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ﺮﻀﻴﺧ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ -

ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ

ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ

ﻕﻮﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ

ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺮﻴﺘﺴﺟﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻲﻓ

ﻕﻮﻘﺤﻟﺍ

ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ

ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ :

- ﻲﻠﻋ ﺪﻴﺳ ﻲﻠﺿﺎﻓ

ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ :

- ﺩ / ﺐﻬﺸﻟ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺣ

..

...

...

ﻣ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﺮﺿﺎﺤ

– ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ -

ﺎﺴﻴﺋﺭ

- ﺩ / ﻠﺟ ﺭﻮﺘﻴﺷ ـ

ﻝﻮ ...

...

ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻣ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ –

ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ -

ﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ

- ﺩ / ﻦﻴﻣﻷﺍ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻝﺎﺠﻋﺃ ﻝﺎﺠﻌﻟ ...

..

..

ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻣ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ –

ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ -

ﺍﻮﻀﻋ

- ﺩ / ﺓﺪﻳﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺰﻣ ...

ﺮﺿﺎﺤﻣ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ –

ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻨﺗﺎﺑ

ــ ﺔ - ﺍﻮﻀﻋ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

/ 2008

2009

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ﻣﺪﻘﻣ ـ ﺔ:

ﺔﻳﺎﲪﻭ ﻦﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﻦﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﳋ ﻥﺎﺘﻬﺟ ﻡﺍﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﺗ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﻭﺩ ﻞﻛ ﰲ

ﱐﺪﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﲟ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﺴﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻄﺻﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺷ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ،ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﲰﺭ ﺔﻬﺟ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻭﺪﻠﻟ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﳊﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻞﻛﺎﻴﳍﺍ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻦﻣ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺎﻫﺯﺮﺑﺃ ﻦﻣ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺭ

ﺩﺮﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻖﻴﻘﲢﻭ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﲑﺻ ﰲ ﻪﺒﻌﻠﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﲢﻭ ﻪﺗﺎﺟﺎﻴﺘﺣﻻ ﻂﻴﻄﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺘﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣﻭ .

ﺩﺮﳎ ﻦﻋ ﺾﺨﻤﺘﻳ ﻻ ﻩﺍﻮﺘﳏ ﰲ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﲑﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻼﻜﺷ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﻓ

ﺔﻴﻤﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﺮﻳ ﻞﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻋﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﱪﻌﻳﻭ ﻢﻬﻤﻀﻳ ﺍﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﻷ

ﺪﺣﻷ ﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣﻭ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣﻭ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻠﺧﺍﺪﺘﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﰒ ﻦﻣﻭ ﻢﻬﻔﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻔﻜﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﺿﻮﳌﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺇ ﲑﻐﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﻴﻴﻘﺗ ﺯﻮﳚ ﻻ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻥﺃ ﻞﺑ ،ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻖﺣ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﺪﺤﺟ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺪﻘﻔﺗ ﺎﺍﺫ ﲑﺒ

ﺎﻬﻠﻋﺎﻔﺗ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻝﻮﳛ ﺎﲟ ﺽﺮﻋﺃ ﺓﺮﺋﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﻝﺩﺎﺒﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﺐﺠﺣﻭ ،ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﰲ ﺎ ﻥﻭﺫﻮﻠﻳ ﺪﻓﺍﻭﺭ ﺏﺎﻴﺴﻧﺍ ﻕﻮﻌﻳﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺫﺎﲣﺎﺑ ﻞﺼﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻖﺋﺎﻘﳊﺍ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﻞﻄﻌﻳﻭ ،ﺾﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺗﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻥﻷ ﻚﻟﺫ ،ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﰲ ﻻﺇ

ﺎﻬﻄﻠﺴﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﺀﻼﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻭﺆﻳ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻝﺍﺰﻌﻧﻻﺍ .

ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﻭﺪﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﻻ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺲﺳﻷﺍ ﺽﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﳕﺇ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻡﺪﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ

ﲨﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺎﺘﻗﺆﻣ ﻼﻳﺪﺑ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻹﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺍﺪﻨﺘﺴﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﳊﺎﺼﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻔﺋﺍﺯ ﺎﻋﺎ

ﻩﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺀﺎﺳﺭﺇﻭ ﻲﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺜﻣ ﻼﻜﺷ ﻞﺑ ﺎﻴﻠﺣﺮﻣ .

(3)

ﺮﺠﻓ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺄﳉ ﺎﻳﺭﺎﻀﺣ ﺍﺮﻬﻈﻣ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﳌﻭ

ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﲑﻤﻀﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺦﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺛﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺖﻴﻨﻋ ،ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺔﻳﺁﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﰲ ﺎﺎﺒﺟﺍﻮﺑ ﺽﻮﻬﻨﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻣﺃ ﻖﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻬﲤﻭ ،ﲏﻃﻮ

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺺﻨﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺮﺣ ﺪﻗ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﳊ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﻣ 20

" : ﻖﳊﺍ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻞﻜﻟ

ﺔﻴﻤﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﰲ ﻙﺍﺮﺘﺷﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﰲ .

ﱃﺇ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﺯﻮﳚ ﻻ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ

."

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﳌﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ 22

" : ﺩﺮﻓ ﻞﻜﻟ

ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻧﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻘﻧ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻖﺣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺎﲟ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻊـﻣ ﺕﺎـﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻳﻮـﻜﺗ ﰲ ﻖﳊﺍ ﻪﳊﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﺟﺃ .

ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻻﺇ ﻖﳊﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻮﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻊﺿﻮﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺯﻮﳚ ﻻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ

ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺩ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﲑﺑﺍﺪﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺗﻭ ."

ﻮﻳﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﳊ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﺜﻴﳌﺍ ﺺﻧ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻣﺃ 2004

ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺖﻗﺩﺎﺻ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺘﺑ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ 1

ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﻣ 24

" : ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﰲ ﻖﳊﺍ ﻦﻃﺍﻮﻣ ﻞﻜﻟ

ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻧﻻﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ .

ﻻ ﺎﻬﻴﻀﺘﻘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺔﺿﻭﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺩﻮﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺪﻴﻗ ﻱﺄﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺪﻴﻴﻘﺗ ﺯﻮﳚ

ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﻡﺮﺘﳛ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﰲ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺍ ."

- 1 ﻢﻗﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﺋﺭ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣ / 06

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 62 ﺮﻳﺍﱪﻓ 11

ﻮﻘﳊ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﺜﻴﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻳﺪﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﳌﺍ 2006 ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻕ

ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ، 08

ﺮﻳﺍﱪﻓ 15

. 2006

(4)

ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﻮﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻎﻟﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﲔﺒﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ

ﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻌﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﲑﻈﻧ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻣﺰﻋ ﻞﻘﻳ ﻻ ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺗﻭ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟ ﻪ

ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻮﻟﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ .

ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﻲﻔﻓ

1 1963 ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻼﻛ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﰎ

ﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣﻭ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﺣﻭ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟ

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻈﻧ ﺩﻮﻴﻗ ﺓﺪﻌﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺪﻴﻗ ﺎﻤﻛ ، 19

. 22

ﰲ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺎﺪﻬﺷ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺯﻸﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧﻭ ﻊﻣ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻗﻮﺗ ﰎ 1965

،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ 2

ﺕﺭﺪﺻ ﺪﻗ ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺍﺬ

ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ،ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﺓﺪﻋ / 71

ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﻝﺪﻋ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 79

ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﰲ ﺎﻣﺃ

3 1976 ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺖﺼﻧ ﺪﻘﻓ

ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﻣ 56

" : ﻑﺮﺘﻌﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﺱﺭﺎﲤﻭ ﺎ

"

ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﰎ ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ، ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺺﻧ

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻮﻫﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ / 87

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 15 .

ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﺺﻧ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻧﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻇ ﰲ ﺎﻣﺃ

4 1989 ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ

39

ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﻣ

" : ﻦﻃﺍﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇﻭ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﺣ

"

ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗﻭ ،

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺻ / 90

ﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 31 ﻝﻮﻌﻔﳌﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕ

.

- 1 ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 1963

ﰲ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ، 64 ﱪﻤﺘﺒﺳ 10

. 1963

- 2 ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ / 65

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 182 ﺔﻴﻠﻳﻮﺟ 10

ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ،ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﳌﺍ 1965 ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ، 58

ﰲ ﻮﻴﻟﻮﻳ 13 1965

- 3 ﺩ ﺭﻮﺘﺳ ﺮﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ 1976

/ 76 ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 97 ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ 22

ﺩﺪـﻋ ﺔـﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 1976 ﰲ ﺓﺭﺩﺎـﺼﻟﺍ ، 94

24

ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ . 1976

- 4 ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﳌﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﲟ ﺮﻣﻷﺎﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ 1989

/ 89 ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 18 ﺮﻳﺍﱪﻓ 28

ﺩﺪـﻋ ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 1989

ﰲ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ، 09 ﺱﺭﺎﻣ 01

. 1989

(5)

ﺔﻨﺳ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺃ

1 1996 ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﳊ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﰲ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺖﺼﻧ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ 41

" : ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇﻭ ﲑﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ."

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺖﺼﻧﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ 43

" : ﻥﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻖﺣ .

ﺔﻳﻮﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﺯﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺸﺗ .

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﳛ ."

ﺎﺄﺑ ﺓﺭﺎﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻴﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺄﺸﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻪﺘﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻣ ﻝﻭﺃﻭ

ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﺘﻜﻛ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺐﻃﺎﺧ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻝﻭﻷﻭ ﻪﻧﺃﻭ ،ﻖﺣ ﺎﺄﺑ ﺓﺭﺎـﺗﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ

"

ﺔﻳﻮﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ."

ﺣ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺔﻳﺮ

ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻨﻠﻘﻨﻳ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﻛ ﻮﻫ ﺚﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺷﺈﻛ ﻪﺣﺮﻄﻧ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻝﺍﺆﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ :

ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﳍ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﱐﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻁﺎﺣﺃ ﻞﻫ ﺓﺮﻈﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﻭﺩﺄﺑ

؟ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺎﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻂﺒﻀﻳﻭ ،ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ

ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻳ ،ﲔﻠﺼﻓ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻕﺮﻄﺘﻨﺳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﻛ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺙﻼﺛ ﰲ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺁﻭ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﻁﻭﺮﺷﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ :

- ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ .

- ﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ ﱐﺎ

: ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ .

- 1 ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﺍ 1996 ﻢﻗﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﳌﺎﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟ / 96

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 438 ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 07

ﺩﺪـﻋ ،ﺔـﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 199 ، 76

ﰲ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 08

. 1996

(6)

- ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ .

ﺎﻣﺃ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﻪﻌﻗﻮﻣﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻝﺎﳎ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ﺺﺼﺧ ﺪﻘﻓ

ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﻛ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﰲ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ :

- ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻝﺎﳎ .

- ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ :

ﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺮﻔﻠ

.

- ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟﺍ .

ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻤﻀﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﰎ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻰﺷﺎﻤﺘﻳ .

(7)

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ

ﻁﻭﺮﺷﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ

ﺎﻬﺋﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ

ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻙﺮﺘﻳ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ

ﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﺪﲢ ﺎﻣ ﲔﺑﻭ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﺤﻨﳝ ﺎﻣ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﺍﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺯﱪﺘﻟ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﳊﺍﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺤﻠﻟ ﻘﳊﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺮﻣﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﲢ ﲑﺗﺎﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﲑﻏ ،ﺕﺎﻳﺮﳊﺍﻭ ﻕﻮ

ﻩﺭﻮﺼﻗ ﻢﻏﺭ ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﺺﻧ ﺪﻘﻔﻳ ﺍﺬﻭ ،ﻪﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺭﺎﺘﺳ ﺖﲢ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﻪﺗﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﺑ ،ﻖﳊﺍ ﺪﻴﻴﻘﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺢﻨﳚ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎ ﺮﺧﺎﻔﺗ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻭ ﺩﺮﳎ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻴﻟ ﻩﺍﻭﺪﺟ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﻣ ﻱﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻏﺭﺎﻓ ﺔﺘﻓﻻ ﺎﻮﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻥﻮﻤﻀ

.

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑﻻ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﻯﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻠﻟﻭ

ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑﻻ ﻪﻠﻛ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﺒﻗﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺁ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﰒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﻹ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺺﻧ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﳌ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻕﺮﻄﺘﻟﺍ .

ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻢﺘﺘﺳﻭ :

ﺤﺒﳌﺍ - ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ :

.

ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ - ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ :

.

ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ - ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ :

.

(8)

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﳌﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻪﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻮﻗﻮﻠﻟ

ﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻩﺎﻄﻋﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺖﻓﺮﻋ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻠ

ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻫﺰﻴﳝ ﺎﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﰒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻣ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﲑﻏ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻫﺰﻴﻴﲤﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ

ﻥﻮﻜﻟ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺍﻮﺟ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎﺑ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐﻭ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ

ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺪﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺝﺰﺘﳝ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺎﻮﻛ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺮﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ .

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ :

ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻫﺯﺮﺑﺃ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺓﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ :

- 1 ﺔﻴﻬﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ :

ﺮﻛﺬﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻏﺎﺻ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ :

ﺓﺪﳌ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻒﻟﺄﺘﺗ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ

ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﺢﺑﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ

1 .

ﺎﺄﺑ ﻢﺤﻠﻣ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺎﻬﻓﺮﻋﻭ

" : ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻨﺛﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻊﻀﻳ ﻩﺎﻀﺘﻘﲟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ

ﻱﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﲑﻏ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﰲ ﻢﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﻭﺃ ﻢﻬﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻤﺋﺍﺩ ."

2

ﺄﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﺗﻭ ﺎ

"

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻑﺪ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ

ﻩﺬﻫ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷ ﺡﺎﺘﻳﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﳛ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣﻭ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻑﺪﻭ ﻲﻋﻮﻄﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ

- 1

،ﺕﻭﲑﺑ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﻷﺍ ،ﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﳛ ﺪﻤﳏ ،ﺝﺮﻓ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﺹ ، 1988

. 314

- 2

ﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻳﺩ ،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻢﺤﻠﻣ ﻦﺴﺣ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎ

ﺹ ، 1981

. 75

(9)

ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄﻳ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻊﻴﲨ ﰲ ﻙﺍﺮﺘﺷﻻﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻠﻟﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻑﺩﺎﳍﺍ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ

ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻄﻘﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺍ ."

1

ﺎﺄﺑ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻑﺮﻌﺗﻭ

"

ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻄﺗ ﺲﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣﻭ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻜﺸﺗ

ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺮﻃﺃ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺪﻴﺷﺮﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳﺃ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺔﻋﻮﻤ ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﲝﺭ ﲑﻏ ﺲﺳﺃ ﺮﺣﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺗ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳ

."

2

ﺎﺄﺑ ﻑﺮﻌﺗ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﰲ ﺎﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣﻭ

"

ﰲ ﺲﻜﻌﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﺽﺮﻐﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﲔﺑ ﺙﺪﳛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍﻭ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ."

3

- 2 ﻲﺋﺎﻀﻗ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ :

ﺼﻟﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺿﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻬﺷﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﻜﶈﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺭﺩﺎ

ﻢﻗﺭ ﲑﻬﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻜﺣ ﰲ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﳌﺍ ﺮﺼﻣ ﰲ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺳ 153

ﻲﺿﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﺀﺎﻀﻗ 21

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﻡﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ 153

ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﳌﺍ 1999

ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺜﻴﺣ ﰲ ﺀﺎﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻴﺣ :

"

ﺫﺇ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺪﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﺴﲝ ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﺑ ﺀﺎﻘﺗﺭﺎﺑ ﺔﻠﻴﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ

ﻦﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﰒ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺍ ﺮﺸﻧﻭ ﻲﻋﻮﻟﺍ ﺚﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻬﳉﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺗﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﳊﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ

- 1

،ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺮﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﻙﺍﺮﺘﻳﺇ ،ﱐﺪﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ،ﺮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﻮﺑﺃ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺖﺣﺪﻣ ﺹ ، 2007

. 81

- 2

،ﻥﺎـﻨﺒﻟ ،ﺢﺑﺮـﻠﻟ ﺔـﻓﺩﺎﻫ ﲑـﻐﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟ ﱄﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﻣ ،ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﱐﺪﳌﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺍ ،ﺔﺟﺍﺮﻛ ﺪﺋﺎﺳ ﺹ ، 2006 . 19

- 3

ﺽﺎﻳﺭ ﺔـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ،ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﳌﺍ ،ﻱﻭﺎﺸﻟﺍ

،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ - 2004

ﺹ ، 2005

13

(10)

ﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﻣ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﻹ ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔ

ﻦﻋ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻦﻣﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻖﻴﻤﻌﺗﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺚﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺨﻠﻟ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺮﺸﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﻭﺬﺒﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﱪﳋﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺟﻮﺗﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﻧﻹﺍ ﺪﻴﺷﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﻬﻴ

."

1

ﺎﻫﺯﺮﺑﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﲞ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺺﻠﳔ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ :

ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺟﺎﺣ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﻹ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﺎﺃ 

.

ﻂﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻣﺮﻫ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﺃ 

.

ﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟ ﻥﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻌﻳ ﻉﱪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ 

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉ .

ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﻟ ﺪﲢ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻧﻭﺮﳌﺎﺑ ﺯﺎﺘﳝ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺏﻮﻠﺳﺃﻭ ﲑﻴﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺫ ﺎﺃ 

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﲑﺴﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﻛﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﰲ ﺎﺃ 

: ﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ، ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺍ

ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻔﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻞﻋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﰲ

2 .

ﺔﻔﺻ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﲢ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﻷﺍ 

ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ

3 .

ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﲤﻴ ﺔﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺰﻴ

ﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻫﺰﻴﻴﲤ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻳ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﰲ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟ

ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﳘﺃ ﻦﻣ ،ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ .

- 1

،ﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﻡﺪﻌﺑ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﺮﺛﺃ ،ﲔﻨﺴﺣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺇ ﺹ ، 2006

. 11

- 2

ﺮﻣ ،ﺔﺟﺍﺮﻛ ﺪﺋﺎﺳ ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟ

. 20

- 3

ﺪﻠﳎ ،ﺪﻳﺪﳉﺍ ﱐﺪﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﺷ ﰲ ﻂﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ،ﻱﺭﻮﻬﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﲪﺃ ﻕﺍﺯﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻁ ،ﺔﻴﻗﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﱯﻠﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﻣ ، 5

، 3 ،ﺕﻭﲑـﺑ

ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻟ

ﺹ ،

. 230

(11)

- 1 ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺰﻴﻴﲤ :

ﻢﻬﳊﺎﺼﻣﻭ ﻢﻬﺋﺍﺭﺁ ﻦﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺪﻠﻟ ﺲﺳﺄﺗ ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﻊﻤﲡ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ

ﺎﺑ ﻪﳎﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺬﻴﻔﻨﺗﻭ ﲔﺤﺷﺮﳌﺍﻭ ﲔﺒﺧﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺯﺍﺆﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﳌ

ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﻛ ﺔﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻠﻟ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻤﳎ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍﻭ ﲔﺒﺨﺘﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺋﺰﺟ

1 . ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻮﻠﳊﺍ ﺐﻏﺍﺭ ﺪﺟﺎﻣ ﻑﺮﻋ ﺎﻤﻛ

" : ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ

ﳌﺍ ﻕﺮﻄﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﻌﺑﺮﺘﻳ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻢﻜﳊﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﻘﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻠﻟ ﺔﻋﻭﺮﺸ

."

2

ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻥﻼﺧﺍﺪﺘﻣﻭ ﻥﺎﺎﺸﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ

ﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﰲ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻼﺜﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗﻭ 1989

/ 89 ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 11

05

ﺔﻴﻠﻳﻮﺟ ﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 1989

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﻢﺳﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻄﻳ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄ

ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻼﺜﻣ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﺎﺄﺑ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻊﺑﺎﻃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺘﻳﺭﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟ 24

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺎﺑ ﺹﺎﳋﺍ 1991 14

ﺔﻨﺴﻟ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻣﺮﺗ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻑﺮﻋ 1994

ﻝﻮﺣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﲔﺒﻏﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﻧﺎﺘﻳﺭﻮﳌﺍ ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﲡ

ﺩﺪﳏ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

3 .

ﻊﺑﺎﻃ ﻭﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺰﻴﳝ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ

ﱃﺇ ﻑﺪﻬﻳﻭ ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ،ﲏﻳﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺗ ﻭﺃ ﰲﺎﻘﺛ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ .

- 1

ﺹ ،ﺮﺸﻧ ﺔﻨﺳ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ،ﺕﻭﲑﺑ ،ﺮﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻢﻈﻨﻟﺍ ،ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﱐﻮﻴﺴﺑ ﲏﻐﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ . 299

- 2

ﺪﺟﺎﻣ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺪﻨﻜﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﳌﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ،ﻮﻠﳊﺍ ﺐﻏﺍﺭ ﺹ ، 1993

. 122

- 3

ﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﳊ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊﺍ ،ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺐﺟﺭ ﺲ

ﻁ ،ﺔـﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃﻭ ،ﺓﺮﻫﺎـﻘﻟﺍ ، 1

ﺹ ، 2007

. 25

(12)

- ﺸﻧ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻫﺎﻃﺎﺸﻨﻓ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺎﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻳﻮﻬﺟ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﳏ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻁﺎ

ﺎﻴﻨﻃﻭ .

-

،ﺔﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﺘﺗ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﺘﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ 1

ﻂﻘﻓ ﲔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ

2 .

- ﺏﺰﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﰲ ﻁﺍﺮﳔﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﻀﳛﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﰲ ﻁﺮﺨﻨﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺺﺨﺸﻠﻟ ﻦﻜﳝ .

- ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺘﺑ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺴﺘﻳ

.

- 2 ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺰﻴﻴﲤ ﺕﺎﺑﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ

:

ﻦﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺪﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻑﺪ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﻨﻬﻣ ﺏﺎﺤﺻﻷ ﺓﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣﻭ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﻞﻛ ﺔﺑﺎﻘﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﺼﻘﻳ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺍﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﲔﺴﲢﻭ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﱀﺎﺼﻣ

3 .

ﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺹﻮﺼﳋﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﰊﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻳﻭ ﲔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﱀ

ﻲﺿﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻞﻴﺜﲤﻭ ﻢﻬﻠﻛﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺣﻭ ﻢﻫﺎﻳﺎﻀﻘﺑ ﻞﻔﻜﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍ ﻢﻬﲰﺎﺑ

4 . ﺡﻮﺘﻔﻣ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻝﺎﳎ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﺍ ﲔﺣ ﰲ

- 3 ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺰﻴﻴﲤ :

ﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷ ﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﺲﺳﺆﺗ ﺎﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﺎﺄﺑ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﻋ

5 ،ﺕﺎﻴ

ﺕﻻﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﻟﺎﻛ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗﻭ ﺀﺍﺪﻬﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﺭﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﺪﻫﺎﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺷﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺻﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﺪﻋﺎﻘﺘﳌﺍﻭ .

- 1

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻣ 2

/ 90 ،ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﳌﺍﻭ 31 ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺭ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ

ﰲ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ 53 ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 05

. 1990

- 2

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ 2

/ 97 ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺭ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ،ﺏﺍﺰﺣﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﳌﺍ 09 ﰲ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ 12

ﺱﺭﺎﻣ 06 . 1997

- 3

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ،ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺐﺟﺭ . 30

- 4

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ / 90

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 14 ﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻴﻜﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ 2

ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ،ﰊﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﳊﺍ ﺔ ، 23

ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﰲ 6

ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ . 1990

- 5

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﻈﻧﺃ / 90

ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 33 ، 56

ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ

ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 25

1990

(13)

ﻁﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻢﻬﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻱﻭﺫﻭ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﺪﻭ

ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺎﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﳛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻴﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﳋﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣﻭ

:

- ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻣﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ .

- ﺕﺎﺷﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﻟﺍ .

- ﺽﻭﺮﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﰲ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺩﺃ

- ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ .

- ﺔﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﳎ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ .

- ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻴﺳﻭ ﺔﻴﺿﺎﻳﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺛ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﻞﻜﺷ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ .

ﺓﺪﻴﻔﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻝﺎﳎ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺺﻠﳔ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺪﳏ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑ .

ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻄﳌﺍ :

ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﻮﺻ ﺬﺧﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻻﻮﲢ ﺕﺪﻬﺷ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ

ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﺣﺇ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺪﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺪﺣﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺏﺰﳊﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻣ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ

،ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻠﻟ ﱄﺍﲑﺒﻴﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻛﺍﺮﺘﺷﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻱﺃ 1

.

ﻲﻛﺍﺮﺘﺷﻻﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻕﺮﻄﺘﻧ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﳌﻺﻟﻭ

ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻬﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰒ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﺹﻮﺼﻧ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻪﻨﻤﺿ ﺭﺪﺻ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ .

- 1

ﺍ ﻰـﻘﺘﻠﳌﺍ ﺕﺎـﺳﺍﺮﻛ ،ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺮﺛﺃﻭ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺷ ﺔﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﲏﻃﻮـﻟ

"

ﻝﻮـﺤﺘﻟﺍ

ﺮﻀﻴﺧ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻲﻃﺍﺮﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ -

ﺓﺮﻜﺴﺑ

"

،ﺮـﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ،ﺮـﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﻯﺪﳍﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،

ﺹ ، 2006

. 123

(14)

ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﻛﺍﺮﺘﺷﻻﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺭﻭﺪﺼﺑ ﻪﺘﳉﺎﻌﻣ ﰎ ﺎﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺗ ﺎﻏﺍﺮﻓ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺖﻓﺮﻋ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ / 62

157

ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 31

1 1962 ﺎﻔﻟﺎﳐ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣ ﻻﺇ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻨﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﰎ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻳﻮﺟ 01

ﺍﺬﻫ 1901

ﺎﺄﺑ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺩﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ

" : ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﻀﻳ ﻪﺒﺟﻮﲟ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ

ﻢﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺡﺎﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﻢﺳﺎﻘﺗ ﲑﻏ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻢﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﻭﺃ ﻢﻬﺘﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ."

2

ﰲﻭ ﺱﺭﺎﻣ 02

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻢﻈﻨﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﺭﺪﺻ 1964

ﳉﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﺎﺄﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺖﻓﺮﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ،ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺀﺎﺟ ﺎﻣ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤ

:

"

ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﻢﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧﻭ ﻢﻬﻓﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﺼﺨﺷ ﻪﺒﺟﻮﲟ ﻊﻀﻳ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ

"

،

ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﻣﺃ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻮﻌﻔﳌﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺳ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻘﺑﻭ / 71

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 79 ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 03

3 1971 ﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ

ﺎﺄﺑ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺩﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻑﺮﻋ ﻱ

" : ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﻻﺍ

ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻠﺋﺎﺳﻭﻭ ﻢﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧﻭ ﻢﻬﻓﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﺔﻔﺼﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻩﺎﻀﺘﻘﲟ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻱﺭﺎﳉﺍ ﻢﻈﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﻀﲣﻭ ،ﺎﲝﺭ ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺪﺗ ﻻ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺍﺬﻛﻭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﺃﻭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺎﻔﻟﺎﳐ ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂ ﺎﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺎ

"

ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﰎ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋﻭ ،

ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﻣﻷﺎﺑ / 72

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 21 ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ 07

4 1972 ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﲑﻴﻐﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﱂ

.

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ / 87

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 15 ﻮﻴﻟﻮﻳ 21

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 1987 ﻑﺮﻋ ﺪﻘﻓ 5

ﺎﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺩﺎﻣ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ

" : ﻔﺘﻳ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﻊﻤﲡ ﻢﻬﻓﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻌﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﲑﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﺓﺪﳌ ﻥﻮﻘ

- 1

ﻗﺎ ﻥﻮﻧ ﺭ ﻢﻗ / 62 ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲤ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﳌﺍ 157

ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ 02

ﰲ ﻲﻔﻧﺎﺟ 11 . 1963

2 - Nicolas Delecourt, Laurence Happe- Durieux, comment gérer une association , 2ème édition, édition du puits fleuri, 2000, Paris, P13

- 3

ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ / 71

ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 79 ، 105

ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﰲ ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 24 . 1971

- 4

ﺮﻣﺃ ﺭ ﻢﻗ / 72 ﺩﺪﻋ ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 21 ، 65

ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺖﺸﻏ 15 . 1972

- 5

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ / 87

ﺩﺪﻋ ،ﺔﻴﲰﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺮﳉﺍ ، 15 ، 31

ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ

ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ 29

. 1987

(15)

ﺎﲝﺭ ﺭﺪﻳ ﻻ ﲔﻌﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﺪﺼﻗ ﻢﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻢﻬﻠﺋﺎﺳﻭﻭ ﻢﳍﺎﻤﻋﺃﻭ ...

ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻦﻠﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺐﳚﻭ

ﻪﻟ ﺎﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻬﲰﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ ﺽﻮﻤﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ

"

ﻦﻣ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﻥﻼﻋﺇ ﻡﺰﻟﺃ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺪﳒﻭ ،

ﺎﻬﻓﺪﳍ ﺎﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻬﲰﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻂﻠﺘﳜ ﻻﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﲎﺴﺘﻳ ﱴﺣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ

ﺔﻣﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻲﻔﻨﻳ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺪﳒ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻑﺍﺪﻫﻷﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺎﳍ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﻊﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﺼﺨﺸﺗ ﻢﻗﺭ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺎ ﺀﺎﺟ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻋ / 71

ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ 79 )

ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﲑﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﺓﺪﳌ .(

ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ :

ﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔ

ﰲ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻋ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺪﻟﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲑﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﰎ 1989

1

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﳊﺍﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﻇﺎﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﻭﺪﺼﺑ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ / 89

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 11 ﺔﻴﻠﻳﻮﺟ 05

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 1989 / 89

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 28 ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 31

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻫﺎﻈﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 1989 / 90

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 07 ﻞﻳﺮﻓﺃ 03

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗﻭ ،ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻠﻟ ﻢﻈﻨﳌﺍ 1990 / 90

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 14 ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ 02

ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ 1990

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗﻭ ،ﰊﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻖﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ / 90

ﰲ ﺥﺭﺆﳌﺍ 31 ﱪﻤﺴﻳﺩ 04

ﻪﻨﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺖﺼﻧ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ 1990

ﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻧ

" : ﻭﺃ ﻥﻮﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﻊﻤﺘﳚﻭ ﺎ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﳌﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﻊﻀﲣ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺗﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﺜﲤ

ﺓﺪﳌ ﻢﻬﻠﺋﺎﺳﻭﻭ ﻢﻬﻓﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﲑﺨﺴﺗ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻛﺮﺘﺸﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺢﺑﺮﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﻭ ﻱﺪﻗﺎﻌﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﲏﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﲏﻬﳌﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺗ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﲑﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﻟﺍﻭ ﺹﻮﺼﳋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘ .

ﻪﻟ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﺴﺗ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻗﺪﺑ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺩﺪﳛ ﻥﺃ ﺐﳚﻭ ."

- 1

ﻥﻭﺮﺷ ﺔﻨﻴﺴﺣ

،

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

. 128

(16)

ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﳌﺍ ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻘﺑﻭ :

- ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﻇﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﲢ ﱂ / 90

ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ 31

ﺎﻫﺩﺪﺣ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻌﻤﺘﳚ ﻞﻳﻭﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﻻﺎﳎ ﻉﺪﻳ ﻻ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ

ﺔﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺃ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﺑ .

- ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻗﺎﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺸﺗ ﱂ / 90

ﺪﻘﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﻇﺎﻨﻟﺍ 31

ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺭﺎﺷﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ )

ﻱﺪﻗﺎﻌﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ .(

- ﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺭﺍﺮﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ

/ 87 ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺎ ﺀﺎﺟ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻲﻔﻨﻳ 15

/ 21 ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﲑﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ 79

.

- ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﲏﻬﳌﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺗ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺩﺪﳛ

ﺍﺬﻫ ﺩﺪﲢ ﱂ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﺲﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻮﺼﳋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ

ﺎﲝﺭ ﺭﺪﺗ ﻻ ﻪﺘﻳﺎﻏ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺍﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺎﻃﺮﺷ ﺖﻃﺮﺘﺷﺍ ﻞﺑ .

- ﺢﺑﺮﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺽﺮﻏ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻧ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﲔﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻏ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ .

ﺢﺑﺮﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ :

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺺﻧ ﰲ ﻦﻌﻤﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻣ 02

/ 90 ﻦﻣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰲ ﺰﻛﺮﺗ ﺎﻫﺪﳚ 31

ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺟﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ

) ﺢﺑﺮﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺮﻐﻟ (

ﺔﻤﻇﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻉﻮﺟﺮﻟﺎﺑﻭ

ﻞﻬﻓ ،ﺎﳍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻱﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺧﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﺎﻫﺪﳒ ﻱﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﻊﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ

؟ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﲢ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻨﳝ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻔﻳ

ﺱﺮﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻬﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ

ﺓﲑﻬﺸﻟﺍ )

ﻲﻔﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺪﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﻘﻴﻧﺎﻤﻴﻟ

( ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﳏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﺿﺮﻋ ﱵﻟﺍ

ﺐﺴﻨﺑ ﺽﻭﺮﻗ ﺢﻨﻣ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻕﻭﺪﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺎﻫﺄﺸﻧﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻴﻴﻜﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ

ﺴﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺡﺎﺑﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟ ﺹﺍﻮﳋﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ

ﺾﻴﻔﲣ ﰲ ﻞﻤﻌﺘ

(17)

ﻩﺬﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺒﳉﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻋﺍﺰﻧ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻊﻓﺪﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺽﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺋﺍﻮﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﻊﻀﲣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻳﺮﻀﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻧ ﻊﻀﲣ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﲰﺃﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻔﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺕﺮﺻﺃ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻬﳉﺍ ﻡﺎﻣﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟ

ﰲ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺮﻘﺑ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﳏ ﺎﺪﻳﺃ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ / 11

/ 03 ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ 1914

ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﻛ ﻮﻫ ﺢﺑﺮﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺮﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺾﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻜﳏ ﻪﺘﻄﻋﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

" : ﺐﺴﻛ ﻞﻛ ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﺼﻘﻳ

ﺀﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﻭﺮﺛ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﻳ ﻱﺩﺎﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺪﻘﻧ "

ﻤﻜﳏ ﺕﺪﻌﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻠﻄﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺀﻮﳉ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇ ﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔ

ﺩﻮﺼﻘﳌﺍ ﺪﺴﳚ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺡﺎﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺡﺎﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺢﺑﺮﻣ ﲑﻐﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺎﺑ

1 .

ﻥﺃ ﺎﺎﻜﻣﺈﺑ ﺎﳍ ﲔﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﻳﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺼﺨﺷ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ

ﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﻪﺘﻨﻤﻀﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﺎﲝﺭ ﺎﳍﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻘﲢ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﺃ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﺗ ﺓ

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ 26 / 90

ﺖﺼﻧ ﱵﻟﺍ 31

ﻰﻠﻋ

" : ﰐﺄﻳ ﺎﳑ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗ :

- ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﻛﺍﺮﺘﺷﺍ .

- ﺎﻬﺘﻄﺸﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ .

- ﺎﻳﺎﺻﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﳍﺍ .

- ﺔﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﻘﺗ ﺪﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻋﻹﺍ .

ﻤﳉﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﻤﺘﻟ ﻲﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻄﺸﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﺗﻭ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻊﻣ ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺔﻴﻌ

ﻭﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺎﻳﺎﺻﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﳍﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﻛﺍﺮﺘﺷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳌﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﰲ ﻒﻗﻮﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﺣ ﺪﻗ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻠﻟ ﺎﻤﻴﻋﺪﺗﻭ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﳏﻭ ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻳﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ 27

/ 90 ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺟﻭﺃ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ 31

ﺕﺍﺪﺋﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﳍﻮﺼﺣ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺖﺴﺳﺃ ﻪﻠﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺸﻨﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺺﻧ ﱵﻟﺍ 46

- 1

،ﺮـﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻥﻮـﻨﻜﻋ ﻦﺑ ،ﻕﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ،ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ ،ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ،ﰐﺍﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻧ - 2005

ﺹ ، 2006

. 11

(18)

ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺎﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻙﻼﻣﺃ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﻗﺎﻌﻳ .

ﺢﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﲔﻧﻮﻜﳌﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﻷﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻣﺍﺪﻌﻧﺍ ﺐﳚ

ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻨﻫ ﲑﺸﻧﻭ ،ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻛ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ )

ﺢﺑﺮﻣ ﲑﻏ ﺽﺮﻐﻟ (

ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ

ﺡﺎﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﻢﺳﺎﻘﺗ ﲑﻏ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺑ ﺎﳍﺪﺒﺘﺴﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻢﻴﻠﺳ ﲑﻏ ﲑﺒﻌﺗ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰲ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ .

ﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﺮﻔﻟﺍ

ﺚﻟ : ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ

ﻒﻨﺼﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﻝﺎﳎ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ

ﱃﺇ ﺎﻬﻳﲑﺴﻣ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﺔﻐﺒﺻ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻬﺟ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﳏ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﱃﺇ ﻒﻨﺼﺗ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ .

- 1 ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ :

ﻋ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧ ﺱﺭﺎﲤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻖﻔﺘﻳ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺪﻠﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠ

ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﺴﺗﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺎﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﰲ ﺎﺤﺿﻮﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻻﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻠﺑ .

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ 10

/ 90 ﺔﻳﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻠﻟ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ 31

ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﳍﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﺒﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺺﻧ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺘﺑ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﺎﻬﻳﺪﻟ ﻉﺩﻮﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺼﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻉﺍﺪﻳﺈﺑ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﻥﻮﺴ :

- ﰲ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻠﺑ ﺓﺪﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻠﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺎﳍﺎﳎ ﻢﻬﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺮﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﱄﺍﻭ

ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ .

ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﻠﺜﻣﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺋﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻞﻔﻏﺃ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻼﻧﻭ :

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ

ﺀﺎﻴﻟﻭﺃ ﺪﺟﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ،ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ...

ﱁﺇ .

ﻒﻟﺃ ﲔﺛﻼﺛ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺪﳒ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﱪﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺓﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﰲﻭ

) 30000 (

ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺔﻨﺳ ﻞﺻﻭﻭ 1992

ﺔﺋﺎﲦﻼﺛﻭ ﻒﻟﺍ ﲔﺴﲬﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺳ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﱃﺇ 2001

(19)

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﲦﻭ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃﻭ )

57384

1 ( ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﺐﺴﺣﻭ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺣ ﺎﻣﺃ ﻞﻳﺮﻓﺃ

ﻎﻠﺑ 2009

ﻥﻮﺘﺳﻭ ﺪﺣﺍﻭﻭ ﺔﺋﺎﲦﻼﺛﻭ ﻒﻟﺃ ﻥﻮﻌﺒﺳﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺳ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﻋ )

77361 (

ﺢﺿﻮﻳ ﰐﻵﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﲨ

ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ :

ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻨﻬﳌﺍ

3013

ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ

12805

ﺔﻴﻧﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ

12219

ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻨﻔﻟﺍ

8305

ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻟﻭﺃ

14100

ﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ

873

ﺀﺎﻴﺣﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﳉ

17059

ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ

917

ﲔﻔﻴﻜﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻗﺎﻌﳌﺍ

1060

ﻥﻮﻜﻠﻬﺘﺴﳌﺍ

133

ﻝﺎﻔﻃﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ

2387

ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ

654

ﻥﻮﻨﺴﳌﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺪﻋﺎﻘﺘﳌﺍ

162

ﺔﻳﻮﺴﻨﻟﺍ

696

ﺔﻳﲑﳋﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻣﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ

2214

ﻑﺎﻌﺳﻹﺍ

139

ﺐﻄﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻟﺍ

539

ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻣﺪﻘﻟﺍ

86

ﻉﻮﻤﺍ

77361

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ )

:( 01 ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ 1

- 1

ﻱﺎﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ )

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻞﺜﳑ (

ﺩﺪـﻋ ،ﺔـﻣﻷﺍ ﺲﻠﳎ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻟﺍ ،ﱐﺎﳌﱪﻟﺍ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﳎ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﻮﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ،

، 15 ﺹ ، 2007

. 163

(20)

ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺻﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﻛ ﻯﱪﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻠﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﱪﻛﺃ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻳﻭ

ﻥﻮﺘﺳ ﺔﺛﻼﺛﻭ ﺔﺋﺎﻣﻭ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﻌﺒﺳ ﱄﺍﻮﲝ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﻋ ﺭﺪﻘﻳ )

( 7163 ﱄﺍﻮﲝ ﺔﻨﻴﻄﻨﺴﻗ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﺑ ﺔﻋﻮﺒﺘﻣ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ

ﺭﺃ ﻥﻮﻌﺴﺗﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺛﺇﻭ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﻌﺑ )

( 4092 ﺏﻮﻨﳉﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻞﻘﻳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ

ﻥﻮﻌﺴﺗﻭ ﺔﺋﺎﻣ ﻞﺠﺴﻧ ﺚﻴﺣ )

( 190 ﻑﻭﺪﻨﺗ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ

2 .

- 2 ﺔﻳﻮﻬﳉﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ :

ﻪﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺪﳏ ﻦﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻳﻻﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻄﻧ ﻞﻤﺸﻳ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﻌﺗﻭ ﻉﺮﺸﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺮﻌﻳ ﱂ ،ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺎﳍ ﺽﺮ

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ 10 / 90

ﺔﻬﳉﺍ ﺩﺪﺣ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ 31

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﺎﻫﺪﻨﻋ ﻉﺩﻮﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ .

- 3 ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﺒﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ :

ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺳﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻥﻮﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻖﻔﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ

ﺔﻐﺒﺻ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻢﻬﺘﻴﻌﲨ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺱﺭﺎﲤ ﺎﻷ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺮﺜﻛﻷﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﱪﺘﻌﻳﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ

ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﱪﻋ ﺎﻬﻃﺎﺸﻧ .

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻷﻭ / 90

ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻧﻻﺎﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ 31

ﺓﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺎﺩﺪﺣ ﻁﻭﺮﺸﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻨﻣ 21

:

- ﺷﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻧﻻﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻠﺛﺎﳑ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺪ

.

- ﺎ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻳﺮﺸﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ .

- ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻧﻻﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﺯﻭ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻮﻣ .

- 1

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟ ﱐﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺫﻮﺧﺄﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ

http://www.interieur.gov.dz

/

- 2

ﺎﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ ،ﻱ

ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﺹ ،

. 164

(21)

ﻲﻔﻧﺎﺟ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻎﻠﺑ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﻥﻭﺮﺸﻋﻭ ﺔﺛﻼﺛﻭ ﺔﺋﺎﳕﺎﲦ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ 2000

) ( 823 ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﻋ ﻎﻠﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺔﺋﺎﻤﻌﺴﺗ 2006

) ( 900

1 ﺔﻴﻌﲨ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺐﺴﺣﻭ

ﻞﻳﺮﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟ ﺀﺎﺼﺣﺇ ﻥﻮﺘﺳﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺛﺇﻭ ﺔﺋﺎﻤﻌﺴﺗ ﻎﻠﺑ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ 2009

) ( 962 ﺔﻴﻌﲨ

ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﲔﺒﻳ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻭ :

ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟﺍ

ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﻗﺍﺪﺼﻟﺍ -

ﺕﻻﺩﺎﺒﳌﺍ -

ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ

25

ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺬﻴﻣﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻣﺪﻗ

29

ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ - ﻦﻔﻟﺍ - ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ -ﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺘﻟ

114

ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﲨ

54

ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ

07

ﺔﻘﻫﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻟﻮﻔﻄﻟﺍ

12

ﺶﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﳏ ﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ

32

ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ

18

ﺔﻳﺭﻮﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺳﻷﺍ

09

ﺔﻳﻮﺴﻨﻟﺍ

23

ﲔﻔﻴﻜﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻗﺎﻌﳌﺍ

17

ﻲﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺮﺘﻟﺍ

19

ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ

46

ﺕﺎﻳﺪﺿﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ

34

ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﻦﻬﳌﺍ

192

ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ

10

ﻥﻮﻨﺴﳌﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺪﻋﺎﻘﺘﳌﺍ

08

ﺔﺤﺼﻟﺍ

131

ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ

40

ﻦﻣﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ -

ﻑﺎﻌﺳﻹﺍ -

ﺔﻳﲑﳋﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ

25

ﺔﻴﻧﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ

91

ﻪﻴﻓﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﺣﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ

26

ﻉﻮﻤﺍ

962

ﻢﻗﺭ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ )

:( 02 ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ

2 .

- 1

ﺹ ،ﻩﺮﻛﺫ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ، ﻱﺎﻔﻄﺼﻣ ﻞﻴﺒﻧ . 163

- 2

ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻮﻟ ﱐﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺇ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺫﻮﺧﺄﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﺇ

http://www.interieur.gov.dz

/

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