Impact of air leakage on hygrothermal and energy performance of buildings in North America. Part IV: characterization of hygrothermal performance of wall systems

(1)

Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la

première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.

Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at

PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information.

https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits

L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB.

READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright

NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=c62862a2-7ac0-4e49-9bc7-df0d5fc50bdc https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=c62862a2-7ac0-4e49-9bc7-df0d5fc50bdc

NRC Publications Archive

Archives des publications du CNRC

Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at

Impact of air leakage on hygrothermal and energy performance of buildings in North America. Part IV: characterization of hygrothermal performance of wall systems

Maref, W.; Armstrong, M. M.; Rousseau, M. Z.; Nicholls, M.; Ganapathy, G.; Lei, W.

(2)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program

PART IV: Characterization of

Hygrothermal Performance of Wall

Systems

Dr. Wahid Maref

Team Work:

M.M. Armstrong, M.Z. Rousseau, M. Nicholls, G. Ganapathy and W. Lei

NRC - Institute for Research in Construction

Workshop on Air Barrier, 13th_{Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology (CCBST),}

(3)

Outline

• Background & Objectives

• Field Exposure of Wall Facility (FEWF)

• Experimental Approach

o

Construction Details

o

FEWF Instrumentation

• Results and Discussion

• Summary

(4)

Ventilation and Wall Research House Facility

2. FIELD EXPOSURE

OF WALL FACILITY

–

(FEWF) BES

Study & compare traditional

& innovative BE strategies

1. VENTILATION,

HEATING AND

COOLING FACILITY

- IE

Study & compare

traditional & innovative

ventilation, heating &

cooling strategies

(5)

Field Exposure of Wall Facility (FEWF)

Objectives

• Compare performance of different side-by-side wall assemblies

• improve understanding of HAM response of wall and window

assemblies exposed to naturally occurring climate loads of Ottawa

as well as to indoor environment loads of T, RH and P defined by

occupancy and HVAC systems.

• Research the interaction between the building envelope and the

indoor environment

• Complement IRC’s controlled laboratory test and modeling

simulations

(6)

IRC Field Exposure of Wall Facility (FEWF)

Lab

-EEEF

Field

-FEWF

(7)

IRC Field Exposure of Wall Facility (FEWF)

Roadmap

• Year 1 (2006-2007) Commission the facility by monitoring three identical test

specimens of traditional construction (2x6) through Fall, Winter and Spring.

(Part IV)

• Year 2 (2007-2008) Partnership with CMHC & NRCan to investigate the

effects of two energy retrofit strategies on the wetting and drying potential of

wall assemblies.

• Year 3 (2008-2009) Partnership with FPInnovation (Forintek) to investigate the

effects of the interior air/vapour barrier polyethylene membrane on the wetting

and drying potential of wall assemblies and extending the project with CMHC &

NRCan for one retrofit strategy.

• Year 4 (2009-2010) Partnership with CMHC & NRCan to investigate the the

dynamic heat transmission characteristics through Insulated Concrete Form

(ICF) wall assemblies over a full year cycle of weather exposure

• Year 5 (2010-2011) PERD Project to Test the Next Generation Envelope

Systems (I.e. Vacuum Insulated Panel)

• Year 6 and beyond Investigate the performance of wall specimens of different

innovative designs based on industrial collaboration/partnership.

(8)

South facade

Instr ed w Instrument ed window Instrumented window Test frame designed to provide the largest possible free bay for placement of several test specimens Max. 19 ft available Stack casing location

North facade

West facade

(9)

Objectives

• Validate: identical test bays, protocol,

instrumentation

• Characterize heat and moisture response

• Benchmark numerical HAM models

(10)

(11)

(12)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program DETEC_9 DETEC_11 T_10 T_8 16.0 T_9 RHT_7 DETEC_14 DETEC_13 DETEC_12 MP_1 2.0 DETEC_10 T_7 _{RHT_6} 15.0 2.0 20.0 17.0 3.0

LAYER 4 - Interior Face of OSB

HF_1 (W2 only) JW_3 DETEC Thermistor

Heat Flux

Moisture Pin

Wireless

Relative Humidity

(13)

14.0

7.0 _{DETEC_17}

DETEC_16

MP_3 LAYER 5 - Stud Cavity

DETEC_15

MP_2 HF_2

(W2 only)

View from interior of specimen.

(14)

(15)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program RHT_9 15.0 T_13 T_14 17.0 T_11 RHT_8 T_12

LAYER 6 - Interior Face of Insulation & Stud Cavity (Exterior side of Vapour Barrier)

P_3 (Low Pressure) 7.3 10.0 HF_3 (W2 only) JW_4

Delta Pressure

(16)

LAYER 7 - Interior Face of Drywall

17.0 15.0 T_18 T_17 RHT_10 (air) T_16 T_15 7.0 T_19 (W2 and W3 only)

Thermocouple

(17)

(18)

W3

W2

(19)

(20)

(21)

Experimental Approach

Challenging the wall experimental begins:

• Stage 1- Create air leakage path and monitor

under naturally occurring int. and ext.

(22)

(23)

Air Leakage

Path

(24)

Challenging the wall experimental begins:

• Stage 1- Create air leakage path and monitor

under naturally occurring int. and ext. conditions

on two of three specimens (1 week)

• Stage 2- Increase indoor RH to 70% and induce

5 Pa positive pressure while air leak is present in

two specimens, for a certain period of time

Experimental Approach

(Cont’d)

(25)

(26)

Conditioning Chamber

on the Room Side

(27)

Conditioning Chamber

on the Room Side

(28)

Challenging the wall experimental begins:

• Stage 1- Create air leakage path and monitor

under naturally occurring int. and ext. conditions

on two of three specimens (1 week)

• Stage 2- Increase indoor RH to 70% and induce

5 Pa positive pressure while air leak is present in

two specimens, for a certain period of time

• Stage 3- Return to naturally occurring conditions

to monitor drying. Disassemble the indoor

chamber

Experimental Approach

(Cont’d)

(29)

(30)

(31)

Condition A

• 0 Pa pressure

• 70% RH

(32)

Condition B

• 5 Pa pressure

• 50% RH

(33)

Condition C

• 5 Pa pressure

• 30% RH

(34)

Condition D

• 0 Pa pressure

• 50% RH

(35)

(36)

Diagram for Moisture

Detection Tape Locations

on the interior of the OSB

(37)

Diagram for Moisture

Detection Tape Locations

in the Stud Cavity

(38)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program Exterior Interior Vinyl Siding Sheathing Membrane OSB

Stud Cavity with Fiberglass Insulation

Vapour Barrier Drywall

Material

P1 P2 P3 P Chamber

Reference for all Pressure Sensors: Room Interior

Pressure Tap Locations

+ve pressure =

pressure at the tap

location is higher

than the pressure

in the room

(39)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 22 -F eb -07 23 -F eb -07 24 -F eb -07 25 -F eb -07 26 -F eb -07 27 -F eb -07 28 -F eb -07 1-Mar -07 2-Mar -07 3-Mar -07 4-Mar -07 5-Mar -07 6-Mar -07 7-Mar -07

Date and Time

P re s s ure (Pa ) -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 W ind s pe e d (km /h) P1 - Pressure at Exterior P2 - Pressure behind Cladding P3 - Pressure in Stud Cavity Chamber Pressure N wind E wind S wind W wind

Wind speed data

is from the Ottawa

Airport

(40)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

Date and Time

Wind from the West causes

+ve pressures and infiltration

(41)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

Date and Time

Wind from the East causes

–ve pressures and exfiltration

(42)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

Date and Time

When the chamber is

pressurized, the exfiltration

condition is forced (chamber

and stud cavity pressure is

higher than exterior pressure)

(43)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

Date and Time

When the chamber is

pressurized, the exfiltration

condition is forced (chamber

and stud cavity pressure is

higher than exterior pressure)

Except when +ve pressures

from North and West winds

negate the effect.

(44)

Conditions

Condition

Pressure

RH

Opening

Week

A

0 Pa

70%

None

7 B

5 Pa

50%

6 mm

3 days in

week 8

(22 to 24 Feb)

C

5 Pa

~30%

3 mm

2 days in

week 11

(16 to 17 Mar)

D

0 Pa

50%

3 mm

15

(45)

Moisture Content - Wall 2 Interior OSB

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 28 -J an -07 4-F eb -07 11 -F eb -07 18 -F eb -07 25 -F eb -07 4-Mar -07 11 -Ma r-07 18 -Ma r-07 25 -Ma r-07 1-Ap r-07 8-Ap r-07 15 -A pr-07 22 -A pr-07

Date and Time

Mo is tu re Cont e nt (%) 209MC 210MC 211MC 212MC 213MC 214MC Slit in OSB

(46)

Moisture Content - Wall 2 Interior OSB

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 28 -J an -07 4-F eb -07 11 -F eb -07 18 -F eb -07 25 -F eb -07 4-Mar -07 11 -Ma r-07 18 -Ma r-07 25 -Ma r-07 1-Ap r-07 8-Ap r-07 15 -A pr-07 22 -A pr-07

Date and Time

Mo is tu re Cont e nt (%) 212MC Slit in OSB

(47)

N R C -IR C B u ildi n g En v el ope & Struc tu re Pr ogr am

Moistu

re Cont

ent

- Wall 2

Stud

Cav

ity

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 28-Jan-07 4-Feb-07 11-Feb-07 18-Feb-07 25-Feb-07 4-Mar-07 11-Mar-07 18-Mar-07 25-Mar-07 1-Apr-07 8-Apr-07 15-Apr-07 22-Apr-07 Date a nd Time Moisture Content (%) 217MC

(48)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program Interior / Intérieur Exterior / Extérieur 6 7 1 5 2 3 4 Layer

Plastic Air/Vapour Barrier Drywall

Vinyl Siding Sheathing Membrane Stud Cavity with Fiberglass Insulation OSB

Material

Wall 2 Horizontal Cross Section

-10.7 67 63 -10.5 59 -9.1 81 -7.3 15 19.5 71 22.5 -9.4 -8.8 -3.3 -6.6 17.2 17.6 20.2 20.9 Week 07 11-Feb-07

Condition A:

0 Pa, 70% RH, no opening

• Despite the high humidity on the interior of the room

(71%), the humidity behind the air/vapour barrier is

low, 15%

• The location with the highest RH is the interior of the

OSB, at ~81% - still below dewpoint

T

RH

T

_Interior

T

(49)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Tem

peratu

re (°C)

W2 T W3 T

DewPoint of Room Air

vinyl sid ing W RB OS B stu d ca vity with fib e rgla ss a ir / va p o u r b a rr ier d ryw a ll

• The dewpoint of room

air is ~17°C, a condition

met by temperatures

partway through the

insulation

• The interior of the wall

remains dry due to being

well sealed

(50)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Hum

idit

y Ratio

(g

v/kgda)

W1 humidity ratio W2 humidity ratio W3 humidity ratio vinyl sid ing W RB OS B stu d ca vity with fib e rgla ss a ir / va p o u r b a rr ier d ryw a ll

• A large drop in the

moisture content of the

air occurs across the

vapour barrier

• Air moisture content on

the exterior side of the

vapour barrier is nearly

identical to the reference

wall

– with no added

indoor humidity loads

(51)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 11-F eb-07 12-F eb-07 13-F eb-07 14-F eb-07 15-F eb-07 16-F eb-07 17-F eb-07 18-F eb-07 19-F eb-07

Date and Time

Pr e s s u re (Pa ) -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 W in d s p e e d (k m /h ) P1 - Pressure at Exterior P2 - Pressure Behind Cladding P3 - Pressure in Stud Cavity Chamber Pressure N wind E wind S wind W wind

Condition A:

0 Pa, 70% RH, no opening

With no opening, the stud

cavity pressure follows the

exterior pressure closely

(52)

FEWF Wall 2 - Interior of OSB - Layer 4 - Liquid

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 2/10/07 0:00 2/11/07 0:00 2/12/07 0:00 2/13/07 0:00 2/14/07 0:00 2/15/07 0:00 2/16/07 0:00 2/17/07 0:00 2/18/07 0:00 2/19/07 0:00

Date and Time

R e s is ta n c e (k W ) 209L 210L 211L 212L 213L 214L 11-Feb-07 R esistan ce (k W )

Condition A:

0 Pa, 70% RH, no opening

• The interior surface of

the OSB remains dry at

all moisture detection

tape locations

(53)

Material

Wall 2 Horizontal Cross Section

-7.0 66 63 -6.5 62 -5.0 100 -3.2 30 20.4 49 23.0 -5.4 -5.2 -0.1 -2.1 18.4 18.7 21.0 21.3 7.42 2 6.67 1 7.22 4 Week 08 22-Feb-07

Interior

Exterior

Condition B:

5 Pa, 50% RH, 6mm opening

• The interior of the room is at 49% RH, the humidity

behind the air/vapour barrier is 30% RH

– indicating

that moisture is being introduced through the opening

• The location with the highest RH is the interior of the

OSB, at 100% - condensation would be expected

T

RH

(54)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Tem

peratu

re (°C)

W2 T W3 T

Dewpoint of Room Air

• The dewpoint of room

air is ~12°C, a condition

met by temperatures at

the middle of the

insulation

• The opening in the

vapour barrier allows

moisture to enter the

cavity, condensation is

expected anywhere to the

exterior of the insulation

(55)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Hum

idit

y Ratio

(g

v/kgda)

• The pressure and

opening allow the high

RH to enter the interior of

the wall

• Air moisture content on

the exterior side of the

vapour barrier is higher

than the reference wall

–

with no added indoor

humidity loads

(56)

FEWF Wall 2 - Interior of OSB - Layer 4 - Liquid

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 2/23/07 12:00 2/23/07 18:00 2/24/07 0:00 2/24/07 6:00 2/24/07 12:00 2/24/07 18:00 2/25/07 0:00 Date and Time

R esi stan ce (kW ) 209L 210L 211L 212L 213L 214L R esi stan ce (k W )

Condition B:

5 Pa, 50% RH, 6mm opening

The interior surface of the

OSB is wet, particularly at

the base of the wall

Low resistance indicates the presence of liquid

Slit in OSB

Drying

Wetting

(57)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 23-Feb-07 12:00 23-Feb-07 18:00 24-Feb-07 0:00 24-Feb-07 6:00 24-Feb-07 12:00 24-Feb-07 18:00 25-Feb-07 0:00 Date and Time

P re s s ure (Pa ) -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 W ind s pe e d (km /h) P1 - Pressure atExterior P2 - Pressure Behind Cladding P3 - Pressure in Stud Cavity Chamber Pressure N wind E wind S wind W wind

Condition B:

5 Pa, 50% RH, 6mm opening

For a large portion of the

Condition B period, wind

pressure balanced the applied

5 Pa chamber pressure.

(58)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 23-Feb-07 12:00 23-Feb-07 18:00 24-Feb-07 0:00 24-Feb-07 6:00 24-Feb-07 12:00 24-Feb-07 18:00 25-Feb-07 0:00 Date and Time

P re s s ure (Pa ) -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 W ind s pe e d (km /h) P1 - Pressure atExterior P2 - Pressure Behind Cladding P3 - Pressure in Stud Cavity Chamber Pressure N wind E wind S wind W wind

Condition B:

5 Pa, 50% RH, 6mm opening

In two instances, the exterior pressure

dropped below the chamber pressure,

allowing exfiltration, and corresponding

to the wetting patterns

(59)

Moisture Content - Wall 2 Interior OSB

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 2/23/07 12:00 2/23/07 18:00 2/24/07 0:00 2/24/07 6:00 2/24/07 12:00 2/24/07 18:00 2/25/07 0:00

Date and Time

Mo is tu re Cont e nt (%) 209MC 210MC 211MC 212MC 213MC 214MC

Condition B:

5 Pa, 50% RH, 6mm opening

(60)

FEWF Wall 2 - Stud - Layer 5 - Liquid

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 2/23/07 12:00 2/23/07 18:00 2/24/07 0:00 2/24/07 6:00 2/24/07 12:00 2/24/07 18:00 2/25/07 0:00 Date and Time

R esi stan ce (kW ) 215L 216L 217L R esi stan ce (k W )

Condition B:

5 Pa, 50% RH, 6mm opening

Low resistance indicates the presence of liquid at the base of the stud cavity

(61)

Condition B:

5 Pa, 50% RH, 6mm opening

Moisture Content - Wall 2 Stud Cavity

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 2/23/07 12:00 2/23/07 18:00 2/24/07 0:00 2/24/07 6:00 2/24/07 12:00 2/24/07 18:00 2/25/07 0:00

Date and Time

Mo is tu re Cont e nt (%) 215L 216L 217L

(62)

Results

After

Before

(63)

(64)

Material

Wall 2 Horizontal Cross Section

-5.1 70 65 -4.3 67 -2.9 100 -0.9 29 20.8 27 23.0 -3.1 -3.0 1.5 0.3 18.8 19.3 21.2 21.4 6.91 8 6.20 9 6.72 8 Week 11 16-Mar-07

Condition C:

5 Pa, 30% RH, 3mm opening

• The interior of the room is at 27% RH, the humidity

behind the air/vapour barrier is 29% RH

– indicating

that moisture is being introduced through the opening

• The location with the highest RH is the interior of the

OSB, at 100% - condensation would be expected

Interior

Exterior

T

RH

(65)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Tem

peratu

re (°C)

W2 T W3 T

•The dewpoint of room air

is ~4°C, a condition met

by temperatures towards

the outside of the

insulation

• The opening in the

vapour barrier allows

moisture to enter the

cavity, condensation is

expected at the OSB

(66)

Hum

idit

y Ratio

(g

v/kgda)

• The pressure and

opening allow the

humidity to enter the

interior of the wall

• Air moisture content on

the exterior side of the

vapour barrier is higher

than the reference wall

–

with no added indoor

humidity loads

(67)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 16-Mar-07 0:00 16-Mar-07 6:00 16-Mar-07 12:00 16-Mar-07 18:00 17-Mar-07 0:00 17-Mar-07 6:00 17-Mar-07 12:00 17-Mar-07 18:00 18-Mar-07 0:00

Date and Time

P re s s ure (Pa ) -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 W ind s pe e d (km /h) P1 - Pressure at Exterior P2 - Pressure Behind Cladding P3 - Pressure in Stud Cavity Chamber Pressure N wind E wind S wind W wind

Condition C:

5 Pa, 30% RH, 3mm opening

East winds for the majority of Condition C, kept

exterior pressures low and allowed the Chamber and

Stud Cavity Pressures to remain above the Exterior

Pressure, creating an exfiltration condition

(68)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 16-Mar-07 0:00 16-Mar-07 6:00 16-Mar-07 12:00 16-Mar-07 18:00 17-Mar-07 0:00 17-Mar-07 6:00 17-Mar-07 12:00 17-Mar-07 18:00 18-Mar-07 0:00

Date and Time

Condition C:

5 Pa, 30% RH, 3mm opening

A change in wind direction towards the end of

Condition C brought exterior pressure conditions

close to stud cavity and chamber pressure.

(69)

FEWF Wall 2 - Interior of OSB - Layer 4 - Liquid

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 3/16/07 0:00 3/16/07 6:00 3/16/07 12:00 3/16/07 18:00 3/17/07 0:00 3/17/07 6:00 3/17/07 12:00 3/17/07 18:00 3/18/07 0:00 Date and Time

R esi stan ce (kW ) 209L 210L 211L 212L 213L 214L

Condition C:

5 Pa, 30% RH, 3mm opening

The interior surface of the

OSB is wet, particularly at

the base of the wall

R esi stan ce (k W ) Slit in OSB

(70)

FEWF Wall 2 - Stud - Layer 5 - Liquid

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 3/16/07 0:00 3/16/07 6:00 3/16/07 12:00 3/16/07 18:00 3/17/07 0:00 3/17/07 6:00 3/17/07 12:00 3/17/07 18:00 3/18/07 0:00 Date and Time

R esi stan ce (kW ) 215L 216L 217L

Condition C:

5 Pa, 30% RH, 3mm opening

Low resistance indicates the presence of liquid at the base of the stud cavity

R esi stan ce (k W )

(71)

Material

Wall 2 Horizontal Cross Section

2.6 75 69 2.8 67 3.5 76 4.6 27 21.0 50 23.0 3.0 3.3 6.5 4.6 19.3 19.4 21.3 21.5 5.15 2 4.59 5 5.08 9 Week 15 08-Apr-07

Condition D:

0 Pa, 50% RH, 3mm opening

• The interior of the room is at 50% RH, the humidity

behind the air/vapour barrier is 27% RH

•The location with the highest RH is the interior of the

OSB, at 76% (likely due to the lack of a pressure

driving force for exfiltration, and warmer exterior

temperatures)

Interior

Exterior

T

RH

(72)

NRC-IRC Building Envelope & Structure Program 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Tem

peratu

re (°C)

W2 T W3 T

vinyl sid ing W RB OS B stu d ca vity with fib e rgla ss in su lat ion a ir / va p o u r b a rr ier d ryw a ll

•The dewpoint of room air

is ~12°C, a condition met

by temperatures at the

middle of the insulation

•Condensation is

expected at the OSB,

however, measurements

indicate that room air is

not exfiltrating as much

as in Conditions B and C

(73)

Hum

idit

y Ratio

(g

v/kgda)

• While the air moisture

content on the exterior

side of the vapour barrier

is higher than the

reference wall, the effect

is not as pronounced as

Conditions B and C

–

where interior pressure

was applied

(74)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

8-Apr-07 9-Apr-07 10-Apr-07 11-Apr-07 12-Apr-07 13-Apr-07 14-Apr-07 15-Apr-07

Date and Time

Condition D:

0 Pa, 50% RH, 3mm opening

West winds dominate at the

beginning and end of Condition D,

creating conditions for infiltration

(75)

Pressure, Wind speed and direction

-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

8-Apr-07 9-Apr-07 10-Apr-07 11-Apr-07 12-Apr-07 13-Apr-07 14-Apr-07 15-Apr-07

Date and Time

Condition D:

0 Pa, 50% RH, 3mm opening

East winds cause the exterior pressure to

be below the interior pressure, resulting in

exfiltration conditions

(76)

FEWF Wall 2 - Interior of OSB - Layer 4 - Liquid

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 4/8/07 0:00 4/9/07 0:00 4/10/07 0:00 4/11/07 0:00 4/12/07 0:00 4/13/07 0:00 4/14/07 0:00 4/15/07 0:00 Date and Time

R esi stan ce (kW ) 209L 210L 211L 212L 213L 214L

Condition D:

0 Pa, 50% RH, 3mm opening

The interior surface of the

OSB is dry at all

measured locations

R esi stan ce (k W ) Slit in OSB

(77)

FEWF Wall 2 - Stud - Layer 5 - Liquid

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 4/8/07 0:00 4/9/07 0:00 4/10/07 0:00 4/11/07 0:00 4/12/07 0:00 4/13/07 0:00 4/14/07 0:00 4/15/07 0:00 Date and Time