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Detailed Table of Contents
Abstract ... i
Acknowledgments ... ii
Overview of Contents ... iv
Detailed Table of Contents ... v
Figures ... ix Tables ... x Graphs ... x Boxes ... x Abbreviations ... xi Chapter 1 Introduction ... 1
Research Questions and Aim ... 4
Background and Approach ... 5
The Chapters Ahead ... 9
Chapter 2 Theorising China’s Path Towards an ‘Ecological Civilisation’ ... 13
The Ecological Apocalypse ... 14
Environmental Movements: An Opportunity for Greater Openness of the Political System? ... 18
As the Public Learns More, How Has the CCP Responded? ... 21
2.3.1 From Hu to Xi ... 22
2.3.2 The ‘Ecological Civilisation’ Narrative ... 26
Environmental Authoritarianism ... 28
2.4.1 A Brief Overview ... 29
2.4.2 Coercive and ‘Collaborative’ Mechanisms: Towards the Perfect Mix? ... 31
Actor-Network Theory: Decoding State-Society Dynamics ... 35
2.5.1 ANT Concepts ... 39
Research Design and Methodology ... 41
2.6.1 Qualitative Approach ... 41
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Phase Two: Fieldwork and Qualitative Analysis ... 43
Phase Three: Analysis of Qualitative Data ... 44
2.6.2 Typology of the Observed Organisations ... 45
Concluding Remarks ... 47
Chapter 3 Shanghai’s ‘Collaborative’ Authoritarian Logic: A Civil Society Lost in Translation? ... 49
Shanghai: China’s ‘Green’ Mask? ... 50
Environmental Policy and Governance in Shanghai ... 52
3.2.1 Brief Historical Background ... 54
3.2.2 Dealing with Local, National and Global Forces ... 55
3.2.3 A New Path Towards Sustainable Development ... 57
Coping with Rising Environmental Challenges ... 58
3.3.1 The Development of Environmental Movements in Shanghai ... 59
3.3.2 Setting the Scene: Shanghai’s Environmental SGOs Specificities and Conditions 61 The Development Road of Chinese SGOs ... 62
3.4.1 Brief Historical Development ... 65
3.4.2 Regulatory and Policy Measures ... 66
3.4.3 The Current Situation ... 68
3.4.4 Central, Local and Cultural Specificities ... 71
Achieving a ‘Co-Governance’ Model: SGOs ‘Orderly’ Growth in Shanghai ... 75
3.5.1 SGOs’ Role as Service Providers: A Shattered Path? ... 78
3.5.2 The Perfect Command-and-Control Revolution? ... 83
Shanghai’s Environmental Governance: A Changing Landscape ... 84
Restructuring Urban ‘Grassroots’ Governance: The Background ... 86
3.7.1 The Logic Behind Local Urban Government Structures ... 88
3.7.2 Strengthening a Grassroots Regime Construction ... 90
Concluding Remarks ... 93
Chapter 4 An IRON Fist in a Velvet Glove: SGOs New Roles in Constructing a ‘Clean’ Grassroots Governance Model ... 95
Shanghai’s Environmental Authoritarian Turn: A Waste ‘Revolution’? ... 97
4.1.1 Case Study: Translating Interests for a ‘Clean’ City ... 101
Description: The ‘Green Account’ Programme ... 101
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Interessement/Enrolment ... 104
Mobilisation ... 111
4.1.2 #Waste’s Guiding Role in Environmental Governance ... 112
4.1.3 Are SGOs Playing with the Devil? ... 115
4.1.4 Governance-Beyond the State: A Foucauldian Reflection ... 121
Environmental Governmentality ... 121
Concluding Remarks ... 124
Chapter 5 Beyond-State Experimentations: Will the Market Set Them Free? ... 129
Embracing the Market: An Open Door for the Emergence of a New Organisational Ecology? ... 131
5.1.1 Social Enterprises: A Brief Overview ... 131
5.1.2 Social Enterprises Scaling up in China ... 132
5.1.3 What Is a Chinese Social Enterprise? ... 134
Why Embrace a ‘Vague’ Social Enterprise Model? ... 136
An Emerging Trend in Shanghai ... 136
5.1.4 An Open Door but Not for Everyone ... 141
A Need to (Re)Define Civil Society in China ... 141
5.2.1 Welfare Mix: Conceptualising and Contextualising China’s SGOs ... 143
Growing Organic Connections: Scaling Sustainable Rural Farming Up and Out 145 5.3.1 Setting the Context ... 146
5.3.2 #Farming: Bridging the Urban-Rural Divide ... 147
5.3.3 Decrypting How People and Technology are Shaping the Future of a More Sustainable Food System in Shanghai ... 148
5.3.4 Problematisation ... 148
Farmers – Common Interests: ... 150
Cooperative – Extending Scale ... 150
Social Enterprise – Striking for a Self-Sufficient Economy ... 151
5.3.5 Interessement/Enrolment ... 153
5.3.6 Mobilisation ... 154
5.3.7 Grassroots Scalar Politics ... 155
An Alternative Channel for Civil Society? ... 157
Concluding Remarks ... 160
Chapter 6 Environmentalism and Authoritarian Resilience ... 163
From Theory to Practice ... 164
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6.1.2 Step 2: Constructing a New Political Framing ... 167
6.1.3 Step 3: (Re)Aligning Public Participation in a Coordinated Framework ... 170
Shanghai 2035: The ‘Green’ Consensus ... 172
6.2.1 Access to the City ... 174
6.2.2 The ‘Living Circle’ ... 176
Prospects ... 179
Inconsistencies ... 182
A Chinese Model of Sustainable Urbanisation? ... 187
6.5.1 Shanghai: A New Urban Environmental Regime? ... 189
Concluding Remarks ... 191
Chapter 7 Conclusion ... 195
Answering the Research Questions ... 196
Contribution and Implications ... 198
Limitations and Avenues for Further Research ... 200
Bibliography ... 203
