Determinant representation of NLS equation, Ninth Peregrine breather and multi-rogue waves

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Determinant representation of NLS equation, Ninth Peregrine breather and multi-rogue waves

Pierre Gaillard

To cite this version:

Pierre Gaillard. Determinant representation of NLS equation, Ninth Peregrine breather and multi- rogue waves. 2012. �hal-00718003v2�

Determinant representation of solutions of the NLS equation, Ninth

Peregrine breather and multi-rogue waves.

+

Pierre Gaillard,

Universit´e de Bourgogne, Dijon, France : e-mail: Pierre.Gaillard@u-bourgogne.fr,

April 1, 2012

Abstract

This article is a continuation of a recent paper on the solutions of the focusing NLS equation. The representation in terms of a quotient of two determinants gives a very efficient method of determination of famous Peregrine breathers and its deformations.

Here we construct Peregrine breathers of order N = 9 and multi- rogue waves associated by deformation of parameters. The analytical expression corresponding to Peregrine breather is completely given.

1 Introduction

In 1972 Zakharov and Shabat solved the nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation (NLS) using the inverse scattering method. The case of periodic and al- most periodic algebro-geometric solutions to the focusing NLS equation were first constructed in 1976 by Its and Kotlyarov [14]. The first quasi-rational solutions of NLS equation were constructed in 1983 by Peregrine, nowadays called worldwide Peregrine breathers. In 1986 Eleonski, Akhmediev and Ku- lagin obtained the two-phase almost periodic solution to the NLS equation and obtained the first higher order analogue of the Peregrine breather[3].

Other families of higher order were constructed in a series of articles by

Akhmediev et al. [1, 2] using Darboux transformations.

In 2010, it has been shown in [6] that rational solutions of the NLS equation can be written as a quotient of two Wronskians. With this formulation, it was possible to recover as a particular case, Akhmediev’s quasi-rational so- lution of the NLS equation.

Recently, it has been constructed in [12] a new representation of the solutions of the NLS equation in terms of a ratio of two wronskians determinants of even order 2N composed of elementary functions; the related solutions of NLS are called of order N. Quasi-rational solutions of the NLS equation were obtained by the passage to the limit when some parameter tended to 0.

Here we obtain a new representation of quasi-rational solutions of NLS in term of a quotient of two determinants different from preceding works which does not involve wronskians. As a consequence we obtain a more efficient method than the preceding one, to obtain families of multi-rogue wave so- lutions of the focusing NLS equation depending on a certain number of pa- rameters.

2 Expression of solutions of NLS equation in terms of Wronskian determinant and quasi- rational limit

2.1 Solutions of NLS equation in terms of Wronskian determinant

We recall results obtained in [12]. We consider the focusing NLS equation

ivt+vxx+ 2|v|²v = 0. (1)

From [11], the solution of the NLS equation can be written in the form v(x, t) = det(I+A3(x, t))

det(I+A1(x, t))exp(2it−iϕ). (2) In (2), the matrix Ar = (aνµ)1≤ν,µ≤2N (r = 3, 1) is defined by

aνµ = (−1)^ǫν Y

λ6=µ

γ_λ+γ_ν γλ −γµ

exp(iκνx−2δνt+xr,ν +eν). (3)

κν, δν, γν are functions of the parameters λν, ν = 1, . . . ,2N satisfying the relations

0< λj <1, λN+j =−λj, 1≤j ≤N. (4) They are given by the following equations,

κ_ν = 2p

1−λ²_ν, δ_ν =κ_νλ_ν, γ_ν =

r1−λν

1 +λν

, (5)

and

κ_N+j =κ_j, δ_N+j =−δ_j, γ_N+j = 1/γ_j, j = 1. . . N. (6) The terms x_r,ν (r= 3, 1) are defined by

xr,ν = (r−1) lnγν −i

γν +i, 1≤j ≤2N. (7)

The parameters eν are defined by

ej =iaj −bj, eN+j =iaj+bj, 1≤j ≤N, (8) where aj and bj, for 1≤j ≤N are arbitrary real numbers.

The terms ǫν are defined by :

ǫν = 0, 1≤ν ≤N

ǫν = 1, N + 1≤ν ≤2N.

We use the following notations :

Θr,ν =κνx/2 +iδνt−ixr,ν/2 +γνy−ieν, 1≤ν ≤2N. We consider the functions

φr,ν(y) = sin Θr,ν, 1≤ν ≤N,

φr,ν(y) = cos Θr,ν, N + 1 ≤ν≤2N. (9) W_r(y) =W(φ_r,1, . . . , φ_r,2N) is the Wronskian

Wr(y) = det[(∂_y^µ−1φr,ν)ν, µ∈[1,...,2N]]. (10) Then we get the following link between Fredholm and Wronskian determi- nants [9]

Proposition 2.1

det(I+Ar) = kr(0)×Wr(φr,1, . . . , φr,2N)(0), (11) where

k_r(y) = 2^2Nexp(iP2N ν=1Θr,ν) Q2N

ν=2

Qν−1

µ=1(γν −γµ). In (11), the matrix Ar is defined by (3).

It can be deduced the following result : Proposition 2.2 The function v defined by

v(x, t) = W3(0)

W1(0)exp(2it−iϕ). (12)

is solution of the NLS equation (1)

ivt+vxx+ 2|v|²v = 0.

2.2 Quasi-rational solutions of NLS equation in terms of a limit of a ratio of wronskian determinants

In the following, we take the limit when the parametersλj →1 for 1≤j ≤N and λj → −1 for N+ 1 ≤j ≤2N.

For simplicity, we denote dj the term ^√cj₂.

We consider the parameter λj written in the form

λ_j = 1−2ǫ²d²_j, 1≤j ≤N. (13) When ǫ goes to 0, we realize limited expansions at order p, for 1≤ j ≤ N, of the terms

κ_j = 4d_jǫ(1−ǫ²d²_j)^1/2,δ_j = 4d_jǫ(1−2ǫ²d²_j)(1−ǫ²d²_j)^1/2, γj =djǫ(1−ǫ²d²_j)^−1/2, xr,j = (r−1) ln^{1+iǫdj(1−ǫ}

2d²_j)^−1/2 1−iǫdj(1−ǫ²d²_j)^−1/2,

κ_N+j = 4d_jǫ(1−ǫ²d²_j)^1/2, δ_N+j =−4d_jǫ(1−2ǫ²d²_j)(1−ǫ²d²_j)^1/2, γN+j = 1/(djǫ)(1−ǫ²d²_j)^1/2, xr,N+j = (r−1) ln^{1−iǫdj(1−ǫ}

2d²_j)^−1/2 1+iǫdj(1−ǫ²d²_j)^−1/2. The parameters aj and bj, for 1≤N are chosen in the form

aj = ˜ajǫ^M−1, bj = ˜bjǫ^M−1, 1≤j ≤N, M = 2N. (14) We have the result given in [11] :

Theorem 2.1 With the parameters λj defined by (13), aj and bj chosen as in (14), for 1≤j ≤N, the functionv defined by

v(x, t) = exp(2it−iϕ) lim

ǫ→0

W3(0)

W1(0), (15)

is a quasi-rational solution of the NLS equation (1) ivt+vxx+ 2|v|²v = 0, depending on 3N parameters dj, ˜aj, ˜bj, 1≤j ≤N.

3 Expression of solutions of NLS equation in terms of a ratio of two determinants

We construct here solutions of the NLS equation which does not involve Wronskian determinant and a passage to the limit, but which is expressed as a quotient of two determinants.

For this we need the following notations :

A_ν =κ_νx/2 +iδ_νt−ix_3,ν/2−ie_ν/2, Bν =κνx/2 +iδνt−ix1,ν/2−ieν/2, for 1≤ν ≤2N, with κν, δν, xr,ν defined in (5), (6) and (7).

The parameters eν are defined by (8). For simplicity of the reduction, we choose a_j and b_j in the form

aj = ˜a1j^2N−1ǫ^2N−1, bj = ˜b1j^2N−1ǫ^2N−1, 1≤j ≤N. (16) Below we use the following notations :

f4j+1,k =γ_k^4j−1sinAk, f4j+2,k =γ_k^4jcosAk, f4j+3,k =−γ_k^4j+1sinAk, f4j+4,k =−γ_k^4j+2cosAk, for 1≤k ≤N, and

f4j+1,k =γ_k^2N−4j−2cosAk, f4j+2,k =−γ_k^2N−4j−3sinAk, f4j+3,k =−γ_k^2N−4j−4cosAk, f4j+4,k =γ_k^2N−4j−5sinAk,

for N + 1≤k ≤2N.

We define the functions gj,k for 1 ≤j ≤2N, 1 ≤ k ≤2N in the same way, we replace only the term A_k byB_k.

g4j+1,k =γ_k^4j−1sinBk, g4j+2,k =γ_k^4jcosBk, g_4j+3,k =−γ_k^4j+1sinB_k, g_4j+4,k =−γ_k^4j+2cosB_k, for 1≤k ≤N, and

g4j+1,k =γ_k^2N−4j−2cosBk, g4j+2,k =−γ_k^2N−4j−3sinBk, g4j+3,k =−γ_k^2N−4j−4cosBk, g4j+4,k =γ_k^2N−4j−5sinBk, for N + 1≤k ≤2N.

Then it is clear that

q(x, t) := W3(0) W1(0) can be written as

q(x, t) = ∆3

∆1

= det(fj,k)j, k∈[1,2N]

det(gj,k)j, k∈[1,2N]

. (17)

We recall that λj = 1−2jǫ². All the functionsfj,k and gj,k depend onǫ. We use the expansions

fj,k(x, t, ǫ) =

N−1

X

l=0

1

(2l)!fj,1[l]k^2lǫ^2l+O(ǫ^2N), fj,1[l] = ∂^2lfj,1

∂ǫ^2l (x, t,0), f_j,1[0] = f_j,1(x, t,0), 1≤j ≤2N, 1≤k≤N, 1≤l ≤N −1, fj,N+k(x, t, ǫ) =

N−1

X

l=0

1

(2l)!fj,N+1[l]k^2lǫ^2l+O(ǫ^2N), fj,N+1[l] = ∂^2lfj,N+1

∂ǫ^2l (x, t,0), f_j,N+1[0] = f_j,N+1(x, t,0), 1≤j ≤2N, 1≤k ≤N, 1≤l≤N −1.

We have the same expansions for the functions gj,k. gj,k(x, t, ǫ) =

N−1

X

l=0

1

(2l)!gj,1[l]k^2lǫ^2l+O(ǫ^2N), gj,1[l] = ∂^2lgj,1

∂ǫ^2l (x, t,0), gj,1[0] = gj,1(x, t,0), 1≤j ≤2N, 1≤k ≤N, 1≤l ≤N −1,

gj,N+k(x, t, ǫ) =

N−1

X

l=0

1

(2l)!gj,N+1[l]k^2lǫ^2l+O(ǫ^2N), gj,N+1[l] = ∂^2lgj,N+1

∂ǫ^2l (x, t,0), g_j,N+1[0] =g_j,N+1(x, t,0), 1≤j ≤2N, 1≤k≤N, N + 1≤k ≤2N..

Combining the columns of the determinants appearing in q(x, t) successively to eliminate in each columnk (or N+k) of them the powers of ǫlower than 2(k−1), and factorizing and simplifying each common terms, q(x, t) can be replaced by Q(x, t)

Q(x, t) :=

f1,1[0] . . . f1,1[N −1] f1,N+1[0] . . . f1,N+1[N −1]

f_2,1[0] . . . f_2,1[N −1] f_2,N+1[0] . . . f_2,N+1[N −1]

... ... ... ... ... ...

f2N,1[0] . . . f2N,1[N −1] f2N,N+1[0] . . . f2N,N+1[N −1]

g1,1[0] . . . g1,1[N −1] g1,N+1[0] . . . g1,N+1[N −1]

g2,1[0] . . . g2,1[N −1] g2,N+1[0] . . . g2,N+1[N −1]

... ... ... ... ... ...

g2N,1[0] . . . g2N,1[N −1] g2N,N+1[0] . . . g2N,N+1[N −1]

(18)

Then we get the following result :

Proposition 3.1 The function v defined by

v(x, t) = exp(2it−iϕ)×Q(x, t) (19) is a quasi-rational solution of the NLS equation (1)

ivt+vxx+ 2|v|²v = 0, where Q(x, t) is defined in (18).

4 Quasi-rational solutions of order N

Wa have already constructed in [12] solutions for the casesN = 1 untilN = 8 , and this method gives the same results. We don’t reproduce it here. We

only give solutions of (NLS) equation in the case N = 9.

Because of the length of the expressions of polynomials N and D in the solutions v of the NLS equation defined by

v(x, t) = N(x, t)

D(x, t)exp(2it−iϕ),

we only give in the appendix. In the following cases, we only give the plots for the modulus of v in the (x, t) coordinates.

Fora1 = 0, b1 = 0, we obtain Akhmediev’s breather.

Figure 1: Solution of NLS, N=9, a1 = 0, b1 = 0.

If we choose a1 = 0, b1 = 1000000000000, we obtain :

Figure 2: Solution of NLS, N=9, a₁ = 0, b₁ = 1000000000000.

If we choose a1 = 10000000000000000, b1 =−1000000000000, we have :

Figure 3: Solution of NLS, N=9, a₁ = 10000000000000000, b₁ =

−1000000000000.

5 Conclusion

The method described in the present paper provides a powerful tool to get explicitly solutions of the NLS equation.

As my knowledge, it is the first time that the Peregrine breather of order seven is presented.

It confirms the conjecture about the shape of the breather in the (x, t) co- ordinates, the maximum of amplitude equal to 2N + 1 and the degree of polynomials in x and t here equal toN(N + 1). This new formulation gives an infinite set of non singular solution of NLS equation. It opens a large way to future researches in this domain.

References

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Appendix

In the following, we choose all the parameters a and b equal to 0.

The solution of NLS equation takes the form v(x, t) = N(x, t)

D(x, t)exp(2it−iϕ).

The polynomials N and D are defined by

N(x, t) =−2040750399593901284181173976764705850604656591456991786533969098440704000000000t⁴⁰x¹⁶

+3266445830368567852344743867785349963343788638865984369367068253880320000000t³⁸x²⁰

−1941031985001612723347156444528383560113330918639185605499980932028825600000000t³⁸x¹⁸

−418568035606917517473493841156820187574926430355172616997972279526686720000000t⁴⁰x¹⁸

−2269957745444806652865030262170353347213931376549401433668204794447134720000000t⁴²x¹⁶ +15043292080172988652377844591366449031055200304351361339266840851277414400000000t⁴²x¹⁴

−4685834629629540876781664123272506206506264181731281151195701001479782400000000t⁴⁴x¹⁴ +60255611634159330176035202544391396867886066333173729139729723864540774400000000t⁴⁴x¹²

+15157571618966936019068535510703952766138694219028596765438771200000000t²⁶x³⁴ +18323035371795160232474014729344601087206000044830313676432696071883325440000000t⁴⁸x¹⁰ +270837300907840186510752210482993827198185139543175696853471927442027315200000000t⁴⁸x⁸

−1195509583969670999344298421883363699029888547707908807960294293053112320000000t⁴⁶x¹² +106802342555845274335710662135244570982314946567702542461020781613259161600000000t⁴⁶x¹⁰

+71669872889754036107085006985837123362682620745708793040763900511618334720000000t⁵⁰x⁸ +674560337974976313264071614324332702660847280491186060808303393275222425600000000t⁵⁰x⁶

−48598642678742715464459197702084267135875341586308620312358215797964800000t⁶⁸

−3851267670921935278341354641465887598491852505979858398437500000x⁴

+182161799826330147699995111365894279347585971345986723734892728901781422080000000t⁵²x⁶ +18828419724507239138557733802722117148182390029234863281250000000x⁶

+542799971120056348200484525580960457325019237910741255683926779281748787200000000t⁵²x⁴

−218822026756928140814849695537834522641582528748855590820312500x² +99733568722541375800602783900479578106129750821522851562500000000x⁸ +352858071557729495842731779977581918195666714826670156250000000000x¹⁰

−122407588957661673944115611216750224394933659916212500000000000000x¹²

−637353888698574344056285932162492230131063791374010000000000000000x¹⁴

−804684159922233847562583607469995519505628616019190000000000000000x¹⁶

−105281676401362842266764462794348361959127495083470724609375000000000t⁴ +5851273922521602784930185726621364370393209681847163665850000000000000000t⁸ +21643471598455493597925792567556006123826346624938727723694080000000000000000t¹²

−31685429474403194789990235913878438878501150162834289550781250000t² +5961234951359170164570596447696339791756950438094789781250000000000000t⁶ +124564434386788178088009602499145524147261968413047112924320000000000000000t¹⁰

−225582882000805449226490638533794216925494025316343730856427520000000000000000t¹⁴ +172111086001594839286455592604217320034013487319487642778185236480000000t²⁸x³²

−5578052229845551504923696539420730111032906064153806294618603520000000000000000t¹⁶ +118002710267544489145918365987298019229348096765398494719811989232680960000000t⁶²x²

+1605671010807066840657322404561774529186673893244974584274001854464000000t³⁰x³⁰

−9823660106845527029178618075873998328463450177536000000000t⁴x⁵⁰

−46362615867315474803383374983719942622176031539200000000t²x⁵²

−441743832377408601067589888145947988722895051319456294756526329942895493120000000000t⁴⁴

−563787337568319933622876489688287560460957128743552129926488519651234938880000000000t⁴²

−134441171499970495124093437211847162889333841968401762077915510939446149120000000000t⁴⁰

−940422339490723036539083050520313686940253067367486519684641145525695938560000000000t⁴²x²

−181184092926073841135783659545537185870936384217852940816156539121890754560000000000t⁴⁰x⁴

−1989030995360703069563767662163539995200155137074626848395065994072031232000000000000t⁴⁰x² +8074344542754999452612899467042435731784964349548962086959815897749913600000000t³⁸x¹⁶

−1651632621510403746006298866723070467610622939848268289345272297186918400000000t³⁶x¹⁸

−626779076740435728907176444293618954101881505292244214181895852156518400000000t³⁴x²⁰

−95991874135466296612228304798316094733745709809624522837440314579353600000000t³²x²² +24985732748735898387349945049918459448026726400000t⁶x⁶⁴

+2222160296132058906718792265259518957268762624000000000x⁵² +24400687246186916915822804509417872849948691660800000000x⁵⁰ +217196718562004826209335141348504992510438801408000000000x⁴⁸ +1091398467285154010886984938650108554984837611520000000000x⁴⁶ +8196460548827370224421921178026587273877215678340827971584000000000t¹⁴x³⁸ +247837617549159190472000595991924395423299341923583801688064000000000t¹⁴x³⁶

−5942900783393081196286022394354851929317947669462849452769280000000000t¹⁴x³⁴ +20352148921965117545417327441387468991992845318561223399178240000000000t¹⁴x³²

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