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ISRN INRIA/RT--0276--FR+ENG

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

THÈME 2

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Algebraic cryptanalysis of HFE using Gröbner bases

Jean-Charles Faugère

N° 4738

Février 2003

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Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

n

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(22)

Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine

LORIA, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique

615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-lès-Nancy Cedex (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Futurs : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38330 Montbonnot-St-Martin (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis : 2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)

Éditeur

Références

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