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Mobile Sound Practices as Situated Composition in
Ambiances
Samuel Thulin
To cite this version:
Samuel Thulin. Mobile Sound Practices as Situated Composition in Ambiances. Ambiances,
tomor-row. Proceedings of 3rd International Congress on Ambiances. Septembre 2016, Volos, Greece, Sep
2016, Volos, Greece. p. 233 - 237. �hal-01409711�
Mobile Sound Practices as Situated Composition in
Ambiances
Samuel THULIN Centre for Mobilities Research – Lancaster University, Lancaster UK, [email protected] Abstract. This article provides an investigation of recent transformations inmobile, sound‐based practices through the idea of ‘situated composition’. After discussing situated composition as an approach, I draw on interviews with people who use mobile sound production tools and techniques, on online forums and podcasts, and on my own artistic practice to inform a brief analysis of four ways in which people engage with their surroundings and ambiances during situated compositional practices using mobile devices.
Keywords: sound, mobile device, app, situation, composition, mobilities
Introduction
The aim of this paper is to investigate recent transformations in mobile, sound‐based practices, utilising the idea of ‘situated composition’ as both a description of an emerging set of sound production activities and as concept that directs attention toward the situatedness of all creative sound practices. Drawing on interviews with 14 participants working with mobile sound production in various capacities (as musicians, improvisers, composers, producers, dabblers), online forums and podcasts, and my own artistic practice, I present situated composition as a route to understanding unfolding sonic engagements with ambiances. As scholarship on ambiances has highlighted, sound is both a vital part of the multisensoriality of ambiances and may be approached as a phenomenon through which to develop ways of theorising and analysing ambiances (Augoyard and Torgue, 2006, Thibaud, 2011). Relationships with sound on the move frequently involve interactions with mobile devices, and as these practices change so to do engagements with ambiances. Situated composition attends to two intertwined developments: 1) ever‐ increasing possibilities for not only listening to music and sound productions, but also producing one’s own; and 2) continuing advances in the miniaturisation, and hence mobility, of tools for working with audio, allowing sound production to take place in a variety of contexts outside of conventional studio settings.
Together, these developments suggest a diffusion of sound production practices, extending their reach both in terms of who has access and where practices may take place. Certainly there are still barriers to participation, and discourses on the democratisation of sound‐making warrant careful analysis. Nonetheless, without positing a new era of limitless sound production for all, it is important to note how portable digital recorders, mobile phones, and tablets have provided a proliferation of options for those interested in engaging in sound creation on‐the‐go. The
convergence of the phone with audio‐recorder, multitrack editor, and sound processor via mobile apps also means that many who may not have any immediate interest in sound production nonetheless carry with them a device that offers those possibilities. As the lines between listening, performing, and composing become increasingly blurry both through services that provide dynamic tailoring of playlists based on mood, time of day, location, activity etc. (for example, Spotify, Deezer, and Soundtracker), and through apps that tap into phone sensors to create music and soundscapes that respond to the listener’s environment and movements (for example, location‐aware albums by Bluebrain, reactive music from RjDj, and Massive Attack’s recent Fantom app), users may modulate the audio they are listening to through multiple levels of engagements with their surroundings. Throughout this paper I focus particularly on very intentional and active practices of mobile sound composition.
Conceptualising Situated Composition
Situated composition draws attention to the relationship between sound production and the specific situations in which it occurs. Here it shares an interest with the growing field of studio studies, which investigates ‘how creativity operates as situated practice’ (Farías and Wilkie, 2015, p.1). As sound production practices occur in an increasingly diverse array of settings outside conventional studio environ‐ ments, these developments both make the situatedness of studios apparent in new ways and perform emerging relationships between practitioners, their devices, and their surroundings. These practices have multiple interrelated lineages, such as the varied ways in which music and environment have long been in dialogue (Taylor, 2015), including for instance Luigi Russolo and Egard Varèse’s incorporation of city sounds in their work in the early 20th century, soundscape composition’s exploration and presentation of places through transformed field‐recordings (Truax, 1984, Westerkamp, 2002), the history of musica mobilis, which includes the performances of street vendors and buskers (Hosokawa, 1984), and diverse practices of listening to music on‐the‐go with headphones, which have been characterised as kind of de‐ and re‐composition of the territorial structure of the city (Thibaud, 2003)3. Mobile and situated listening has also been explored through mobile sound art practices, such as the audio walks of Janet Cardiff, the GPS‐based sound walks of Teri Rueb, and the electrical walks of Christina Kubisch. Situated composition matches listening on‐the‐go with an emphasis on literal sound production and composition in mobile situations. For instance, a user might work on a track in a digital studio app like BeatMaker 2 or Auria during a train commute, or someone might visit locations throughout the city recording sounds, transforming them, and working them into arrangements on the fly in an app like Samplr. Such practices entail particular relationships with one’s surroundings that both feed into the audio composition and are part of the broader dynamic co‐composition of material, social, virtual, and digital elements that contribute to the ambiance of a place. Such practices draw on a place as a resource for sound production and are
1. Non‐sonic practices, such as open‐air painting, photography, and writing also have resonances with the integration of sound‐making activities with unpredictable and contingent situations.
simultaneously consitutive of the place. Situated composition involves a performa‐ tive element, bringing into being a particular understanding of a place rather than simply recording one. In this sense it relates to R. Murray Schafer’s exhortation to think of ourselves as simultaneously the audience, performers, and composers of the soundscape, emphasising a simultaneity of roles (1977, 205). In the digital‐physical ‘hybrid space’ (de Souza e Silva, 2006) involved in many practices of situated composition, Schafer’s call resonates with terms like produsage (Bruns, 2008) and participatory culture (Jenkins et al., 2009) that aim to highlight blurry boundaries between roles and to emphasise the active involvement consumers take in media creation. Composition should be understood not in opposition to listening, performing, or improvising but as a term that simultaneously encompasses and is encompassed by these other terms in a looping pattern. Composition also has the benefit of a tripartite dictionary definition that brings out its status as product (a composition), as process (the act of composition), and as relationality (the composition of something).
Thus, more than just describing particular practices, situated composition operates as a concept that offers a way of approaching any sonic practice in order to bring out the idea of composition as an open system emerging through situatedness. The particular situation where composition occurs informs the process of composition, and like Donna Haraway’s (1988) situated knowledges, situated composition is contingent on local circumstances with specific historical, social, and political conditions. Situated composition also resonates with Lucy Suchman’s (1987) situated actions, emphasising responsiveness to the particular conditions in which actions occur rather than strictly following a prescribed plan. For the remainder of this paper, I will investigate some of the ways in which compositional practices are situated in relation to ambiances.
Situated Composition in Practice
In interviews with participants who engage in mobile sound production, there arose several different approaches to the relationship between the process of composing with sound and the place where this process occurs. These approaches comprise a spectrum of possibilities from very purposeful interaction with place to much more incidental interaction with place. Four interrelated ways of relating to place and ambiance through compositional activity are described below.
1) Some participants talked about consciously seeking out places to work on sound production that they felt were conducive to the creative process. An obvious default space would be the sound studio, but musician, artist and academic David Prior remarked that the studio is in some ways semi‐redundant, since much of the technology it once housed has become miniaturised and/or available as software. His home studio still provides him with a conducive space for working with sound, but it is more about having this space than the equipment in the space (Prior, 2016, pers. comm., 4 March). Sound artist and academic Linda O’Keeffe also suggested the importance of space, although she does not use a dedicated studio: ‘I feel boxed in my office. I need to feel like I have an open space when working with sound. It’s not anything to do with the sound being heard in the open space but I need to feel like
I’m in an open space to work with sound’ (O’Keeffe, 2015, pers. comm., 25 May). She also comments that she’s been working a lot at her local café as she sometimes feels too isolated at home, suggesting the sense of peripheral activity may nourish her creative practice. This resonates with Michael Liegl’s (2014) research on ‘care of place’, in which he points out how urban freelance creative workers move about the city looking for the right spot to engage in their work. In this approach to situated composition, people consciously draw on the aesthetic and affective qualities of ambiances to nurture their practice.
2) Others acknowledge their use of mobile devices for compositional practice in a diverse array of situations, but view the environment as more incidental. Mobility introduces new possibilities for places in which sound production may be carried out, but the particularities of these places are not necessarily used as a creative resource. Instead, this approach often has to do with a tactical use of time, especially travel time. The use of travel as a situation in which to listen to music has been well‐established (Bull, 2007, Heye and Lamont, 2010), but for some it is also now an opportunity to create sound pieces. The iOS musician Jinx Padlock, for instance, talks about working for two hours each day on the train as it is the only time available in his schedule (Boaz, 2013). Here, the train as ambiance is not explicitly or consciously drawn on, but the effect may be there nonetheless as Thibaud notes the ‘pathic’ dimension of ambiances, which has to do with affectivity and bodily sensation rather than directed knowing (Thibaud, 2011). Thus, one can be influenced by an ambiance without being aware of the influence. In another example of the tactical use of mobile devices, producer and sound artist Matt Wand notes that he does not work with sound during public transportation, but does on the plane. Public transportation, he says, is more conducive to writing words or listening to music, but on the plane he is often on his way somewhere specifically to do sound work and so he uses flight time to prepare (Wand, 2015, pers. comm., 14 July). This is largely an efficient use of time, but Wand’s characterisation of different spaces also hints at an underlying enabling or constraining impact they have on various creative activities.
3) Less common, interviewees noted using compositional activities specifically to modulate their experience of a situation. In some cases, the process of composition becomes a resource for calming the body. O’Keeffe uses a particular app while on the plane to distract her from the anxiety she feels during take‐off and landing. Tia DeNora (2000) has studied how music can operate as a ‘technology of the self’ – ‘appropriated by individuals as a resource for the ongoing constitution of themselves and their social psychological, physiological and emotional states’ (47). O’Keeffe specifically highlights that the app she uses on the plane requires her to actively engage with sound‐making: ‘you’re constantly engaged with transforming sound. And so it’s performance’ (O’Keeffe, 2015, pers. comm., 25 May). She says that this active involvement is what helps her overcome her fear. In this situation the point is not to produce a finished composition, but to utilise the process of composition to recompose her experience of the situation and ambiance in the moment. As much as she is performing with sound, she is also performing a relationship with the airplane ambiance and the process of flight.
4) Another approach involves compositional processes that directly draw on the material resources of one’s surroundings. For instance, the duo Hugs Bison (Shaun Blezard and Phil Powell) record sounds from their environment to create in situ improvisations. This approach often operates in tandem with an awareness of the ambiance of the place as an influential factor in the process. Thus sounds are recorded, edited, and transformed following the influence the place provides. In some cases, this kind of approach entails experimentation with moving specific genres outside of the places and ambiances with which they are most strongly associated. Antye Greie (aka AGF) leads experimental collaborative projects using mobile devices to create electroacoustic works and electronic dance music on‐ location in remote parts of Finland. As she puts it: ‘I don’t see a reason really why techno has to happen in the night at 4 am in Berlin in a club’ (Greie, 2015, pers. comm., 29 Sept.). Moving techno composition and performance to daytime in a Finnish forest furnishes very different results that involve the cross‐pollination of genre conventions developed in urban settings with rural sounds and atmospheres. Others, such as Steve Jones (2015), have used the sounds of place for mobile composition while traveling on public transportation in urban environments. My own practice entails the use of sounds of place for composing in situ in a variety of places including multiple locations in Montreal and more rural areas of Northern England, working with the affordances of particular apps, the sounds of place, and ambiances.
Conclusion
This article has introduced the concept of situated composition as an approach to investigating on‐going developments in mobile, sound‐based practices. As avenues for sound production spread out through mobile devices and apps, there is the potential for digital sound‐making practices to be taken up in a diversity of situations outside of controlled studio environments. I have briefly elaborated four ways in which ambiances feed into compositional processes. Though it is beyond the scope of the current paper to investigate in detail, it is also important to reiterate that these compositional activities have effects on ambiances as well, as performances with technology in public space, not unlike the way that a street musician contributes to an ambiance. The mobile, sound production practices I have been discussing navigate between digital and physical space, between headphones and the space outside the headphones, and between the process of sound‐making and a finished product that can be shared asynchronously via platforms like Soundcloud etc. These are emergent ways of engaging with soundscapes and ambiances that draw on precedents, but suggest different possibilities for relationships with place and the way in which those relationships are produced and shared.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Many thanks to all research participants, and to Monika Büscher and Jen Southern.
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Authors
Samuel Thulin is a SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for Mobilities Research, Lancaster University, UK. He is also a musician and sound artist.