• Aucun résultat trouvé

Impact of agricultural policy on food security : an agricultural sector modelling approach for Benin

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Impact of agricultural policy on food security : an agricultural sector modelling approach for Benin"

Copied!
24
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Paper No . £S 201'.1•;.

Impact of Agricultural Policy on Food Security : A n Agricultural Sector Modelling Approach for Beni n

Jean

SeCiolsaun

*

, Fr~ Tleidlsues*

rand Dade!L'+tyi.~e'*

*.I-

:kpartraGnt

of

Aglieultural

Development Theory and Policy and :

*CIRfD-F.copo!

Unïversitãt l]ohcnheim

Institut

fir Agrar- lurid Sozial0kc1norni e

in den Tropen

und

Subtropen

University ofHohenheim

Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Science s

in the Tropics and Subtropics

(2)

>-3iwtassion Papes 1,11 )

l mphelIJÌ~i;rlfiursIPOIi IT ün Food SeCuri4y ; A n

Agriculrur~r]Sector MrFdelliu% Approachfor

i n

3ean - nabourl*, Franz ]ieid]iue ' and Dacie]E, eytlc.' * *I?varürmnL C?t'AgriculturiIE J )U'',: ]opmirL1

'J' hu>ry and Policytuia] * *C[R .\T)-Rcopd.

Fc,rsehung zur Eniwicklungs6konornie und -rüliii k

Research irk

Developirticnl. Econoirtiïc.s

and Polic y

1_tni~rersil ~[f]t71Lenhcr m

]u~l iLIIL f`~rrti~tlr undtiofial-akCwn ;i :_.

i

Itdon T2-open I :nt1 Subllox n

E3Il]veIsity ofl-I,al7fir Iyc

i

vI

Fri (LIale u fIkurIGU-Lura[] :a:c~I~omLCS and S ;,çIaL Sclcnc~es

(3)

WSIi1ulfer

und5mia3llk0t5omïein denTrcrmr and Sub-twat

F..FIiIVGSiLtI Flr}lu•r lician(41::,})• 'J41193 4SUL1g,u1• S'rCiI,Ian }• ~-ti18iF .dIr4S+~?~uni-huLenir_ir7 .~

All 41-:.s rescrorn:1

Vl :l{J.Mi[JrRrCFIE .CiRh JFR

!{~7[tnbachwe~ I ., , 7099 S Iulrn,in, Cì~rnan ;• Tel .

(r~j';I L 4574355, t'sk, i'49 (1)):71

i

457%5' 5 Inter net . ñitp ; ruwys .~ ucr r~, L' inail' grAiCr&iauer .de ;

(4)

Center for Agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropic s TnsLi tuLc .uFAricu]tti ral p:t•cireu,n ics and Sot-iAI Sciences

itl the7 ' ru1Fi1:5 andS1iLatriF1liC s

. Department of ,*viculiuralLMC+'CIopmeni'F'ItCor±'and Piilii}•( 4 `-)Oa ) ■ XMCIVartniL'n taf Avrr ;culturalMsrlc,eLLng(*Oh )

+

Department ofFarming andRural Syrtern s

▪ Josef G .

li

n uIL-ViailingProfr-5scir furL)errtlcp Hnr.nt Stullic 5

Discussion papers in this scrim are intended !4xEimulate distussinnamong

resrarrher4, practitioners And policy euuk~+r~ . Thc papers mostly 3%eflec t

wort.; in progress, \1'e . are 2ratcful to Prof_ Dr_ Malthias vor~ (?ppcn vFh u

re•vieriCaI this rapt r.

We gratefully al•l:n uwledf;e coal ri buiiaris af thr. ]?L+crtilc~~ and S o a

(5)

Thc it~ru ll8 s`h ;rwIhnl wttilc ii--r:iVlUrrns Ifvla'+rd nonuual income: fur a3mco.1 all

cf

làrrners. ç~~ccial]y cxri;ou prar41i•iixand aus[ingthan :paIIL•:z.Ilarly [Ilinxwith animal mai m

thess-!ci :3l(*ski inc .r.ru_ of urbanwelrarc ~71~line ~~ y~ Lcen high,r'rcXaL :yfir;ti,tian d Irttilium-inGurne grpr.14^3 . Sirnl_Iazt•J li7rxl pri a•s undrf rdL}Cms ,arehighcr Iha.n'lose without, which (laxILMIIn aiicr:.ata .icinuban a,7rr3umer 5 '

aCltc

intake(asapercerY>+¡;CufFA O

acinmtr_ .uJLUIcaloricrcqui :enlt. ;ds), r.gpoi.;,slls th:.l tjLlow andreqlxlwrn Ir7 ?iilGIILY.I .Gt.hQkl$., Thr. ~ exllts hik1I•chighviilue ; abiJiry

p ; :or r.ÿ ; .surner.s• .sieiot I¡Lreir¡nukewas 'yen,. ol.ci a

La Ihc 7-A+..? ninirnuu : Iap:irr..r.li :u's, an!! i•7c.iel rnI shockaIUchr•.. rp,rruufFivhcr iüLd p:ir.i•ã _nd~x~~ ;trs Crl .^.ir¡bedxectlriry .

•I•lit.sc resx.Ill .a have.bxn wnJ :rrnM Iryuus findings from IFR:pJlvcycHiI Iç~aulin 194' in I ht

HoJty:.Lïn pic?Y•II :LS, Ihr mast imporlaril agrir,u : ;wal pri :lUi:[iiru area of Ihe r.7,Inlry, s••h_elhe

IdamS hRV(; cwr.'riti7umd ta adi`i'It;r&c én f~J prodl:cricsIand rr.arkcliugin favciul ufcrxlrol L l :raliur.lioa .

Tri millIj;aLe the rIN812vc c :T^cls L+f5~11~ pn pnar u•l .~i~ txlrc:Irncls, wha nro.[lit :Main IuAr sF vilall} intpnrrftnL w'Iit'n el-Alb! Lerecii : ;,Itr.d!2‘1 i ncludt enp'.wvun•ut pmlhpllu:i i n LTa~I a ltas, bvch [luuugh p,ilr :it ernplp}•rlcnc or'rove'. Ibrwork F^rugramwg, anti pnrlnluhar L of ;rl i ;rte .sec ;fi r

><'cyus?rr{s.

(6)

in the lam Iwo

!WUtl[Lllt .Al i ic.an. 1 .i1 :n An'<:'iCar. and An cuu :r7ri^_s hav e

signi f~cinrlr ;.h:arit eçIIlt•iras' itullural and ínrxi p.il :k:it's undt'1 ti•,L.cusStructural :kdjuSrirleH t

Pmrr,ammr.g .1t~yr 1-t:0i u sItsp ; :nded '.ry furdarnvnlã.I 1 ;18e1L•cuZ111u11L'can.d financia l

dis,hirl9libria following 1rw:lt+{uala aconnmi .; pOlis';ics tun! an unfavourabl e

x i~ tnu uutbylircasinsofttwopf'oup5Ufpolltccx [i]h'ñubr~rsazrrJlr, nl~ c~]ICd1r13 .a ~ rnic a,djl :str:a.^,.IIC,\4hik.hncfClSW immediate changer, r.j kf:y r118e1 {J-cLuIIuIILL' p`smC.llí$

(c .g dca•zluatiun o rrxr.luar;. n ralt. IisFtcr =near/ pnlic.:r.. s, rCdttclion (.1[LuJgct dc :icil } nnir .g at ach:r.wing :nagr¿J- s~ir•.tJU .;c xtahilityir_1 :7r. 5.1-1OíS-Lári7 and [ ;1) Srrtrc ~r:r'tY~fBLSrJJM1frJ r

proper, rererring'nrlhd :jt}III : '.a l changestathe way in Yti'h :cll thccvJllulry L1pL'raLcS I t

inv,l_ves nuskr.I • rradfi, i113liluliul:aE and specific Jje[IQral itfi}1r.1nrssunes aimednt irnpk3v¡ts

a]ILycs-i;'^ efficiCnC•}' and tttnlom : gr owi h

18eninã1.81lC+1ils fustof e seriesnfiwrt:e strtiClui al a,iijusLlr,cnl ¡:mgrnnan :to in L99 .'fh, mai n

C+]ruFyancul softhe pr :sran_me; 'rrrC : rCxlladliun ifthe Fx.Idgr•.I drfiçiS, IibCrtlix8Llun ofth e bCC+r rny,endl }1}r_r i7srir :uit~~Hl rd,i+lms aimed at crcalinp I`~.c.,t1•o.litit7ux fur suslainai:'.e

p1 wnLh AI]15'I5ç. ar.-i.iuri.:i had a. signi fir.tnrimprloit117 ag1 itL.ILural sailor 1"nr instance, ã reduction in il :,iu budget deficit was. tC+brBCII ;cvtd IhrLxig h a rer-ur7inn of 1{0vCa7antc11 L expandi ;t:r~; . AL the btsisan :ng nfiht f rst 1.^sugf inune, al}iu14lf•SrsfGvvdixur.i<uL clnplafaes

ir. ILK:çI{ri~illu_al seclar (mainly r x1tr19iU1s wu1 kurs) were aid ef.

u n

11e711111, 1GStal uh f educ .lli{7flar :~iEtii:aslalalswere cut Yr'IIIiV thesis- crams affecus.l the laim :ng stttar indirectly . ;he musti1 rI :V1IiYlchange: w8s l'~Ÿ II? :ó Jcts ualinn ci f Ih^CF A

Franc (F{'FIL . 1hr. r.nn : mollti~J11tucyof 15'skle*1~I itia_1countries) . in Jan .larp I ')4 Thi s

Thispaparis4iexl5id.rl vciwiMicÌj'çrgtUlYç [{à~~a~iiilT..I-cylx41999b) . li

basil

rm.

(7)

41tvalunli2sl1 yCArX8 fatdic.al CLa:wc i11'he Iiii(1' oOOI!ormicCntir_rrnmcnt !t led La a decrease in ft+l :•d prtlwtl-A :n in rusal altasand1nL-m LbüJp1iu•s 7a•I11~•'1

lu' u vri+.CrIy

*ff .

iCd urbñ~F anr.s.lrners z•1 :1 n1rnL netbur_-'s of ::oil I 1•.erI iI :u5h 1•t1LxJ pcüJLL~1LY.1 1OC3 001 OCCCã38ril }

menn awni Inhi1ily of:rxv. . 1 :~ese -•xxl aspLuls zre L•h}sL'Iy L•:IrJIeI :IL'J uL Af1iU8{vou ]3]4ALIN Cl

a1 . 19]4)and especially ir_I]en : n (M9TIS :1Ef.. L793),whin') seul L•'t•11n ~Jti`{CI i0ra1 4~

ir

íOC O secur_ly may alsxl Le Id to a h)ng -ern Jed in,e

Fr wpila !budp1üdu~iw~ 83'+1 oii!pluyinCii l „y r The CovernrnerN's Ia;••a Tof thrx:IS11Js L:d {LV1 1 SL'rVar'.YM1 wi•ss;h IIIL'1 L•{574 :{a lbt• olInIt.-tr

of

~- iry} h

aabless people ~pfic5ali y a rnng}ar-ná graah :a-c4 and .scha :!I leavers, JLUSU.LnxhCd iro0nr .GrIpogüniliCb in r-rhnr- irrac . where Lnnernpkn}'nsr.nL is p .7nvral .lr:y seven t ?ML••NSAIi, 3398) . ~ a+eac

~ rn'•~

Is =m :uL rao1 Llu:ic s La +ü ~ 1alYswlLC in~~,ofCCCr+7C1riiC A17d apf ir..d'1_ra1 reforms o n

fz1 u1c=s and1 t1sl avJU1Lan wnwlnra s• ~üat : 5tL•4:1 d}• . üJ_••A 7rJN(1 :,M) . fGT.M I]~191~In d

EIARPL?Tandi}URL}51 (i996) uscciIn711-paraallL•LIIS' IL'4rL'x514}IIIIICIÌI~[151{7 r-sr.icnnlo the ir.sl3 .nlA.-lenus. d : .s11iF.L,1nra1 in7p :icntil}Tls af aford p~~occnzLgt w'L'Ix11a 1J, C~îSC ~7•Ui1C nnd F`izdngLiC:nr . respectively Tney exauyired LIIL rea-ionAip LL•LWL•L•IL I1tru9t.3101 d

in:~rWexperkl :-l,r ^ . ard thevilr_^of ncl snles as. x pro¡xx-iün ül• uxünnr, füd Ekul CI18xs r.u J

il!,crAlin. T F.i~n!rhppglogy ,c~xrtiv~ , igrx7rex 7h,e parliaLNuIl lhtmm cxlnst+{utuus u ~

fwd ~1it+x cal goB~~iSic~ CCrIIB n :iC,j Ai1ii „ppl¡eXi , a5 wellna1he general equi'libriu m

L•t7;1SC{`uC1i~_°•011o01E}I6kIriCu pallCfu . %%BIM Sh0 hriCaofrnhrr

nrd praGllLy .S , n :t tLx lnlulügtic8[ I 11r50Y1LlL,}1L andC+IhràJLlCirilirill~l[547 %vClt#ro Finwcwer, 1he arvznta ge xa f •~>~

xILïJItS using £{YJrrtlllly-'•5'14GI?'..mjClBI~IL t:r111$ ,ryr~8rif117r~i[$I QQCi7l} . .^.Itr~rss andinLc.sndoral

ti - {7 ;, '• :: .•

CIILf.age £ 13tc#s11•AJx'br'7`C',thrtx.l against Ulu Iüsx :?j 43VI~J11I"I IC',t•AI ii!~ : ñ1 .^.r- ñndIrylr.l

-~: :+o-'•~f• t~ t ' •

._~k

'L~'- • M1 '

CiaüSL'1-and rL'I :LtI{II : :LII_I ;Y, CI ~rlÓutl01 :71 : L'L1.rQx mid slat: :

OF

he.:rliYiollr Aka ,

eOr1C1uÕc L11R1 1hC in1w,ofad jU81 r+1~71 on11!c itual ,pc7rxi11depend t}11!he ISade1~1L1Ly ül 1hALr LuIguL, •NhiLG I he 11 ~aCL 4r. L11C ebail

RvOCfP1 :S• fol1nd la hene}>~ive . AIL a?pro .ch

Ilr_s'd rIL'LWL'L'I_ 1he Lw ;:. IIJC111~nLX1~ 1 :}`Y isL11L'n1ui1-~I18rkãSpali}I-r f~tIIJIF}rlLlr.7 r77 :! 1

MLNOiin :1.GQ1 .CTT 1(I 9•)8jla examine Can L'LLLLySi_`L'Lp1 A1l I_LCa 8ti15á1tor7OhfCpf100$ l

pric{•$and fixCrgeç hr;lÿCholdf{rl,p£'wclfarY' in Vial nail : Tht II ttsu :ls xup.,.vesl LAI

whi1C 11Gcxa1 in1ion 177e.a51rw. 50ch n£ riceexpor;liberal i7~lti1} .l 7-\711 '.J =a1xc IcUJ i.11 iusan d

2

~"~•iA•~-h4 •-r

.--~~~~l• f:~''' :

itLeurctrtairwics c.vrourrJi~ u r1~c1 p,ia:utLrisas v~ :1as Ih0 ~C~ASipIçdiprprrinns rs•.1scli h y

hy'~ `''• '• ,

]mpos : ng s1:as1arr11 .I n1LxJL1]Ing I mid' L•I11:IILs 5111 il ;t : ~I .A.L•iCfll '':d}'' ISC

,n7porlJ.rn1 ISALI C

f ~

~li ' R R I : l' nnr_ I N}FfOS=f . : 9:e'i] S1lwiiea Ting the iz'Ler zpprLach, xa tL ss!host:d € .

KL•'A.F;f}LI\•(1447,1'*LIH.l-J'1jfO~0N cl i[19)i7 .caF.i1 7 I .Q z7J Ik+JL3LN5VN (1!62), o1lC L

a•a• . . . : .

(8)

~~ir aes~~r~ ineuutli' ;•, they %% xlul l! also :nu uese a•-era,veIC31

1+5d Wilco rll c inciduucc and54~VL ay Of ¡:o~L'rt y

Sincc Llu I. :Ru1ning 0 t' t h g r•eononkig 8~4 Aga

llrpl reforms in ] ,1$ :) in 11 .1in. !idle al-eurion

hss born LçiUCli lo 'heir in7pnr.l on ir}rxi ocurilyArmicro level Th e

£oucenl ruainl)•L!IVt~ l ip170n UP u'x ~r~+]IIou4C pAr{IiIYCIICr$ (ft}r r.x.zn :plr ]Ps~l p Jr.-I

13i.N6V'S {X]VTR.NME=NT, L943). In Llus articlelhefu ;.,is is

the meso-economi c inL,ryznI .nnlhesgricr_ICiI a1 .sLxLtlr u1• Ihc rcfolIrs ünJerl,L.eu sins L969. 'Uhl: cd30usPo r timrltrtnking

1 ;pe of znalvsis ïe as fx : :ILxws First, ]3£r.iu is alu~ huwr.ie cuulill, whin t• 71{ price of giaryIc fools is. in impnriznt rIeL_rml mint of-1.e wel2•hci ng DI•urlxiu anJ:uiz I

pu~ulatiUUS Soool'4, ,he-c is J. nec.t1 or a bCltCr I11te-e-NIa1 .1di ná ~ nce Linltihrior.s of hoihlhe I u sL'. ;LL£7WI:IbI e oak's gbtITL18ti0ii arid I Ilg j,4iCr3 0p4 ilibL•iUm n'OGe1Iing Third , Ih!L-e is. J. 'loudtuamlysc Llu• 4 YI~~Jrllii:It•eursiY•c CtIaiaClcl UP Pa, I~Cr3• dC~iBio~~rn :~k i u .y a JwellJ-5 impact IY.I urban cLnsuubos' iiaLxJ SaGJI Y•, this al ILx.vs us 'u scparatcLhedifeel. dims o f ~nli£ : as rrixrrl thosecifulhe7

events .

2_!raiparr ii ' eonmomie 9nd ogricull urairrf. rms no food prod uc1 io ii inliltEkurgou rtiorr

11'içhin -he frar_7rs4r1rk a r11e stijustutienr rcrorms I7r. falyd sxinr has 'Ileum Largely I3ltrallst3 . I~ aJ my,

Trigg

lmriong •PhC cored) sNror , in rhg other hind , pec7u.se t5f ir s C.c.imOrriiO ;n,yotroncc for rho r,ali 7i+al eeonoiny , u•a ; tihrta :isnrl only pin ialiy A .s}rslcn o f

FIxLxJ, plc-aIIIICMI .OW CC+It0I5 I :I:JE9 83 the. t}}rI :U 310CrE Of SriILAi'rC ~~i[~ golir.}' =C rIhiZ er*9

hs.tsF.ten I~ ;uLzilxd . fhw£x.IL'uu puce was ir_alt'.LSed LIu cL:Lunesaltcl S I I:• dCv8 .u8tiUu . frt71 n 31E1 Ff ] ; A in 15931o Li C. 'FC7 ; A in 3591 .. L75 H: 3 ; .+s in 1595 znLL?U7FCFAi l l :195'. L~Itu o

afsohene=lts from wcil urg~niso .l v~kcLi~a-rdcreJ :i sysltnls [ :uuxqutnCy, L{IuLC s

finCLed F}}jti•.eI}•, Ì .7Cr^Z n¡; Ihg ahnfc of COIçory in;hefjrmi n il, 5srsçÿm-s.iryi r~.il :c.ing fpnrl

viLxJuL• L-JC As zIL•su1L u~ IhcsC J•aL•Lue s, J•trMs pikes lllCl eaS~.] C0113id{XB .bI ;+ ACrUi3 IfrE cuurylry. Figure 1 shows LhaL ihe kiaLL ¡.^.Hoe is-Klux dL: uL1ed Lxrlwrorn 3993 and 1597 ir. Cotonou, the caF :Ia_ u1 J]£nin [] :<S!'.E : . ] 597 }

'TbirrSULiLt da-tsl v f~nixi~ rcñiuLLir_isirlgt..-Ends Ille ; rti+mi uoroI rr.uket Lht.e.kyernrnent fixed We

Oellorlr~iss•fil :

(9)

hip.IJre I tl'ŸISII ilsnor die.fnn :l plici;

i.-lei

:n CulOnclu0541 - 110.) . 9 :2 1.13 94 9 i

'Mr

ir_1patLVibeaJ;rJSlcllcnl relálu5don theaget41Jeu ;aLxtS.ec is ;IiulSí :nccted arld Cpmple x

'I?IC F4zekqcll< province,aiStkicdinLi1C j+lllr.hatL11C courtly, 1Sih.c n~uti ~a~ículLw ál811f1p .yarel mehe ! O111e;r}' SL Ilax IrcLn chr,srll88V.reprtx. :Salive .e.gi4,i1:nrLht•FI :Ifp{15gul' nrl p lvs ':ngLII C

impactuf11'r reltll nl$onthea._'.11C.uIlt.rxl9Gc~C{ F4esides~ICin_tll~ f1 :3 ;n coLturl pf4~il ilu¡r,

w

is a;so krxorning 1hC major fcxld ñllpplie; to rhe SL•uli'IC:rn pall of 'he ceunLlv . The mai : I :JCxi crops arc;IIA:F.e[LI1c•vtC1ã;irr-TIL:d2sitt).

yarn,

In d

uC ap~oea1loF,xsl coI.d1S101sSinside.llt4: T30rçLrJ iIft}i'Irr { cl4'-whyrJ_'1L'IItiIIIi! :t♦=i1{,14i1CGii n

I~r :nirlr syxCln~ variation*inyield L~tCls, Inc I :rnr'aperncnidIti<ip7tcnlipl res.er.clatiorlorsoi l L'rlli''ilyti,wt11AArl:c nuü_lnr1a1pallt„1ofthe pav1ll :ltinn (BIi4INTRUL', 1<)97) .'rhoBorsnu .

duc SŸ i-rk_L',I :I3.IIS11SZ1weighS, ifir_:i11t181 :1y intluel .C+.-s natiuu,ll 9rprly ]71C pcclvinr :ci s st:bJiL'id•ed in llrer. awra-tt{doo~oll 7JirrI:.Y(Ine Rio') <745j5L'{111111'd ~d xi:,-if111Inc Si11Yli

(0-7-:,)., lnç

mi-dOnlinzl?'] àf;r~ Lxo1L~iCãl zone in!I1C.1.:•:Irlll 1 .4r7. 3) and 1hr. mixucl ¿Orxir.ihA:.

unli t. (

r

\FJ_T 2)) .

A .Sun.'''.1• .15Cal 1140 Oui iu ¡his o,r :~ in 139'i' Soas111}-soGrnpl :cu(ç pSttr:nLI~~Ir~;rsít]ILuw•11t ~

dj,`t'iIL•1:Iul11 Results;I!O5vthatu'1fill :hrce At7á cnltals afea expa;IJ4ajnt ihe c,'pcrlscorLútfi

eivç1 area. 1.:.:.ti.e3ntheJxttlliutgSfsta;usiu AU, 1 . t:ul '1relY spCwinl¡Nedsuf1w1d p;ulJth:Jirln uuU l

]1!x4,rexjns:lJC.i jxlsil i~elp Lc; tllc ctstluuP riceinel C,L,e (LzJle 1 )

} JlnptF ,r1e:ii'an19rçIIq1miupIt11sart••1 ua .Ilrt a5',7iI311iliIY al ae..ktse cll5Cn11¿.LhepcnodAlxil7941 to

Aug.'s ; 1W2 arLlytr'ra1 111c :ì11!•Cl'jtv if 1i :il :llh: imand{ol;ck•1 :1I iudie 11 ;11e11u

1.111isLl5.j}_ 1 951 1 )

l}tk11~IiLis{11a5.11cr:nusedf!11L[IL~f.,x19¿iI1 .11I!1ti1G:n .rv111xMiCC

(10)

e f.Evu+`~rIion ofihdCioppipg p8tla71inIhr.ÑUr ru rtpi4n (%al' ioinfwoppedãYaa ) -- 41 I I A _ ~LUI} 97 _ 1 69a -f44 ~42 3 ~ 13 2 bs _ I fi~ áp i ~~ . S 3 ~ :3? - fd .5 4 5 3 8 67 ~ 52 155 S5 .

These iesull3are cory5i steal withil-x:Ilcnds r r.l wi ler3 by [(il :E ( .IRS"'))avid NIP.N .SA.El (159B) ,

a»ui dingrowhich $I!1:ro:Stnp[efoodsexpoie :acrti8prrnt'a.lilbed

national'

ilyG:t I 5 9 i,IvreFrgt Uf 12iv t 3[Ion bx~rn Tpbic 25110wx iFá1[Iic tradable s.rrplus considerabl y

¡iont;asrd in tiltfC~ ar_hulwcen 1 ')92 an : 19S î

-'able 2 Marka

~~

aifukir9CiápsEn % ofgrossprodimian, I'i!J2f tfJ96

_ Yar~ - rMiizC• ~ á0c~hugl ~ [îrprmdnu :~ ~C'~sv r~s Cassava.

IFd (AE7; 1 on writ [ 1 36 - - 173 ['attazr-haatrf znae(AM 3 )

3

I'7!J? 2

I

I L ~5 54 17 _ ,J94i

I ;

I[3 -13.15 . 1£7 II9 I S Stwret-5 : I994 Aulr:nrs ' yu:wx ;19•?$ :C31LUlareY] from 13rÌrulr.ry~Ì19r17)

1992 3i1 14á<5

Ti

9

I

53 1 :l a vrIr9J ypnc (,l?{. 2) I. 1 J!`9t, .~~-. 1 ~ [9 ~ _ _ 1592 11993 I'9941 199i

T~y

r

i

;r

FaaA crup~hsrEiyf zone AIFl ~ ] Cano n E'~ctidc-np8 1100 Cello* Collùll 23 Fcrad rrops I^ .'. Com.n-hsrxtd xoEc AFJ 3 }

Suurcçs 1 99.1 - 9:~ . ,1,uiht,.s'survCy, 1992 . Lalci : I p lud Frrk75 Brunr.rup {I 997) . CuxlLin

3 6

f~rhiCruq~z I{+4

These [rentszhowthat 11•.crt,G-irrns haves : :nlrbUiC'tlin* decrcnacin (NAurusdUt;iunarta ar3d

mar5"1 n.4ir.'hae

ruplxcnn[ agr-alLlural ryrlAuctiCn area orlherounuy Tttic:qur_Srivtrl a

be li,Ir IJrer 7n81sstrJ i~ [law ihrse ch .) rrL'.cs hay': alTCr..lcxJ£armers' rewur :e and wha n

er~rt,u :uerz ' Ibud sri~uily . A 9errndal :ün r:rr..slti•I Iraz btrU :wilt l; :,.i111tssrF.~ ii3ue Th e slev ;;u :rot l'_r e r.>oi:tl csc :i l'orrhç an_l :p%5ii.ufrhr.. ditrcrr•.nsialuel inrpact.s u•il I be RurSrrnari : y

rlQ'-Jher; in

iv:

uta ; SeLlii~n .

A .

(11)

3 . The MALTA MrulçLoiI hrayçriçullarn] scclorin rLrn ;~ s

'rllehfill'i :evcl Annlysi .aTool CIAtheAtt:ILCu1L :IraIsectorrM .1TJt]{130.RAR) CL t. ., 14r45 ,

D]--Y13G an :IT#O13rL .] .T,+sRf3,i{J!7"i]IsLhe:nudefirgn r,nrnac:n chow' here LO sjrnui!alcI :n c inspaa orfundamcnral :r:rrirns>J;~~IIIu~ ~IicLlLural scclor . ]Lis a rccsu3iw,p3iCad ~luslr4csurn

ricullurel Nectar mndclds.vcIarXx1lucssaluzte response rrerlds. inwiçullu r# I plixluctiun ar : d

ralxi cnasumpli ..n nsArç3vlt

yulity clla ;LBCS Th_¡:r nr.ippl hypgghesit or IN: Ir►c .Jel ar e

. Fermcrs' dcci .sinrrnLa-4ilrp pimass} is 'based oh

Eij :ii a

sur.:c}'sandthe Iircrarure showOatIhr+eisoftenndifference hr:IU•ecu SIIC ucp0<Icdpl14'C5 (u n

whic~ rrttidtX4011 dtei .s j urs are b_scd ;nd which dçlCsrtlirle lhr"anual " Icrel a :fpnxiuaian j

ar,rl rhç tiçIURI priC+.:s11.L'l:iti'1sJ alterF.ar~u sl, sehieh depend a}li ütcuaraJ (dCttlnunCC by

cnnwmcrs' irw.~, .)IC•3 uJ}1udl ;ttalycansyninl .a, prcfefr ;.~~, Qv3,Ij tp,elu. }.

-

Priia

f47r 3►;iiCUIlan al nun -L, allnb]^_s are c:nf1iDpty.Ou ;3Iy :dU.L lmined intheeconr..nry as a r~SU h õ~1u!al sul.-ply(met cif n :ra1sfiJf-ocñSOul¡ILiLUI ) and urban Eerr.an d

- Paces Iari1griG1II ;IrnI irndinlC~areCxugrnuuslydc .eruvned byrh.tinrcrnrl ;prrã]rn3lkip)

•n•?nlcihtu slrg5l .f~'demand is nr}I I i nsi ;eil F.{AT,tis a c. Yll~ir_ziion pfihiee

-Ielated

prrdurlion, nucroxannmic. comes' ( 6 13 mt 2) .

The nr~~iK t;rr nrpd~lt.tepr'C.sGlls ag` ~ulu1-l] pmdur.ainn : I ; r;{7ntAirtiil aW ail ed ddstr .plru:ruf

Ihr rycha i yufofa~l, typeud'J~rmenllcrdcriirllc regionalJcWd .Land a1luc :a1iul, LoLaI piC,dulLrrrn ~ u.^crsurnllliun 1evc :s (by,ryrl)du(crs) all4 n;;aricrtcfJ xurplusrs are c g:imnrud I'hysi{ p l, 3gr4rlc:ilús:, swxu-etunumic ■nd insril~rtjt~ rhl aspects L~taigr.:ulturaL praducti,orase

ntC.qialC+i lore'L'ICI tplrstutlrlicmclf each rcp}3I5 A :C:8iunisdefined asahurn : .•zenu:lsTIne with rtsprc-4La i!ru .e+caln} :31 cond :l,ciwì, puHtlal ;,ur.aud inlcgl zl .tlriinLl}ih~cnlnricr.j And i s rerrtsente4i throughrhCModelling

uf

rt¡:ccicnrat.vr.:nrrr-IypeS, reprCCSlcj ihgLiicmai n

c% .LacL{Yislir.c (ç;rf.orl•,uijljasandoon g:rninls)nfihepln,lucriCm Uci1a3 .Thrlx

withi n ,hc year arc cnuiru:rrdR3C111 :t:u t Sllesea.sDnzlc :7z :.1crerisiitis and .sor_sIlAiwlsp[ L'OcIIIli::sups ,

:iue~la7Ci 3rdeun9.n-lHtiuu sawing season .hia_-,rmicw2rtà80paril dryxrasl)n .

Abasa[evelofnral can5umpl+o7isxt+~it+J through rninirnrnz householdca]Crhil1ralc.Ÿ

cansrrzinLa ; eons!' m2l i~ prefLrtnc cs are bzs.cr- on cr_7pi ricnl .ansrlir4- in-m.21124124by typeiar

:ar1n *ñd fe7,ien. lkisl.s 'elated tolheIr:'rtJ of I'rud!+t ;lcnh and p i ¡c .c.s alL' cLC'15idL'rLXI using t1 e talgel. hi{.iTA]]Ii Irethxlr- de•;tlcnpd by 'L :kLJL :IL (143+} sews. ' al eq:laLilxrs are intrG;iur~ç 10

(12)

!el;re :nt s+r:(':ral 3 ..;çnx!ias,withh ruinimal re'Atn1 :<: Ÿunsl :arnt f-nonv. 11c :11rUyY'IIp~S 2rC allnwtrl t~ dCvìase al:m.-din17 tC1(alIrgrs ' nllivyJe. tüIisk .

l'hGulud.vrc nf1h~!!1o;IL'I

A1scrn-etI.InUmic coin tP.z ! + ; nrprrs{{r1y-Y{ I ~ f9fucr x it1i%-:1ricr¡Gil FFR{? p L1{:71f11 ( ofIxrmtts' MOTH IIK s :uilt:hoF ~

#- .

--~

('----

Nis.lc!sl: k } c:c.r.1c, l minas

( : { }Mti773.1-Pi'r[0N M4D[II .F.

R :111 :1xrta caux.3=i x kIf}.tirunic!

M ;lrra-ecouunic contex t

7T1ç I.^bjeeLiv.:sI :axtsisigl rclnrratru4 leyclara : in.ngnlC. 311aainis71liCr5andfix-id co.rosinpEio n mdT-iCfrGx, tlrlt It1~1%I :n ;snti[m &Ircon jüirk u ::-1I1_1.{3MieWefarmers' Surplux, whic:hi s

(13)

Incy.iby Enaduclion kg r.çrLsunpUttn) al Or.. reqE,:na1 Lcvc4, 5ilbjecl10thc t+'+nstraint o f

60uòch4klself.sull'Ient14o}' . ci :hrr .s :ILisIkxJL*} hAv~r.hnhi proxuChcvl [xpltrdissex Lonl~ra .sntã =linked to fit nui ' and overall endowment ofpradustiou ÍBrrnr .s• land,lalro^Ji8rd cash

ailabil ity .

By8pgr(_v,!.rtingregionallprpluse s, nirian3l supply isc_11rvLLicd alui i.g cOnFrrmtcdwithe}inI rL#3n r'r_rnand in slx Ir1~rkCI ; r.~,nsl5mailx1'nodule .

Thrl nra•kr[.1CY4R51rrNi,'irXr771117.1'b ;erLeWW1bcsCOC}áilfn!!x `ht_~LVh?Ur .ICfr.cu5es{n1 I ;I C

suUslil_uignprocessL•ctwvC,ti1o-salnr.d impucl[d ; rodiItl .sinulOan i:QiiGlLntil7.ndui;W L:IIanpmin revenues and pliCt_: 14 represents thy iffrferri carnnu~]ily4-~ins, esl :ccialL}'th e pru'•ÑSs of tvppl1• aggregation 8M price formatiou r51CChanisms . C~clw+ruer hehax'iour i s repnt-llãi hy'the Linear !ao_u of IhcAlmost]dra.1 L]czmnrxlS}•stein LAWS). which is come. ' 8iuM 1:)3`diefaux eti.peluliLurts of ¡huh household

and MIAconsiderspricearai incuuw clBSliCiti e

Fo111nviny_ 511pT:1•'(1493),the ICIiA$r.I1oui.surnp' :ur_ n'Adlxe has úcul calibrrited usingIke. Cowan' Di IltirexlCC ofF.Iasticities (CL1 h ) fLlnuinrrnl 161 nidCutlopadby 1LANa]CF1(1975) . the I"i}l? :s agIo48' Iy well-bchavcxl li,nCaianalform thatporrr.il8us ti)clLKain LIICrnpIrixof pornpen .iated pcrac da-5rici :ica~xilslonly

n

fu7{~rrknrswledgt.

iasdirect

elerne.zIls4.

Thesuppl±`fdcmanrlequilibriumprie= rsnnoi rn4+t•.pigside arxnapIi~•braids,as n-uggests.ki

by SADi}1 .:I .P.T an:IdeAAi'';w'RY ( lW5 ) (figvrv5) . When Illequau[iti~ nrri•;i% on 1ltc-laarktis erC 1~..3 large tu kc~}5pd:z.tswilhinthe band, eitherthe pr c+clvcr i8 n-1--m1by11a :itrs o r fame:N .4iboy'í nd i' 1IxnI e tai Ivtu~Cm ltin expart t}ICCxcCã,,gamily so lor-mions

Inui t attcar.liveprices Enany. C.I.sç,the price ci-iRob ,r5beyond Lk minimumandnlaxini rnKlee

ICYrIsgives} byLht•baud . ThemoJtL spor.,lü-5 inibe supplvJd.cmand n{uihlxly=~~ erpl .uirklhDl h efiC n~ .i+cirnunl{4)L.Uti}arxithe minimum 1,12 Min :l quarCl ;ia: yt'hi ;.hare nLade dw,yr.nr'_enio n

[Ilt I` :3rir,nnl demand inrachyr:rr Torse 'maximum rind rniniuLurtl 541pplies mrwl~ lllpt prirç5

(14)

F i gure.

Influence ofp1ico G611d5 on price detalrmslatioi l

~• ' . î____ .t :

.

'-,,.,.--'N., ' i ~ . --► Q Mc' Q?dax I 4--- - Wm,' SY..1u tW.Pt

'ñr rrxlfK rfrnridl"'r!ii drscribea 1he rnscruc::.T.)lIpnk and institutional Conftcl affecting Ihc

& :6u :uc~ulxn-7y . I I ç:lnl,ii naih`purarxtels : CIdC 1 .7,^.clIil5d tü51711UI~tC4k111fICS :e'.Kl•htltkCIatC ,

ç.a~rllaliuo}r~~wt11, çrc .lis c .ondilims, sonicillkua awl oit-p+.al prices, WW1 hrmschtrld reyeuut , etc .

Themodel .A-as cUnsl .ui:Idj to analyse End higldil;hllhc r.hanges cleriti'iny:,frometnnorr_cand ,fiCuhl,ril rcfrx'InS uudeslaks;u 8i1sC.C 1984 Two sicl ;àYiùB u= {ñ.nsLTucttxl . Gril,the: WMirlvhlionar ;h,eWenduL•scr4Cil ill I!?t;~;,withnr_y thc ~~in¢u1#1 ipn gnkl•mhas major &Arse in Olt lCCrk7r ; and second, LIIe~1Tai~cawhich tYCL7U1 red nrlbc ,f.rki1l:I :TaISIY .Y41a x

conxqutnCGS of the adjusr.nent refuxrns iirilllrlinq inpl_1 a-J üttwut price

al. well as C1 ;8rYRCS in pEaries• trar,spul ;al ;u1F C46[F, rireNacJclLllx ìn 8 f :Cr..ii ti 2) .

31x 1114}JL'Iwpsrur5 for six years, I :o1 ; . 1!95 9o I r,' jg la tal ;lul SIk• n :nz.r i m,o1'.ant nIC.39JCCs

in_luáing LIIC,ftee1tli11 ion of I 9rd . The occultly was ri?uidcll ir.'o slx hurIlogtricous. regions (53[At7i : . L9ÇS, AUA; .W ; I Wi ; Sf.N .rti[ 1{}UN ã dl ,]?`1

ir,eachofLIIC,n aiti•,r,lr,gy ..;..Ls dr•..fincr' :IS,ngdinerenl c131 ;i1L3:a?`5(.ver. EppKnJix l}, tllrccurbanhouseholdtype*9.'Csr. disl : np,iuis.òrki accnrJ :ug Lcl tltcir i :Y.•.11`•1C Ic.v-] 1EL4L••]LI r.iE}4 Cl a] , 1991j .

Sc r•.ra1 vzs'IEMcs canL..aC.d 10 C.lir.•a-e the of tl1C 1nv7siires TnusC C1CC1d1 io he th e IY15L r'levin1 ones for the analysis Of fowl rea:nly are fwd. p?tQdUrlion and its cx.lli'Srtiluc- 'nJG3 in Iuir,l i11COnte unrsgrs. r:haagts in 1 ::)U-1 œflip Sil ¡cc. al I :me 1 uval LCL•CI and the caloric ialak c Qt.- urban clmu Illy: Ÿ .

J~I~xi-•n1~ i

Mcmo m ?ir:e

(15)

•l•hCmnlr`. wvs s•Til!Crir. (i,l}rí4 (C;tl :ia81 Algelxa'.c I~iLx1C11 ins System) and pa lved usi h.4l11 t

LrAvl .l'x.ffVUS sial•rty

4 .Siu .1AI :1Iion result s

Th.c sinlu Ia1y~1 fhodpruduClio14 54cnarksr:erlfn rlII~r trendabscl vt~;fixth.eFSU r.yuv YCf,i¿7 n wh11rt It~ucl8 :*i._cdsrx-i prudu, li .}r. r .^.n_7'_n aluxaxisl8l~lcin the "nuIdote scenar io,c~0[1C~

p.L-crduL'ailjr:increases 'uy ;sitY.lt 3 .6'4 Over chi:sllilukillr,dperiodir.I :IC'rr:fi-rrn " .iecrl.vi!r(CÕS1nn *ran

easul bypknol :l51 `larnrt L~C ssirnr : time pct ¡c.d .

u.deell:11S.InS yield in ibis 9CCn7ria) l~t,c:dFrtorlllrliar, -withuulreform"'xY :LId11a•.C br,r.n -niglAt 'tan ShL: Csr,tnñscY~e d with

relfll nx (fip,t,rC 4 )

Figue 4 : Sin•ndalirun1CS+J11 S : Crrfp produ:-'.icnl (in metric lulls)••ntha nn•rel'un1and ref:srrn

x-enntlt~9 ('tuli.insl :rrt•l:1) -I . ry1ts um rlG

tio

MY r.rts .

Thesi :uul8[innsahowthat LhC rCtCm1Ain'g:cuacd uor•inllinteulfi• tbr .il marl. a1I L}pCS of at1i10r:5, fspxc:ally Cú1 ;on p,rnri`.1 :e1s end~t~1~ngiti_n :pallicul ~r1'rI_o ;:sc wil h ani :nnl I ra,ctlar,

(16)

(I'Morr. 5) 7bt r1:5p•-'-rTSC uf f;.~rl cuplimnersis alsu p7si :ivc,bigslnwcr aud wil :i slrOrrpe r

var. rRbilicy TheonlyfaiutMwhoare shownrai tuIlavcbenefitedfn:m1I a15trendaie.11 .4

srwBll Furrs iii the, Soutlrcrrr rr.F,ix-ia. due10their ex'iene-lyptxrr'fCSnurcr end7wurlel L (t•.tpesciallq Iarrd .inri czsh}and lheeT;tr?tigical unl ;uix:ipilitycrfi;rOwin4c.JltixT

]kkeieS

.

Sinu•.RIiClnresults. Incnrne irx.7Cil-Se dueLuL'~Ÿreforms anions

u r

I~IU4~3-$(inF[ ;FA ]

In :he sir,iu ',h1iCn. the CaortSurn¡: :ion paCCrr_;chargedwith the -.r.fñrrns . ' fhCrL':u :15dd`Cr

avnccgdu:.rC.ginns a:carl:lirtStadid

.

; in3tirt prtxJuci.ion charaetetit.lics .

smal l

far.rcrs ouuid~nc mor etubersnnt maize.. They dcCaeASc:hen t ,~n iJmptiúu of rice(uxi551ti'of

irupkirle5d rittkt•11o5cprice-nrereASrxi slruu{;Ipafter LiedL'•4'a111SkIV14~A

nd

irsuul.Ccxscs alsúo f

pr.-sn .lts, :ras r oll.:c'_ng Gieirairil '.~n_Ik•aIr;Cof:heirdiet . Onlyin the cJr.nl :r rC.0On is ri u

€aIwurnlr.iun increasiqz, ihi5 is due La the.¡n ;luenuurine hLr;hta' Írti,r..ne gcn .r•.rnle,dbycfiiItwT n

and pear.uL, which is used:errpurchasingrice 13txu•(rL•Cr• in nruet rnsestheCrm .armplia n

palterns in ;hrlast}' t:5.rc•f,hr simulation x•.e;x to that at the 1.4sc r cn . This inr_rcata ;Fat farmersinitiallyr&-spLnrúCd;othe Ir~ch dar•,resnl :al iiiprices by,03p.i :ng ihtÍr pracJCirtk r

I}o-lte_--15ar~] B :Ierwards,YS'bcn1heIx : l ddffG~crrlal 1.14:6rnIXl .theyfe~ItilL'~I1IYirI}Te•Yr47n 3

¡On~.rnl :trürr

K

dpiçxarrt:LU5ti7fnz: cx :cr.'their ola

paretl!S .

Simulated 50.76p s in the" re`orin"Sl;'Cna.-TUVe

'higher dull 1

1'

0

1onesvl 1hr.3

c121=0 -

Di)

re;•farrns ' " ,which is :o Lc•e'A'pcele•d gr•L .-.r'he: towel }rr04JCtirXrranti nparlia.ll}'ÍoclasttG dtzn8r~ .

Whop thesimulatedpnt:csa:0oornpared wilh1`'e r:bser ved ones, L;rC Ialier a.rc à,bpçrt 3U:•~ higher . ThisLz~tc d.iffr.rcrr,x, whiel: irnpli5:s a hig':rc : then 8~sr.rrJcd ',eve'ofdeir.sild. ma y

(17)

rteii.:hhr.uriax tx:t .urri(:5 {fr. r which _►u date 15 #vai! sile~ ax sF t~~tptive hchaviuur UnIke pnri i f

L i ~Jer5 If Ihese 1 .sw Iirel2\-8 ';A'ce included ill t ft inodc l - Ihe rnakrJludC Of thn im~acls titi'ai.:l d

hx Iac mt.

5irrwla't4r Cnlt+ric irxake crf uiLau r.tn-9linrers (in p4,■Ler',1ofFAOrecann:cud+i ca!ar : c

rxlu irern,eutsl deçre.tis.exl :uc all cwn3ufuerP.Pxipxs in lhe ••wilhOtri rçinrm" scfii8rio, which i s luyi4~! given ti. ; ir'rc:ft'l)5e inchepc:.au!slrur. wi ;hnut n resprnsc uiNoraof food ploduaiO n Brit ihn decline~t even mare pr:naurrt:tixlnill :e : .scennrio "with ref0eins''" . specially

10wand

rtlCd :tiirn-inc~+n :s húv ~Cholds which. even it: tlieir demand isF11•1Iti inelastic, wtrt .fUf<:t.i

deaca.sr lhgir level ofcuns.rotlff.ion clueina real incOm.t d ecli ne41: .1.;uit 6) . The rcr''Irl :11 " :4 )'

Almhave t5u iCdhglmngervarialiunIllc{7n5nmp1icrn õelwtCn r-lr.s .

h•ip,srre 6 : 5.unu,altd cAk.ici,= inlake ufdif!•er Cltr r,rhnn hoxrxhu!d8 by income Ievcl 09 A pm'Oernge rfV AOiCC[+nimend minimum. ] =• WA) .

The results 5 .‘ow the high 3v!.nelsI}ilii y of pocr cur3urncrs s;ncc their intake was very cluv::

toihc FAO Il}ir.irnurn rt~çuita;nenl8, Ar:y eh.err.a : 5':tcrfik:

lhe rCrnl u p16.0wfrod priit s

endang ers Lhei=fx~dsecisrily . L ht ; rtÌorns5 may huvc irh.YCèór.i thei= vullwSbilily- in n ;xc l yt~r5 . they cccnsuicSC le-i8 14tan 85 `.à r + p lhcir c-ltlnric requ i rru :ciit8 . ?[L7~~~, uiGBn c+]nç.irner s nr8} hA4•e 2 :I .lpled LIIL'L Corl51 :m, lion h.eia•,&iur towards !c r i.ct quality [SraGJL•Li(ic . l.+iOktry

iier i ,I5tC7d ' : -7igLt ; au5litp tir.c7 u•hic :7 crap li8tiç n :ili p t gJ 11x 114P,AiiveimpaeLune~lorir.

ir.:akebu : wl . ; ;.h is r.nl eapLured bYlhrv n•„ir.,cl . !viol í~titr, rh n s-edy rnaJclhe hpCr.ihxsisuf

91rrr`F sepacabilily irt COnSterrer ' s Ixr4tel &ll4e40Frn, arid only f244 o<-rrnrrxrd rl rC5 &i't

cuusidefed in the ASU.5 d[xn p ndsaem .This r,rcp'.iCS I :ti2.1 th~s spefiiffiaiinnducsn 2 t ãllpw1i 8

IncapVai C• 81ri1}s he;ween ulhe•' 1y ; C of r.xpr.ndiIw cl

fr}r,d exp g nd_Iuf<9 rhat prolssbly luc k

plue in ~ealilv, And which cell bc CxEti4; e~! to have C,::OarrCd mast prrtiar.'d ;•Ar lh^ high

(18)

ise{smc tt,nsum+sx ' ir:vtl . ,\ev_rthelr~t~ these figures ir.jicaLe the negilivo trend in cansilrm

Parochangez Eves'il'espendilurç gJbslilulinn #m4ngC,sGegaricsv didtakeplace.theeve!al l levcl Irf income: w{r,rltl -r}' c'ranpe, vlllch irnpliez3 lower level of Cans,Jnl :<ion olliel pods

with a conr,crc,ICIIR negativeimpgcl on vxlívç.

L'oarJll.coalk 5

;Japerdisci :sacstheUrrlconiC<oftheeconomic anti r.sriculnlml &dlilS:nlent r~vln~ lial

3Lpieu]II_ral prtldiu ;:ldirnandI_ripls Lirodcans,.na7l :titxlinBeninAndcialnpares lhc res.1.11tswit h

thcxiluatianc411111Lily toactualfact,Le .,wh.vmighthavebeen KW themreform. notIalen

place T•xo rnpiit issr_es ri*~ ilt anaiysir.g the. impact at the-5c 1I . fins npliuuai GD P

incrcar.~7 :' . WhoF~ICflrcdand who 1cx5rcut in thispnltstãS? Inthis paper14:53allulCar.hn s bccngiven14 1•' n: Lirxltiglx.-Stit}I, allñauóh Ilre ìawlcazeinrt.tlen p luductirn rindca.poil s

probablyil,'ply a pl :sirivc In ;iacL T -rlr: rwair3 !Mention of ;Itis paper :s foraiwl on the sex.an d

qurslx;n Therrsl]Is chow Ihi' whiJr:theaglicadhd,ralAtt :.td.`coverallrnny haveLrcaefi ;ed fcel n

-eforn :, inparticclar farnlcrs withthegpgcahi litgof ..rowingcaL'.on ,the g{+CzfJc.os's in r=n s

of urW :l v.ellirrc dr:r.lino may hare hoc !'lusF. nol .ibJp fos low arxi rncr)iuril~u~arne gro t dp g

This fAnItl In .saurnbscl vaLiuns dl :rid.r;tin:sunr-y in i`J 5 3 as we! : nsstlldicx by rxth•r.r nutlet+is

in otllcl e{unlrie.5 (13 :tifr R GTT and1_]UR{}SH . ] :J96, :41IN{?T, I!ry8 }. This is nal lo &sy Lha I

fi ;slin wtuldi hnv'eIta{:cn L•etter off npt to reform¡IstXclrolr_ic anti

Rural policies . A no .

neroran x:xntrin+rrCluld'nave beensdfitcnsble and liuálxaa ll} :n :-ensit.11c .However, it

Alcrt F alic,•m .ikct.5to thetadih:v.,tit* burdenofrC[úlan is unevenly dl sL ibuted . Thoseat th e

ri ;dtglr. cfsJrvivpl arc least nblc to Guri z.1ailipnal beJrdcra, and rtl4rn•irkdlx,aj cJlaltges mny tf►Jangertheirfoodsecurity TOInliiga'ctherdt:; ;aL•ve c .lF°r.18ofSAPonpr}ar vlta n

consi:lr-e:5. ?.Sc. •arc Ihe main tl :,c

il ::sl:ulucr-' available 1 0 the Goveynil}vi a laismg thr•.ir inc~uxx . H is more difficult ri nd

i, ioffiL i cnLID

l ac Ix

diiTcrci;i8tt: pric~ ar.rOr :Lugla slr.rsn :c.aaLY.rp.s Employment I :rnrr-ol idyllinLibannti'-R5, boll;

1F_alli7ld MlleCI :Spv}YII,VIISorfrai Pul work pmgraiisdllL x, anc prglr•rjti {vn of p_ivatt ~rx:lü l âr:vClopnrnl arr. vi ;al ly irnplxVari rnCaSul es wh : ..ld c~rld lie recommended to

the suila l r.p,51or adJ :JStn :enl rot the poor L'aflicular en :pha3ix shroud bep~.ro::eyJtall ]ahou r-inlcuxi•:e ill IêasI :v ..-311rG pr41gJaZ11rrlCá . IIIC{11 :IL'-4CrY`,ló.~Ì :lk; nn .r :lprkljf•,r,l$, al ult :.sìana' dCvClUpnienl,Clc .

¡l'AI~, I!+'~i vl:rd FIR ALTN et

19,) ::r',l Also . supportlier L'r :lk.•aI1Qr}r111dI :IIpI1Wlri ,7 74{',{ú3ala

M14X4i :ItXlit,pa•tlcrrlallV fnr '..,QlllCll . have pr4lL` lo Ix

14e IIlStrulrJ'nls co s1;pFVJrL Inw -iilOorne o-klu~t5 ('LL?f .1 .f :R ;:l 31 ., I p?_y

(19)

The &imulatiuu appru a r, h provedLulat uiefi ;l in analti•xulir.; rhe 2ifÌcrruL i, ;7Lr :rr.rs ort vantv3

situpsconcernedarrJ

identifying those thnt need luLe prCtcr.tedfoinadverse'.,mpacts

uf

zdjostnlCrlS rr=rarn .s .

kercrenrc x

AI MEP, L . (1'Nw ) . Prise cn s;Orrrp'; des eiFeLS á 1~,1J; cr•rme de la d,6,Al u-ariondu Flame- CT A

surlesci.-feul agriCol.r. etI 'tnwI ;eIUtaYltr; . Lecas duBenin . Mtrnlnlr J' AP.mnrmie GI:711LaI C

Appr4,t"nndia, EsNSAR, Rcr-aecs. E'InuCfi .

IiAk I=TF, CB ., LiO ROSE L.P .A (1 1~~) Farmers' wtllko and cha,Iku ;S f[~7r_prizes: rx]n

-P_anruli:r:evidenceLI Du•,rice inNiadasaaar American Juurnelor-,3griuillurñl rcrrnnmiz s 78 , 556-b69.

1i1,~{JIJ, ti . ( LM .5)• 1mps;;t do !á dd'.'a.lrutiou dufr8nc.CFAsu ; 16prOr'.IClxm eg, i00]r et l e

fcnai'talur~Cntaire el prup0ai[ií7nsd'action.

°5finsr-sde Pi ualu~.[inn 1]n ceultnl d~ rrn4nil .

FAO r['P.■131:rJ ; i4':'. :? (A)

]34J IiÌ ]• J .W. (. L993J Chnngá np{Null pricesandIu -;dl wG!fare•an=parornelricexamination of

ihtCk''rlc a ' Ivonc .EconomicDevclupc,riCr.:andCatkin al L::hnnge, 41, 5 37-6'7 3

Fli)4L~Ci1 :l( ;~{JN, P . 3e T.iLI_ü, J ., SCPI.VA . A . 1 l'79 L~ : f)is ribatiuulcl effecrs of adJuslrrrus: Pp1i~ ;~ç :sin_vlsii0r5!forarr.hc:k7e et+]nomsr-sin

ic-a.and Latin AlnCrirp . TheV.'uiIL Hrn r

Lcul :uu :.iC Rc4iew' 5 .339-'366

f11tAUN(veer), J ;71KLU, ; WTP;E3, P .(1';r99) .Faminein Africa . { :ausCA, rrspnases and

prevtir.',ul : ~rr. 7ahis Hup*ins 13niversrly k'rCss Mar~la xl .

~SRiJN'l'ItUk',M (1597) . A.3riNlnrnL PiuseFk7lìCy ;nd itsnr:p :iCt 4rr PmSu!Yrorl, 1r.-ame ,

Employment 8,':d the: ArLupl,a, : d in~~ . zii uls . Peter Lan g

LiF°:OIr• D . : Lt{JEij[,I .EARL7, AS .(I cr:;7) :L7cvasl~ àtli~n eL curs :nutrrii,on alimt;rl8 IrCcfr x7nr

fr3nC . 1 .e:ersdu Burkina-Faso . Er;Cr.7rnie Runk 7.44 . 4)-53 .

T}1".4TrJN . A .(I969) : Rico prices and in ;aD :mr. dig:ributicm inThailand .J1non-]a_rzux'rio

evidence . EL031 ;ic?r.ric Juurn :I'xJ, I=1 7 FAO (1997) . Lrip'.ic_a~iar_s uL' tv3nomicpoli,:.-y

securilw : 8 vainmg nrarul01 F :1C} • Rome .

C1!£Akif? . F .• L3f)US`ãARf} ; J .M . ; 13t:'I'Ji1?, D . (15951 MATA : unUu!iLd 'asu.lyscn141i11 -nivr3ux piy.n Lr.:,,Yreuragr_~rlc.,Nrtes

sk.roi :nr:nrx { :I ItfeL7 ; I IRP,1 n° Si., 1'sris,'Franze H?.RFI .9C-rrP. F3 ., ~`Ffcl~l :~, E3 ., Ltl~•L)RP. F ]` . ( L!J,x) .tpr2 : : Ie uy,::IC d ' l ;n,gu8y:

{ :onsCsluCnrr-, Exru, Io13vni n .lden'iJ:ralaol 4 desin :u,luui;C4 dams le- sCCLd.irngria :r'c du

fq:nin 1Yu,E.irrp, paper . l '.?'~f~L• :5R1 5• 'f.uaieluï+irta: u

(20)

1~lLNijl_ :.y [ì . (I9-5) . I'raduGinn a sd

i

Crnknd nkuJcls with directocindirecl im, Iici r y . k:r{~n~~ir.carica ~J . .395-419 .

JOUE,J . ( l':99) : Lc E3 6rdn ez In mondia : imlton dc I'ccanurrie ]{arh .i]t, Faris .

dcMEW,J . ; ][0 13E N:5 0 i+f,S j]ak~J.'Dade,edjasLnxnl ¡:nlitir_s nr:.dincontC di :IiLucio n i n

Ilner„ Njf;11L'l'}'NaI developingcçixqñiics .]4ulnalofDevelopment F.cor,oniiez. 10,07-92 .

IMJ'dud B .L'NIN'S {à { }1F.RhG1i! :NI' . (' L9!76) . J36un .Enh.a :xed sxn :t~tm-al*djr,Ial mein.Cie'Iity ;

polityI'L,l.Ir,n.vuikpaper . IL?,$- IxlI I!r,I3.1 .;f7u1 .01 .4',

INSAE {Lu5lilu' }Jabcoal de In Sial icriÇsiee4dc I - Arx_I jse Eiconorr-ìquej (1947) .]rYdii,xsde s ~I I .l21l'dSXJn5:l :11rnatiaR' Les

.k la O?I5 :?]IIr :lalifJn en milieu I! :hnin1151 Ìk;slin, 1r4}i}i4lr x

Irinlustrc 1947 1NSAR,CodolliYj .

3i'1EN5,+d I- 1,{ (' .{ 19 '..N . I"çtL mgrnlrx people arid Mrej

Ali lea . 11x;;aset'fBeni n 1rT'RI Lecture Ser~S N ' 6 .

titi'axhingrnm D C: .

MLN{}T, N (1'.;'M) DISrI ilY.iLiun_Iandnu :ri ;irymil ilrypav ul JL .vI :I :+LiuminRwand a E_c,7n~nniw Development and f7Jlorrai L:ha,xt 4 .5, 379 402 .

MI NM, N . ; CYU].L :TTf, F .( UM) : J?xpC:r ILL4'Ialtr.e :on and hrxise hkild welfare :.LhG cage o f

ricei l'r' ;elnala Arlxlican

pl' Aglit.ullulel Eacrr.,nrnic RO .75Si=74 9

NCJL}JLRIhi~ D13 .(I9) g)'I .c n :a}dvleMATAet:ISn7iondr.4nla :►dc AIDS :uneapp3icz.lia n

CiOrrselunlaLiun a3imcala :redcsrni uagcsuIbainsburirinahel5 F.1ftui61e de [~1 k LNSA. ReINn•srC1]I,tIJ, Frznc c

RE,4Jt1)Q N . T . ( ]5*]a} Slr•,IelwLIadlesl Ir_enIimpIr.lsoncol nRol~s rll]'cru:u ¡he I 45f. a

]r E Icidhues . F ; Knell,J. (tiwlx ) .Food andsv¡icl,h•,ira1 polie¿wuudse structuraiar!j~ISl .,,ent.

Pl :rued :nu,iof in ilueñ'Oluwnal symposium . '1I-?1Sc~tiltln4cl ]592, [Jahenbeirn,Ccm7nny,

pp . •194 .51)2

SALJf}l!11T- f ; de f AN w•I{Y, A . (199S) . {iciIanrild,IYC developmentpoIICVirulvsi5 .The

Johns, I jripk :ng (j-uti•t•I xILYPress . 33n!li room and

S Rhf,w11 (JUN, F .,HL']E)l]L Tf:S, X . ; f.)J: }'131••,D . (L959z ) :SLnlclur7l ar,juglllletilHIKE soi l ei~n~ion,a bio-Ct•{+uurnicmn:1c11inga.P4;'u8e1 .lui ~orliernBenin , ) ounialo f

IrdCtr. ;itil .xlal lgr :cullurc , }8, 245-26 2 5L••NAEIOLJN .J ;

LUES,F . ; L7E :YI3F. D {l'i•} :b) : & 'uttwal atijustInerdprogram s sni[ errvcinn• A. ~¡~, ~~:~crc+uric n•:nlicll:np, ap,ryro~hLrNorthern 1]enirt Rr•-st.v1:n i n _7r:r.<~~y nlcal Economics, and

Lìisc{uxl:.•a Paper 05 :69 Sump 'l:Gyaui:r Verla g S UR1iY, Y . (3 ;93)- " The [On5'aut ddTerencear613 gIi6liCb ~i~utla+_I ~_ih appl icarioncto1h C

EC aryirr3l 'Iced .5CCt4j . J 0 u : 7rz1 of :1r, rir.1_Ir,Ira1 L••eo.I ;.Enics •t4, I :0 .1.2 5

(21)

Th.[i]: R, 1-.V` (I921)rT'.irgr! •-1•#}TAG .AnitiicanJOllo'•1]nFAyl'-c.llü :rnl ]'- :x+v4miìç5,

6C<i-6I Lt

ZF .I .1 .1:.11., M . S {'[iR3i?•L1LR,

u5ju ;IiftA[ ! ; 1 MIDI ]UliS, F. (15''17)• L~tLril tinarco I~a r foW5tcurilyI'ar the

for r•~r.arcF end pali .sy .Food~}li :.y review 1 . Inla'IlãliOnal Food Pa]ie;• R.ex,utih JnStitule, Was hing- on D C.

Appendix J . Data

'M_ sru4 u•:ntrrues au an•.pirir.nl h`-srrsrieal analysis uf Lvud%'A-Opprt~duclinm in thc ]3Orp,0 u

rcginn n : E#cnin with a n'.cniel yirnl,la,iar- Sun+cy's forlhecitii{:i-içal analysis were cazncd ou t

ihç Fsr,rgae region foi ShCf}I ILwi np•

rrasnns-- It is thr: rrn7~ impny art agrieuItul al ri.•r;•+:kYl of Tirrin,cnnlpris-ing 50%ofthe ngli;rna l

:eniLOl p, I'M rxfth,c populaLitxl, 641P~:ufC+}1WILpr pi:hicünn and n mo than riO'lo nfch,r natirx~al.

supply ofgi,aplc fond s

it ls aìsiw IrrC po}ti•irk.r with the rrnsl td+ana~1 dC•rEIOpR}r•,.nc of xni_n :i taac iois .

-' 1 'n4 rr,3ian• as die rrroitirr1LY r8rrtOre ir- lerescrF Evil!a*rd c+}ISçr} pmduaian•oftlitlr e

opp o rtrsnitV loabsorveal-.d to7luirl ;~thephr:normeran of substitution wiEhi n sy'Stçns and the inpacl üI' pLdrti .rL•YOnfood$br.urrl y

iii4;rlrup (!977) carried out a household 8,rr4'Cy from April F49] toAugu,1 1792 in lh^_ ]3or8ou rC1}jOn with 75 households. 3audoridy ót1õ01cd in ihracvillagCSMrCSrnt inE chc chree ;i.,ÿr {}Cf.r~l•,i(1~rC11 ganes The authors1;4es'trrhehin et al 1999a7 c,uciuJ out AIM

Alir.iey :fro m `da}' Lo 1).dcCn•1hcr !947 witlc ihw save ktirtlplç sxcr.ndxi to 9Q luxrsL#xHdB .

Besides thc .c dala ¶I fc;!Inwing d "..lhaiL'SIlatieblttrL1Sr'!']fur the c111br abort Of Lkrert1C41t:1 : -a prin•:L-v data

*011Eti:7ed in 1974 byiw_

ar5 L1lç M1rLi :7is-r}' r>~ h„~culWr c ul li[:uii 5

xrlhir ; lh~ framework rrI's study 0r1 file liuin? cnrrdicion.i

Inc

uÌ' rural populations in Beml n

1'..L•'C•4'li}andcx?4rring aIS Baran , a primary data.5r!1r•tslleetxl

1991 L•k• L7[CIWfor 17,5f} and covering 11rC •n'hOlç r,~lrr.'rp•.

- a pcimarf data Setç4lltxtr•..d by I lac :iger (!99S)wi115if1 ShcfraTnexx:rk ul a hUVYçlrol~: buúnAl andcxinsurnpLiuu s•nY•Cycai:i0d 0+.r1 in ihe main chars Cif Bel '

-a sL•a0tldadti'darasacalled. in r5i'[ 'ct cfrl 8lãttuiçnl a5cr_i in f3cn; n

(22)

SCiu8m :s :

I993

1i ;i

-

-tIiIbO4wi1hbu[ refarms"

~ QILúII vI IL'L' IIJ41 7C:k' kt, } FerfiliAcr price (]CF)

i

81m Ialiour ]r.ice , A hlrnpar:edí8 .7dprick,* B (CT . Trar4püRI;~3J C [I .-:f••'.~ Urban. incnn• r Rurii ¡r,p+.dAlK; n grnwqfs(°r',) -L•'iÙAIIp:ipulaLin,11 ~ d, $ ¡ Itr¿•.•tll04) _ . . SCtlliri,}. 1~tfürlns" CLdtiLY1Floe, (RT .-Mt g,) Fertiliser flriCC (TC'=A,1p) F81n la b:lllr Price iL Imported fnndpript! ;i,'

C'F A 'I i Tr~tig¡~17110)sl C . f C I•'A 1 Urban im.xim e ir_ctcase Rvral Fir"; i Li graw1h UI Lan pl~luluipn 4 , $ I}15~h ~p

(23)

]?;çcnçI Ii•{f•iixt .nn l'9flux

Nu . (JIM

Hci ihues,F .aziJf ; . 5 Iu ic5]Ct,Aura . f+Jllwlr.m ' !!JrrkrdfatI~~Ofrr{ ~

02^99

[Iti :rIhJ.Jt F ., KaiC1$C .C .Schacr .E . anJ { ; . 4t InL~4~,~' .srrcJa~a';JJ~'RSIU'I

rfft' . r^'S

V r. (3 ;799

[tidh•jcs. F ., C_ :7a1Jt, W ., iil -)514

Cr' Schriedtr,iFi4 s17~~~rJhrr.v JL~7r7

rr

f

rr

f

Ãrnr.s 1-19ri Gf'ur.'{l',Yf? rk tor, : sr .r~ x

He. 1''.4.''99

E"vllarLit, W ., Crt•{d_f ¡4».; orr arad .c w 2I7Lrx'III!crirr¡Jn'r,~~r~:Ir u7l'h-r.K'and rum'

`irxYhr.'Ir 7J~uikaxl'.

No 05J'9i :

StrB!11,11, j . 3[^il}r Ie s , F aeti

D[}c

roe,,}?ru¿r.ariI34. I,ifRRClIiF. r u~rrrms {rr d

y{iif.lrr7rJfk'I : .] F,JO{t~Pf'J_~7PIrR.t!?f~CfirJ~{rf7,rtW:0, faJ•~'ar;1 .Y'FJr JµilrJ k

No .I~Cb4

Thar1daKyi hidM . vun Vky~n, ~r_ 17corJ :7Rrlt AJoi{7rY9' rJf ltrcc , orlsrf.•r40F}cirtl rrgkr.1 MyI`,Iim+ r

N

o O7 .19 4cku (.r ., ) . rkd R ]ch3r . .4JLrrtf FL~;{ r7QÌ6l' 'rr .r{rxJJClei ~R friliP.SIiJü J

CtYJJrfA71f{'s':C'overlyLWSK , yC.rrrl,rc_T N

g OR,59 I9aILwiL•FI, }''.,8rti T .Kyi,1'rCrcararrrrlg1'F11k•il.'o.f.yirr •{~r Irsd:LrraFR~'sra^rh:

1Yrrv. fil'i ~Nyr~,iM,iurJinr.aofikrra ~'JllitirJ~rrat7lr ~r4dy:t~ S

?+!u.59 .'} r1

kl$fT ~ir}~ , T . 4kiJg:rlrJeguff~.r.r it Trf,I+rr,l'

tgr,rr.h

tIr.YÁ ~.ir~t.5'illf}JLtre- Ali,iJxJi}Yrc' J'l' rCF{II'tC•fii }~r{,.~: . :t,

ND C. ] ..DD

~tubt1l, D .,J'owr0'a .ili•rsat_u'I 1-es

1 :1).uITAIxold fly 'mac J' c .rir

Nr} fx?s17y?

A .,SaI_v6api[ux,C ., Arid K E{ir~hrnal_I, !h~rtl :rn~t.rJl,rc .~~c~rrt w cRFI :RIL'L' xNrkrrk.~i~c +Gro-,d'JIII7.9 :7gcJ11clPe? i':17':fiJTCY~r•ORJ 17nOn'.1 IlaVJmlrsr-~+IfJJIJ'{:f

}~rrfrRlrF{rlxl' i'irrr..p T

NU .03 .k}p firf~i~r.hop :. TJ and G . :5'.lIILJa . 7ry ' dl :w'fr,yalncr.'iofikcrn•r{,jry~y'tlr:,l .W.-7t'

Jr rrar:.il_IQ7 [SCr.r.rarJCf 1PI¡'f. YlfrJf{+J~r ç{ :;i;~ IrJt, Irsiiy rA'I .arFxx Fx'fxilrt7iyrr}

r~r,r~ Úm~I .~I~7ff. :rlt. Mi .04!C+7 [=rhu-dL_W . . [F.'bclfr,YM ;s rrr Pfmn Prih.v7 1mf{~flJrrrf~u+S~ M! .!rJ ~regieC;Cda}' !'~hf }' .V!7kerr{irxf .Ijr,r,S .!r .;,n 77I :721'13) I'd!

}iI} {000

St•n81i0uri,1 .,ficidóucs .F znJ D . L]LpbL;~rr;Fl~rfa 1',5f rlgrrt11ifaz rcll' 1 70i.x.I+ {rcxt

~5'ctT;rrP{:rirr,gg r.'r.I .irsJn1'.Cr=tu~~xatifrryk¡1 reedI_G•x• FicJIrJ I

(24)

Univcrsitat HobenNirri

Instiiut

f~r

Agar-

und

S.

ozia]aonomie

in don

Tropen utrd Subtragcn

(490)

7050 Stuttgart

Gemian y

Tei- ;

+49 (ü) 711-459-258 1

Fav

+49 (0) 711-459-253 2

E-mail :

dp4901guni-Etohcnhcim .d e

ISSN 1439-4952.

Références

Documents relatifs

Policy ins- truments are lacking or virtually nonexistent; the fact that the share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product remained the same in 1988 as in the pre-war period

The importance of agriculture and nature and pervasiveness of government in food and agriculture in developing countries mean that stabilization has had major impacts; and

The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union: New market trends Chania : CIHEAM.. Cahiers Options

For the two explained variables, namely tariff water and available space, the mean is computed as in equations (5) and (6), using imports as well as the elasticity

Agriculture production,food security and policies in Rwanda.. EDPRS II aims to increase the pace of economic growth and further reduce the incidence of poverty. It aims to lay

While the policy does not directly discusss the climate change effects on the livestock sector, it highlights the need for having a diverse and favourable climate and

Specifically, the study seeks to: document the agricultural production and agricultural systems in Uganda; analyze policies governing agricultural production in

In order to achieve these objectives and effectively control the market, Governments in most African countries have established commodity marketing boards and have promulgated