Crowdshipping the last-mile delivery - an empirical investigation into the crowd's willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers

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https://lib.uliege.be https://matheo.uliege.be

Crowdshipping the last-mile delivery - an empirical investigation into the crowd's willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers

Auteur : Dietmann, Kathrin Promoteur(s) : Limbourg, Sabine

Faculté : HEC-Ecole de gestion de l'Université de Liège

Diplôme : Master en ingénieur de gestion, à finalité spécialisée en Supply Chain Management and Business Analytics

Année académique : 2019-2020

URI/URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/8913

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i

A Appendix

Willing Unwilling

Country Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Germany 74 84.1 % 70 73.7 %

Belgium 8 9.1 % 4 4.8 %

Italy 2 2.3 % 2 2.4 %

Switzerland 1 1.1 % 2 2.4 %

Denmark 1 1.1 % 1 1.0 %

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1 1.1 % - -

United States of Amer- ica

1 1.1 % 1 1.0 %

Austria - - 1 1.0 %

Canada - - 1 1.0 %

Luxemburg - - 1 1.0 %

Portugal - - 1 1.0 %

Missing 7 7.2 % 12 12.6 %

APPENDIX A.1: Frequencies country of residence

Willing Unwilling

Living area Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Urban 34 35.8 % 39 41.1 %

Suburban 16 16.8 % 24 25.3 %

Rural 45 47.4 % 32 33.7 %

APPENDIX A.2: Frequencies living area

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ii Appendix A. Appendix

Amount Willing Unwilling

N 94 94

Missing 1 1

Mean 30.06 32.90

Standard deviation 11.371 13.038

Minimum 14 19

Maximum 66 68

APPENDIXA.3: Age distribution

Willing Unwilling

Age group Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

< 18 1 1.1 % 0 0 %

18 - 24 28 29.8 % 29 30.5 %

25 - 34 43 45.7 % 37 38.9 %

35 - 44 6 6.4 % 7 7.4 %

45 - 54 11 11.7 % 9 9.5 %

55 - 64 4 4.3 % 11 11.6 %

65 - 68 1 1.1 % 2 2.1 %

APPENDIX A.4: Age groups

Willing Unwilling

Gender Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Male 29 30.5 % 29 30.5 %

Female 66 69.5 % 66 69.5 %

APPENDIX A.5: Frequencies gender

Willing Unwilling

Employment status Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Not working 14 14.7% 10 10.9%

Part time 25 26.3% 26 28.3%

Full time 56 58.9% 56 60.9%

APPENDIXA.6: Frequencies employment

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Appendix A. Appendix iii

Means of transport Never or less than once a year

Once or a few times a year

Once or a few times a month

Once or a few times a week

Daily

Walking - 7.4% 11.6% 27.4% 53.7%

Bike 25.3% 31.6% 24.2% 13.7% 5.3%

Motorbike 87.4% 5.3% 5.3% 2.1% -

Car - 8.4% 6.3% 40.0% 45.3%

Taxi 71.6% 22.1% 5.3% 1.1% -

Bus 29.5% 26.3% 20.0% 16.8% 7.4%

Other transit mode (e.g. subway) 26.6% 28.7% 17.0% 16.0% 11.7%

Others 72.7% 20.5% 5.7% 1.1% -

APPENDIX A.7: Frequencies mobility behavior of individuals willing to participate

Means of transport Never or less than once a year

Daily

Walking 4.3% 6.4% 10.6% 11.7% 67.0%

Bike 24.2% 25.3% 25.3% 15.8% 9.5%

Motorbike 87.4% 4.2% 5.3% 3.2% -

Car 5.3% 12.6% 21.1% 28.4% 32.6%

Taxi 56.4% 30.9% 10.6% 2.1% -

Bus 17.9% 35.8% 24.2% 12.6% 9.5%

Other transit mode (e.g. subway) 22.1% 27.4% 15.8% 12.6% 22.1%

Others 60.2% 27.7% 7.2% 3.6% 1.2%

APPENDIX A.8: Frequencies mobility behavior of individuals unwilling to participate

Sharing concept Never or less than once a year

Daily

Ridesharing 85.3% 11.6% 2.1% 1.1% -

Carsharing 85.3% 12.6% - 2.1% -

Bikesharing 89.4% 7.4% 2.1% 1.1% -

E-scooter sharing 90.5% 5.3% 3.2% 1.1% -

RidePooling 93.7% 2.1% 2.1% 2.1% -

APPENDIX A.9: Frequencies sharing concept usage behavior of individuals willing to participate

Sharing concept Never or less than once a year

Daily

Ridesharing 80.9% 14.9% 4.3% - -

Carsharing 83.0% 13.8% 3.2% - -

Bikesharing 91.5% 4.3% 4.2% - -

E-scooter sharing 86.0% 9.7% 3.2% - 1.1%

RidePooling 90.3% 6.5% 3.2% - -

APPENDIXA.10: Frequencies sharing concept usage behavior of individuals unwilling to participate

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v

B Appendix

N Mean Standard deviation Unwilling 92 3.285 1.298

Willing 92 4.502 0.913 APPENDIXB.1: Frequencies enjoyment

Willing 93 5.404 1.104 APPENDIX B.2: Frequencies sustainability

Willing 94 4.702 1.018

APPENDIXB.3: Frequencies social motivation

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vi Appendix B. Appendix

Willing 95 4.732 0.973

APPENDIXB.4: Frequencies economic benefits

Willing 95 3.768 1.091 APPENDIXB.5: Frequencies reputation

Willing 92 3.016 1.482

APPENDIXB.6: Frequencies experience carrying parcels

Willing 94 3.925 1.542 APPENDIX B.7: Frequencies app usage

Willing 94 2.968 1.553 APPENDIXB.8: Frequencies awareness

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vii

C Appendix

Free Capacity

No Yes Total

Willingness

Unwilling

Count 42 53 95

% in Willingness 44.2% 55.8% 100%

% in Free Capacity 79.2% 39.0% 50.3%

Willing

Count 11 83 94

% in Willingness 11.7% 88.3% 100%

% in Free Capacity 20.8% 61.0% 49.7%

Total

Count 53 136 189

% in Willingness 28.0% 72.0% 100%

% in Free Capacity 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

APPENDIXC.1: Cross-classified table for descriptive analysis of the willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers de-

pending on the free capacity

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viii Appendix C. Appendix

Willingness

Unwilling Willing Total

package size

no package

Count 6 0 6

% in package size 100.0% 0.0% 100%

% in Willingness 6.5% 0.0% 3.2%

small sized

Count 15 4 19

% in package size 78.9% 21.1% 100%

% in Willingness 16.1% 4.3% 10.2%

medium sized

Count 50 44 94

% in package size 53.2% 46.8% 100%

% in Willingness 53.8% 46.8% 50.3%

big package

Count 22 46 68

% in package size 32.4% 67.6% 100%

% in Willingness 23.7% 48.9% 40.5%

Total

Count 93 94 187

% in package size 49.7% 50.3% 100%

% in Willingness 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

pending on the package size

Willingness

Unwilling Willing Total

Timedetour

will never do it

Count 7 0 7

% in Timedetour 100.0% 0.0% 100%

% in Willingness 7.6% 0.0% 3.8%

if paid more

Count 12 15 27

% in Timedetour 44.4% 55.6% 100%

% in Willingness 13.0% 16.1% 14.6%

less than 5 min

Count 23 14 37

% in Timedetour 62.2% 37.8% 100%

% in Willingness 25.0% 15.1% 20.0%

less than 10 min

Count 34 41 75

% in Timedetour 45.3% 54.7% 100%

% in Willingness 37.0% 44.1% 40.5%

less than 15

Count 16 23 39

% in Timedetour 41.0% 59.0% 100%

% in Willingness 17.4% 24.7% 21.1%

Total

Count 92 93 185

% in Timedetour 49.7% 50.3% 100%

% in Willingness 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

pending on the detour

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Appendix C. Appendix ix

Free Capacity

No Yes Total

Car

Never or less than once a year

Count 4 1 5

% in Car 80.0% 20.0% 100%

% in Free Capacity 7.5% 0.7% 2.6%

Count 11 9 20

% in Car 55.0% 45.0% 100%

Count 13 13 26

% in Car 50.0% 50.0% 100%

Count 14 50 64

% in Car 21.9% 78.1% 100%

% in Free Capacity 26.4% 36.8% 33.9%

Daily

Count 11 63 74

% in Car 14.9% 85.1% 100%

% in Free Capacity 20.8% 46.3% 39.2%

Total

Count 53 136 189

% in Willingness 28.0% 72.0% 100%

% in Free Capacity 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

APPENDIXC.4: Cross-classified table for descriptive analysis of the free capacity depending on the car usage behavior

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x Appendix C. Appendix

payment 1AC2AC3AC4AC≥5AC0ACTotal Willingness

UnwillingCount191512451095 %inWillingness1.1%9.8%16.3%13.0%48.9%10.9%100% %inpayment16.7%31.0%48.4%54.5%57.7%50.0%49.5% WillingCount5201610331094 %inWillingness5.3%21.3%17.0%10.6%48.9%10.9%100% %inpayment83.3%69.0%51.6%45.5%42.3%50.0%50.5% TotalCount62931227820186 %inWillingness3.2%15.6%16.7%11.8%41.9%10.8%100.0% %inpayment100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0% APPENDIXC.5:Cross-classifiedtablefordescriptiveanalysisofthewillingnesstoparticipateascrowdshippingdrivers dependingonthepayment

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Appendix C. Appendix xi

Car Neveror lessthan onceayear

Onceora fewtimesa year

Onceora fewtimesa month

Onceora fewtimesa week

DailyTotal Willingness

Unwilling

Count51220273195 %inWillingness5.3%12.6%21.1%28.4%32.6%100% %inCar100.0%60.0%76.9%41.5%41.9%50.0% Willing

Count086384395 %inWillingness0.0%40.0%23.1%28.4%32.6%100% %inCar0.0%40.0%23.1%58.5%58.1%50.0% Total

Count520266574190 %inWillingness2.6%10.5%13.7%34.2%38.9%100.0% %inCar100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0% APPENDIXC.6:Cross-classifiedtablefordescriptiveanalysisofthewillingnesstoparticipateascrowdshippingdrivers dependingonthecarusagebehavior

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xii Appendix C. Appendix

Countries AustriaBelgiumCanadaDenmarkGermanyItalyLuxembourg Willingness

UnwillingCount14117021 %inWillingness1.2%4.8%1.2%1.2%83.3%2.4%1.2% %inCountries100.0%50.0%100.0%50.0%48.6%50.0%100.0% WillingCount08017420 %inWillingness0.0%9.1%0.0%1.1%84.1%2.3%0.0% %inCountries0.0%66.7%0.0%50.0%51.4%50.0%0.0% TotalCount1121214441 %inWillingness0.6%7.0%0.6%1.2%83.7%2.3%0.6% %inCountries100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0% PortugalSwitzerlandUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandUnitedStatesofAmericaTotal 120184 1.2%2.4%0.0%1.2%100% 100.0%66.7%0.0%50.0%48.8% 011188 0.0%1.1%1.1%1.1%100% 0.0%33.3%100.0%50.0%51.2% 1312172 0.6%1.7%0.6%1.2%100.0% 100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0%100.0% APPENDIXC.7:Cross-classifiedtablefordescriptiveanalysisofthewillingnesstoparticipateascrowdshippingdrivers dependingonthecountryofresidence

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xiii

D Appendix

Variable Items/Questions Measurements

App usage

I spend several hours a week using mobile apps.

7-point Likert scale: ’strongly

disagree’ to

’strongly agree’

Compared with other people, I think I spend a lot of time using mobile apps.

I consider myself to be a “heavy user” of mobile apps.

In a typical week, I use dozens of mobile apps.

Country In which country do you currently reside? Text entry Free

capacity

Yes Yes/No question

No

payment

0AC Would do it for environmental consid- erations or friendship enhancement.

Categorical scale 1AC

2AC 3AC 4AC

5AC or more.

APPENDIXD.1: Items and measurements 1

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xiv Appendix D. Appendix

Experience carrying

parcels

I often transport parcels for somebody.

disagree’ to

I have transported goods for somebody.

I often pick up parcels for somebody.

I often run errands for others.

I have transported deliveries for somebody.

Detour

I would be willing to accept an extended route.

disagree’ to

I would be willing to accept multiple stops.

I would be willing to accept an increased expenditure of kilometers.

I would be willing to accept an increased expenditure of time.

Detour time

Would do it if extra travel time is less than 5 minutes.

Categorical scale Would do it if extra travel time is less than

10 minutes.

Would do it if extra travel time is less than 15 minutes.

Will consider if paid more.

No, will never do it.

Package size

I would transport a small sized package (Letterbox-sized packages).

Categorical scale I would transport a medium sized package

(no larger than a standard shoebox).

I would transport a big package (bigger than standard shoebox).

I would transport no package at all.

Willingsness to participate

If I have access to a crowdshipping community, I intend to participate as CS driver.

disagree’ to

If I have access to a crowdshipping community, I predict I would participate as CS driver.

If I have access to a crowdshipping community, I plan to participate as CS driver.

Given that I have access to a crowdshipping community, I predict that I would participate as CS driver.

Assuming I have access to a crowdshipping community, I intend to participate as CS driver.

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Appendix D. Appendix xv

Enjoyment

I think participating as CS driver is enjoy- able.

disagree’ to

I think participating as CS driver is excit- ing.

I think participating as CS driver is fun.

I think participating as CS driver is inter- esting.

I think participating as CS driver is pleas- ant.

Sustainability

Crowdshipping the last mile delivery helps save natural-resources.

disagree’ to

Crowdshipping the last mile delivery is ecological.

Crowdshipping the last mile delivery is efficient in terms of using energy.

Crowdshipping the last mile delivery is environmentally friendly.

Crowdshipping the last mile delivery helps to reduce the congestion and pollu- tion.

Social Motivation

I think participating as CS driver is based on mutuality.

disagree’ to

I think participating as CS driver makes me feel better about myself.

I think participating as CS driver makes me feel needed and useful.

I think participating as CS driver is an op- portunity to have something worthwhile to do with my free time.

I think it feels good to help others receive their parcels.

Economic benefits

I can save money if I participate as CS driver.

disagree’ to

My participation as CS driver benefits me financially.

My participation as CS driver can im- prove my economic situation.

My main reason for a participation as CS driver is for the payment.

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xvi Appendix D. Appendix

Reputation

Participating as CS driver improves my image within the community.

disagree’ to

I gain recognition from contributing as CS driver.

I earn respect from others by participating as CS driver.

People in the community who contribute as CS driver have more prestige than those who do not.

Awareness

I am aware of the possibility to crowdsource the last mile delivery.

disagree’ to

I know there is the possibility to crowdsource the last mile delivery.

I am familiar with the concept of crowdshipping the last mile delivery.

I am informed about the possibility to crowdsource the last mile delivery.

I am knowledgeable about the concept of crowdshipping for the last mile delivery.

Mobility behavior

Walking

5-point Likert scale: ’never or less than once a year’ to ’daily’

Bike Motorbike Car Taxi Bus

Other transit mode (e.g. subway) Others

Sharing concepts

Ridesharing (e.g. Blablacar)

5-point Likert scale: ’never or less than once a year’ to ’daily’

Carsharing (e.g. Share Now) Bikesharing (e.g. Call a Bike) E-scooter sharing (e.g. Lime) RidePooling (e.g.Clevershuttle) Gender

Male

Categorical scale Female

Diverse

Age What is your age? Text entry

Employment

Not working

Categorical scale Part time

Full time Living area

Urban

Categorical scale Suburban

Rural

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xvii

E Appendix

FIGUREE.1: SPSS Output: t-test variable enjoyment

FIGURE E.2: SPSS Output: t-test variable sustainability

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xviii Appendix E. Appendix

FIGUREE.3: SPSS Output: t-test variable social motivation

FIGUREE.4: SPSS Output: t-test variable economic benefits

FIGUREE.5: SPSS Output: t-test variable reputation

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Appendix E. Appendix xix

FIGUREE.6: SPSS Output: t-test variable experience carrying parcels

FIGURE E.7: SPSS Output: t-test variable app usage

FIGURE E.8: SPSS Output: t-test variable awareness

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xxi

F Appendix

FIGURE F.1: SPSS Output: Chi-squared test free capacity and willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers

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xxii Appendix F. Appendix

FIGURE F.2: SPSS Output: Chi-squared test package size and willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers

FIGURE F.3: SPSS Output: Chi-squared test detour and willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers

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Appendix F. Appendix xxiii

FIGUREF.4: SPSS Output: Chi-squared test payment and willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers

FIGURE F.5: SPSS Output: Chi-squared test car usage behavior and willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers

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xxiv Appendix F. Appendix

FIGURE F.6: SPSS Output: Chi-squared test free capacity and car usage behavior

FIGURE F.7: SPSS Output: Chi-squared test country and willingness to participate as crowdshipping drivers