c++ User's Guide

VERSION

5

c++ User's Guide

Borland

^®

C++

Refer to the file REDIST.TXT in the \BCS\DOC directory for a list of files that you can redistribute in accordance with the No-Nonsense License Statement.

Borland may have patents and/or pending patent applications covering subject matter in this document. The furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents. \

COPYRIGHT © 1996 Borland International. All rights reserved. All Borland products are trademarks or registered trademarks of Borland International, Inc. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

Printed in the U.S.A.

lEOR0196 WBC1350WW21770

97989900-9 8 7 6 5 4 D2

ISBN 0-672-30922-X

Contents

Introduction 1

How this book is organized. . . 1

Typefaces and icons used in this book . . . 1

Part I The integrated development 3 Chapter 1 Getting started 5

Starting the Borland C++ IDE. . . 5

The IDE menu system . . . . 6

The IDE SpeedBar. . . . 7

Using SpeedMenus in the IDE . . . 7

Using the Edit window . . . 7

Creating a new file.. . . . 8

Working with simple projects . . . 8

Creating a DOS program using EasyWin. . . 9

Creating a Windows program . . . 10

Modifying the program target . . . 11

Single file programs. .-. . . 12

Customizing the IDE. . . .12

Configuring the IDE editor . . . 13

Syntax highlighting. . . 14

Customizing the SpeedBars. . . 14

Setting IDE preferences . . . 16

Saving your IDE settings. . . 16

Running other programs from the IDE . . . . .16

Using online Help in Borland C++ . . . 16

Online Help Organization. . . 17

Getting Help in Borland C++ . . . 17·

Getting context-sensitive Help . . . 18

Accessing and using contents screens. . . . 18

Using the index . . . 18

Searching for keywords . . . 18

Help SpeedMenus . . . 19

Using Windows Help . . . .19

Chapter 2 Managing projects 21

What is project management? . . . .21

Using the Project Manager . . . .22

Creating a project. . . .24

Setting target options with the New Target dialog box . . . 24

. Specifying the source node types . . . 27

Opening existing projects. . . 27

Adding source nodes to your project . . . . .27

Deleting source nodes. . . 28

Adding files without relative path information . . . .28

Editing source node attributes . . . .28

Adding target nodes to your project. . . .29

Deleting target nodes.. . . 29

Editing target attributes using TargetExpert. . . .30

Moving nodes within a project. . . .30

Copying nodes in a project . . . .30

Converting project files into makefiles . . . .31

Customizing the Project window . . . .31

Grouping sets of files with Source Pools. . . . 32

Creating a Source Pool. . . .33

Translators, viewers, and tools .. . . . 33

Adding translators, viewers, and tools to the IDE . . . 34

Chapter 3 Specifying project options and compiling 37

Setting project options . . . 37

Using Style Sheets . . . 38

Predefined Style Sheets . . . 38

The default project options . . . 38

Managing Style Sheets. . . 38

Attaching Style Sheets to a node. . . 39

Sharing Style Sheets between projects . . . 40

Project Description Language files. . . 40

Setting local overrides. . . 41

Viewing project options. . . .42

Compiling projects . . . . .43

Compiling part of a project. . . 44

Fixing compile-time errors. . . 44

Viewing errors . . . .45

Fixing errors. . . .45

Project options reference . . . 45

Calling Conventions. . . .45

C . . . 46

Pascal . . . .46

Register . . . .46

Entry/Exit code . . . 46

Windows all functions exportable . . . .46

Windows explicit functions exported. . . . .47

Windows smart callbacks, all functions exportable. . . .47

Windows smart callbacks, explicit functions exportable . . . .48

Windows DLL, all functions exportable . . . .48

Windows DLL, explicit functions exported. . . .48

Memory model. . . .48

Assume SS equals DS . . . .49

Always (DOS only) . . . .49

Default for memory model. . . .49

Never . . . 49

. Automatic far data. . . .49

Far data threshold . . . .50

Far virtual tables . . . .50

Fast huge pointers . . . .50

Model . . . .51

Compact . . . 51

Huge . . . 51

Large . . . 51

Medium . . . 51

Small. " . . . 52

Tiny . . . 52

Put considlli ::;irlllg,::; III cuue ::;eg,UlellL::; . . . .J2 Processor. . . .52

16-bit instruction set. . . . .52

80186 . . . 52

80286 . . . 53

80386 . . . 53

8086 . . . 53

i486 . . . 53

Data alignment. . . .53

Byte alignment . . . .53

Double word (4-byte) . . . 53

Quad word (8-byte) . . . 54

Word alignment (2-byte) . . . 54

Segment names code. . . .54

Code . . . 54

Code class. . . .54

Code group . . . 54

Code segment . . . 54

Segment names data. . . .55

Initialized Data . . . .55

Initialized data class . . . .55

Initialized data group . . . 55

Initialized data segment. . . . 55

Uninitialized data . . . .55

ii Uninitialized data (BSS class) . . . 56

Uninitialized data (BSS group) . . . 56

Uninitialized data (BSS segment) . . . 56

Segment names far data. " . . . .56

Far data . . . 56

Far data class . . ; . . . 56

Far data group. . . 56

Far data segment . . . 56

Far virtual tables . . . 57

Virtual table class. . . 57

Virtual table segment. . . 57

32-bit compiler options . . . 57

Use Borland optimizing compiler . . . .57

Use Intel optimizing compiler . . . 57

32-bit compiler options . . . .57

Calling conventions . . . 58

C . . . 58

Pascal . . . 58

Register. . . 58

Standard Call (32-bit compiler onlyf .. 58

Processor. . . ... . . 59

32-bit instruction set . . . 59

Build Attributes options . . . 60

Always build . . . . .60

Build when out of date. .60 Can't build. . . . .60

Exclude from parent. . .60

Never build . . . .60

C++ options . . . 60

C++ compatibility . . . 61

'deep'virtualbases . . . 61

Calling convention mangling compatibility . . . 61

Disable constructor displacements . . . 61

Do not treat 'char' as distinct type . . . 61

Don't restrict scope of 'for'loop expression variables. . . 62

Pass class values via reference to temporary . . . 62

Push 'this' first for Pascal member functions. . . 62

Treat 'far' classes as 'huge' . . . 63

Virtual base pointers. . . 63

Always near. . . 63

Same size as 'this' pointer . . . 63

Vtable pointer follows data members. . . . 64

Exception handling / RTTI. . . . .64

Enable exceptions . . . . 64

Enable run-time type information. . . . 64

Enable compatible exceptions . . . 64

Enable destructor cleanup. . . 65

Enable exception location information . 65 Enable fast exception prologs. . . 65

General . . . 65

Zero-length empty base classes . . . 65

Member pointers . . . , . . . 66

Honor precision of member pointers . . . . 66

Member pointer representation . . . 66

Smallest for class . . . 66

Support all cases . . . 66

Support multiple inheritance . . . 66

Support single inheritance . . . 66

Templates . . . 67

Templates instance generation . . . 67

External. . . . 67

Global. . . . 67

Smart . . . 67

Virtual Tables . . . 68

Virtual tables linkage . . . 68

External. . . 68

Local . . . 68

Public . . . 68

Smart . . . 68

Compiler options. . . .69

Defines . . . 69

Defining macros from the IDE . . . 69

Defining macros on the command line . . . 69

Code generation. . . 69

Allocate enums as ints. . . 70

Duplicate strings merged . . . 70

fastthis . . . 70

Register variables. . . . 71

Automatic . . . . 71

None . . . 71

Register keyword. . . . 71

Unsigned characters . . . 72

Floating point . . . 72

Correct Pentium FDN flaw. . . 72

Fast floating point . . . 73

No floating point. . . 73

Compiler output. . . 73

Autodependency information . . . 73

Generate COMDEFs. . . 74

Generate underscores . . . 74

Source . . . 74

Identifierlength . . . 74

Language compliance . . . 75

ANSI ... , . . . 75

Borland extensions . . . 75

Kernighan and Ritchie. . . 75

UNIX V' . . . 75

MFC compatibility. . . 75

Nested comments . . . 76

Debugging . . . 76

Browser reference information in OBJs . . . 76

Line numbers. . . 77

Out-of-line inline functions. . . 77

Standard stack frame . . . 78

Test Stack Overflow . . . 78

Precompiled headers. . . .78

Cache precompiled header. . . 79

Precompiled header name . . . 79

Precompiled headers . . . 79

Do not generate or use. . . 79

Generate and use . . . 79

Use but do not generate . . . 79

Stop precompiling after header file . . . 80

Directories options. . . 80

Source directories. . . .80

Include . . . 80

Library . . . 80

Source . . . 80

Specifying multiple directories . . . 81

File search algorithms . . . .81

#include-file search algorithms . . . 81

Library file search algorithms . . . 81

Output Directories . . . .82

Intermediate . . . 82

Final . . . 82

Guidelines for entering directory names . . . 82

Librarian options. . . 83

Case-sensitive library . . . . 83

Create extended dictionary . . .83

Generate list file. . . . 83

Library page size . . . .83

Purge comment records. . . .84

Linker options . . . . 84

16-bit linker . . . .. . . . . 84

Discard nonresident name table. . . 84

Enable 32-bit processing . . . 84

Inhibit optimizing far call to near . . . 84

Initialize segments . . . 85

Linker goodies . . . 85

Segment alignment. . . 85

Transfer resident names to nonresident names table . . . 85

16-bit optimizations . . . .86

Chain fixups. . . 86

Iterate data . . . 87

Minimize resource alignment . . . 87

Minimize segment alignment . . . 87

32-bit linker . . . 87

Allow import by ordinal . . . 88

Committed stack size (in hexadecimal). . . 88

File alignment (in hexadecimal) . . . 88

Image base address (in hexadecimal) . . . . 89

Image is based . . . 89

Maximum linker errors . . . 89

Object alignment (in hexadecimal) . . . 89

Reserved heap size (in hexadecimal) . . . : 90

Reserved stack size (in hexadecimal) . . . . 90

Verbose. . . . ^~ . . . 90

General . . . 91

Case-sensitive exports and imports . . . 91

Case-sensitive link . . . 91

Code pack size . . . 91

Default libraries. . . 91

Include debug information . . . 92

Pack code segments . . . 92

Subsystem version (major.minor) . . . 92

Command-line usage . . . 93

Map file . . . 93

Include source line numbers . . . 93

Map file . . . 93

Off . . . 93

Publics . . . 94

Segments. . . 94

Print mangled names in map file. . . 95

Warnings. . . 95

"No stack" warning. . . 95

32-bit warnings. . . 95

Warn duplicate symbol in .LIB . . . 95

Make options . . . .96

Autodependencies . . . 96

Cache . . . 96

Cache and display . . . 96

None . . . 96

Use . . . 96

Break make on. . . : . . . 96

Errors . . . 96

Fatal errors. . . 96

Warnings . . . 97

New node path . . . 97

Messages options. . . .97

ANSI Violations. . . 97

Display warnings. . . 98

All . . . 98

None . . . 98

Selected . . . 98

General . . . 98

User-defined warnings . . . 99

Inefficient C++ coding . . . 99

Inefficient coding . . . . . . 99

Obsolete C++ . . .100

Portability . . . . . .100

iv Potential C++ Errors. . . . .. 100

Potential errors. . . . . . 101

Stop after ... errors . . . .. . 101

Stop after ... warnings . . . 102

Optimization options . . . 102

General settings. . . . 102

16 and 32-bit. . . . 102

Common subexpression. .. . . .102

No optimization. . . .102

Optimize Globally . . . .103

Optimize locally . . . 103

Induction variables . . . 103

Inline intrinsic functions. . . .104

16-bit . . . 104

Assume no pointer aliasing. . . .104

Copy propagation . . . .105

Dead code elimination. . . .105

Global register allocation . . . 105

Invariant code motion. . . .105

Jump optimization . . . 106

Loop optimization . . . 106

Suppress redundant loads . . . . 107

Windows prolog/ epilog . . . .107

32-bit . . . 107

Cache hit optimizations (Intel compiler only) . . . 107

Optimize across function boundaries (Intel compiler only) . . . 107

Pentium instruction scheduling . . . . 108

General optimization settings . . . . 109

Disable all optimizations . . . 109

Optimize for size. . . . 109

.Optimize for speed . . . 109

Use selected optimizations . . . 110

Resources options . . . 110

16-bit Resources. . . . 110

Target windows version . . . .. 110

Windows 3.1. . . ... 110

Windows 95 . . . 110

Pack fastload area . . . . 111

Librarian. . . .. . . . 111

Case-sensitive library . . . . 111

Create extended dictionary. . . .111

Generate list file . . . . 111

Library page size. . . . .. . . . .111

Purge comment records. . . .112

32-bit Resources . . . 112

Language . . . .112

Major . . . 112

Minor . . . 112

Target Windows version . . . . . . . 112

Command-line only options. . . 113

Object search paths . . . .113

16 and 32-bit command-line switches . . . .113

C++ compile. . . .113

Compile .OBJ to filename . . . 114

Compile to .ASM, then assemble . . . 114

Compile to .OBJ, no link . . . 114

Compile to assembler . . . 114

Create a map file . . . 114

Pass option to linker . . . .114

Specify assembler. . . .114

Specify assembler option . . . .115

Specify executable file name . . . .115

Undefine symbol. . . .115

16-bit command-line switches. . .. . . . . .115

Compile to DOS .COM . . . .115

Compile to DOS .EXE . . . ... 115

Compile to DPMI .EXE . . . .115

Enable backward compatibility options .. 115

Expanded memory swapping . . . ..116

Extended memory swapping. . . .116

Generate 8087 instructions . . . .116

Generate overlay code. . . .116

Link DOS .COM . . . .116

Link OOS .EXE . . . .116

Link DPMI.EXE . . . .. . . . .117

Link Windows .DLL . . . ' . . . 117

Link Windows .EXE . . . .117

Overlay the compiled files . . . .117

Overlay the compiled files . . . . J,J7 Specify option to RLINK . . . .117

32-bit command-line switches. . . .117

Generate a multi-threaded target . . . .118

Link 32-bit.DLL file . . . 118

Link 32-bit.EXE file . . . 118

Link for 32-bit console application. . . .118

Link using 32-bit Windows API . . . .118

Command-line options by function . . . 118

Command-line options quick reference. . . 124

Chapter 4 Building Applications with AppExpert 127

Steps for Creating an Application with AppExpert. . . . 128

Application options. . . . 128

Application I Window Model . . . .129

MDI (Multiple Document Interface) . . . 129

SDI (Single Document Interface). . . .129

Dialog Client . . . .129

Document/View. . . .129

Application I Basic Options . . . . 129

Target Name . . . .129

Base Directory . . . .. . . . .130

Application I Basic Options I Features to Include . . . . 130

Dockable Toolbar. . . .. 130

Status Line. . . . 130

Recently Used Files List . . . 130

Registry Support. . . . 130

Drag/Drop . . . .. . . .130

Printing . . . . 130

Mail Support . . . .130

Help File Support . . . .. 131

Help File Name. . . .. 131

Application I Advanced Options . . . . 131

Application Startup State. . . .. 131

Control Style . . . .131

Application I Advanced Options I Application Startup State . . . . 131

Normal (sizeable). . . ; . . . . .. 131

Minimized (iconic). . . .131

Maximized (entire screen) . . . 132

Application I Advanced Options I Control Style . . . . 132

Standard Windows . . . .132

Borland BWCC. . . . . . . 132

MS Control 3D . . . .132

Application I OLE 2 Options. . . . 132

OLE 2 Container Options. . . .132

OLE 2 Server Options. . . .132

Enable Automation in the Application . . .132

Server ill. . . . .132

Application I Code Generation Control . . 133 Target Name . . . .133

Base Directory . . . .133

Source Directory . . . .133

Header Directory. . . .133

Main Source File . . . . ~. . . . .133

Main Header File. . . ... 133

Application Class. . . .133

About Dialog Class . . . .134

Use Long File Names . . . .. 134

Comments. . . .. 134

Terse . . . 134

Verbose. . . .134

Application I Administrative Options . . . 134

Version Number . . . .134

Copyright . . . • . . . .134

Description . . . . 134

Author . . . 134

Company . . . .. 135

Main Window options. . . . 135

Window Title . . . . 135

Main Window I Background Color . . . . .135

Use Default Color . . . 135

Use System Color Constant. . . . .135

Use Specified Color . . . . .135

Main Window I Basic Options. . . . .135

Window Styles . . . . .136

Caption. . . .. . . . . .136

Border . . . 136

Max Box . . . 136

MinBox . . . 136

Vertical Scroll . . . 136

Horizontal Scroll . . . . .136

System Menu . . . . .136

Visible . . . . .136

Disabled . . . 136

Thick Frame. . . . .136

Clip Siblings: . . . . .137

Clip Children . . . . .137

Main Window I SDI Client Window . . . .137

Client/View Class . . . . .137

Document Class . . . . .137

Description . . . . .137

Filters. . . . .137

Default Extension. . . . .137

Class Name . . . . .137

Source File. . . . .. . . . .138

Header File . . . . .138

Client/View Class . . . . .138

Main Window I MDI Client Window. . . .138

Client Class . . . . .138

Source File. . . . .138

Header File . . . . .139

Main Window I Dialog Client Window . .139 Client Class . . . . .139

Source File. . . . .139

Header File . . . . .139

Dialog ID. . . . .139

Include a Menu Bar . . . . .139

MDI Child/View Options. . . . 139

MDI Child Class . . . 140

Source File . . . . 140

Header File. . . . 140

MDI Child/View I Basic Options . . . 140

MDI Client/View Class . . . 140

Document Class . . . . .140

Description . . . 141

Filters. . . . .141

Default Extension . . . 141

Class Name . . . 141

Source File . . . 141

Header File . . . . .141

vi ChapterS

Managing classes with ClassExpert 143

Starting ClassExpert. . . . 143

ClassExpert Classes pane . . . . 144

Classes pane SpeedMenu. . . . 144

Add New Class. . . ... 144

Automate Class. . . . .144

Delete Automation . . . 144

View Document Templates . . . 144

View Class Info . . . .. .144

Edit Source . . . 145

Edit Header . . . 145

Edit Dialog . . . 145

Edit Menu . . . . .145

ClassExpert Events pane . . . . 145

Events pane SpeedMenu . . . . .145

Add Handler . . . . .146

Delete Handler . . . . .146

Add Instance Variable . . . . .146

Delete Instance Variable . . . 147

Add Data . . . 147

Delete Data . . . .. . . . 147

View Data . . . . .147

Add Method. . . .. 147

Delete Method. . . . .148

View Method . . . . .148

Add Property . . . . .148

Delete Property . . . . 148

View Property. . . . .148

Events I Automation . . . . .149

Events I Command Notifications. . . . 149

Events I Control Notifications . . . 149

Events I Virtual Functions . . . . .149

Events I Windows Messages . . . 149

ClassExpert Edit pane . . . . 150

Edit pane SpeedMenu. . . . .150

Use Class. . . . .150

Using Rescan. . . . 150

Deleting a class . . . . 150

Moving a class . . . . 151

Renaming an AppExpert element. . . . 151

Importing a class . . . . 151

Rebuilding the .APX database file. . . . 152

Chapter

6 Browsing through your code 153

Using the Browser. . . 153

Starting the Browser . . . . 154

Browser views . . . . .154

Browsing objects (class overview) . . . 154

Browsing global symbols . . . . 154

Search . . . 155

Browser SpeedMenu. . . . .155

Browsing symbols in your code . . . . 155

Symbol declaration window . . . .155

Browsing references . . . .156

Class inspection window . . . .156

Browser filters and letter symbols . . . . 156

To view all instances of a particular type of symbol. . . . 157

To hide all instances of a particular type of symbol. . . . 157

To change several filter settings at once . . . 157

Customizing the Browser . . . . 157

Chapter 7 USing the integrated debugger 159

Types of bugs . . . " . , . 159 Run-time errors . . . .159

Logic errors . . . 160

Planning a debugging strategy. . . . 160

Starting a debugging session . . . . 160

Compiling with debug information . . .. .161

Running your program in the IDE . . . .161

Specifying program arguments . . . .162

Controlling program execution. . . . 162

Running to the cursor location . . . 163

The execution point. . . .163

Finding the execution point. . . .163

Stepping through code. . . . 164

Statement Step Into . . . 164

Statement Step Over. . . .166

Debugging member functions and external code . . . .166

Running to a breakpoint. . . . 166

Pausing the program. . . . 166

Terminating the program . . . 167

Using breakpoints . . . 167

Debugging with breakpoints . . . . 167

Setting breakpoints. . . .168

Setting an unconditional breakpoint . . . .168

Setting a conditional breakpoint. . . .168

Setting other breakpoints . . . .. . . . .168

Setting breakpoints after program execution begins . . . .169

Creating conditional breakpoints. . . . 169

Removing breakpoints. . . . .. . . .170

From an Edit window. . . .170

From an Edit window or the Disassembly pane of the CPU window. . . .. 170

From the Breakpoints window. . . .170

Viewing and editing code at a breakpoint . 171 Viewing code at a breakpoint . . . ... 171

Editing code at a breakpoint . . . .171

Resetting invalid breakpoints. . . . 172

Using breakpoint groups . . . . 172

Creating a breakpoint group. . . .172

Disabling or enabling a breakpoint group . . . 172

Using breakpoint option sets . . . 172

Creating a breakpoint option set. . . .173

Associating a breakpoint with an option set . . . 173

Changing breakpoint options. . . . 173

Changing the color of breakpoint lines . . . 173

Using the Breakpoints window . . . 174

Aboutthe Breakpoints window . . . 174

Integrated debugger features . . . 175

Add breakpoint. . . .175

Qualifiers . . . . . . . . 175

Other . . . 175

Source breakpoint . . . 175

Address breakpoint . . . .176

Data watch breakpoint . . . .. 176

C++ exception breakpoint . . . 176

as

exception breakpoint . . . 177

Thread breakpoint. . . .177

Module breakpoint. . . .. 177

Breakpoint Conditions/ Action Options .. 177

Names . . . 178

Conditions . . . . . . . .178

Expr. True. . . . . . . .. 178

Thread ID . . . . .179

Pass Count . . . 179

Actions . . . .179

Break . . . 180

Stop Log. . . .180

Start Log . . . 180

Log Expr . . . 1 8 0 Eval Expr . . . ... . . .180

Log Message . . . . . . . . .180

Disable Group . . . . . . . .181

Enable Group . . . 1 8 1 Add Breakpoint Conditions / Action Option Set.... . . .181

Edit Breakpoint dialog box . . . .181

Examining program data values . . . 181

ModifYing program data values. . . . 182

Understanding watch expressions. . . . 182

Using the Watches window . . . 182

Formatting watch expressions . . . . 183

Adding a watch. . . . 183

Changing watch properties . . . . 184

Edit Watch dialog box. . . .185

Disabling and enabling watches . . . . 185

Deleting a watch. . . . 185

Evaluating and modifying expressions . . . 185

Evaluating expressions . . . .186

Modifyjng the values of variables . . . .187

Inspecting data elements . . . 188

Displaying low-level information about a running program . . . . 189

Resizing the CPU window panes. . . .189

Listing addresses of disassembled instructions. . . . 189

The Disassembly pane SpeedMenu . . ... 190

Run to . . . 190

Toggle Breakpoint . . . 190

Goto address . . . 190

Goto current Pc. . . ... 190

Goto source . . . .191

Change thread . . . 191

Displaying raw values in addressable areas . of your program. . . . 191

The Dump pane SpeedMenu. . . .. 191

Displayas . . . 192

Displaying raw values in your program stack . . . " . . . 192

The Stack pane SpeedMenu. . . . . . . 192

Goto top frame . . . .193

Goto top of stack . . . .193

Displaying CPU registers . . . 193

The Registers pane SpeedMenu . . . .. 193

Change Thread . . . .193

Increment register . . . ... 193

Decrement register. .. . . . .. 193

Zero register. . . .193

Change register. . . .194

Show old registers/Show current registers. 194 Displaying flags and current information. .194 The Flags pane SpeedMenu. . . .. 194

Toggle flag . . . 195

Viewing function calls. . . . 195

Navigating to function calls. . . .195

Debugging dynamic-link libraries. . . . 196

Chapter 8 Compiling and linking from the command line 197

Using the command-line compilers . . . : 197

viii Command-line compiler syntax . . . . 198

Default settings . . . 198

Command-line options . . . . 198

Option precedence rules . . . . 199

Using compiler configuration files. . . . 199

Using response files . . . . 199

Entering directories for command-line options . . . . 200

Using TLINK and TLINK32. . . 201

!LINK command-line syntax. . . . 201

Linker configuration files . . . . 203

Linker response files. . . . 203

Using the linkers with the command-line compilers. . . . 204

Linking libraries . . . . 204

Module definition file reference. . . 205

Module definition file defaults . '. . . . 206

CODE statement . . . .. . . . . 206

DATA statement . . . 207

DESCRIPTION statement. . . . 207

EXETYPE statement . . . . 207

EXPORTS statement. . . . 208

HEAPSIZE statement . . . . 209

IMPORTS statement. . . . 209

LIBRARY statement . . . . 210

NAME statement. . . . 210

SECTIONS statement . . . . 211

SEGMENTS statement. . . . 211

STACKSIZE statement. . . . 212

STUB statement. . . . 213

, SUBSYSTEM statement . .'. . . . 213

Example module definition file. . . . 214

Part II Resource Workshop user's guide 217 Chapter 9 Getting started with Resource Workshop 219

What is a resource? . . . .. . . . 219

Why you should link resources to your applications. . . 220

What is a resource script(.RC) file? . . . 220

What is a binary resource (.RES) file? . . . . 221

Setting preferences. _. . . 221

Undoing mistakes. . . 221

Edit I Undo . . . 222

Edit I Redo . . . 222

Starting Resource WorkShop. . . . 222

Chapter 10 Working with resource p,rojects 223

Creating a new resource project . . . .223

Opening an existing resource project . . . .224

Saving a resource project. . . .224

Embedding a resource in a resource project 225 Linking a resource to a resource project. . .225

Using the Resource Project window. . . . .226

Embedded and linked resources. . . . .226

Status line . . . . .226

Chapter 11 Creating bitmaps, cursors, and icons 229

Working with bitmaps. . . . 229

Creating a new bitmap. . . . 229

Creating a new bitmap in a standalone file. . 230 Editing an existing bitmap . . . . 230

Changing the attributes of a bitmap. . . . 231

Deleting a bitmap resource . . . . 231

Testing a bitmap . . . . 231

Programming a bitmap with OWL . . . . 231

Progra:rnmmg a bitmap with the Windows API . . . . 232

Working with cursors . . . . 232

Creating a new cursor . . . . 233

Creating a new cursor in a standalone file. . 233 Editing an existing cursor. . . . 233

Design issues. . . .234

Setting the hot spot for a cursor. . . . 234

Deleting a cursor . . . . 234

Deleting a cursor resource. . . .235

Deleting a cursor image . . . .235

Testing a cursor. . . . 235

Adding an image to a cursor resource. . . . . 235

Changing the attributes of a cursor . . . . 236

Copying a cursor image to a new color format . . . 236

Progra:rnmmg a cursor with OWL. . . . 236

Progra:rnmmg a cursor with the Windows API . . . 237

Working with icons. . . 237

Creating a new icon. . . 237

Creating a new icon in a standalone file. . . 238

Editing an existing icon. . . 238

Design issues . . . . 238

Drop shading. . . . . . . . . .239

Adding an image to an icon resource . . . . 239

Changing the attributes of an icon . . . 239

Copying an icon image to a new color format. . . 239

Deleting an icon resource or image. . . 240

Deleting an icon resource . . . . 240

Deleting an icon image . . . . 240

Testing an icon . . . 241

Progra:rnmmg an icon with ObjectWindows 241 J Progra:rnmmg an icon with the Windows API. . . . 241

Chapter 12 Using the Graphics editor 243

Using the Color palette. . . 244

Selecting a foreground color. . . 244

Selecting a background color . . . 244

, Transparent and inverted areas. . . 245

Hiding and showing the Color palette. . . . 246

Choosing the number of colors for a resource . . . 246

Customizing colors . . . 246

Modifying the Color palette . . . . 246

Selecting a pen style. . . 247

Selecting a brush shape. . . 247

Selecting a paint pattern . . . 248

Drawing and painting . . . 248

Drawing a line. . . 248

Drawing a shape. . . 249

Filling an area with color . . . 249

Adding text. . . 249

Erasing an area . . . 250

Selecting an area. .,. . . : . . . . 250

Aligning an area.. . . 251

Moving or resizing an area. . . 251

Copying an area . . . 251

Removing an area. . . 252

Zooming in or out. . . 252

Moving a graphic around in the

drawing area. . . . 253

Tool palette. . . . ... . . .. . . . . 253

Hiding and showing the Tool palette. . . . . 254

Pick Rectangle tool . . . . 254

Scissors tool . . . . 254

Zoom tool . . . ; . . . . 255

Eraser tool . . . . 255

Pen tool. . . . 255

Paintbrush tool . . . . 256

Airbrush tool . . . . 256

Paint Can tool . . . . 256

Line tool . . . . 257

Text tool . . . '.' . . . . 257

Empty frame tools . . . . 258

Ellipse tool . . . .258

Rectangle tool . . . .258

Rounded Rectangle tool . . . .258

Filled-in frame tools . . . . 258

Filled Rectangle tool . . . .259

Filled Rounded Rectangle tool . . . .259

Filled Ellipse tool . . . .259

Eye Dropper tool . . . .. . 259

Arc tool. . . . 260

Hand tool. . . . 260

Pattern style tool . . ~ . . . . 261

Pen style tool. . . . 261

Airbrush shape tool. . . . 261

Paintbrush shape tool . . . . 262

Chapter 13 Working with resources 263

Resource file types . . . . 264

Executable and dynamic-link library files . . 264 Working with binary files . . . .264

Opening and saving .EXE, .DLL, and .RES files . . . .. . . . . .265

Using a resource editor . . . . 265

Renaming a resource. . . ; 265

Deleting a resource . . . .266

Specifying resource memory options . . . .266

Moving a resource . . . .266

16-bit vs. 32-bit resources . . . 266

Saving a resource . . . .267

Saving a resource in a resource script file . .267 x Saving a bitmapped resource as a file. . . . 268

Editing a resource as text . . . . 268

Chapter

14

Working with dialog boxes 271

Using DLGINIT resources. . . 271

Creating a new dialog box. . . 272

Creating a new dialog box in a resource script file. . . 272

Editing an existing dialog box. . . 272

Adding a caption to a dialog box. . . 273

Including a menu in a dialog box. . . 273

Choosing a window type, frame style, and dialog box style. . . 273

Specifying dialog box fonts . . . 274

Assigning a custom class to a dialog box . . 274

Setting the position of a dialog box. . . 275

Testing a dialog box. . . 275

Programming a dialog box with OWL. . . . 275

Programming a dialog box with the Windows API. . . 276

Working with controls . . . 276

Adding controls to a dialog box. . . 276

Working with custom controls . . . 277

Duplicating a control . . . 278

Moving and resizing a single control. . . 278

Selecting multiple controls. . . 279

Aligning multiple controls. . . 279

Resizing multiple controls . . . 280

Reordering controls. . . 281

Grouping controls. . . 281

Specifying which controls are tab stops . . . 282

Editing control properties . . . 282

Chapter 15 Using the Dialog editor 283

Using the Property Inspector . . . 283

The modal Property Inspector . . . . 283

. The modeless Property Inspector . . . . 284

Displaying the Property Inspector . . . 284

About the Control palette . . . 285

Moving the Control palette. . . . 285

Hiding and showing the Control palette . . 285 To place a control. . . . 285

Standard page of the Control palette. . . 286

Selector tool . . . . 286

Push Button tool . . . . 286

Radio Button tool. . . . 287

Check Box tool. . . . 287

Static Text tool . . . 287

Text Edit tool . . . . 288

List Box tool . . . . 288

Combo Box tool. . . . 288

Horizontal Scroll Bar tool . . . . 288

Vertical Scroll Bar tool . . . . 289

Group Box tool . . . . 289

Static Frame tool . . . . 289

Static Rectangle tool . . . . 289

Horizontal Static Line tool. . . . 289

Vertical Static Line tool. . . . 289

Static Picture tool . . . 290

Common page of the Control palette . . . . . 290

Animation tool . . . 290

Tab Controltool. . . . 290

Tree View tool. . . . 291

List View tool . . . . 291

Hot Key tool. . . . 291

Progress Bar tool . . . . 291

Up-Down tool. . . . 291

Track Bar tool . . . . 292

Header tool . . . . 292

Rich Text Edit tool . . . . 292

Status Window tool. . . . 292

Tool Bar tool. . . . 292

BWCC page of the Control palette. . . . 293

BWCC Push Button tool. . . . 293

Adding a bitmap to a BWCC pushbutton. .293 BWCC Check Box tool. . . . 294

BWCC Group Box tool. . . . 294

BWCC Horizontal Line tool. . . . 294

BWCC Radio Button tool. . . . 295

BWCC Vertical Line tool. . . . 295

BWCC Static Text tool . . . 295

Custom page of the Control palette . . . . 295

Data Access page of the Control palette. . . . 295

Data Aware page of the Control palette. . . . 295

Tool palette. . . . 296

Left Sides tool . . . . 296

Horizontal Centers tool . . . . 296

Right Sides tool. . . '. . . 296

Horizontal Center in Dialog tool . . . 297

Tops tool . . . ... . . . 297

Vertical Centers tool. . . 297

Bottoms tool . . . 297

Vertical Centers in Dialog tool. . . 297

Space Horizontally Equal tool. . . 297

Space Vertically Equal tool. . . 297

Chapter 16 About menus 299

Terminology . . . 299

Working with menus. . . 299

Using the menu editor . . . 300

Edit window . . . 300

Creating a new menu. . . 300

Editing an existing menu. . . 300

Moving and copying menu statements . . . 301

Undoing errors. . . .. . . . 301

Adding menu items and separators . . . 301

Editing a menu item. . . 302

Deleting a menU item. . . 302

Creating a pop-up menu .. . . . 302

Adding accelerator text to menus. . . 303

Adding accelerator resources to menus . . . 303

Testing a menu. . . 303

Testing for duplicate menu items . . . 303

Programming menus and accelerators with OWL. . . 304

Programming menus and accelerators with the Windows API . . . 304

Chapter 17 Working with identifiers 305

Identifiers. . . 305

Identifier files. . . 306

Creating an identifier file. . . 306

Adding identifiers. . . 306

Editing identifiers . . . 306

Moving identifiers from one file to another. 307 Deleting identifiers . . . 307

Listing identifiers . . . 308

Managing identifiers . . . 308

Chapter 18

Using the Text editor 309

Saving your changes. . . . 309

Compiling a text version of a resource . . . . 309

Creating resources with the Text editor . . . . 310

Writing resource scripts . . . 310

Chapter 19 Working with user-defined resources 313

Creating a resource type. . . . 313

Adding a user-defined resource . . . . 314

Using the RCDATA resource type . . . 314

Editing a user-defined resource . . . 315

Embedding resource data in a project file. . . 315

Entering data in the resource script . . . 315

Testing a user-defined resource . . . 316

Part III Borland C++ tools and utilities 317

Using a macro . . . ' . . . 329

String substitutions in macros . . . . 330

Default MAKE macros. . . . 330

Modifying default macros. . . . 331

Using MAKE directives . . . 331

.autodepend. . . . .. . . . 332

!error . . . 332

Summing up error-checking controls. . . . 332

!if and other conditional directives. . . . 333

!include. . . . 334

!message . . . . 334

.path.ext . . . 334

.precious . . . . 335

. suffixes. . . . 335

!undef .. ' . . . 335

Using macros in directives . . . 336

Null macros . . . . 336

Chapter 21 , Using command-line resource tools 337

Resource compiler (BRCC32) . . . 337

Resource linkers (RLINK and RL1NK32) . . 339

Chapter 20 Using MAKE 319

Resource shell (BRC32). . . 340

MAKE basics . . . . 319

BUlL TINS.MAK . . . 320

Using TOUCH.EXE. . . .321

MAKE options. . . .321

Setting options on as defaults . . . 322

Compatibility with Microsoft's NMAKE. .323 Using makefiles. . . . 323

Symbolic targets. . . .324

Rules for symbolic targets. . . .324

Explicit and implicit rules. . . . 324

Explicit rule syntax . . . 324

Single targets with multiple rules . . . .325

Implicit rule syntax. . . .326

Explicit rules with implicit commands . . .326

Commands syntax . . . . .. . . . .326

Command prefixes. . . .327

Using@ . . . 327

Using -num and - . . . .327

Using& . . . 327

Command operators. . . .328

Debugging with temporary files. . . .328

Using MAKE macros. . . . 328

Defining macros. . . .329

xii

Chapter 22 WinSight 343

Starting and stopping screen updates . . . . 343

Turning off message tracing . . . . 344

Choosing a view. . . 344

Class List view. . . 344

Using the Class List view . . . . 345

Spying on classes. . . . 345

Window Tree view . . . 345

Finding a window . . . . 346

Leaving Find Window mode. . . .346

Spying on windows . . . . 347

Choosing messages to trace . . . 347

Using the Message Trace view. . . . 347

. Other tracing options . . . .347

Chapter 23 WinSpector 353

Configuring WINSPCTR.LOG . . . 354

WINSPCTR.LOG reference . . . 355

Disassembly section . . . . 356

Stack Trace section . . . .356

Register section . . . .357

Message Queue section . . . .357

Tasks section. . . .357

Modules section. . . .358

USER and GDI heap section. . . .358

System Information section . . . .358

Processing WinSpector data. . . . 359

DFA output . . . .359

UsingDFA with WINSPCTR.LOG . . . 359

Using DFA with WINSPCTR.BIN . . . 360

Other WinSpector tools . . . . 360

Using'EXEMAP.EXE . . . 361

Using TMAPSYM.EXE . . . 361

Using BUILDSYM.EXE. . . .361

Part IV Turbo Prof Her user's guide 363 Chapter 24 A sample profiling session 367

About the sample programs . . . . 368

Profiling a program (PRIMEO) . . . . 368

Setting up the profile options . . . .369

Collecting data . . . 370

Displaying statistics. . . .370

. Printing modules and statistics. . . . 372

Time and counts profile listing . . . .372

Profile statistics report . . . .373

Saving and restoring statistics . . . . 374

Analyzing the statistics . . . . 374

Viewing both source code and statistics. . .375

Saving the window configuration. . . .376

Measuring an area's efficiency . . . .376

A modularized primes test (PRIME1). . . . . 377

Modifying the program and reprofiling . . . 378

Loading another program (PRIME2). . . . .378

Reducing calls to a routine (PRIME3) . . . .378

Still more efficiency (PRIME4) . . . .379

Eliminating CR/LF pairs (PRIMES) . . . . .380

Where to now? . . . . 380

Chapter 25 The Turbo Prof Her environment 381

Part 1: The environment components. . . . . 381

Choosing menu commands from the keyboard. . . .. . . . .382

SpeedMenus. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .382

Choosing menu commands with the mouse . . . 382

Shortcuts. . . . 382

Turbo Profiler windows. . . . 383

Window management. . . .. 383

The status line. . . . 384

Dialog boxes. . . . 385

Part 2: The menu reference. . . 385

== menu (System) . . . . 385

Repaint Desktop . . . .385

Restore Standard. . . .. . . . .385

About . . . 386

File menu . . . . 386

Open . . . ' . . . 386

Session Saving. . . .. 387

Get Info . . . .388

DOS Shell . . . .388

Quit . . . 389

View menu . . . ... . . . 389

SpeedMenus . . . . . . . 389

Module . . . 390

Line . . . ' . . . 391

Search . . . 391

Next. . . . 391

Goto . . . 391

Add Areas. . . .392

Remove Areas. . . .392

Operation . . . .392

Callers . . . .393

Module . . . 394

File . . . 394

Edit command. . . .395

Execution Profile. . . .395

Display. . . .396

Filter . . . 397

Module . . . 397

Position. . . .398

Remove . . . 398

Callers . . . .398

Inspect (left pane). . . .401

Inspect (right pane) . . . .401

Sort (right pane). . . .401

Overlays . . . 401

Display . . . 402

Inspect . . . .402

Interrupts . . . .'. . . .402

Collection (top pane). . . .403

Subfunctions (top pane) . . . .403

Add (top pane) . . . : . . . .403

Pick (top pane) . . . .403

Remove (top pane) . . . .403

Delete All (top pane) . . . .403

Display (bottom pane) . . . .404

Files . . . .404

Collection (top pane) . . . .405

Detail (top pane) . . . .405

When Full (top pane). . . .405

Display (bottom pane) . . . .405

Areas . . . .405

Add Areas . . . .406

~ Remove Areas. . . .407

Inspect . . . .407

Options. . . .407

Sort . . . .408

Routines . . . .408

Local Module (right pane) . . . .409

Areas (both panes) . . . .409

Callers (both panes) . . . .409

Module (both panes) . . . .409

Profile (both panes). . . .409

Disassembly (CPU). . . .409

Goto . . . .410

Origin . . . .410

Follow . . . .411

Previous . . . .411

View Source . . . .411

Mixed . . . .411

Text File . . . .412

Goto . . . .412

Search . . . .412

Next . . . .412

File . . . .413

Edit . . . .413

Coverage. . . ... . . .413

Add All Modules (left pane) . . . .414

Remove All Modules (left pane) . . . . .414

Add Module (left pane) . . . .414

Remove Module (left pane) . . . .414

Delete This Item (left pane) . . . .414

Display (right pane) . . . .414

Position (right pane) . . . .415

Module (right pane) . . . .415

Run menu . . . .416

Run . . . 416

Program Reset . . . .416

Arguments. . . .416

Statistics menu . . . .417

Callers . . . .417

Files . . . .418

Interrupts . . . .418

Overlays . . . .. . . . .418

Profiling Options. . . .418

Accumulation. . . .420

Disabling accumulation . . . .420

Delete All . . . .422

xiv Save . . . 422

Saving Files . . . .422

Restore. . . .422

Print menu. . . . 423

Statistics . . . .423

Module . . . .423

Options . . . .424

Options menu. . . . 424

Macros . . . 425

Create . . . 425

Stop Recording . . . .425

Remove . . . 425

Delete All . . . .425

Recording macros. . . .425

Display Options . . . . ., . . . .426

Display Swapping . . . .426

Screen Lines . . . .427

Tab Size . . . .427

Width of Names . . . .427

Path for Source . . . .427

Save Options . . . .427

Restore Options. . . .428

Window menu . . . 429

Zoom . . . 429

Next . . . .429

Next Pane . . . .429

Size/Move . . . : .. 429

Iconize /Restore. . . .429

Close . . . 430

Undo Close . . . .430

User Screen . . . .430

The open window list . . . .430

Help menu. . . . 430

Index . . . 430

Previous Topic . . '. . . .431

Help on Help . . . 431

Chapter 26

Profiling strategies 433

Preparing to profile . . . 434

Adjusting your program . . . . 434

Compiling your program. . . . 435

Setting profile areas . . . . 435

What level of detail do you need? . . . .436

Adding areas . . . .437

What type of data do you need? . . . .437

When should data collection start? ; . . . . 438

How do you want time data grouped? .. .438

Which data do you want to view? . . . . . 438

Profiling your program . . . . 439

Focusing the profile session. . . . .439

Testing algorithms . . . 440

Verifying and testing programs . . . . .440

Timing execution and monitoring performance. . . . .440

Studying unfamiliar code ... ' . . . 441

Which analysis mode to use. . . . .441

Active analysis . . . 442

Passive analysis. . . . .442

Passive versus active analysis. . . . .443

Coverage analysis . . . 443

Speeding up profiling . . . . .443

Improving statistical accuracy. . . . .443

Insufficient data. . . . . . 444

Resonance . .. . . . .444

Some tips for profiling overlays. . . .444

Profiling object-oriented programs. . . .445

Interpreting and applying the profile results . . . . 445

Analyzing profile data . . . .445

Execution Profile window. . . . .446

Callers window. . . . .446

Overlays window . . . . . . 446

Interrupts window. . . . .446

Files window . . . 446

Coverage window . . . . .446

Filtering collected data. . . . .447

Revising your program. . . .448

Modifying data structures . . . 448

Storing precomputed results . . . . .449

Caching frequently accessed data . . . . . .449

Evaluating data as needed . . . . . . . 449

Optimizing existing code . . . . .449

Wrapping it up . . . . 450

Chapter 27 Inside the profiler 451

Area boundaries . . . . 452

Time and count collection . . . .452

Showing routine call overhead . . . .453

Who pays forloops? . . . .453

Multiple return statements . . . .455

Disabling often-called functions . . . .455

Logging callers . . . . 456

Sampling vs. counting. . . . 457

Profilermemory use . . . . 458

Chapter 28 Turbo Profiler's command-line options 459

The command-line options. . . . 459

Batch mode (-b) . . . .460

Configuration file (-c) . . . .461

Display update (-d) . . . .461

Help (-h and -?) . . . .461

Session-state saving (-jn). . . . .462

Mouse support (-p). . . .462

Remote profiling (-r) . . . .462

Source code and symbols (-s). . . .462

Video hardware (-v) . . . .463

Chapter 29 Customizing Turbo Profiler 465

Rmming TFINST . . . 465

Setting the screen colors. . . 466

Customizing screen colors. . . .466

Windows. . . . 466

Dialog boxes and menus. . . . 466

Screen . . . 467

The default colors. . . .467

Setting Turbo Profiler display parameters. . . 467

Display Swapping. . . .467

Screen Lines . . . .468

Fast Screen Update . . . .468

Permit 43/50 Lines . . . .468

Full Graphics Saving . . . .468

Tab Size. . . .468

User Screen Updating . . . .469

Turbo Profiler options. . . 469

The Directories dialog box. . . .469

The User Input and Prompting dialog box. . . .469

History List Length. . . . 470

Interrupt Key . . . . . . . . 470

Mouse Enabled . . . . .. . . . . 470

Beep on Error . . . . 470

Control Key Shortcuts . . . . 470

The Miscellaneous Options dialog box . . .470

Printer Output. . . . 471

NMI Intercept. . . . 471

Ignore Case of Symbols . . . . 471

International support . . . .471

DOS Shell Swap Size (Kb). . . .'. . . .472

Remote type. . . . ~ . . . .472

Remote Link Port. . . .472

Link Speed. . . .472

Network local name . . . .472

Network remote name. . . .472

Setting the mode for display. . . . '.' . . . .472

Default . . . .472

Color . . . .473

Black and White. . . .473

Monochrome . . . . . . . 473

LCD . . . 473

When you're through... . . . 473

Saving changes . . . .473

Save Configuration File . . . .473

Modify TPROF.EXE . . . .473

Exiting TFINST . . . .474

Command-line options and TFINST equivalents. . . . 474

Chapter 30 Remote profiling 477

Hardware and software requirements . . . . 478

Profiling remote DOS applications. . . . 478

Setting up the remote system . . . .478

Configuring TFREMOTE . . . .479

Customizing TFREMOTE. . . .479

The remote DOS driver . . . .480

Starting the remote s~rial driver . . . .480

Starting the remote LAN driver . . . .480

Establishing the remote DOS link . . . . . .481

Serial connection . . . .481

LAN connection . . . .481

Profiling remote Windows applications . . . 482

Setting up the remote system . . . .482

Configuring WREMOTE. . . .482

Serial configuration . . . .483

LAN configuration. . . .483

WREMOTE command-line options. . . . .484

Starting the remote Windows driver. . . . .484

Establishing the remote Windows link . . .484

LAN connection . . . .485

Loading programs onto the remote system . . . ',' . . . 485

Remote profiling sessions. . . . 485

Troubleshooting . . . ; . . . 486

TFREMOTE messages. . . ... . . . 486 .

WREMOTE messages . . . 487

xvi

Chapter 31 Turbo Profiler for Windows 489

Installing TPROFW . . . . 490

Jnstalling TDDEBUG.386 . . . .490

Configuring TPROFW. . . 490

Using TPROFW command-line options. . .491

Using TFINST with TPROFW. . . .491

UsingTPROFW . . . 492

Profiling window procedures. . . .492

The Window Procedure Messages dialog box . . . .' . . . 493

Profiling dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) .. .494

TPROFW error messages. . . 495

Chapter 32 Prompts and error messages 497

Turbo Prdfiler prompts . . . 497

Turbo Profiler error messages . . . 499

Appendix A

Borland C++ error messages and warnings 507

Message categories. . . 507

Fatal errors . . . 507

Errors . . . .' . . . .507

Warnings. . . .508

Informational messages . . . .508 .

Message generators . . . 508

Compiler errors and warnings . . . .508

Run-time errors and warnings . . . .509

Linker errors and warnings . . . .509

Librarian errors and warnings . . . 510

IDE debugger messages . . . .510

ObjectScripting error messages. . . .510

Help compiler messages . . . 510

Message formats . . . . 510

Symbols in messages . . . .511

Alphabetical list of messages. . . 512

Index 615

Introduction

Borland C++ is a powerful, professional programming tool for creating and maintaining DOS, Win16, and Win32 applications. Borland C++ supports both the C and C++

languages with its integrated development environment and command-line tools.

How this book is organized

This book is divided into the following parts:

Part I, "The integrated development environment," introduces you to the integrated development environment (commonly known as the IDE).

Part II, "Resource Workshop user's guide," teaches you how to use Resource Workshop to build resources for your Windows applications.

Part III, "Borland C++ tools and utilities," describes additional tools you can use to build and debug your applications.

Part IV, "Turbo Profiler user's guide," explains how to use Turbo Profiler to analyze the performance of your program as well as to monitor critical computer resources.

Appendix A, "Borland C++ error messages and warnings," lists and describes the error messages that can be generated by the Borland C++ programming tools.

Typefaces and icons used in this book

This book uses the following special fonts:

Monospace Italics

Bold Keycap

This type represents text that you type or text as it appears onscreen.

These are used to emphasize and introduce words, and to indicate variable names (identifiers), function names, class names, and structure names.

This type indicates reserved keywords words, format specifiers, and command -line options.

This type represents a particular key you should press on your keyboard. For example, "Press Del to erase the character."

Key1+Key2

ALL CAPS

This indicates a command that requires you to press Key1 with Key2.

For example, Shift+a (although not a command) indicates the uppercase letter" A."

This type represents disk directories, file names, and application names. (However, header file names are presented in lowercase to be consistent with how these files are usually written in source code.) Menu I Choice This represents menu commands. Rather than use the phrase" choose

the Save co:tnmand from the File menu," Borland manuals use the convention "choose File I Save."

Note This icon indicates material that you should take special notice of.

2 c++ User's Guide

Using the integrated development environment

Part I of this manual describes how to use the components of the Borland C++

integrated development environment (IDE).

The IDE integrates development of DOS, Win16, and Win32 applications. Using the Project Manager, you can easily build several application types from a single project file.

AppExpert and ClassExpert let you take advantage of ObjectWindows 5.0. The integrated debugger and browser let you debug your source code and browse class objects and hierarchies without leaving the IDE.

The following chapters cover the tools available through the IDE:

• Chapter 1, "Getting started," introduces you to the Borland C++ IDE and takes you through the creation of simple DOS, Windows, and 32-bit Windows programs.

• Chapter 2, "Managing projects," describes the Project Manager and shows you how to use the TargetExpert and Source Pools to create the projects for your applications.

• Chapter 3, "Specifying project options and compiling," shows you how to use Style Sheets and local overrides to set your project options and how to compile from the IDE. It also contains a complete reference to the options available for both the IDE and the command-line tools.

• Chapter 4, "Building applications with AppExpert," describes AppExpert and shows you how to create the source-code foundation for your ObjectWindows applications.

• Chapter 5, "Modifying applications with Class Expert," describes how to use ClassExpert to modify the applications you create.