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THE M4RK XI ENERGY

RESEARCH

PROJECT DESIGN AND COINSTRUCTION

by

R.L.

Quirouette

The Division of Building Research (DBR), i n cooperation with the

Housing and Urban Development Association of Canada, is undertaking a

special energy conservation study involving four single detached houses

b u i l t in Orleans, Ontario, 3 miles east of Ottawa. The objectives of the

study are to determine t h e effectiveness of d i f f e r e n t measures t o reduce

energy requirements o f s i n g l e family houses and to validate a specially

developed computer program f o r predicting t h e effectiveness of such

measures for different housing types, variations in construction,

location and operating conditions. An opportunity i s provided t o monitor

the energy exchanges resulting from the equipmat used b y she occupants

and to compare t h e operating characteristics of a conventional warm-air

heating system with one having a supplementary solar collector and one

i n c o r p o r a t i n g an air-to-air heat pump. The four hauses are of the same

design, two storeys high, with three bedrooms and a f i n i s h e d f l o o r area

of 1248 sq ft (118 m2)

.

They are grouped on adjacent l o t s w i t h identical o r i e n t a t i o n (Figure 1). The first house was b u i l t to meet c u r r e n t

insulation requirements of the Ontario Building Code 1975, consistent with construction practices of the area. The other three houses were

b u i l t t o increase insulation levels and air tightness requirements for

over-all comparison with the first house and t o compare the performance

of t h e three heating systems. A heat loss analysis is presented in

Table 1.

HOUSE NO. 1 a d No. 2

-

STANDARD

AND

WGRAIIED CONSTRUCTION

The first house has R-12 insulation in the walls, R-20 insulation in

the ceilings and R - 7 i n s u l a t i o n on t h e basement walls. The insulation in

the basement was installed i n a conventional manner on the i n s i d e

(Figure 2, Table 2)

.

The insulation values used in the three u p g ~ a d e d

houses are nominal R-20 for all exterior walls, R-32 for ceilings, and

R-7.5 applied to the exterior s i d e of t h e foundation wall d m to the

footing level (Figure 3, Table 32. The upgraded houses have triple-glazed

windows and special measures were taken to improve the air tightness of

their construction, A separate ventilation system will be provided in

t h e three upgraded houses. The basic heating system of each house is a

forced warm-air heating system using an electric fmnace in houses No. 1

and No. 2, an air solar h e a t i n g system in house No. 3 and a heat pump

(4)

HOUSE NO. 3

-

SOLAR SYSTEM

House No. 3 has an a i r s o l a heating system with 409 gross sq Et

(39 m2) of solar collector panels (Figure 4, Table 43

.

The roof surface

faces 24" east of south and is sloped at an angle of 6 g 0 . A 200-cu ft

( 5 . 8 m3) rock t h e n a l storage unit is incorporated in the construction of

the house to provide a short-term supply of heat energy. It is expected

that the solar system will provide SO per cent of the annual heating and

as much for service hot water if compared to the energy requirement of

house No. 2.

JOUSE NO. 4 - HEAT PUMP SYSTEM

The h e a t pump system incorporated i n the fourth house (Figure 5 ,

Table 5) is also an air-to-air system b u t may eventually involve sources

o f heat other than t h e outside air. It w i l l provide an opportunity for

detailed evaluation of heat: pump performance in cold weather conditions.

It is expected that the heat pump will provide at least 30 per cent

saving of the h e a t energy requirement when compared to t h e energy

requirements for house No. 2.

INSTRUMENTATION

The f o u r houses a r e being instrumented by DBR so t h a t continuous

records w i l l be obtained and analyses made of the energy exchanges within

the house. Other records will be gathered of t h e climate conditions, the

operation of equipment and appliances indoors, t h e opening and c l o s i n g of

doors and windows, and the operation of t h e heating systems.

A l l f o u r houses are equipped with sensing devices (thermocouples) to

measure and determine the heat flow through sections o f each major

wall, Each basement wall facing a unique d i r e c t i o n h a s a thermo-

couple s t r i n g . On both f i o o r s , t h e wood-frame walls are equipped w i t h

heat flow meters (also temperature sensors) for each orientation; t h e

ceilings will also be equipped with heat flow meters. The exterior walls

and c e i l i n g s of each house a r e a l s o equipped with pressure taps (air

pressure sensors] t o observe t h e pressmes due to wind and stack effect.

These observations may lead to a r e a l i s t i c estimate of a i r leakage. The

warm-air supply ducts o f each house are equipped w i t h o r i f i c e p l a t e s ,

devices t h a t i n d i c a t e air-flow rates within the duct. Thermocouples

were also i n s t a l l e d i n the warm-air supply duct and return a i r d u c t of

each room. The general humidity c o n d i t i o n will also b e measured within

each house. The electrical energy to each room w i l l b e monitored on an

individual kilowatt-hour meter and additional meters w i l l record the

electricity used by major appliances such as the hot water tank, the

furnace and t h e dryer. Three separate water meters will measure the

amount of hot and cold water used inside, and the amount o f cold water

going to t h e outside. There are devices t h a t w i l l check windows to

(5)

the exterior door frames to monitor their use. There are moisture pins

installed at strategic locations in t h e exterior w a l l s to monitor wood

moisture -content l e v e l s . There will a1 so be instrumentation on the out-

side to record site climate conditions. The instrumentation is

comprehensive and complex; t h e only sensib le approach to collecting and

analyzing the data is through t h e use of a computer. A small central

computer has been installed in house No. 1 .

PROJECT CONSTRUCTION

The four houses were built by Tafback Construction of O t t a w a for t h e

Housing and Urban Development Association of Canada as the HUDAC MARK

X I PROJECT. The construction o f the houses began 8 July 1977 and was essentially complete by the end of Becember of the same year. The

projected construction schedule was 20 weeks. There were minor delays

due t o material shortages and also to inclement weather conditions.

Nevertheless, t h e builder managed to maintain firm operational control

even though many of the o p e r a t i o n s called for innovative changes in

construction. Figure 6 illustrates the differences between the planned

schedule and the actual construction schedule.

The construction of the f o u r houses including the solar heating and heat pump h e a t i n g systems was e x t e n s i v e l y documented through drawings,

photographs and slides.

BASEMENT INSULATION

In t h e upgraded hauses, (Nos. 2, 3 and 4), t h e perimeter of the

foundation wall is approximately 1 0 per cent longer on the outside due to

the corners and garage-wing w a l l s . A I + in. polystyrene i n s u l a t i o n was

applied to t h e e x t e r i o r of the foundation wall starting from the footing

and extending to the underside of the s i l l p l a t e (see details 4 and 5,

Figure 3 )

.

The sequence o f construction was as follows; a f t e r damp- proofing the basement wall [sprayed on), a 4 m i l pokyethelene sheet was

draped over the wall, lapped 12 in, o r more over at zhe j o i n t s and h e l d

in place with more dampproofing (brushed on]. The polystyrene insulation

was then spot-glued t o the polyethelene and i n s t a l l e d in rows, s t a r t i n g

from t h e bettom. The last course was left open to b e i n s t a l l e d at a

l a t e r t i n e . The pslyethelene was installed to act as an interface between.

the dampproofing and the polystyrene insulation to isolate t h e damp-

proofing and insulation adhesive, which are incompatible materials. The

2 ft by 8 ft polystyrene boards were installed such that t h e joints

lapped and drained t o the outside. Following i n s t a l l a t i o n of three rows

of polystyrene beards, the foundation was carefully back-filled with the

same material t h a t had been taken out. With c a r e f u l back-filling, l i t t l e

or no damage was done to the insulation. The last course of i n s u l a t i o n

was i n s t a l l e d using concrete nails and galvanized metal w a s h e r s . A

galvanized metal lath was nailed over the insulation and two coats of cement parging were applied. For each house, approximately 54 man-hours

(6)

including w i r e mesh and parging, The materials represented approximately

70 per cent of t h e cost, the labour 50 per cent, and t h e unit c o s t was

$1.12 per square foot of insulated w a l l .

F W WALLS

It was decided t h a t the design and construction of t h e wood-frame

walls should s a t i s f y two major requirements: 1) that the design and

construction substantially reduce air leakage t h a t occurs i n conventional

construction and 23 the walls be thermally upgraded to a value n o t less

t h a t a nominal R-20.

Since air leakage i n small buildings has been i d e n t i f i e d as one of

t h e major components of the energy balance, heat recovery f m m ventil a-

t i n g a i r f o r wood-frame construction was not only feasible b u t would

l i k e l y prove c o s t e f f e c t i v e . To incorporate a heat recovery ventilation

system in a wood-frame house, it was judged that t h e b u i l d i n g envelope

such n o t leak more than 1/10 o f the building volume per hour at d e s i g n

conditions. To achieve improved a i r t i g h t n e s s , c o n s t r u c t i o n details

were reconsidered and new ones developed ( F i g u r e 3 ) .

Three design configurations were analyzed: 1) 2 by 6 stud

construction with an R-20 f r i c t i o n - f i t batt, 2) 2 by 4 stud wall

construction with a nominal 2 by 2 furring a p p l i e d on the exterior side

of the wall, and 33 standard 2 by 4 constmc tion using a nominal

2 by 2 furring on the i n s i d e . It w a s decided to use t h e last, that i s ,

to modify standard wall c o n s t r u c t i o n and adapt a nominal 2 b y 2 furring

strip on the i n s i d e to c r e a t e t h e 6-in. wall cavity for a nominal R-20

v a l u e . To achieve the air tightness required, a 4 mil polyethelene

sheet w a s installed between t h e furring and the 2 by 4 framing to c r e a t e

a cavity where a l l the electrical circuitry would be located t h u s

removing some of the obvious sources of a i r leakage,

The pokyethelene sheathing placed between two layers of insulation

is susceptible to the accumulation of moisture but the heat exchanger

ventilation system will assure t h a t the indoor relative humidity not

exceed acceptable limits. Calculations reveal that at design conditions

of outdoor and indoor vapour pressures, no moisture should accumulate i n

the walls unless the indoor relative humidity exceeds 45 per cent. To

v e r i f y t h i s hypothesis, numerous moisture sensors were installed through-

out the construction a t suspect locations.

The f i n a l wall construction ( s e e details 2 and 3, Figure 3 ) consists

of an R-7 friction-fit batt placed horizontally between the 2 by 2

strapping, an R-12 g l a s s f i b r e frfction-fit b a t t placed vertically

between the 2 by 4 studs, and an exterior one-inch fibreboard rated a t a

nornina 1 R - 3 . A design analys is of a t h e wall indicates t h a t the nomina 1

thermal resistance including gypsurn board and exterior sheathing and a i r

films is R-24.3. I n the laboratory test, the actual R value was found

(7)

The construction c o s t of the e x t e r i o r walls of house No. 1 [standard

construction) was $0.99 per square foot. The c a s t of the upgraded walls of t h e o t h e r t h r e e houses was $1.70 per square f o o t . T h i s is a 7 2 p e r cent increase over the construction c o s t of the e x t e r i o r walls i n house No. 1.

CEILINGS

The ceilings o f houses No. 2, 3, and 4 were upgraded t o a nominal

thermal resistance of R-32 by placing t w o layers of friction-fit

insulation ( s e e d e t a i l s 1 and 6 , Figure 3 ) . A 6-in. f r i c t i o n - f i t : glass

f i b r e b a n was placed h o r i z o n t a l l y over the lower cords of the trusses

and a 4-in. R-12 f r i c t i o n - f i t b a t t was placed between the cords of t h e trusses. This operation was done from the i n s i d e of t h e house before t h e

ceiling gypsum was installed, This provided a t o t a l sf 10 in. of g l a s s

f i b r e i n s u l a t i o n f o r a nominal thermal value of R-32. An air vapour b a r r i e r consisting of 4 m i l p o l y e t h e l e n e sheathing was i n s t a l l e d over t h e

ceilings and lapped at t h e perimeter to form a continuous impermeable and

air-tight b a r r i e r . The ceilings were strapped at 16 in. o . c . w i t h

nominal 1 by 3 furring and covered with f i n . gypsum board. The c a s t of

thermally upgrading the ceiling must a l s o include t h i s a d d i t i o n a l

material and l a b o u r .

The c o s t f o r upgraded c e i l i n g was $0.97 per square f o o t . This is

an i n c r e a s e of $0.57 p e r square f o o t over t h e c a s t o f t h e R-20 ceiling in

house No. 1.

While a l l t h e windows in house No. 1 are e s s e n t i a l l y sealed double-

g l a z e d u n i t s , t h e windows in the upgraded houses are casement

sealed triple-glazed units. The casement window is more expensive than

a wood slider, and the triple-glazing that was incorporated added a 10

per cent increase in c o s t over t h e same window type with a sealed double-

glazed unit. The use of sealed triple-glazed windows raised t h e thermal

value of t h e window g l a s s from R-2 to R - 3 . The basement windows of a l l

four houses are sashless doub l e - g l a s s s l i d e r s

.

The c o s t of the windows in the upgraded houses was $11.96 per square

foot a s compared to $5.19 per square foot in house No. I . This cost

includes labour, materials and taxes but no overhead or p o f i t .

HEATING SYSTEMS

The d e s i g n heat l o s s calculations for house No. 1 and t h e upgraded

houses (Nos- 2, 3 , and 4 ) are presented in Table 1 . The design heat loss

f o r house No. I is 46 898 Btu/h (13 747 W) for an indoor temperature of

72°F (22.2OC) and an outdoor temperature o f -13°F (-25°C)

.

The annual

energy consumption is estimated t o b e 20 236 kW-h f o r a w i n t e r severity

(8)

The d e s i g n heat loss for houses No. 2, 3, and 4 i s estimated to b e

2 8 886 Btu/h (8 466 W) for the same d e s i g n conditions s t a t e d above.

The annual estimated heat loss from these houses, not considering t h e

contribution that may be made by the solar or heat pump heating s y s t e m s of houses No. 3 and 4 , is estimated at 12 464 kW-h. T h i s i s a gross

annual, saving of 38 per cent over house No. 1.

SOX ar Heating

The solar heating system of house No. 3 c o n s i s t s o f three arrays of solar c o l l e c t o r panels installed an the south-facing pornion of the roof

(Figure 43. Two a i r plenums, consisting of insulated metal ducts, supply

and collect the a i r c i r c u l a t e d through t h e c o l l e c t o r panels. The a i r

handler unit, which houses a fan, circulates the air; motorized dampers

d i r e c t the a i r i n t h e appropriate d i r e c t i o n in t h e house at t h e r i g h t time. A short-term themal storage, utilizing a rack medium, was built

at the basement l e v e l in a l i t t l e room just under t h e concrete s l a b of

t h e garage f l o o r . It is an i n s u l a t e d box containing 200 cu ft (5.8 m3)

or approximately 10 tons of one-inch river gravel. This volume w i l l

provide one to two days of stored t h e m a l energy a t w i n t e r d e s i g n

c o n d i t i o n s .

The installation a£ the solar collector panels required approximately

two man-weeks of labour. This included the installation of all perimeter

i n s u l a t i o n , perimeter flashings, i n f i l l panels, a l l associated hardware,

and all cap flashings. T h e collector panels were b o l t e d through t h e r o o f

following a careful alignment o f t h e arrays using nominal 2 by 2 f u r r i n g

strips n a i l e d over t h e roof s h i n g l e s . One-foot square h o l e s were cut at

the top and bottom of each array to receive the i n l e t and outlet starting

c o l l a r s t h a t connect t h e collector arrays t o t h e indoor duct system. The

perimeter o f t h e collector arrays was insulated with

14

in. medium

density glass f i b r e insulation. The i n f i l l panel and the metal f l a s h i n g s

were made of pre-finished metal of t h e same calour and texture as the

trim material used elsewhere on the house.

The ductwork can be d i v i d e d into two zones

-

inside the house and

outside the building envelope. The main plenums a r e 10 in. b y 16 in. a i r ducts insulated to a value not less than R-1.0 in the a t t i c and to a value

of R - 8 inside t h e house. Glass f i b r e i n s u l a t i o n with reinforced f o i l was

used to i n s u l a t e a l l ductwork. A 1 1 d u c t s were sealed w i t h silicone

caulking and all j o i n t s formed by t h e insulation: were taped.

The walls of t h e thermal storage room were insulated to an R-8 level

on t h e i n s i d e with 2 i n . of medium d e n s i t y glass ffbre i n s u l a t i o n and

3 i n . of l o w density glass f i b r e at the c e i l i n g . The floor of the thermal

storage mom w a s insulated w i t h 3 in. of foam plastic i n s u l a t i o n , not

because of thermal requirements but to adjust the height of t h e f i n i s h e d

f l o o r and a l i g n the lower plenum -space w i t h the w a l l duct opening. The

room measures 5 ft by 7 Et by 9 E t and is completely covered w i t h t y p e X

gypsum board on t h e i n s i d e . There is an average depth of 4 E t 6 in. of

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blocks used to form t h e lower plenum space. Warm air is forced downwards

over the face of the aggregate and is collected at the bottom. Heat

transfer occurs within the rock m e d i u m in a thin layer of perhaps 4 to 6

in. and progresses downwards as the t h e m 1 storage is being charged. To

recover heat from the thermal storage room, the air flow is reversed:

c o o l air is injected at the bottom, collected at the top and circulated to t h e house.

In addition to space heating, the system is also equipped with a h o t

w a t e r pre-heat system. This system comprises a heat exchanger or hot

water c o i l which is installed at the top of the a i r handling unit (fan

housing). There is a pre-heat tank approximately 14 times the volume of

t h e regular service tank (40 imperial gallons) which is used to stare the

energy available for hot water pre-heating.

The solar system will operate all year, The operational priorities

are space heating followed by hot water heating. During the summer

months, when no space heating is required, manual dampers bypass the

thermal storage room completely. During t h i s mode o f operation the

system is used solely for hot w a t e r heating. A thermal performance

analysis of the solar system estimates a 50 per cent reduction in annual

h e a t i n g c o s t and about t h e same or s l i g h t l y less for serivce h o t water

heating.

The solar heating system, which includes a l l solar h a r h a r e , ductwork

and insulation, controls and electrical wiring, thermal storage room, and

t h e labour for construction and installation, cost $18 000 or $ 4 4 p e r

square f o o t of collector.

Heat Pun?v Heating

The heat pump h e a t i n g system of house No. 4 is a 23 ton refrigeration

unit consisting of two major components: an outdoor component comprising

compressor, heat exchanger and fan, and an indoor component comprising

another heat exchanger and fan. The indoor component i s housed in a

furnace casing which h a s a back-up electric heater. A h e a t pump heating

system i s e s s e n t i a l l y a r e f r i g e r a t i o n unit t h a t cools the outdoor air and

in the process rejects heat to the interior of the house. While t h e

system is not new in principle it is difficult t o design a heat pump that

will operate efficiently and effectively at Isw temperatures. S p e c i f i c a -

tion for the system will be found i n Table 5. The f u l l cost o f t h e heat

pump system including ductwork, grills, labour to install, and warranty,

amounted to $3893. The heat pump unit excluding the forced warm air

heating system was approximately $1000 l e s s .

EASTERN FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY

The: Eastern Forest Products Laboratory ( E . F . P . L . ) , another partici-

pant in t h i s project,is conducting experiments w i t h i n each of t h e houses,

which may r e s u l t in savings of structural material, in particular, floor

(10)

unique system of j o i s t s and sub- f l o o r sheathing which involves cantinuous

spans and glued sub-floors. Preliminary t e s t s have indicated t h a t the

three experimental floors perform as well if n o t better than t h e

reference minimum standard f l o o r a€ house No. l. The roof sheathing of each

house is a combination of waferboard panels o f e i t h e r spruce or poplar

plywood. The roofs w i l l be observed f o r a number of years to determine

the serviceability of these materials in a roof application. A final

report w i l l b e issued by the E .F .P . L . at a l a t e r date.

LIouse No. 1 (Lot 405) and house No. 2 (Lot 406) are perhaps the most important w i t h i n t h i s project as they will be s u b j e c t to d e t a i l e d

observations of energy use under actual occupied conditions. Through

these observations actual energy savings w i l l be determined and related

to the costs of the individual thermal upgrading measures applied to

house No. 2. Houses No. 3 and 4 w i l l b e used to study in d e t a i l the

performance of the solar heating and heat pump heating systems. These houses were of the same construetian a s house No. 2 xo compare equally

the performance of the three heating systems.

The houses are unoccupied at the time of this writing and have been

r e n t e d since January 1978 by the Division of Building Research to

complete the instrumentation and to i n i t i a t e c a l i b r a t i o n measurements

which w i l l determine the un~ccupied performance characteristics. When t h e s e have been established, houses No. 1 and 2 w i l l be rented to

families; houses Na. 3 and 4 w i l l be rented by DBR far select experiments.

The e f f e c t of family a c t i v i t i e s on energy use in the first two houses

w i l l be monitored and the results applied in a d e t a i l e d energy audit,

The four houses w i l l be observed for a period o f two t o five years. Much

d a t a w i l l be gathered and analyzed, and r e p o r t i n g w i l l probably begin

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A 3 M A \ h 3 Y C M P U N

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TABLE 2

HOUSE NO. 1

-

STANDARD CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Property

, Lot No, 405, 'Registered plan M-171, Gloucester Tomship

.

Lot s i z e , 40.0 ft (12.3 m) wide by 125.0 ft (38.5 m) deep

Easement on e a s t property line

.

Long a x i s oriented N-S

.

Berm, 8 ft 12.5 m) high on rear lot Line

Building Design

.

Single detached house

.

2 storey, 3 bedroom, 1 112 bathroom, attached garage

.

Orientation of r e a r elevation, 24" e a s t of s o u t h

.

Gross f l o o r area, 1 249 sq ft (118 m2)

Gross wood frame enclosure area, 2 406 sq ft (227.8 m2)

.

Gross basement enclosure area, 5 437 sg ft (136 m2)

.

Gross window area, 164 sq ft (15.5 m2)

.

Gross e x t e r i o r door area, 44 sq ft (4,2 m2)

.

Net wood frame wall area above grade, 1 525 59 ft (144.4 m2)

Net foundation wall area, 891 s q ft (84.4

d)

.

Net ceiling area, 673 sq ft (63.7 m2)

.

Heating system, forced a i r electric fizmance, 15 kW

.

Design h e a t i n g l o a d , 46 400 Btu/h (13 600 W)

.

Estimated annual h e a t i n g , 20 212 klV-h Building Construction

.

Ontario Building Code, 1975

.

1Vood frame construction, 2 by 4 stud walls, 2 by 8 wood

j o i s t , wood trusses 24 in. 0.c.

.

Cast-in-place concrete foundations, 8-in. walls

.

Wall i n s u l a t i a n , glass f i b r e , paper backed, R-12

.

Ceiling i n s u l a t i o n , g l a s s f i b r e , paper backed, R-20

.

Basement i n s u l a t i o n , g l a s s f i b r e , paper backed, R-7,

i n s i d e , 2 ft below grade

.

Windows, double g l a z e d , wood frame, sliding and double-hung

.

Exterior doors, metal insulated, =R-6, no stom door

.

Roof, asphalt shingles, 210 Ib

.

Siding, horizontal, aluminum 8 in., i v o r y white

.

Brick, f r o n t of house only, one storey, garage

.

Soffits, continuous vented, aluminum

(13)
(14)

TABLE 4

HOUSE

NO.

3

-

UPGRADED

-

SOLAR

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Property

.

Lot No. 407, Registered plan M-171, Gloucester Township

.

Lot size, 40.0 ft (12 ..3 m3 wide by 125.0 ft (38.5 m) deep

.

Easement on ease property line

.

Long axis oriented N-S

.

Berm, 8 ft 12-5 m) h i g h on r e a r hot line

Building Design

.

Single detached house

.

2 storey, 3 bedreem, 1 1/2 bathroom, attached garage

.

Orientation o f r e a r roof, 24" e a s t of south

= Gross floor area,

P

249 sq ft (118 m2)

.

Gross wood frame enclosure area, 2 406 s q ft (227.8 m2)

.

Grass basement enclosure area, 1 437 sq ft (136 m2)

.

Gross window area, 164 sq ft (15.5 m2)

Gross exterior door area, 4 4 sq ft (4.2 m2)

Net wood frame wall area above grade, 1 525 sq ft (144.4 m2)

.

Net foundation wall area, 891 sq ft (84.4 m23

.

Net ceiling area, 673 sq ft ( 6 3 . 7 m2)

.

Heating system, solar, air-to-air, w i t h forced air distribution

- 409 s q ft (39 m2) collector area, 2 1 panels

-

200 cu Ft ( 6 m3) rock thermal storage, 1-in. dia

river gravel

-

h c t w o r k , sheetmetal, i n s u l a t e d , R-8 and R-10

- Fan, 800 cfm

- Hot water pre-heat system

-

Solid state control, w i n t e r / s u m e r operation

.

Supplementary h e a t i n g , electric furnance, 10 kW

.

Estimated annual h e a t i n g , 7 560 k M ~ h (50 p e r cent saving

over house No. 2)

Building Construction

.

I k o d frame construction

.

6 - i n . walls, 2 by 4 studs

+

2 by 2 horizontal strapping on i n s i d e , 2 by 8 floor joists, wood trusses 24 in. o - c .

.

Cast-in-place concrete foundations, 8-in. walls

.

Wall i n s u l a t i o n , g l a s s f i b r e , f r i c t i o n fit, R-12 + R-7

.

4 m i l polyethylene vapour barrier, throughout

.

Ceiling insulation, glass fibre, friction fit, R-20 + R-12

.

E x t e r i o r s h e a t h i n g , I - i n . fibreboard, R-3

.

Basement i n s u l a t i o n , c l o s e d cell polystyrene, 1 1 / 2 in.

R-7.5 outside wall, extends to f o o t i n g

.

IVindows, t r i p l e glazed, wood frame, casement and awning

.

Exterior doors, metal insulated, with storm door, aR-7.5

.

Roof, asphalt shingles, 210 Ib

.

S i d i n g , horizontal, aluminum 8 in., ivory white

.

B r i c k , front of house only, one storey, garage

Soffits, continuous vented, aluminum

(15)

TABLE 5

HOUSE NO. 4

-

UPGRADED

-

HEAT

PUFIP

SPECIFICATIONS

Property

.

Lot No. 404, Registered plan M-171, Gloucester Township

.

Lot s i z e , 3 8 . 1 ft (12.2 m) w i d e by 125.0 ft (38.5 m) deep

.

Easement on west property l i n e

.

Long axis o r i e n t e d N-S

.

Berm, 8 ft (2.5 m) h i g h on reaT lot l i n e

Building Design

S i n g l e detached house

.

2 storey, 3 bedroom, 1 1 / 2 bathroom, attached garage

.

Orientation of rear elevation, 24O east of south

.

Gross f l o o r area, 1 2 4 9 sq ft (118 m2]

.

Gross wood frame enclosure area, 2 406 sq ft (227.8 m2]

.

Gross basement enclosure area, 1 437 sq f t (136 m2)

Gross window area, 164 sq Et (15.5 n2)

-

Gross e x t e r i o r door area, 44 s q ft (4.2 m2)

.

Net wood frme wall area above grade, 1 525 sq ft ( 1 4 4 . 4 m2)

.

Net foundation wall area, 891 sq ft (84.4 m2]

.

Net ceiling area, 673 sq ft ( 6 3 . 7 m2)

.

Heating system, heat pump, a i r - t o - a i r , with forced a i r distribution

.

Cooling capacity, 30 800 Btu/h

.

Heating capacity, 30 800 Btu/h, high temperature, coefficient of performance (COP) 2.7, @ 47" Fdb, 43" Fwb

.

Heating capacity, 17 500 Btu/h, l o w temperature, COP

1.8, @ 17" Fdb, 15" Fwb

.

Supplementary h e a t i n g , electric furnace, 10 kW

.

Estimated annual heating, 9 980 kW-h, ( 3 0 per cent saving

ever house No. 2)

Building Construction

.

Wood frame construction

.

6 - i n . walls, 2 by 4 studs t 2 by 2 horizontal strapping,

on inside, 2 by 8 floor j o i s t s , wood trusses 24 in. o . c .

.

Cast-in-place concrete foundations, 8-in. walls

.

Wall i n s u l a t i o n , g l a s s fibre, friction f i t , R-12 + R-7

.

4 m i l polyethylene vapour barrier, throughout

Ceiling insulation, glass f i b r e , friction f i t , R-20 4 R-12

Exterior s h e a t h i n g , I i n . fibreboard, R-3

-

Basement i n s u l a t i o n , closed c e l l polystyrene

1 112 in., R-7.5, o u t s i d e wall, extends to f o o t i n g

.

Windows, t r i p l e glazed, wood frme, casement and awning

.

Exterior doors, metal insulated, with storm door, wR-7.5

-

R o o f , asphalt shingles, 210 Ib

.

Siding, horizontal, aluminum 8 in., ivory white

Brick, f r o n t of house only, one storey, garage

Soffits, continuous vented, aluminum

(16)

FORTUNE DRLVE

F I G U R E 1

(17)

FRONT ELEVATION S L A L C 5 - A T SECTION sca.r ,-r BASEMENT PLAN 5 C I L E

F I G U R E

2

GROUNQ FLOOR PLAN

r c a l t ,-o SECOND rcrir FLOOR PLAN

H O U S E NO.

1

-

S T A N D A R D

C O N S T R U C T I O N

(18)

W A L L C O R N E R D E T A I L * - ~ I c ~ * u ~ R a a ~ u s n t t - 1 U l I D l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - e x 1 3 H r 4 T M W I 1- F8wowm! Z l 4 S T W IC'OE ' V A P O U b1931LR I I Y ~ r n l l

16 IMUL I" 71 ucrmrm

I I I I C D 1n C W M 1 rr 1'; MILIP I I I 5 1 n - i o H < ~ ~ r .iLL

\

B R I C K S U P P O R T D E T A l L 1 I t * S 1 l R S I I " O C

= vlwr L & R ~ ~ z * IIIIL PRII

4 % mU [I-71 u l m t c x W A L L % T R U S S C O N N E C T I O N D E T A I L -v.In~. m I q l r R e * M l l 4 L w I I ( I H S V L I" ~ t ~ t ~ m t t * 2 N D FLOOR D E T A I L J ROOF O V E R H A N G D E T A l L

F I G U R E

3

H O U S E

NO.

2 -

U P G R A D E D

C O N S T R U C T I O N

( C O N S T R U C T I O N D E T A I L S FOR H O U S E S 2 , 3 & 4 )

(19)

m . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .k..'& - . . . . - - - - - . - . - - - - . . . SOUTH ELEVATION 5EUEp-, 1 1111&. -- 6 -

-

2 I BASEMENT PLAN s t a r t WATER STOR. T4NM TANK

F I G U R E

4

H O U S E

N O .

3

-

U P G R A D E D

+

S O L A R

(20)

- + J. : ' - 7 ' - - - , , I I " I L .I :,?:: ::: ::: ;-:: : ::i= ::::-: FRONT ELEVATION scB-s

-

SEC TION S C L l E 3

-F I G U R E

5

H O U S E N O .

4

-

U P G R A D E D

+

H E A T P U M P

(21)

F I G U R E

6

(22)

a - S C H E D U L E D D A Y

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