ‪@ 3‬א< א ‪6@J‬א‪ P‬א כ ! ‪ 10 eBF7‬א ‪ s< J +>5‬א<@‬ ‫א ‪6@J‬א‪ P‬א כ ‪ E‬א‪ ,‬א< ! ‪ ! $ 10 /1940‬א ‪>1 0 sY‬‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(32) .

(33) " +

(34) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(35) ‫

(36). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪61‬‬. ‫א א ‪9‬א א‪ F‬כ‪.) Q‬א א ‪ 63 R A4‬א ‪&C5‬א ‪ ><3 3 ,‬א‪ F‬כ‪Q‬‬ ‫א ‪ A4‬א ‪6 %1 @) >6 F@S‬א ‪ !4K‬א א! >‪.‬‬ ‫ [ ‪ PF‬א א‪ 43 (7‬א<@ א ‪6@J‬א‪ P‬א כ ‪ E‬א א א ‪_1‬‬ ‫‪F D‬א ‪!3 _1‬‬ ‫‪40 /1940 ! 13 %F‬א‪ H‬א כ ‪ E‬א ‪>146 t# E.‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪$‬א‪ (.b‬א ‪7‬א‪ 3 >146 .4< /‬א ‪ 2‬א א‪ T K + n‬א ‪ 0 ! $‬א ‪F C‬‬ ‫ ‪ .4 0 ?5 3 uI 1 :# +>F‬א‪ 3 ,‬א ‪9 >5‬א‬ ‫‪ 3 %10‬א‪ ,‬א ‪J1 E.‬א‪ > KJ -‬א‪ F‬כא‪0 ! B h‬כ ! ‪.!< 3‬‬ ‫כא ‪ F‬א

(37) א א‪ 24 (7‬א<@ א ‪6@J‬א‪ P‬א כ ‪ E‬א א‬ ‫א א‪9 :» 2007 ! 19 %F .‬א כ@ א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪ .45 F7‬א‪0 QB‬כ ‪E‬‬ ‫‪ Q 55 ! B‬א ‪ ! $‬א ‪V‬א! ‪ 10 -.) 0‬א‪. ,‬‬ ‫‪M‬א<א ‪ :‬א‪ n ! F <7,‬כא א‪ F‬כא‪ h‬א ! [‪ R‬א ‪#‬א‪P‬‬ ‫‪:! w‬‬ ‫‪9 x3‬א א‪ 7[ k‬א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪.> F7‬‬ ‫‪9 xh‬א ‪ %10‬א‪ ,‬א ‪J1 E.‬א‪ >6 KJ -‬א‪ F‬כא‪0 ! B h‬כ ! ‪3‬‬ ‫<!«‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪.) 3‬א א ‪ >B@5‬א

(38) כא ‪0‬א `א א ‪ 5‬א‪ P‬א כ !‬ ‫א !‪ 5 +‬א _א ‪ Q‬א ‪F C‬א‪ P‬א ‪&1 5‬א ‪ !W‬א ;א‪/‬‬ ‫א כ ‪ @) E‬א ‪# eC‬כ! א ‪CJ‬א‪ H‬א]‪7‬א‪ EF‬א ‪ 2 » ><3 E K‬‬ ‫א א‪ V‬א ;‪ %‬א כ ! א‪5‬א

(39) ‪ 0‬א‪,‬א ‪ 5‬כא<‪g e‬א‪ (F7‬‬ ‫‪1‬כ&א‪< +‬א ‪& %1;5‬א ‪6‬א ‪ : a‬א ‪ >F E.‬א ‪J‬א<@‪ j63 @ 9 +‬כ‪ A‬‬ ‫‪ 3 3 > FK‬א‪ 5 -.4 0 ?5 3 +> 3 >50 z‬א‪RH‬‬ ‫ > ‪ 9‬כ ‪ A5b‬א ;א‪n /‬א‪ e0‬א ‪ AB D@4‬א<@ א‪[,‬כא‪ /‬א כ !‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫‪W /0 ! B‬א‪ !0‬א‪,‬א א אא‪ P‬א ‪ P7n 5‬א ‪&10 !6@J‬א «‪.‬‬ ‫‪< 3 6‬א‪ z‬א @‪.) Shedon Glueek F‬א א ‪5‬א‪ H@D I‬א ‪@J‬א<‬ ‫א ‪ !415Y‬א‪4 '[ ~ 5‬א‪ : -7‬א ‪ c A4‬א

(40) א ‪ E.‬כ> א ‪3 E‬‬ ‫

(41).

(42)

(43) ‬.

(44) ‫‪62‬‬. ‫

(45). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪F.‬א ‪9‬א‬ ‫א ‪C‬א‪ 6‬א‪.4 10,‬א ‪[ ,‬כ@‪ >F 3 >5‬א כ ‪ E‬כ@‬ ‫`‬ ‫כא כ‪ Q‬א ‪ !;# A4‬א‪ F‬כא‪9 3 %1 % >6‬א כא<‪!;[' ? > e‬‬ ‫א ; ‪ T‬א‪,‬א‪ h‬א כא! א ‪ S6 %1 >1‬א‪6

(46) c ,‬א !‬ ‫ @א< א ‪0 h #‬א‪7‬א &א ‪6 3‬א ! א‪ U7‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א ‪&Ja 5‬א‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫א‪ %,‬א ‪6 3 ( C#5‬א ! @א< ‪ -7'6‬א ‪Y‬א‪.!g‬‬ ‫‪3‬א ‪ g 10‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א ‪ e a J‬א א‪ (7‬א ‪d‬א! ‬ ‫א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#‬כ! <@‪ MS i F‬א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪ F7‬א ‪ 2‬א‪10,‬‬ ‫‪J‬א ‪,‬א [כ@‪ >F 3 >5‬א‪ 10,‬‬ ‫‪ » eK‬א‪07‬א‪ H‬א ‪T K ><S6 %&5‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪ Z4Y‬א ‪9 !6@J‬א ‪P3F‬‬ ‫‪ >4‬א ‪ ! $‬כ כ ‪ 9 5 3‬כ‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪#‬כ! ‪ 3‬א א ! ‪ 9 C5J‬כ«‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ eJW‬א ‪#‬כ! )‪.‬א א ‪6 3‬א ! ‪F3 2F Keitel‬כא [ ‪h‬‬ ‫א @א‪ QB‬א ‪a‬א‪ !0‬א ‪ 7F‬‬ ‫א ‪ z‬א‪ ,‬א< א ‪ E.‬א‪ 07‬א<> כא ‪b‬א‪` D‬‬ ‫א ‪#‬כ‪ ...» %‬א‪ -.) Ad -‬א @‪M‬א‪ Z % :‬כ‪ A5‬א‪ 5n‬אכ> א‪0,‬א א ‪5‬‬ ‫‪B‬א ‪5‬כ ‪>1 !#6‬‬ ‫ ‪4<w P7‬א‪ ? ><3 +‬א ‪ !4K6 ! $‬כ@<>‬ ‫`‬ ‫א‪ ) ,‬א ‪ !#‬א ‪&C 5‬א א א‪ (7‬א ‪d‬א! א ;א‪ /‬כ@‪7 !1‬א

(47) ‪`'C‬‬ ‫‪.) 0‬א ‪) 2‬אכ ‪ Z4Y T * E3‬כ ‪g /J 3‬א ‪ .>#‬א‪,‬א ‬ ‫* א ‪[ !44Y‬א‪P‬‬ ‫א ‪1‬א [‪ 5‬א ‪ E1 a 5‬כ ‪ 3‬כ@‬ ‫`‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫א‪ F‬כא‪ B h‬א‪ g /V6 (0 !; %‬א‪.«!6 [ (F D E3 6 F‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬א @‪ /‬א[‪5‬א ‪6‬א‪ ,‬א א א ‪K‬א‪ F7‬א ‪% sY‬‬ ‫‪3 ! AK‬א‪ h‬א]‪6‬א[!‪ s< C5J6 >< +‬א א‪ (7‬א ‪d‬א! <;א‪/‬‬ ‫א ‪` 44Y‬א ‪ 9 J :!6@J1‬כ ‪!a1‬‬ ‫א ‪#‬כ! כא כ ‪` 3‬‬ ‫א ‪#‬כ !‪ 3 c +‬א ‪ !1‬א ‪g 5‬א‪ ec‬א א‪ U7‬א ‪ B 5‬א‪&6 PH‬א ‪[3‬כא‪/‬‬ ‫א ‪#‬כ! א ‪ 5‬כא &א ‪@ @a Sn‬א‪ 0‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א ‪!J15‬‬ ‫‪#6‬אכ! א ‪ e.[ +h #‬א ‪ a‬א‪ b,‬א א‪ (7‬א א‪+!6‬‬ ‫<‪ ?F /0 10 eK‬א ‪ Z4Y q a5 3 7 J ! $‬א ‪.!6@J‬‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(48) .

(49) " +

(50) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(51) ‫

(52). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪63‬‬. ‫ ‪ %‬כ א‪.) F‬א א ‪ A R b3 ( 3‬א ‪ !1‬א ! ‪Q1K1‬‬ ‫א‪ O[ /1949 ! [,‬כא<‪0 10 A e‬א‪ 7‬א ‪4‬אא‪6 ZB P‬א ‪V5‬א ?‬ ‫‪g ! A0‬א‪ !c‬א א‪ J +U7‬כא<‪ e‬א א‪ (40) (7‬כ ‪ ><3) 10 s F‬‬ ‫‪4‬א ‪9 A6‬א כא<‪ e‬א ; ‪g T‬א ‪j‬‬ ‫א<@<א‬ ‫‪F.0‬א‬ ‫כ א‪50‬א‪ 3 F‬א ‪2‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫`‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪ %&5‬א ‪ !6@J‬כ ‪&44Y‬א(‪.) 3 c .‬א א ‪ s‬א‪0 s6 5‬א‪/‬‬ ‫‪ ?D‬א ‪4‬אא‪ ZB P‬א‪ s< @) ?6F,‬א א‪ (51) (7‬א ‪4‬א! ‪ZB‬‬ ‫א‪ + ,‬א א‪ (52) (7‬א ‪4‬א! ‪ ZB‬א ‪d‬א<! א א‪ (131) (7‬א ‪4‬א! ‪ZB‬‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫א ‪d‬א ‪ !d‬א א‪ (148) (7‬א ‪4‬א! ‪ ZB‬א א‪.!6‬‬ ‫‪5‬אא‬ ‫‪ W‬א‬ ‫‪C5J‬א‪5 T W E, k@ ><3 -‬א ‪A# 3 A1#5 3‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪ bw‬א ‪ $‬א‪ P‬א ‪5 T W E3 10 3 >10 ?J 5‬א ‪ bw‬א ‪:15‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫‪6‬א ‪Y‬א ‪4‬א‪ P‬א א‪& F‬א א א‪.!J6‬‬ ‫‪F.‬א ‪?7 `@J‬‬ ‫ ‪ 3 %M‬א ‪ 2‬א‪ 10,‬כ ‪` 0 3‬‬ ‫‪5‬א‪7‬א א‪# U7‬כ! <@‪ +i F‬כ ‪#1‬כ! ‪!a1‬‬ ‫א ‪ ! $‬א `‬ ‫‪ ! J‬א‪ ! [ R u‬א‪5b‬א‪ F‬א ‪&6 ?55 5‬א א ‪ .4 0 sY‬א‪ ,‬‬ ‫א כ@ ‪ ! 1‬א !‪n .‬כ ‪ ! [ 3‬א‪5b‬א‪!4* Q[ Z15Y F‬‬ ‫ כ‪ V‬א ‪ Ad5‬א‪g !a1 R ,‬א[‪ Q‬א‪.>10 ,‬‬ ‫' כ ‪ F 3‬א ‪F C‬א‪ P‬א כ ! א‪ F‬כא‪ h‬א‪0,‬א א]‪ B‬א!‪+‬‬ ‫א ‪1 uI‬כ ‪c‬א `א ‪W = 3‬א‪ IF !0‬א> ‪ 3‬א‪9 > 7‬א א ‪b‬א ‪e4‬‬ ‫א ‪ @) +!0‬א ‪S %‬כ‪ -‬א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! א ! א א!‬ ‫ @‪'c‬א כ‪ .‬כ ‪#‬כ! ‪F‬א<א‪ eK< 9 +‬א א‪;< (4/7) (7‬א‪# /‬כ!‬ ‫@‪'c‬א ) ‪ 4‬א ‪ %&5‬א ‪ ! $‬א א! כ@<> ‪6 T K‬א‪ 3 10 H‬‬ ‫‪g‬א‪[ F7‬כ@‪#1 3 10 +103 2F 3 >5‬כ! א ! ‪ ; 3‬‬ ‫‪ Z4Y‬א ‪9 .!6@J‬א ‪ 9 P3F‬כ א‪45‬א‪1 H‬א !(‪.‬‬. ‫

(53).

(54)

(55) ‬.

(56) ‫‪64‬‬. ‫

(57). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪# S 6 eM J‬כ! @‪'c‬א א א‪ !J6‬א‪M3 e H‬א‪ H‬א ‪? :J#5‬‬ ‫א ‪F7) %&5‬א‪@7F3 k‬כ( ‪56‬א‪ 19 lF‬א ‪d‬א< ‪ ./1996‬א‪ 50‬א> ‪6‬א‪ F‬כא‪h‬‬ ‫‪ B‬א‪16 ! %‬א‪.‬‬ ‫‪[3‬א ‪W /0 Q6 A5‬א‪ >50‬א‪,‬א ‬ ‫ )‪T A‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪B3‬א‪<3: h‬א @‪ b3 T‬כ‪<3 +%‬א ‪S5‬כ < כ‪ <3 @ A5S e‬כ‪ e‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫‪ eCF‬א<‪K‬א

(58) ‪L‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.) 10‬א כ ‪ 3 r55< 3‬א ‪#‬כ! ‪ ?7 ed#6‬א ‪><S6 %&5‬‬ ‫<א ‪3 .4‬א ‪IF‬א> ‪1‬כ ‪ /0‬א‪d5‬א ‪3‬א )‪ ! b %‬א ‪^ 5‬‬ ‫ ‪.A5J1‬‬ ‫כא ‪.) 7F‬א א ‪ 3‬א א‪ (7‬א א‪ !< !6‬א א‪ %‬א ‪%16 !1Y‬‬ ‫א]<א<! ‪&3‬א א‪ 4 ) 7F O[ /1966 /‬א ‪ 7 4‬א ‪!1Y ! 6 %&5‬‬ ‫‪ %16‬א]<א<! ‪&3‬א א ‪ ! $‬א א! כ@<> ‪6 T K‬א‪ 3 10 H‬‬ ‫‪g‬א‪[ F7‬כ@‪ +103 2F 3 >5‬כ @‪ k‬א ; ‪ Z4Y‬א ‪!6@J‬‬ ‫‪9‬א א‪ eC5‬א א ! ‪ 9‬כ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪2 !"#$‬‬ ‫( ‪ 3+4 $5"$ && 67+ 8 9 . : 3‬‬. ‫ א ‪ ?5‬א א ‪ e14 3 7 ! @1#‬כ@ א א‪%‬‬ ‫א ! א ‪J‬א‪3 5 h‬א ‪IF‬א&‪&<3 10 %‬א א ]‪6‬א[!‬ ‫‪3‬א &‪ +%‬א ‪ 9 > E7$‬כ א ‪CJ‬א‪ 10 H‬א ‪#‬א! א ! א א! א ‪5‬‬ ‫‪&4C‬א א ‪J‬א<@ א א א ‪ q@J[ 10‬א‪ ,‬א‪ 10 ? 7‬א‪ F‬כא‪h‬‬ ‫א‪0,‬א א @[ ! ‪.%&J#6‬‬ ‫ )‪.‬א א א‪ eK< q‬א א‪ 33 (7‬א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! א א!‬ ‫א ! ‪:><3 10‬‬ ‫)‪[ 1‬א ! א‪ F‬כא‪ ! sYn E3 h‬א א‪ %‬א ‪ Ab 5‬‬ ‫א‪K 5b‬א‪ X‬א ‪#‬כ!‪ 4 +‬א ‪ sY‬א ‪ ! $‬א א! ‪9‬א כא‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(59) .

(60) " +

(61) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(62) ‫

(63). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪65‬‬. ‫‪0‬כ א כא ‪/3‬‬ ‫א‪ F‬כא‪15 >6‬כ א ! ‪ %‬א‪d5‬א` ‪[ ,‬כ@‪F 3 >5‬א‬ ‫`‬ ‫<א ‪0‬א א ‪#‬א‪ P‬א‪:! N‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪9 3‬א כא ‪ 10‬א ‪ sY‬א ‪V5‬א‪ /‬א<@< ‪W6‬א‪3 !0‬א א ‪#‬כ@! ‪ 3‬א ‪2‬‬ ‫א ‬ ‫‪9 h‬א ‪ %‬כ א ‪ S6 %10 10 sY‬א‪.

(64) c ,‬‬ ‫ ‪9‬א ‪ %‬כ ‪ !0‬א‪* ,‬א) (‪.‬‬ ‫‪ c, x2‬א^ )‪ -.‬א א‪ (7‬כ@ ‪ /0‬א ‪* !0‬א) ( [א ! ‪3‬א ‬ ‫א‪ F‬כא‪ ! B h‬א]‪6‬א‪ 3 (7‬א א‪ D %‬א]<א<! (‪.‬‬ ‫_א א א‬ ‫‪1‬כא‬ ‫ )‪.‬א א ‪ 3 s‬א

(65) א ‪1‬כ‬ ‫`‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪ >10 F7‬א ‪CJ‬א‪ H‬א א א ‪#‬אכ‪'c@ i F@< %‬א‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ /0$ > ) *+, : ; <$‬‬. ‫‪ s< Q)9‬א א‪ (33) (7‬א‪50‬א‪3 .4 F‬א א ‪I‬א‪ H‬א< `א @א<?‬ ‫א ‪ ! $‬א ‪ ( J4‬א‪) .> ,‬א ‪b‬א ‪ Z‬א ‪ s‬א @‪M‬א‪ :‬א ! א ‪( J5‬‬ ‫‪44Y‬א ‪!6@J1‬‬ ‫ א ‪J‬א<@ א א א א ‪ 5‬א‪ 3 P 50‬א ‪ 2‬א‪10,‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪J1‬א‪ .h‬א א ‪ >6 P.b3‬א‪# U7‬כ! < @‪i F‬‬ ‫ ‪` 4 2‬‬ ‫‪#‬אכא‪'c@ P‬א ‪F‬א<א‪ !<

(66) +‬א א‪ %‬א ‪%16 !1Y‬‬ ‫א]<א<!‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬א ‪ 3 s‬א ‪ ( J4‬א‪D t'M P7F3 > ,‬א‪ P‬א‪P 50‬‬ ‫א<א א‪ ! H‬כ‪ Q‬א ! א ! )‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫`‬ ‫כ' &א `‬ ‫‪9 :3‬א כא א א< ‪` V1‬א א<@< `א ‪W6‬א‪3 !0‬א א ‪#‬כ@! ‪ 3‬א ‪2‬‬ ‫א ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.) :15‬א א ‪6 s‬א @*‪ !4‬א כ ! א ‪ 10 J1 5‬א ‪ uI‬א‪` B‬א‬ ‫א<@<א ‪ .456‬א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪ 7 > F7‬א ‪.>5‬‬ ‫`‬. ‫

(67).

(68)

(69) ‬.

(70) ‫‪66‬‬. ‫

(71). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫ ‪6‬א ‪ 3‬א‪50‬א‪ 3 .4 F‬א ‪ 2‬א< `א א ‪ ! $‬א ‪J‬א<@‬ ‫א א א ‪5< E7$‬א‪ P' !1 r‬כ‪ d‬א ‬ ‫א ‪J‬א‪ , +h‬א‪C 3 ,‬א [‪ , !c 4 !J1‬כ‪ @) 2F A‬‬ ‫א ‪ > uI !JJ#‬א‪9 .10,‬א א ‪BF‬א ‪6‬א ‪%& [3 10 ! $‬‬ ‫? ‪3 .4 ><S6‬א ‪ ?6 +>F‬א‪ .6 b,‬כ ‪C3‬א‪ +‬א ‪> QK‬‬ ‫‪ #‬א ‪ $‬א ‪ 0 2‬א ‪ A4‬א כ@ ‪ +! 1‬א ? ‪10‬‬ ‫א ‪5‬א‪ E7‬א‪ F‬כא‪ h‬א א‪ Fk‬א‪0,‬א א @[ !‪.‬‬ ‫א<א‬ ‫כא ‪ 3‬א ‪ 10 ? % >J4‬א‪50‬א‪3 .4 F‬א א ‪I‬א‪ H‬א כ ‬ ‫`‬ ‫ @א<? א ‪ ;< !M'M P &* J ! $‬א‪.) P‬א א ‪:) X@KY‬‬ ‫‪ ! ;< x3‬א ‪a‬א‪ !0‬א א‪:H‬‬ ‫ ‪ -.) Q).‬א ; ! ‪ 3‬א כ ‪W >F ?a 3 Q E‬א‪0 !0‬א‪+H‬‬ ‫ @‪ > k‬א ‪ 77 5‬א ‪ @ 5[ .45‬כא ‪Y‬א ‪4‬א` ‪@J1‬א< א ‪@1‬א‪ .j‬‬ ‫א ‪&J4‬א‪ H‬א ‪ .‬א &@א ‪ 9‬כ ‪ Berthelmy‬א ‪ 3 3 R E.‬א ‪ _ 2‬‬ ‫‪ !W‬א ‪ SaY‬א ‪ E.‬כ> א ‪a @& uI‬א ‪6 Q‬א ‪a‬א‪ 3 > FK [ !0‬‬ ‫א ‪1 2‬כ ‪ 9 6 +-.4 3‬כ ‪5< 0 S‬א>‪Q). (7).‬‬ ‫)‪.‬א א א‪ 3 3 -‬א ‪ 2‬א‪6 Q 10,‬א[! ‪A 0 4‬‬ ‫א @*‪ 3 Z‬א ‪ !4g E‬א !‪ -.) R7$ +‬א ; ! ‪ 3‬א כ ‪>10 E‬‬ ‫א‪W QB‬א‪ 3 >F !0‬א ‪a‬א‪.& !0‬א א‪ 3 Q ,‬כ@ ‪0‬א‪6 H‬א‪10 H‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬כ <> ‪ 77 /‬א כ ‪ .4 E‬א‪& ,‬א כא<‪.>50 /0 e‬‬ ‫‪K<3 5‬א‪.) F‬א א ‪F D Q).‬א‪ P‬א ;א‪ /‬א כ ‪ E‬א ‪10 /@J E.‬‬ ‫‪3‬א‪ u‬א ‪a‬א‪ !0‬א כא‪ !1‬א ‪&6 5‬א א ‪IF @I‬א&‪I %‬‬ ‫‪Y 10‬א ‪&54‬א ‪@ D‬א א א‪ ! H‬א ‪.) Q[ uI‬א א ‪@J‬‬ ‫‪b‬א‪[ ?D‬א ! א]כ א‪ -‬כ א)‪&1‬א‪ +‬כ ‪J1‬א<@ א ‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬ ‫א א ‪&0 A4_ 3‬א‪.‬‬. ‫& ‪- +.

(72) .

(73) " +

(74) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(75) ‫

(76). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪67‬‬. ‫כא ‪.) 3‬א א ‪K<3 Q[ E7$ @J‬א‪6 =@J -F‬א א ‪J‬א<@‬ ‫א ‪ ,‬א ‪ ! $‬א א! ; ‪ A‬א! ‪0 10‬א ‪ :‬א ‪ 2‬א ‪Fg3 E.‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬ ‫א‪ c ,‬א

(77) ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪K<3 kV0‬א‪ -.) F‬א ; ! ‪Fw‬א‪_@56 %)H‬א‪& P‬א ! א ‪n‬א‪3 7‬‬ ‫א ‪4 +!0‬א‪)7‬א ‪3 3‬א א ‪I‬א‪&n A# H‬א‪6 (7‬א ‪#6 !0‬כ‪%‬‬ ‫‪ ! $‬א ‪I‬א‪ :J# 0 H‬א ‪K‬א ‪ j‬א א‪ %& b /‬א @א! א ‪3 %&1 5‬כ‪ d‬‬ ‫‪F‬כא ‪[ A1‬א‪B‬א > כ&‪g %‬א‪ F‬א‪,‬א א (‪-.) 3 c (10).‬‬ ‫‪7‬א `‬ ‫א ; ! ‪ A‬א @*‪ .4 ! w Z‬א‪ 4Y z‬א ‪ .‬כ ‪1 M3‬‬ ‫‪ -.) J5 Q)9 J‬א ; ! ‪&<3‬א ‪ 7‬א ‪4g I‬א &‪%‬‬ ‫א]<א<! &&‪6 %‬א‪ PN‬א א‪ H‬א ‪K‬א‪ . H‬כא ‪&<3‬א ‪ Q1‬א ‪I‬‬ ‫‪ ~F‬א ‪45‬כ ‪ _1‬א א‪ !0‬א‪@ !67,‬א‪ !&B‬א ‪&<3 10 ('0 . 2‬א &‪F‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬א ‪ . !0‬כא ‪&<3‬א ‪ :1Y‬א‪ 5n‬אכא ‪` B‬א א ! ‪ 6‬א ‪2‬‬ ‫א ‪. (11).uI‬‬ ‫‪ ! ;< xh‬א ‪:!0‬‬ ‫‪ -.) R7$‬א ; ! ‪ 3 uI 1 :# ><3‬א‪ !0 Q‬א‪,‬א ‬ ‫א ‪K‬א‪ 10 .>F > (F7‬א‪50‬א‪ 3 F‬א כ @א ‪73‬א‪0 P‬א‪.H‬‬ ‫ ‪ -.) T‬א ; ! ‪C3‬א ‪6‬א‪ ! ;< %‬א ‪a‬א‪ !0‬א ! ‪ 3‬א ‪a‬א‪ !0‬א א‪!1‬‬ ‫ ‪ +I 1‬א @א‪ %&10 QB‬א! א‪,‬א א ‪J15‬א(‪K<3 R +‬א‪-.) F‬‬ ‫א ; ! ‪ 3‬א כ @א ‪g Pw‬א‪# %) A6 H‬א‪H'J0 %) @6F‬‬ ‫‪@6 @@J V‬א‪B‬א &‪ :J#5 %‬א א ! א ‪-.) C5J6 ?1 ! #‬‬ ‫א ; ! ‪ 10 3‬א כ א‪W /0 QB‬א‪ !0‬א‪,‬א ‪ c‬א ‪3 c . !0‬‬ ‫)‪ -.‬א ; ! ‪ %1 %‬א ‪:O[ J‬‬ ‫‪.) x3‬א א א‪ -‬כא ‪ !1)@1‬א‪D ,‬א כאא ‪><3‬‬ ‫‪ Qg‬א ‪ 2 ><, +:a5‬א &‪ Q1a 3 A‬כ‪FJ 3 uI A‬‬ ‫ ‪ !0‬א‪ ,‬א ‪.J15‬‬. ‫

(78).

(79)

(80) ‬.

(81) ‫‪68‬‬. ‫

(82). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪ -.) xh‬א ; ! ( כ‪;< A‬א‪ /‬א ‪ z‬א ‪73 @) z‬א( [ ‪h‬‬ ‫‪

(83) F7‬א‪,‬א כ‪ > @ A‬כ א ‪a‬א‪ . !0‬א‪&'W6 .b,‬א ‪ E7$‬‬ ‫‪0‬א! א ‪ A‬א א‪ :‬א א! א א כ ! &א א ‪Q6 5‬‬ ‫‪&5W‬א א ‪Y‬א‪ !g‬כ ‪ 3 I 1 j 3‬כ@<@א »‪C‬א( ‪«!0‬‬ ‫‪ !0 @d#‬א‪,‬א א ‪K‬א‪IF 0 %& (F7‬א&‪0 @5 +%‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬א‪,‬א א ‪&50 /0 J5 5‬א‪ %) +‬א _א ‪F7 A3 Q‬א! ‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬ ‫)‪ -.‬א‪.F@,‬‬ ‫‪a0 x‬א‪ H‬א @*‪ :[ Z‬א! ‪ !0‬א‪ ,‬א ‪E7$ T@ J15‬‬ ‫ א &א! ‪a0‬א‪ H‬א ‪ J‬א‪ F‬א &א א ‪#‬כ! א ‪1‬א א @‪ k‬‬ ‫)‪(13‬‬ ‫א ‪< s5Y‬א א @*‪ Z‬א ‪6 /@J E.‬א ‪..45‬‬ ‫‪ x7‬א ; ! א @‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪#‬א ! ‪ 6 :@51‬א ; ‪ 5‬א א‪ -.) P &* 5J6‬א ; ! ‪5‬כ@‬ ‫‪a‬א ‪#‬א ‪ [ 10‬א ‪ A‬א<‪;5‬א> א‪ W‬א‪ A* -7‬א ‪>1‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫['`‬ ‫‪ 3‬א ‪ !0‬א[‪ 5‬א‪J1 /‬א<@< א‪.!;<,‬‬ ‫ ‪ -.) /@J‬א ; ! ‪3 10‬א‪ ?a 3 u‬א ‪ uI‬א ‪J15‬א‪3 -‬א ‬ ‫ ‪3 .>0‬א ‪9‬א ‪ -.) eB b‬א‪,‬א ‪ 0‬א ‪* (F@K6 !0‬א) ( ‪ 3‬כא‬ ‫‪B‬א ' א ‪ AK5‬א ‪ uI‬‬ ‫‪F D‬א‬ ‫‪).4‬א ‪6 :#1‬א ‪ !#1K‬א א!‬ ‫`‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪ 0 >5 $‬א ‪ 0 ?5 3 >10 9 +.45‬א ‪a‬א‪ g3 @ 5[ !0‬א ‪10 2‬‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬ ‫א ‪..45‬‬ ‫&‪ -.‬א ; ! ‪ 6 q 4‬א‪,‬א א ‪ !0‬א‪,‬א ‪ c‬א ‪9 !0‬א‬ ‫כא א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪

(84) c F7‬א‪ /0 jD‬א ‪ !0‬כ‪! B -.4 A‬‬ ‫‪B‬א!‪ Q >< +‬א ‪a06 %15‬א‪ H‬א ‪ uI‬א ‪W =F :[ .4‬א‪-.) Ad !0‬‬ ‫א‪,‬א ‪3 +‬א ‪9‬א כא ‪ /0‬א ‪c !0‬א‪C‬א ‪ c‬א‪6 >< jD‬א‪ 5‬א^ [‬ ‫<! א ‪$ /0 _ uI‬א‪. > .b‬‬. ‫& ‪- +.

(85) .

(86) " +

(87) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(88) ‫

(89). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪69‬‬. ‫‪ $‬א ‪ >J4‬א ‪B < 4‬א‪.) @F‬א א א‪ :» -‬א ‪ +3‬א כ ‪E‬‬ ‫‪ >10‬א‪ QB‬א ‪a‬א‪I !0‬א> @‪Y B‬א ‪ -.) Z‬א ‪J‬א‪ ? (0‬‬ ‫א ‪#‬א ‪3‬א כא<‪ e‬א ‪;1 (F C‬א‪9 +/‬א כא א‪ ,‬א‪ /0 jD‬א ‪+!0‬‬ ‫‪9‬א כא ‪B‬א! ‪ Q +!B !#B 3‬א ‪= 3 uI 1 S6 %15‬‬ ‫‪W‬א‪ +>50‬כ@ ‪<.‬א ‪9‬א )@ <‪ .4‬א‪.(15) « ,‬‬ ‫ @‪ Z‬א ‪ >J4‬א א א‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪&J R‬א‪ H‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א ‪ ><3‬כ א‪50‬א‪ 3 F‬א ‪ 2‬א‪10,‬‬ ‫א` ]‪6‬א[! ‪ A‬א ‪ ' +uI‬כ ‪;< :a‬א‪ /‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א א‪1b‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬א ‪ K‬א ‪a< T'5b .‬א‪ :a q‬א ‪J‬א<@< @‪J1 k‬א<@ א ‬ ‫‪0‬א<א ‪ 10‬א ‪K‬א ‪j‬‬ ‫‪ A 3‬א ‪ uI‬א ‪ >F 3 5‬א‪10,‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪&# 5‬א‪ 7 ! B - 5 +‬א ; א ‪ -F J‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א א‪1b‬‬ ‫‪.&6‬א א ‪.S‬‬ ‫ ‪K<3 R‬א‪.) F‬א א א‪ 3 -‬א ‪ 3 S6 @J‬א ‪6 Q 2‬א[! א ‪J‬א<@‬ ‫א א א ‪5< E7$‬א‪) Ad5 ! @J c r‬א‪ 7@B F‬א ‪J‬א<@‬ ‫א א א ‪Y6 j‬א ‪ &54‬א‪ +‬כ‪ .‬כ א‪50‬א‪ %)3 10 H‬א ‪q@J#‬‬ ‫)‪(16‬‬ ‫‪6‬א‪ 3 10 H‬א ‪.2‬‬ ‫א ‪K‬א ‪ j‬א ‪&# 5‬א‪ 7 +‬כ@ א ‪ A4‬א‪ F‬כ‪` Q‬‬. ‫כא <‪ 10 5‬א ‪#‬כ! א ! א א! ‪.) 0 Y 3‬א א א‪+-‬‬ ‫א ‪ 3‬א א ‪ 5‬א‪ P‬א @*‪ !4‬א @‪ >5 !W‬כ‪ .‬כ ‪=6‬‬ ‫א ‪ 5‬א‪ P‬א כ !‪.‬‬. ‫‪3 J‬כ א

(90) א ‪ < 4‬א א‪ (28 ) (7‬א ‪J‬א<@ ‪/1983 ! 634 %F‬‬ ‫א ‪Y‬א‪6 X‬א @*‪ !4‬א א! ‪ /V51 3 10‬א @*‪6 Z‬א‪d5‬א ? א ‪15‬א‪P‬‬ ‫א ‪K‬א‪9 +!F > (F7‬א כא<‪ -.) e‬א ‪15‬א‪ P‬א‪,‬א ‪!0 c‬‬ ‫)‪(17‬‬ ‫א‪[7‬א ‪6‬א ‪ !#1K‬א א!‪.‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫ ‪&<Sn‬א ‪F D :#1 3‬א`‬ ‫‪3‬א ‪ g 10‬א ‪@J‬א< א כ ! ‪n3 J‬א‪ F‬א ‪J‬א<@ א כ ‪ E‬א ‪1‬כ‬ ‫א ‪K‬א‪ :[ /1993/6/16 F7‬א ‪ =F I‬א‪,‬א ‪ c‬א ‪.!0‬‬ ‫

(91).

(92)

(93) ‬.

(94) ‫‪70‬‬. ‫

(95). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪B J‬א‪ H‬א א‪ (7‬א ‪Y‬א! > ) ‪ x1‬כ ‪ !4‬א ‪(F C‬‬ ‫‪0‬כ ! ‪ 3‬א! ‪ 5[ F 3 !W 3‬כ ‪ A 10‬א‪K5‬א‪X‬‬ ‫א ‪Y‬א ‪4‬א‪ P‬א ‪&10 X@K‬א א @א‪...7‬‬ ‫‪6‬א‪[ 3 10 H‬כ@‪3 >5‬‬ ‫‪ ! $ 1Y x2‬א ‪ %&5‬כ@<> ‪` T K‬‬ ‫ ‪IF [3‬א>‪9 +‬א ‪ H@D‬א ; ‪ T‬א ‪ 3 !a#‬א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪ F7‬‬ ‫‪ E7$‬א‪ F‬כא‪Y h‬א ‪4 ' !B !4‬אא‪ P‬א !(‪.‬‬ ‫כא <‪ !# eK‬א<‪C‬א א א‪@J1 /‬א‪ P‬א ‪ !#1‬א ‪ !< 4‬א‪10 /1966 /‬‬ ‫‪ :[ ) 3‬א‪ QB‬א ‪ =6 =F uI‬א‪,‬א (‪ eB3 +‬א ‪#5‬א‪P‬‬ ‫א '[‪.& !J‬א א ‪ QB@6 s‬א @ א ‪K‬א‪0 F7‬א‪10 /1982 /1978 /‬‬ ‫א ‪Y 3 .4 /0 I‬א ‪@J Z‬א‪ 0‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א ‪ 10 :a‬א ‪V‬א‪0‬א‪P‬‬ ‫)‪(18‬‬ ‫א ‪ !#1‬א ‪4‬אא‪ P‬א ! א ‪K‬א‪ 3 !7‬א @א‪&10 !J‬א‪.‬‬ ‫‪M‬א<א‪9 x:‬א כא א א< ‪ S6 %1‬א‪.

(96) c ,‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪#‬א ! א ‪d‬א<! א ‪ 5‬כ ‪& 'b‬א א ? ‪ ! $ /6‬א ‪0 uI‬‬ ‫‪ c >F 3 .4‬א

(97) ) ‪ .4‬א ‪ uI‬א‪ c ,‬א

(98) )@ ‬ ‫‪.>50 /6 %1‬‬ ‫‪ -.) 4‬א ‪#‬א ! &= א ‪ ! $‬א א! ‪ 10‬א ‪< uI‬א‪/‬‬ ‫א ‪ KJ‬א א א ‪ %16 Ad5‬א ‪4‬א‪6 A0‬א ‪ c !4K‬א ‪ >1 !0‬א כ@‬ ‫ ‪ ! 1‬א ! א א ‪, -.4 r‬א ‪IF‬א>‪3 +‬א ‪9‬א כא א ‪uI‬‬ ‫‪0‬א `א ‪ !0 /6‬א‪ 9 ? ,‬כ ‪-.) S >< -.4 10 /3‬‬ ‫א ‪#‬א ! <‪ K‬א‪F T‬א‪ > 7‬א‪ F‬כא‪ .6 >10 ? ! B A h‬כ‪.‬‬ ‫ )‪.‬א א א ‪B Q).‬א<‪ Q‬א ‪ >J4‬א ‪ 3 @J‬א‪J50‬א‪!0 6 7‬‬ ‫א ‪ 3 Fg 0 A4‬א ‪ , +W 3 @) -.456 2‬א ‪uI‬‬ ‫‪ >F ^ 54‬א ‪F‬א! א ‪J‬א<@<! א ‪6 ( Y‬א ‪[3 C5J‬כא>‪b +‬א‪3 !g‬‬ ‫כ א @א‪ 0‬א ‪J‬א<@ א ‪k‬א ‪ 9 10 .! 0 (F@g e‬כ‬ ‫‪B‬א<א‬ ‫`‬ ‫`‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(99) .

(100) " +

(101) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(102) ‫

(103). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪71‬‬. ‫כ ‪ Zg@ 3‬א ‪6 >4< A4‬א ‪ ;< !0‬א = [ ‪- 5‬‬ ‫)‪(19‬‬ ‫‪&J‬א‪.

(104) c bw H‬‬ ‫‪.) 10‬א א‪,‬א‪ u‬כ@ א ‪ F. 3 Ja‬א ‪0 uI‬א ‪3 J5‬‬ ‫‪ > AJ 3

(105) >1‬א ? ‪6‬א<‪45‬א‪ H‬א ‪ KJ‬א א >‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ %1 3 AK#‬א ‪ +'g3

(106) c >1 3 uI‬כ> ‪3 J5‬‬ ‫)אכ ‪6 Q‬א[! ‪ >54g >1 7‬א ! ‪a< >1b‬א‪ q‬א]‪6‬א[!‪+‬‬ ‫&‪ -K 45 A‬א א )‪ -.‬א ‪#‬א ! ‪ s< >1‬א ‪ ( J4‬א‪ ,‬‬ ‫א א‪;< (33) (7‬א‪ /‬א ‪#‬כ! א ! א א! ‬ ‫‪&J F7‬א‪ H‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א ‪ 10‬א‪C5J (0‬א)א ‪ S6‬א _‪ 1‬א]‪6‬א[! ‬ ‫ ‪ 3‬א‪ E‬א]‪6‬א[! ‪9‬א &א ‪3 ,‬א‪ h‬א]‪6‬א[! ‪9‬א‪5 !0@D@ !W P‬‬ ‫‪ `' :J#5 3‬כ‪& A5‬א ‪&W n‬א [‪Mw r5 5‬א‪)F‬א‪.‬‬ ‫? ‪ 9‬כ א _‪ 1‬א]‪6‬א[! ‪ 4‬א ‪ KJ‬א א‪ 4 ><, +‬א ‪%1‬‬ ‫‪6‬א‪ g‬א ! א ‪ >10 /@J E.‬א ‪ KJ‬א א א כ ‪:J#5 3‬‬ ‫א ‪ c ! $‬א ! ‪ 0‬א ‪ s< .A4‬א

(107) א א ‪ =6‬א ‬ ‫&א א א‪ 4< 10 q‬א ‪ 0 ! $‬א ‪ =6 A4‬א ‪#‬א‪9 P‬א כא‬ ‫א‪J50‬א‪ 7‬א ‪4‬א‪ :J#56 A0‬א @א? א ‪&10 /@J 5‬א ‪ Q‬א]‪6‬א[! `א ‪3 10‬א‪h‬‬ ‫‪ -.) .! @J‬א ‪#‬א‪9 +P‬א א‪ J50‬א @*‪ 3 Z‬א כ‪0 !Y6 Z1‬א! )@‬ ‫א ‪10‬‬ ‫‪ 3 .4‬א ‪g‬א‪F7‬א > ‪W 3 >F‬א‪ >50‬א‪ >10 !B‬כא א‪J50‬א‪-7‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪3‬א‪ ! @J h‬א<> ‪ %‬כ> ‪ 6‬א ‪Y‬א‪ 9‬א ‪ !a#‬א א!‪6@J0 40/) .‬א‪+(P‬‬ ‫כא ‪B3‬א‪ k‬א

(108) ‪J‬א! ‪ 3‬א‪ 7‬א ‪ !a1‬א א! א ‪>1 0 S 3 ZD3 9‬‬ ‫@‪ B 3 P‬א~ ‪6‬א _! כא &‪.‬א א ‪3 T@Y5‬א‪6@J0 46 /) ! @J h‬א‪.(P‬‬ ‫‪3‬א <‪a‬א‪ q‬א ‪J‬א<@ א א א ‪ eJW J‬א ‪#‬כ! א ‪1‬א א‪ ,‬א<!‬ ‫)‪ -.‬א ‪4‬כ (‪ P3 +‬א ‪@c‬א‪ 3 !g‬א<! א &‪ c6 %‬א‪ 4 5 !4 q‬‬ ‫<‪.< 7 !V1‬א‪ .F‬כא ‪ 3 J1 ><S6 ?7‬א ‪ .6‬כ א‪ (7‬א‪@a,‬‬ ‫ ‪ PF +-.4 c A4 %‬א ‪#‬כ! ‪ 3‬א ‪9 uI‬א <‪ 3 .4‬א ‪2‬‬ ‫

(109).

(110)

(111) ‬.

(112) ‫‪72‬‬. ‫

(113). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫<> ‪ 4‬א ‪J‬א‪9 h‬א ‪F73‬כ א ‪ c !4K‬א ‪e3 %M +>14 !0‬‬ ‫[כ&א ‪6‬א א‪ 10 (H‬א‪J50‬א‪ 7‬א ‪ +%&5‬כא ‪J50‬א‪) ;< -7‬א א‪,‬א‪ h‬א ‪5‬‬ ‫ ‪)F‬א )@ ‪ @) >1 3‬א‪6 !1‬א ‪ ;<

(114) A @& %M +Ad‬א ‪J‬א<@‬ ‫)‪(20‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ 3‬א א‪ (32) (7‬א ; א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! א ! א א!‬ ‫א<א @א<?‬ ‫‪B3‬א‪ ! 7[ Pk‬א‪50‬א‪6 H‬א _‪ 1‬א ‪J‬א<@ ‪6‬א‪50‬א‪-F‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪5‬א

(115) א ‪! $‬‬ ‫א ‪ x1 ) 7F J +! $‬כ‪ A‬א _‪ 1‬א @א?‬ ‫`‬ ‫א א! ‪9‬א <‪ >0 %‬א<‪45‬א‪ H‬א כ א @‪ E‬א ‪ F h@1a‬כא‪ h‬א !‪.‬‬ ‫‪ x2‬כ‪ A‬א _‪ 1‬א ‪J‬א<@ [‪ O‬א ‪9‬א כא <@

(116) ‪@<3‬א

(117) ‬ ‫א ‪5‬א

(118) א ‪! $‬‬ ‫א ‪@1‬כ כ‪ Ab ! B A‬א‪K5b‬א‪ X‬א ‪#‬כ! `‬ ‫א א! ‪9‬א <‪.) 0 %‬א א _‪ 1‬א<‪45‬א‪ H‬א כ א @‪ E‬א ‪ F h@1a‬כא‪h‬‬ ‫‪1‬כ א !‪ 3 +‬כא א @‪ 10 ?D‬א ‪ @#‬א ‪ >10 X@K‬א א‪.(33) (7‬‬ ‫‪ 9 10‬כ ‪ %10 /0‬א ‪ !0 /6 uI‬א‪ ,‬א א‬ ‫א‪7‬א `א ‪3 10‬א‪ S6 ! @J h‬א‪+

(119) ,‬‬ ‫א ‪K‬א‪ 3 > F7‬א‪J50‬א‪ -7‬א‪` J50‬‬ ‫‪ >0 4‬א ‪3 ! $‬א‪ /‬א ‪#‬כ! א ! א א!‪ .‬כ א ‪.) ed5‬א‬ ‫א‪J50‬א‪ 7‬א ; ‪ T‬א ‪[3 5‬א‪6 eW‬א ‪M3 uI‬א‪&J1 H‬א א‪+> -.4 ,‬‬ ‫‪ 10 Q‬א ‪M HQ0 A#5 3 uI‬א‪ P‬א ‪.>0‬‬ ‫‪M‬א ‪d‬א‪9 x:‬א ‪ %‬כ ‪ !0 /0‬א‪* ,‬א) (‪.‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א ‪#‬א ! א ‪d‬א ‪ !d‬א ‪ 5‬כ ‪ ! $ 4 3‬א ‪ .4 0 uI‬א‪ ,‬‬ ‫א א ‪ c‬א

(120) ‪3‬א‪ /‬א ‪#‬כ! א ! א א! ) א ‪9‬א ‪ %‬כ ‪/0‬‬ ‫ ‪ !0‬א‪* ,‬א) (‪9 .‬א כא א א< ‪F‬כ ‪ 3‬א ‪

(121) c A4‬א‬ ‫‪ !W Q6‬א ‪0 A4‬א כ@ א &@ ! א ‪9‬א כא<‪ !0 e‬‬ ‫‪ Q6 3 +>0‬א ‪#‬א ! א ‪ uI 1 !).‬א ‪!;[' >4 5‬‬ ‫א ‪ c !4K‬א ‪ L !0‬א א א ‪K‬א‪0 45 >5 $ +> F7‬‬ ‫‪. L -.4‬‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(122) .

(123) " +

(124) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(125) ‫

(126). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪73‬‬. ‫@‪` J‬א ‪@J1‬א‪ 0‬א א! ‪ :J#5‬א ! א ! _ ‪ !< >5 3‬א ‪4‬א‪A0‬‬ ‫ ‪ :J#‬א ! א ‪&JJ# 5‬א ‪ : W 0‬א‪ F‬כא‪ >6‬א‪,‬א א ‪!7$‬‬ ‫‪g‬א‪F7‬א ‪F 0‬א‪ PK (7‬א]‪ D‬א‪6 F‬א ‪K‬א ‪ j‬א ‪5‬‬ ‫ &א‪ 3 +‬כ@ )‪.‬א א ‪A4‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪&#‬א א ‪J‬א<@ א א א‪ @) +‬א ‪ -.) AK# %‬א ‪#‬א ! ‪10‬‬ ‫ ^ ‪ 3‬א ‪ % uI‬כ ‪ !0 /6 %1‬א‪~@D /0 Q6 ,‬‬ ‫‪ !0 /0 , >50 /0‬א‪,‬א ‪ %‬כ *א) (‪.‬‬ ‫)א ‪ 6‬א ‪ 3 @J‬א א‪ A Q‬א ‪ 1 ( J4‬א א‪33 (7‬‬ ‫‪ T.#6‬א ‪& ()

(127) 4‬א‪ %1 +‬א א‪ %‬א ! ‪[3‬כא‪ /‬א ‪J‬א<@ א ‬ ‫א]<א< &@ ! ‪b .[3‬א‪ 3 !g‬א ‪#‬כ! א ! א א! ‪eJD‬‬ ‫ א‪K5b‬א‪&g‬א ‪0‬א ‪ F J %‬א ‪ 0 ! $‬א ! א ! א א ! ‪0‬‬ ‫‪ F@g =6‬א ‪ PV J SaY‬א א‪;< (30) (7‬א&א א‪,‬א ‪ 6‬א ‪SaY‬‬ ‫א @א‪ 0‬א ‪ c SaY‬א @א‪ P 3 0‬א ‪ 0 ! $‬א א‪ %‬א ‪ 5‬כ‪10 Q‬‬ ‫‪6‬א‪H‬‬ ‫א ‪ SaY‬א @א‪ [ 0‬א‪ P5‬א‪ ! H‬א ‪4‬א‪9 A0‬א א‪ F‬כ‪ -.) e‬א א‪` %‬‬ ‫א ‪@ !10 10‬א א ‪ aY‬א ‪ S aY‬א @א‪0‬‬ ‫‪ 10‬א ‪ c SaY‬א @א‪` S 0‬‬ ‫)‪(21‬‬ ‫א<א> ‪ >5 fD 3‬א ‪ c SaY‬א @א‪.0‬‬ ‫‪ 7F J‬א ‪ x1 ) s‬א ‪ 9 c 10 s %‬כ ‪ S‬א ‪sY‬‬ ‫‪B‬אא ‪ 0‬א‪ F‬כא‪ Ab ! B h‬א‪K5b‬א‪ X‬א ‪#‬כ! כ@ ‪!D 0‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫ ‪J1‬א‪ -.) 10 h‬א ! ‪9‬א ‪ eJJ#‬א‪F,‬כא א א‪@ ? !7‬א א ‪KJ‬‬ ‫א ‪.%1‬‬ ‫‪ c, x2‬א^ )‪ -.‬א א‪@5 (7‬א א ‪ R KJ‬א ‪0 sY‬א‪:‬‬ ‫‪.) KJ x3‬א א ‪ +sY‬א ‪@16 :15‬כ>‪ +‬א‪ F‬כא‪.) h‬א א ‪@1‬כ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.) KJ xh‬א א ‪ +sY‬א ‪6 :15‬א ‪ +!5‬א ‪1 Q5‬כ א ‪3 !5‬‬ ‫‪F‬כ ‪&<3‬א ‪W t#5‬א‪ F‬א א‪ F‬א א‪[L E7‬א‪.t‬‬. ‫

(128).

(129)

(130) ‬.

(131) ‫‪74‬‬. ‫

(132). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪F‬כא ‪><3‬‬ ‫‪ c, x3‬א^ )‪ -.‬א א‪» !;4 (7‬א ‪ 3 «%1‬כ@ א ‪sY‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫@‪5< t#5 3 T * B‬א‪ r‬א א‪ F‬א א‪[L E7‬א‪5;4 4 +t‬א‬ ‫א ‪ .‬כ(‪.‬‬ ‫»‪` «%10 0» 3 «%1‬‬ ‫ א ‪ HV‬א ‪5‬א א ‪F‬א! <‪5‬א א א‪ %‬א ! ‪!0 /0‬‬ ‫א‪,‬א א ‪K‬א‪6 (F7‬א‪ F‬כא‪&6‬א @‪ Z‬א ‪#‬כ! א ! א א! ‪ 9‬כ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪2 ; <$‬‬ ‫ ‪?@5,@ .A 6. B34‬‬. ‫‪ e#D3 3 6‬א ‪ (1) ( J4‬א א‪ 3 (33) (7‬א ‪`$ sY‬‬ ‫‪9‬א <‪ L -.4 r5‬א א ‪ ! 7 ! B‬כא<‪ !0 /0 e‬א‪ ,‬‬ ‫‪* c‬א) (‪0 .‬א‪ 7‬א‪ 50‬א ‪ (2) ( J4‬א א‪9 (7‬א &א ‪ !0 /0 3‬א‪ ,‬‬ ‫א ‪K‬א‪ F7‬א ‪ 2‬א‪ 10,‬כ@ *א) ( ‪9‬א א ‪6 :1‬א‪ F‬כא‪ ! B h‬א]‪6‬א‪(7‬‬ ‫א א‪ 3 !0‬א א‪ D %‬א]<א<! ‪ c, x2) 7F J‬א^ )‪ -.‬א א‪ (7‬כ@‬ ‫‪ /0‬א ‪* !0‬א) ( [א ! ‪3‬א א‪ F‬כא‪ ! B h‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪3 !0‬‬ ‫א א‪ D %‬א]<א<!(‪.‬‬ ‫ < ‪c@ R‬א ] א‪) 7‬א א ‪6 5‬א‪b !1‬א‪ 7 !g‬א א‪%‬‬ ‫א ! א‪ R b,‬א‪50‬א‪ !0 /0 F‬א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪6 F7‬א‪ F‬כא‪&6‬א *א) (‪ .‬‬ ‫[ כ א‪50‬א‪ .4 F‬א‪,‬א א ‪ !C5‬א‪ F‬כא‪ B h‬א‪ %‬א ‪ h #‬א א‬ ‫כ‪ .‬כ‪.‬‬ ‫ )‪ -.‬א‪,‬כא‪n F‬כ ‪&<3‬א ‪ a‬א ‪ F 5‬כא‪ h‬א א‪'b %‬‬ ‫א ‪@J‬א‪ P‬א ‪9 1 !#1‬א‪ P‬א ‪ !0V‬א א<! כא @א‪ P‬א ‪ (#5‬א‪A‬‬ ‫א ‪ P' j5‬כ )א א ‪ ! B) 5‬א ‪ h #‬א א( ‬ ‫א ‪5‬א‪ S6 0F.5 +!6‬א‪,‬א א ‪K‬א‪ % %& (F7‬כ *א) ( ‪ /0‬א ‪.!0‬‬ ‫< ‪6 q a5< 3 R‬א‪K5b‬א‪ -.) F‬א א‪ %‬א ‪&<@C‬א ‪10 T 51‬‬ ‫א‪,‬א‪ h‬א ‪ e07 5‬א

(133) א א‪) 7‬א א ‪6 5‬א ‪10 5‬‬ ‫‪ ! $‬כ&א ‪) c 7‬א‪.‬‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(134) .

(135) " +

(136) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(137) ‫

(138). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪75‬‬. ‫‪ x:3‬א א‪ %‬א @ ! ‪ !0 /6‬א‪,‬א א ;א) ( ‪6‬א‪ F‬כא‪&6‬א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ s< 5‬א ‪ 2 ( J4‬א א‪ 5 B 3 (33) (7‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪!0‬‬ ‫א א‪ D %‬א]<א<! כ א‪5‬א‪ 3 7‬א‪ ,‬א ‪K‬א‪6 F7‬א‪ F‬כא‪&6‬א ‪ c‬‬ ‫*א) ( ‪ /0‬א ‪.!0‬‬ ‫‪ ! B x1‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪:!0‬‬ ‫כ ‪6 ! B Zg‬א‪ (7‬א ‪ 2‬א ‪ 3 E‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪&<S6 !0‬א ‪%)3‬‬ ‫א א‪ %‬א ‪ 5‬כ‪ D Q‬א]<א<!‪ -.) +‬א ! ‪ ( e‬א ‪ K‬‬ ‫א ‪ eD J +O#‬א @‪n3 Z15Y h‬כא א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪ !0‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬כ א ^ > ‪3‬א ‪ 10 K‬א] א‪17 ) F@W‬א<@<‪> @ 6 ( 2‬‬ ‫[כ‪ %‬א] א‪ !F@W‬א א<! ! ‪ 5[ 284‬א‪ P 50‬א כ! א ‪ K !aJ‬‬ ‫)‪.‬א א ‪5‬א‪6 lF‬א! א ‪ %@J5‬א ‪17 K0 10 :1W3 aJ‬א<@‪ K6 u‬‬ ‫)‪(22‬‬ ‫א &א‪.H‬‬ ‫כא ^ א ‪3 @1‬א<א ! ‪ /1492‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪+!0‬‬ ‫א]‪6‬א‪B QK (7‬א‪&6 !0‬א א ‪ Q6‬א<‪5‬א&א א ‪ 3‬א ‪ 3‬א ‪@J‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬א‪ ? ! R b3 6‬א‪ bN‬א‪BF7 K3 !F‬א‪ P‬א @[ !‬ ‫א &! @א‪.%&5&B‬‬ ‫ ‪n3‬א‪ F‬א ‪ >J4‬א @ @< ‪ -.) (F@ab Lemkin‬א‪0,‬א ‪07‬א ‪0‬א‪/‬‬ ‫‪& /1933‬א ‪&5 > ?B‬א ‪6‬א‪ -.) ?B Genocide %‬א ‪!5‬‬ ‫ ‪&1g3‬א א @<א< ‪ Genos‬א ‪ Cide 2‬א ‪.A5J‬‬ ‫ ‪ -.) T 0‬א ! ‪ S6 ) :> @J6‬כ‪ 5 A‬כ ‪CJ1 f5 3‬א‪10 H‬‬ ‫‪B‬א‪6 :15 Q6 !W !0‬א ‪ 3 2‬א ‪ 3 !_1‬א ‪4b 10 A 3‬א&א‬ ‫‪[ 10 R5 3‬א( ‪1 3 ! [ 3‬כ! ‪C03‬א‪1 H‬כ א א‪ !0‬כא‬ ‫)‪(23‬‬ ‫ ! ‪6‬א‪ (7‬א ‪.2‬‬ ‫‪ Q6‬א א‪ Fk‬א ‪& eD 5‬א א]<א<! <‪ -.) !5‬א ! א ‪5‬‬ ‫‪3 A5J e‬כ‪.) sYn @1 170 d‬א א ‪ 70 q@4 %‬א ‪#C‬אא‬ ‫

(139).

(140)

(141) ‬.

(142) ‫‪76‬‬. ‫

(143). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬ ‫)‪(24‬‬. ‫א ‪@aJ .‬א א ‪ h #‬א ‪7 5‬א‪[F PF‬א)א א ‪ J‬א ‪.>5‬‬ ‫כא ‪& [ ?D 6‬א )א כא א)‪5‬א‪ !; /‬א‪ %,‬א ‪(#5‬‬ ‫‪6 ! B ?

(144) @D@6‬א‪ (7‬א ‪ 2‬א ‪ E‬א ‪J‬א‪&10 h‬א‪/1946/10/11 +‬‬ ‫‪ PFg3‬א ! א א! ‪ %L‬א ‪ (#5‬א‪)F‬א ‪ 49 %F‬א ‪B E.‬א‪6 3 > H‬א‪(7‬‬ ‫א ‪ 2‬א ‪< ) E‬כא‪ :[ F‬א @‪ 7@B‬א‪0‬א‪S6 ! 6 P‬כ‪&1‬א כא ‪ A5J‬א ‪E.‬‬ ‫‪< Ad‬כא‪F‬א ‪ :#‬א ‪ sY‬א ‪#‬א(‪.) +‬א א]<כא‪ :# F‬א @‪5 7@B‬א ?‬ ‫א ‪ C‬א א‪ QK /‬א]<א ‪ DS6‬א‪@ !B F‬א‪< H‬א[! א ‪Jd‬א! ‪3‬‬ ‫א‪ F@,‬א‪ R b,‬א ‪ 5‬א)‪&6 %‬א )‪ -.‬א א‪0‬א‪ P‬א ! א‪ ,‬א ‪:45 E.‬‬ ‫א ‪J‬א<@ א‪ ~F 'b,‬א‪ %,‬א ‪J (#5‬א‪)g‬א‪.‬‬. ‫א‪5‬א‪ J !6‬א‪ F‬א ! א ‪.‬כ@‪0 % (F‬א‪

(145) 7‬א ‪4‬א! ‪S 6 ! 7‬‬ ‫א ! א ‪.‬כ@‪ ~ W +(F‬א

(146) ‪C03 10‬א‪ H‬א‪ %,‬א ‪e (#5‬‬ ‫א‪ H‬‬ ‫א @א‪6 >10 !J‬א]‪B‬א

(147) ‪< e#g3 /1948/10/9‬א‪ (.‬א ‪ @4‬א‪` 56‬‬ ‫‪./1951/1/12‬‬ ‫‪J‬א ‪J1‬א<@‬ ‫‪B‬א‪ H‬א א‪6 ! B :!B‬א‪ (7‬א ‪! 7 ! B ) 2‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫א א א‪5 /‬א ? ‪ ~F‬א‪ %,‬א ‪)3 (#5‬א&א &א א א ‪%‬‬ ‫א ‪. C#5‬‬ ‫כא ‪ 7F‬א א‪ (7‬א‪& ,‬א‪ :‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪ B ) !0‬א‪ ;< %‬‬ ‫א ‪J‬א<@ א @א‪ H‬א‪ F‬כ‪ -.) e‬א‪,‬א ‪ k‬א ‪ e /3 %1‬א ‪h #‬‬ ‫ ‪1 &5‬כ א ‪6‬א ‪Y‬א‪ 9‬א ‪5‬א‪ 6‬א '‪ ? !k‬א‪ F‬כא‪&6‬א א ‪J‬א‪&10 h‬א‪ .‬‬ ‫[ ‪ 7F‬א א‪ (7‬א ‪d‬א<! א ‪4‬א! א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪3 !0‬א ‬ ‫א‪,‬א א כ! א ‪ KJ 5‬א ‪ 5‬א כ‪ 3 1‬א ‪ V‬א‪>M 3 !@ !0‬‬ ‫‪.!7 3 ! 0 3‬‬ ‫כא ‪J03 ><3‬א‪ h‬א ‪ h #‬א א ! א ‪d‬א<! ‪0‬א ‪ F‬א ‪41#‬א‪ < H‬א‪H‬‬ ‫‪#‬כ! <@‪# i F‬אכ! א‪ (7‬א ;א‪ /‬א א‪ 0 Ek‬א א‪ %‬א ‪ 5‬א‪ F‬כ@)א ‬ ‫‪ k‬א ‪ P7[ +h #‬א א‪ 6 (7‬א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א &‪ -.‬א ‪#‬כ! א א‪%‬‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(148) .

(149) " +

(150) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(151) ‫

(152). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪77‬‬. ‫א ‪ Ab 5‬א‪K5b‬א‪&g‬א [‪ 10 eK< O‬א<‪J‬א‪ 7‬א‪K5b‬א‪ X‬א ‪#‬כ !‬ ‫‪6‬א ; א א‪ D %‬א]<א<! ‪ B‬א‪ %‬א ‪ h #‬א א‪ D %‬א]<א<!‪.‬‬ ‫‪M3‬א‪1 H‬כ א ‪#‬אכא‪ P‬א‪ ( 1 /Y5‬א‪» ! B j1aK ,‬א]‪6‬א‪(7‬‬ ‫א א‪ «!0‬כא &א‪ >B@ /‬א ‪J‬א‪ (7‬א א‪ 10 k‬א ‪.‬א‪ j6‬א ‪&<3 %0k 5‬א‬ ‫א‪ F‬כ‪ :#6 e‬א _ א &@‪M3 7‬א‪ H‬א ‪#‬כ‪ %‬א א‪ -.) 3 +Ek‬א ‪#‬כ! ‬ ‫)‪(25‬‬ ‫‪0‬א ‪ ! B e‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪ D !0‬א א‪ D %‬א]<א<!‪.‬‬ ‫ @ ‪ :a‬א ‪4‬א! ? ‪6 ! B‬א‪ (7‬א ‪ 2‬א ‪ E‬א ‪J‬א‪10 h‬‬ ‫א‪ F‬כא‪&6‬א ‪ 6‬א א‪ Fk‬א ‪& ^ 5‬א א ‪ 10 @1‬א ‪ h K‬‬ ‫@‪'c‬א א א‪ !J6‬א‪ P‬א ‪ J‬א א‪ B +D‬א‪ %‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪!0‬‬ ‫א ‪F e 5‬א<א ‪ 6‬א‪ A‬א &@ @ א ‪.(26) @5‬‬ ‫כ א ‪ ! B 3 @J‬א]‪6‬א‪)FK (7‬א א ‪ T‬א ‪ @) +‬א‪ ,‬א ‪E.‬‬ ‫‪[3 A‬כא‪ -.) /‬א ‪4‬א! ‪ ? !V1‬א [‪ c 5‬א ‪&10 !K‬א )‪.(27‬‬ ‫כא ‪ ! B

(153) @ F@K5‬א]‪6‬א‪M3 (7‬א‪ H‬א ‪ %1‬כא ‪ k‬א ‪E3 +h #‬‬ ‫‪ ><3‬א ‪50‬א‪ F‬א ‪V‬א

(154) א ‪F j1‬כא @@

(155) )‪ -.‬א !‪.&6 +‬א ‪a5‬א‪:6‬‬ ‫? א א‪ D %‬א]<א<!‪ +‬כ ‪ -.) !),‬א ! ‪& P7 3‬א א ‪4‬א!‬ ‫‪b‬א‪&6 !g‬א ‪# 7‬א&א ‪6‬א‪,‬א א ‪ 5‬כ‪ D ! B A‬א]<א<!‪.‬‬ ‫)‪.‬א‪ P 3 +‬א ‪#‬כ! א א! א ! א א‪ (7‬א א‪Z !7‬‬ ‫‪J‬א ‪4‬א! ‪0‬א‪ 1948 /‬א ‪Y‬א‪ ! B ?6 !g‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪!0‬‬ ‫א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪!0‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫כא ‪9‬כ ‪9 P‬א‪ P‬א‪,‬א א ‪&10 eK< 5‬א א א‪ (7‬א ‪d‬א<! א ‪4‬א! ‪6‬א‪50‬א‪)F‬א‬ ‫‪ Ad‬א כ א א‪ -.& E7‬א !‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ 9‬כ ‪B‬א‪ H‬א א‪ (7‬א א‪ !7‬א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! א !‬ ‫א א! ) _ ^ )‪.‬א א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א »א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪ A E3 «!0‬‬ ‫א‪,‬א א ‪5‬א ! כ‪') KJ6 Q‬כ ‪B‬א‪+!7 3 ! 0 3 !M 3 !@ !0‬‬ ‫כ‪1‬א ‪VB 3‬א`‪:‬‬ ‫‪&54K6‬א )‪') +-.‬כא `‬ ‫‪ 3 A5 x3‬א‪ 7‬א א‪.!0‬‬ ‫

(156).

(157)

(158) ‬.

(159) ‫‪78‬‬. ‫

(160). <{<‪2010<á]çq<{<D1E<‚Â‬‬. ‫‪# xh‬א‪ S6 %B 1J0 3 EB F D q‬א‪ 7‬א א‪.!0‬‬ ‫‪0‬א ‪@[,‬א ! ‪') KJ6‬כ&א א ‪ 14‬כ‪1‬א ‪3‬‬ ‫‪Cb x‬א

(161) א א‪!0‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪VB‬א‪.‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪ ^ x7‬א‪ ? T&5 6‬א]<א‪7 h‬א‪ Ab‬א א‪.!0‬‬ ‫)‪4W3 AJ< x‬א א א‪B -@0 !0‬א‪.R b3 !0‬‬ ‫ א ‪6‬א ‪.‬כ ‪4D‬א‪ !4g H‬א ! א ! ‪ -.) 10‬א‪,‬א‬ ‫@‪ 7‬א ‪K‬א ‪ j‬א @) ! א ‪&10 R5‬א‪ +‬א ‪4#‬א ‪ 10‬א ‪ 2‬א ‪E‬‬ ‫[א‪0 E3 >5‬א ‪10 !#1K Ad‬א א‪ !B‬א ‪0‬א! א ‪J‬א<@ א ‬ ‫א א‪ 9 +‬א[‪ 5‬א‪ ?B /‬א‪B,‬א‪ u‬א ! ‪6 /0‬א‪ 2B (7‬א‪B,‬א‪u‬‬ ‫ כ‪ A‬א‪@ (0‬א‪ 0‬א ;א‪ /‬א א<‪&5‬אכ&א ‪.! 7 ! B‬‬ ‫‪n‬כ ‪ ! B 3‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א א‪ !0‬כ‪c Q‬א א ‪ %‬כ ‪7‬א `א ‪6‬א‪H‬‬ ‫‪g 3 10‬א‪10 !a1 F7‬א ‪ 6 3‬א ! ‪F e# 3‬א‪&56‬א‪ +‬כ‪ 9 A‬כ‬ ‫א‪5‬א‪7‬א ‬ ‫‪ ?D C5J‬א ‪ A‬א כ‪ A1# /6 !14‬כ&א א ‪! $‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪3 %&J1‬א ‪F‬א! ‪&50 /0 @1‬א ‪ % 3‬כ ‪&50 /0‬א‬ ‫*א) (‪ +‬א ? ‪ %1‬א @‪ /‬א‪,‬א א ‪ 5‬כ‪ %M +! 7 ! B A‬‬ ‫<‪ s‬א ‪ ( J4‬א ‪d‬א<! א א‪ (33) (7‬א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! א א!‬ ‫א ! א ‪ ? E.‬כ ‪ ! B‬א]‪6‬א‪ (7‬א‪45‬א‪ (7‬א ? ‪ S6‬א‪,‬א ‬ ‫א ‪K‬א‪6 %& (F7‬א‪ F‬כא‪ -.) h‬א ! ‪ %‬כ *א) ( ‪ / 0‬א ‪+!0‬‬ ‫@‪7‬א )‪.‬א א א‪ ><, +‬א)‪ /0 %‬א]'‪ P‬א ‪J‬א‪ h‬‬ ‫‪` #‬‬ ‫ ? ‪ 10‬א‪ F‬כא‪.) h‬א א @

(162) א א‪ %‬א @[ !‪.‬‬ ‫‪ x2‬א א‪ D %‬א]<א<!‪:‬‬ ‫ ‪ /@&4‬א א‪ :[ %‬א]<א<! ‪ 3 P7F O[ /@&4‬א]‪n‬א‪F‬א‪P‬‬ ‫ > ‪#‬אכא‪ P‬א ‪ 6 h #‬א ‪ h #‬א א ! א ‪d‬א<!‪e 0 J +‬‬ ‫א א‪ (7‬א א‪ !7‬א ;א‪ /‬א‪,‬א ‪#1‬כ! א כ ! א ! א א‪D %‬‬ ‫א]<א<! ‪& @J6 Crimes Against Humanity‬א )א א‪ D %‬א]<א<!‪ :‬א ‪A5J‬‬ ‫& ‪- +.

(163) .

(164) " +

(165) % *'( ) !"# $%‬‬.

(166) ‫