Generation and characterization of short-duration and high-brightness laser-driven neutron sources

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HAL Id: tel-01781475

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01781475

Submitted on 30 Apr 2018

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Laura Vassura

To cite this version:

Laura Vassura. Generation and characterization of short-duration and high-brightness laser-driven neutron sources. Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph]. ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, 2015. English. �tel-01781475�

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{<!=!,'/&(-,!13!0-8%-3'.!-4!-,'!/%!TUDVCW!S/$(>!$,.!}

&;-!.-;,!T*)XCW!S/$(>3!('3/5&1,:!1,!$!,/55!0#$(:'9!;#15'!&#'!%(-&-,!13!0-8%-3'.!-4! &;-! /%! S/$(>3! $,.! -,'! .-;,! S/$(>! ('3/5&1,:! 1,! $! U)! 0#$(:'<! Y/$(>3! 0$,! 0#$,:'! 45$@-/(!@1$!&#'!;'$>!1,&'($0&1-,!4-(0'9!&#'('4-('!$!,'/&(-,!0$,!.'0$6!1,&-!$!%(-&-,! T!!_{W9!$,!'5'0&(-,!T!}!_{W!$,.!$,!'5'0&(-,!$,&1,'/&(1,-!T!} !WZ!! ! ! ! ! ! !!_{! !}!_{! !} !!!! T)<)W! ! O#13!%(-0'339!,$8'.!7'&$!81,/3!.'0$69!0$,!&$>'!%5$0'!1,!&#'!,/05'/3!$,.! $55-;3! &#'! $&-8! &-! 8-@'! 05-3'(! &-! &#'! -%&18$5! ($&1-! -4! %(-&-,3! $,.! ,'/&(-,3<! [/&31.'!&#'!,/05'/39!4(''!,'/&(-,3!$('!/,3&$75'!$,.!/,.'(:-!!!_{!.'0$6!;1&#!$!#$54*}

514'!-4!$7-/&!)P!81,/&'3<! !!

"5$331410$&1-,!-4!,'/&(-,3! !

[,'! -4! &#'! &-%103! -4! &#13! &#'313! 13! &#'! 3&/.6! -4! $! ,'/&(-,! 3-/(0'9! 1<'<! 1&! 13! 0-,0'(,'.! ;1&#! 4(''! ,'/&(-,3! &#$&! 8-@'! 1,! 3%$0'<! Q/0#! ,'/&(-,3! $('! /3/$556! 05$33141'.!$00-(.1,:!&-!&#'1(!>1,'&10!','(:69!$3!3#-;,!1,!O$75'!)<)<!!

! !

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

)_{!O#'!8-.'5!0-/,&3!31?!45$@-/(3!-4!S/$(>!,$8'.!/%!T/W9!.-;,!T.W9!3&($,:'!T3W9!0#$(8!T0W9!}

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! 0! /.*&'(%!+1233,4,+2&,(%! 5%.'67!82%6.! 9.1(+,&7!:;<3=! >!:%;=!

?(1)! @!A#AB0!.9! @!BBAA! @!A#"C!

D-.';21! A#AB0!.9! BBAA! A#"C!

E1(F!%.*&'(%3! "!G!"A!.9! H"#IC!"AJ!_K!J#IL!"AJ_M! _{HA#AI!K!A#A"M!}

N23&!%.*&'(%3! "!G!BA!O.9! H"#IC!"AL!_K!P#"C!"AL_M! _HI!"AK0!_G!P!"AKP_M!

8.12&,Q,3&,+!%.*&'(%3! R!BA!O.9! R!P#"C!"AL_! _R!P!"AKP_!

Table 1.1 Neutron classification.

D-.! S,%.&,+! .%.'67B_{!5T! (4! 2! %.*&'(%! ,3! 6,Q.%! U7! !!}! _!_{T! F-,+-! ,3!}

+(%Q.%&,(%2117! '.12&.)! &(! 2! &.;V.'2&*'.! Q,2! &-.! !"#$%&'(() *"(+$'($T! !! !

!!!"#!!"!!"_!!!!!_{T!2++('),%6!&(!&-.!.W*2&,(%X!}

!

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!

Y%(F,%6! &-.! %.*&'(%! Q.1(+,&7T! ,&! ,3! V(33,U1.! &(! ).4,%.! ,&3! ,-) !."/#0-)

1'2-#-(/$3B_{T! 2%(&-.'! ,;V('&2%&! V2'2;.&.'! &-2&! +-2'2+&.',Z.3! &-.! %.*&'(%!}

U.-2Q,(*'#!D-.!).!['(61,.!F2Q.1.%6&-T!,%!*%,&3!(4!%;T!,3!6,Q.%!U7X! ! ! !!!"!! ! !_!!!!"!! !"#!! ! !!! :"#I=! ! \-.'.!! ! !!!"!#!!"!!"_!!!_!"!!!!_{!,3!4#'(*56+)*"(+$'($T!!} !!,3!&-.!;233!(4!

%.*&'(%! .W*21! &(!!!!"#$!!"!!"_{!!"!2%)!!!,3! &-.! %.*&'(%! Q.1(+,&7! ,%!!!!#! D-.';21!}

%.*&'(%3!+(''.3V(%)!4('!.]2;V1.!&(!2!'((;!&.;V.'2&*'.!(4!BA^?T!F,&-!2!Q.1(+,&7!(4! BBAA!;<3!2%)!2!F2Q.1.%6&-!2VV'(],;2&.17!.W*21!&(!"#C!_!`!A#"C!%;#!D-.'.4('.!&-.! &-.';21!%.*&'(%3!F2Q.1.%6&-!,3!3,;,12'!&(!,%&.'K2&(;,+!),3&2%+.3T!3(!;.+-2%,3;3! 3*+-! 23! '.4'2+&,(%! ('! ),44'2+&,(%! +2%! U.! *3.)! &(! .%-2%+.! ,;26.3! ('! &(! V'()*+.! ,%),'.+&!,;26.3#!

! !

! a.%.'21!+-2'2+&.',3&,+3!(4!%.*&'(%!,%&.'2+&,(%!F,&-!;2&&.'! !

b.V.%),%6! (%! &-.,'! .%.'67T! %.*&'(%3! ,%&.'2+&! ),44.'.%&17! F,&-! ;2&&.'#! c3! 8*&-.'4(')! 2%&,+,V2&.)T! U.+2*3.! &-.! %.*&'(%! ,3! *%+-2'6.)T! ,&! ,%&.'2+&3! V',;2',17! F,&-!&-.!%*+1.*3!'2&-.'!&-2%!F,&-!&-.!.1.+&'(%!3-.11!(4!&-.!2&(;3#!D-.!1,S.1,-(()!(4! ,%&.'2+&,(%! U.&F..%! 2%! ,%+,).%&! %.*&'(%! 2%)! 2! &2'6.&! %*+1.*3! ).V.%)3! (%! &-.! .%.'67! (4! &-.! ,%+,).%&! %.*&'(%T! &-.! &2'6.&! ;2&.',21T! &-.! &7V.! (4! %*+1.2'! '.2+&,(%! :3+2&&.',%6T!4,33,(%T!.&+#=!2%)!&-.!'.12&,Q.!2%61.!U.&F..%!&-.!,%+,).%&!%.*&'(%!2%)! &-.!&2'6.&!%*+1.*3!Q.1(+,&7#!D-.!V'(U2U,1,&7!(4!2!V2'&,+*12'!.Q.%&!(++*'',%6!U.&F..%! 2!%.*&'(%!2%)!2!%*+1.*3!,3!.]V'.33.)!&-'(*6-!&-.!+(%+.V&!(4!+'(33!3.+&,(%#!!

$%! N,6*'.! "#"T! &-.! &7V.3! (4! V(33,U1.! ,%&.'2+&,(%! F,&-! 2! %*+1.*3! 2'.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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

E$0#! &8%'! -:! 'C',&! #$3! 1&3! -;,! %(-9$91@1&8! $,.! 0(-33! 3'0&1-,6! B#'! %(-9$91@1&8!-:!'$0#!&8%'!-:!'C',&!13!1,.'%',.',&!-:!&#'!%(-9$91@1&1'3!-:!&#'!-&#'(3A! 3-! &#'! &-&$@! %(-9$91@1&8! -:! $,8! 'C',&! -00/((1,>! 13! &#'! 3/4! -:! &#'! 1,.1C1./$@! %(-9$91@1&1'36!B#'!3/4!-:!$@@!&#'!1,.1C1./$@!0(-33!3'0&1-,3!13!&#'!!"!#$%&'"((%()&!*"+! !!=!

!

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!

?#'('! !!!$,.! !!!$('! &#'! (&#!!)'*+,! $,.! &#'! #-("'.!*"+% &'"((% ()&!*"+(A!

('3%'0&1C'@86!7!0(-33!3'0&1-,!&-!'$0#!1,&'($0&1-,!13!$33-01$&'.!$3!3#-;,!1,!I1>/('!)6)6! B#'! 30$&&'(1,>! $,.! &#'! $93-(%&1-,! 0(-33! 3'0&1-,3! :-(! &#'(4$@! ,'/&(-,3! $3! :/,0&1-,! -:! &#'! $&-410! ,/49'(! $('! 3#-;,! 1,! I1>/('! )6J6! I-(! C'(8! @-;! ,'/&(-,! ','(>1'3A! 4$,8! $93-(%&1-,! 0(-33! 3'0&1-,3! F-%',! 01(0@'3! -:! I1>/('! )6JH! $('! %(-%-(&1-,$@!&-!!!!6!!

!

! !

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! 0!

Figure 1.2 Neutron scattering !_! and adsorption !_! cross section for thermal neutrons (v=2200 m/s). Open circles are adsorption cross sections and are plotted on the logarithmic scale of the right y-axis. Closed circles are the bound atom scattering cross sections plotted on the linear scale of the left y-axis. Taken from [Herwig 2009].

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Figure 1.4 Left to right: Pressure gauge with metal back plate; fire hydrant and test tubes

filled with H2O and D2O imaged with gamma-rays (top) and neutrons (bottom) [Anderson, Bilheux et McGreevy 2009].

Figure 1.5 Study of the inner content of Buddha sculptures. Photo: example of

Sakyamuni, Bhumisparsa Mudra, West Tibet, 14th–15th century. The left X-ray radiography doesn’t show content while the right neutron radiography provide information about the embedded organic material. Taken from [Lehmann 2010].

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! 0!

Figure 1.6 Representation of the comparison between the neutron and X-ray cross

sections.

1-.'.2('.3! %.*&'(%4! +5%! 6'(7,).! 8(()! +(%&'54&! 2('! 9,8-&! 5&(:4! ,%! &-.! 6'.4.%+.! (2! -.57;! 5&(:4<! &-,4! :5=.4! %.*&'(%! ,:58,%8! 7.';! +(:69.:.%&5';! &(!>? '5;!('!85::5?'5;!,:58,%83!54!,&!,4!4-(@%!,%!A,8*'.!"#B!5%)!A,8*'.!"#C3!5%)!,&!,4!D*,&.! *4.2*9!5%)!,%&.'.4&,%8!&(!+(:E,%.!&-.!,%2(':5&,(%!).',7.)!2'(:!&-.!&@(!,:58,%8! 4;4&.:4#!!

A*'&-.':('.3! %.*&'(%4! +5%! 594(! ),4&,%8*,4-! E.&@..%! ),22.'.%&! ,4(&(6.4! (2! &-.!45:.!.9.:.%&3!.#8#3!-;)'(8.%!-54!5!7.';!),22.'.%&!4+5&&.',%8!+'(44?4.+&,(%!2'(:! ,&4! ,4(&(6.! ).*&.',*:#! 1-.! +(%&'54&! (2! 65'&,+*95'! .9.:.%&4! ,%! 5%! ,:58.! +5%! &-.'.2('.! E.! .%-5%+.)! E;! 4*E4&,&*&,%8! (%.! ,4(&(6.! @,&-! 5%(&-.'#! 1-,4! ,4! +9.5'9;! (E4.'7.)!,%!&-.!2,99.)!&*E.4!,%!A,8*'.!"#B#!

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

A,8*'.!"#K!4-(@4!&-.!5&&.%*5&,(%!+(.22,+,.%&4!2('!75',(*4!&;6.4!(2!'5),5&,(%#! "LM!=.N!>?'5;4!.F-,E,&!(E7,(*4!'.8*95',&;<!&-.,'!5&&.%*5&,(%!,4!2(99(@,%8!&-.!E95+=!

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31,'4 !

Figure 1.7 Attenuation coefficients for 120 keV X-rays (black line), thermal neutrons (red

dot) and fast neutrons (blue dot). The diagram shows the relationship between the mass attenuation coefficient (attenuation at constant material thickness) and the atomic number (corresponding to the different elements) [Begovic 2007].

5#'!$&&',/$&1-,!0-'66101',&!6-(!&#'(7$3!,'/&(-,8!9/7%8!/%!$,.!.-:,!-;'(! &#'! ',&1('! %'(1-.10! &$<3'! -6! '3'7',&84! =$8&! ,'/&(-,8! >8?/$('! 8@7<-38A! 'B#1<1&! $! .-:,:$(.! 83-%1,C! 0/(;'4! D-7'! 17%-(&$,&! 7'&$38! >'4C4! $3/71,/7A! $&&',/$&'! ,'/&(-,8!3'88!'66101',&3@!&#$,!E*($@84!=-(!1(-,F!&#'!$&&',/$&1-,!8&(-,C3@!.'%',.8!-,! &#'! ,'/&(-,! ','(C@! >6$8&! -(! &#'(7$3! ,'/&(-,8A4! G@.(-C',! %(-./0'8! ;1(&/$33@! &#'! 3$(C'8&!3';'3!-6!$&&',/$&1-,4!

H'/&(-,! #$8! $! 7$C,'&10! 7-7',&! $,.! $! 7$C,'&10! 80$&&'(1,C! 0(-88*8'0&1-,! &#$&! 18! 0-7%$($<3'! &-! &#'! ,/03'$(! 0(-88*8'0&1-,! 6-(! 7$,@! $&-784! +,.''.F! &#'! ,'/&(-,!18!'3'0&(10$33@!,'/&($3!</&!#$8!$!8%1,F!-(!7$C,'&10!7-7',&F!8-!1&!18!8',81&1;'! &-! 7$C,'&10! 8-/(0'8! 1,! 0-,.',8'.! 7$&&'(! $,.! 0$,! <'! /8'.! &-! 17$C'! 7$C,'&10! 8&(/0&/('84!!

!

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%8M$N$!')/*0&'!3&/02)3!,0)!*;9+2,--;!&8!*7)!4+A)'3+&'!&8!,!2;-+'4)0!&8!"!2A! +'! 4+,A)*)0! 8&0! 8)=! 2A! +'! -)'>*7#! %&AA)02+,-! ')=! %8M$N$! ')/*0&'! 3&/02)3! )A+*!

(16)

3'&4'',!)56_!&-!)57_{!,'/&(-,8!%'(!8'0-,.!41&#!$!#$9:*91:'!-:!2;<!='$(8;!>#'!%(10'!-:!&#18!}

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.'0$=A!&#'!I*%$(&109'!0$,!3'!$38-(3'.!3=!&#'!91G#&!'9'E',&!!"#$%%&'(A!4#10#!&#',! .'0$=8!3=!,'/&(-,!'E1881-,;!>#18!0$,!3'!4(1&&',!$8V! ! ! !" ! ! !"# _{!" !} ! !"# _!" ! ! _{! !!!!!"# !!!!!!!"##"$%&!!"!} ! !" ! !"!! ! ! ! _{! !} ! !" _{!! !"#!!"# !!!!!!!!!} H);@J! ! W1&#!$!81E19$(!E'0#$,18E!$98-!G$EE$!($.1$&1-,!41&#!$,!','(G=!'F0''.1,G! &#'!,'/&(-,!31,.1,G!','(G=!-:!$!,/09'/8!0$,!'X'0&!,'/&(-,8A!1&!18!&#'!HYA,J!('$0&1-,;! Z-!1&!18!%-88139'!&-!0('$&'!$!,'/&(-,!8-/(0'!/81,G!:-(!'F$E%9'!($.1-18-&-%'8A!4#10#! .'0$=!41&#!#1G#*','(G=!%#-&-,8!$,.!0-/%9'.!41&#!!"#$%%&'(4-(!/"'3"#&'(;!

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! ! ! !

(17)

! "6!

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• M&D)0! 0),2*&03=! &:*+;+J)4! 9&0! 8),*! )N*0,2*+&'! ,'4! )99+2+)'*! /3)! &9! 9/)-#!

• 7)3),028! 0),2*&03! 9,2+-+*+)3=! &:*+;+J)4! 9&0! 8+B8! )N*)0',-! *8)0;,-! ')/*0&'!9-/N#!

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Table 1.2 Existing medium-and high-flux reactor sources and their respective parameters

(18)

3#'!4-(5.67!8-7&!,-&$95'!('7'$(0#!('$0&-(!:$0151&;!:-(!,'/&(-,!17!&#'!+<<!+!1,! =(',-95'>!3#17!:$0151&;!0$,!'81&!$!:5/?!-:!!!!"!"_!!!"!!_!!!!_{!:-(!$!('$0&-(!%-4'(!-:!} !"!!"!-(! !!!!!"!"_!!!"!!_!!!!_{!:-(! $! ('$0&-(! %-4'(! -:! !"!!" >! @! 0-8%$($95'!} &#'(8$5!,'/&(-,!:5/?!17!$57-!$A$15$95'!$&!&#'!BCD*++!('$0&-(!1,!D/,10#>!3#17!('$0&-(! #$7!9'',!.'71E,'.!41&#!$!0-8%$0&!0-('!41&#!#1E#!',(10#8',&!0$%$9151&1'7!$,.!$,! -%&181F'.!8-.'($&-(!$(($,E'8',&G!7-!1&!%(-./0'7!A'(;!#1E#!,'/&(-,!:5/?'7!-/&71.'! &#'!0-('!:-(!9'$8!&/9'!$%%510$&1-,7>!

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)>I>J @00'5'($&-(!K(1A',!L'/&(-,!M-/(0'7!

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• L/05'$(!7%$55$&1-,!%(-0'77!:-(!#1E#*','(E;!%$(&105'!$00'5'($&-(7>! 3#'!1,./0'.!,/05'$(!('$0&1-,7!0$,!%(-./0'!H/$71!8-,-*','(E'&10!,'/&(-,7>! B-(!'?$8%5'G!&#'!'5'0&(-7&$&10!X7'$5'.!&/9'Y!7;7&'8!%(-./0'7!8-,-*','(E'&10!:$7&! ,'/&(-,7!A1$!&#'!!!!! !! !"!! !-(!&#'!!!!! !! !"!! !:/71-,!('$0&1-,>!!

! ! !! ! ! ! !"!! ! !! !!! !!!!!"# !!! N)>ZO! ! ! !! ! ! ! !"!_! _{! !! !} !! !"!!!!"# !! N)>[O! !

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(19)

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!

(20)

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!

Table 1.3 Past, existing, and future spallation source and their respective parameters

!"#$%&$'(&)#$*+,#(&-../0. !

(21)

! "4!

"#$ %&'()!*)+,(-!.(/0)1-!21/)3(!

56(! 7+''+1-! )(&301)'! &-8! 06(! '9&::&0+1-! 7&3+:+0+('! 9)('(-0(8! +-! 06(! 9)(,+1/'! '(30+1-! &)(! -1;&8&<'! 06(! 9)+-3+9&:! &-8! =1'0! +=91)0&-0! '1/)3('! 71)! -(/0)1-! )('(&)36#!>?,+1/':<!?/+:8+-@!06+'!A+-8!17!7&3+:+0+('!+'!8(=&-8+-@!;+06!)('9(30!01!06(! &''13+&0(8! :&)@(! 8+=(-'+1-! &-8! 6+@6! 31'0#! B-! &88+0+1-C! 06(! 31-'0)/30+1-! 17! -(;! )('(&)36!)(&301)'!&:'1!+-8/3('!91:+0+3&:!9)1?:(='!&''13+&0(8!;+06!'&7(0<#!!

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

56()(! &)(! 06)((! =&+-! =(36&-+'='! 06&0! 3&-! ?(! (K9:1+0(8! 71)! -(/0)1-! 9)18/30+1-!?<!:&'()T!

"# !"#$%$&'!:+@60!+1-'!&)(!&33(:()&0(8!7)1=!&!'1:+8!0&)@(0!/'+-@!&-!/:0)&! +-0(-'(! :&'()#! .(/0)1-'! 3&-! ?(! 9)18/3(8! (+06()! ?<! &! -/3:(&)! )(&30+1-!+-'+8(!06(!0&)@(0!;6()(!06('(!+1-'!&)(!&33(:()&0(8C!1)!+-'+8(! &!'(31-8&)<!0&)@(0!+))&8+&0(8!?<!06(!+1-'#!

F# !()**)%$&'! 8/)+-@! 06(! +-0()&30+1-! ?(0;((-! &! '1:+8! 0&)@(0! &-8! &-! /:0)&! +-0(-'(! :&'()C! @&==&! )&<'! &)(! 9)18/3(8I! 06(<! 3&-! (K3+0(! 06(! '/))1/-8+-@!-/3:(+!&-8!9)18/3(!-(/0)1-'#!! $# +*,-#."#$'! 06()=1-/3:(&)! 7/'+1-C! ?<! 06(! +=9:1'+1-! 17! &! =+3)1! 3&9'/:(!31-0&+-+-@!8(/0()+/=!&-8!0)+0+/=C!3&-!@(-()&0(!-(/0)1-'#!! ! *(9(-8+-@! 1-! 06(! 0<9(! 17! :&'()! /'(8C! +0! +'! 91''+?:(! 01! (K9:1+0! 1-(! =(36&-+'=!1)!&-106()!&-8!1?0&+-!8+77()(-0!36&)&30()+'0+3'!17!06(!'1/)3(#! ! !

(22)

3#'!4$5'(!565&'7!/5'.!0$,!8'!.15&1,9/15#'.!8$510$446!1,!&:-!0$&'9-(1'5;! • <'(6! 5#-(&! %/45'=! ./($&1-,! 1,! &#'! ($,9'! ->! &',5! ->! >'7&-5'0-,.5=!

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!

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(23)

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-V'<10X#! !

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"#$#$ .(/0)1-!Y(-()&0+1-!69!%&'()!=?751'+1-!

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(24)

!!

!

Figure 1.10 Scheme of direct (a) and indirect (b) drive implosion.

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:/81-,!('$0&1-,8!0$,!5','($&'!,'/&(-,86!!

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!

Figure 1.11 Laser energy dependence of neutron yield. Red squares, black squares, and

red circle correspond to implosion experimental neutron yields for LHART (Large High Aspect Ratio Target) [Yamanaka 1986], exploding pusher targets [Storm 1978], and NIF indirect drive [Lindl 1998], respectively. Small black circles are for the cluster fusion by

(25)

! 4"!

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!

Figure 1.13 Taken from [Daido et al., 2012]. (Left) Some of the possible regimes and

applications of high-intensity short-pulse laser–plasma interaction. The regimes actually have no sharp borders, neither are they well separated; rather, they overlap with each other. (Right) Several regimes of laser-driven ion acceleration as function of target thickness and laser intensity. The borders of the regimes are not sharp; rather, there are gradual transitions between them. The solid line represents the condition of the relativistic transparency of a thin foil.

!

Table 1.4 Experimental data of laser-driven ion acceleration [Daido et al., 2012].

!

! !

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