Numerical simulation of 3D hypersonic flows
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Texte intégral
(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET AUTOMATIQUE. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3D HYPERSONIC FLOWS Marie-Claude CICCOLI. N˚ 2201 Fe´vrier 1994. PROGRAMME 6 Calcul scientifique, mode´lisation et logiciel nume´rique. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche. 1994.
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(81) {2.
(82)
(83) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. 10 implicit scheme explicit scheme 1. 0.1. 0.01. 0.001. 0.0001. 1e-05. 0. 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000. |[\EGUWADL 5 B¶Q7CGJKrkH,AD[TX.CF]C,SjCF]g}dL2ADEGL2]kSVL¢tW[X¥_ZCFAD[~L,X iL2²grWR~[TSV[~_XDSItWL2JKL¢}vX£[~JKrWR~[TSV[~_ XDSItWL2JKL 60_. Q @ _D[~JKLT3 X97 [~JKrWR~[TSV[~_7XDSItWL2JKL yGy 1 {2yGF ´H,WR\L yB"ndrWtWL2AZLµ`kA°X¥_DCFA°f0L2A:S2H;RSVUWRH;_D[~CF] UvJµkL2AsC;N_D[~JKL4[\_DL^AIH;_Z[\CG]kXH;]kf Q @ _D[~JKL]vL2L,f0L,fKgK_DtvL¶[~JKrWR~[TSV[¯_ XDSItWL2JKL. WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. .
(84) {V.
(85) V
(86)
(87) . umber 24. 22. 20. 18. 16. 14. 12. 10. 8. 6. 4. 2.. KJ [\]YUz0 JH;²YU$y 50 |[\EGUWADLM B qCF]WL,bdUW[\R~[\WAZ[\UWJ kC,H;ADCGUW]kf HX.rWtWL2AZL [TX.CFR\[~]WL,X. 5. . . . U{F U y. 5 ) ¢5 HFSItW]0UWJ4kL2A X. E GFIHKJ.
(88) { 5.
(89)
(90) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. hdb. ture 13205. 12205. 11205. 10205. 9205. 8205. 7205. 6205. 5205. 4205. 3205. 2205. 1205.. :J [\]8U yFz65g JH;²YU{^ 1,z 50 5 |Y[\EFUvADL-1B CG]WL,b¬Uv[\R\[~WAD[~UWJkC,H,ADCFUv]kfH4X¥rWtvL2ADL . WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. . . . . U . 5FzFzg U y65 ) '/.X¥CF_ZtWL2AZJX.
(91) {2M.
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(93)
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(98)
(99)
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(101) {2.
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(103)
(104) . umber 24. 22. 20. 18. 16. 14. 12. 10. 8. 6. 4. 2.. KJ [\]YUz0 JH;²YU$y 50 5 |[\EGUWADL{^z B qCF]WL,bdUW[\R~[\WAZ[\UWJ §C;H,ADCFUv]kf HX.rWtWL2AZL [TX.CFR\[~]WL,X. . . . U{F Uy 5 ) -5¢HFSItW]0UWJ4kL2A X. E GFIHKJ.
(105) {2.
(106)
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(108) yFz.
(109) V
(110)
(111) . 20000 sphere - M=25 - o(1). 15000. 10000. 5000. 0 -1.2. -1. -0.8. -0.6. -0.4. |[\EGUWADL>{2y B CG]WL,b¬Uv[\R\[~WAD[~UWJ §C;H,ADCGUW]kf HX.rWtWL2AZL f0[TX._DAZ[\WUW_Z[\CG]H,R\CG]WEµ_ZtWLX¥_°H;EF]§H;_D[~CF]WrkCF[~]0_sX._DAZL,H;JKR~[\]WL. . . U. -0.2. 0. y65 ) Y´±L^JKrkL2AIH,_DUWAZL. X. E GFIHKJ.
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(113)
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(120)
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(123) yF.
(124)
(125) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. 10 Van Leer Jacobian Steger-Warming Jacobian 1. 0.1. 0.01. 0.001. 0.0001. 1e-05. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. | [\EGUWADL©{j BiQ7CFJKrkH,AD[X¥CF] C,?_ZtWL VS CF]g}dL2ADEGL2]kSVL:tW[TX._DCFAZ[\L,X¶CGA_."C©f0[¯®*L^ADL2]g_X.L2_IXC; 2dHFSVCGW[TH,]JH;_DAZ[TSVLX Q | F JH;² U Fy z qUWJµkL2AC,_D[\J:L£[~_DL2A°H;_Z[\CF]§Xµ}WX4ADL,X.[Tf0UkH,R R\CGEdH;AZ[\_ZtWJ . WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`.
(126) y;.
(127) V
(128)
(129) . 10 Van Leer Jacobian Steger-Warming Jacobian 1. 0.1. 0.01. 0.001. 0.0001. 1e-05. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. | [\EGUWADL©{5 BiQ7CFJKrkH,AD[X¥CF] C,?_ZtWL VS CF]g}dL2ADEGL2]kSVL:tW[TX._DCFAZ[\L,X¶CGA_."C©f0[¯®*L^ADL2]g_X.L2_IXC; 2dHFSVCGW[TH,]JH;_DAZ[TSVLX Q | F JH;² U 6y 5 qUWJµkL2AC,_D[\J:L£[~_DL2A°H;_Z[\CF]§Xµ}WX4ADL,X.[Tf0UkH,R R\CGEdH;AZ[\_ZtWJ . X. E GFIHKJ.
(130) y65.
(131)
(132) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. 6g_ Q @ _D[~JKL 3 9X 7 _D[~JKLrkL2Aq[\_ZL2AIH,_D[~CF]3 X97 §` AIX¥_Z¿CGAIf0L^A?S2H,RTSVUvRTH;_Z[\CG] yFy 1 {2yGF 50 1 X¥L,SVCG]kf0CFA°f0L2ANS2H;RSVUWRTH,_D[~CF] yFF yFzGMFz 1d~{ ´H,WR\LN BWndrWtWL^ADLNS2H;RSVUWRTH,_D[~CF]kX qUWJµkL2AYC;Y_Z[\JKL [\_ZL2AIH,_D[\CG]kX"H,]kf£Q @ l_D[\J:Li]WL2L,f0Lf 0: CG_Dt`kAIX._DCFAIfgL2A?H,]kfX.L,SVCG]kf0CFAIfgL2A?XZSutvL2JKL,X CFA°f0L2A:S2H;RSVUWRTH,_D[~CF]«7´"tWL X.L,SVCF]§f0¿CGAIf0L^AS2H;RSVUWRH;_D[~CF][XµX.CFJKL^itkH;_JKCGADL HFS^SVUWAIH,_DLde CFA L2²WH,JKrWR~LÉ_ZtWLq_DL2JKrkL2A°H;_ZUWADL [\]4_DtWLNX¥tWCg S 6ADLHFSItWL,X"{^Fy; 5 #3¿[~]kX¥_ZL,HFfC;³{2yGFM 1 CFA7_DtvLÉ`kA°X¥_DCFA°f0L2A S2H,RTSVUWRH;_Z[\CF=] 7«H,]kf·_ZtWLi]W[~_DADCGEFL2]JHFXDX*AIHGSV_D[~CF]4H,_É_ZtWLiX._IH,EF]kH,_D[\CG] rkCF[\]g_YADL,HGSutWLX«z0 G; 3¿[~]kX¥_ZL,HFfsC;czg FyGy 7° / ]SVCF]§SVR\UkX.[\CG]«e2_DtWL X.L,SVCF]§f0¿CGAIf0L^ABXZSutWL^JKL[X C;³SVCFUvAIX¥LqJKCGADLNHFS2SVUvAIH;_ZL?WUW_ªH;RX¥CxJ:CFADLqL2²grkL2]kX¥[~}dLi_DtkH,]K_DtvL`kAIX._DCFA°f0L2AiCF]vLd <]kf CFAs_Dtv[TX?_DL,X._D S2HFX.Lde CGA¶L^²WH,JKrWR\LoeW[\_sX.L2L2JXiJKCFAZLLV®cL,SV_Z[\}dLs_DC SVCGJKrWUW_ZL4H£X.CFR~UW_D[~CF] UkX¥[~]WE4_DtWLs`kAIX._DCFAIfgL2A?XZSutvL2JKLqCF]¢Hx`k]WL^AJKLX¥t 3]WCF_q]WL,SVLXDXDH,ADR~Ki[\_Zt£J:CFADLsrkCF[~]0_°X WUW_7kL2_D_ZL2A7HGfWH;rW_ZL,Gf 7Y_Dt§H;]4UkX¥[~]WEs_DtWLqX.L,SVCF]§f0¿CGAIf0L^A"XZSutvL2JKL7CF]4_DtWLirvADL2}g[\CGUkXJKL,X.t« . ` ` % = ". ±´ C[\R~R\UkX._DAIH,_DLi_ZtWLJ:L2_DtWCgfceF_DtWLq[\]g}g[TXDSj[Tf¶kC, [~]KSItWL2J:[TS2H,Rd]WCF]WL,bdUW[\R~[\WAZ[\UWJ H;AZCFUW]kf Hsf0CFUWvR\L2L2R\R~[\rkX.CF[fxEFL2CGJKL2_DAZstkHFXBkL2L2]:SVCFJ:rWUW_DLf*F´"tvL"ADL2L,X._DAZL,H;J SVCF]kfg[\_D[~CF]kX7H,ADL _DtWCoX¥L?C,«_ZtWL?X._IH,]kfWH;A°fH;_DJ:CdX¥rvtWL2ADLqH,_7_DtWLNH;R~_D[\_ZUkf0LqC; 1 5 6gJ 3D{^y7 ¬_ZtWLiADL2L,X._DAZL,H;J 5¢HFSIt ]gUWJ4kL2A[Xs6y 50eY_DtWL:H;]vEFR\L4C;¦H;_Z_IHF S 6©Fz 2Y´"tWLKS^H;RTSjUWRTH,_D[\CG] [X?JHFf0LCG] _ZtWL dg{2MFz4r CG[\]g_IXiJKL,X.tµAZL2rWADLX¥L2]g_DL,f4CF] |[\EGUWADLyGy0eW[\_i[X"HtkH;R¯BJ:L,X¥t:SVUW_qH,_i_DtWLX¥gJK JKL2_ZADrvRTH;]vLd«¨ L4UkX¥L4CFAx_ZtW[TXsSVCGJKrWUW_°H;_Z[\CF]©_DtvLKX.L,SVCF]§f0¿CGAIf0L^A[\JKrWR~[TSV[¯_NXDSItWL2JKLo ´"tWL[TX.CFR\[~]WL,XsC;N_DtWYL 5¢HGSut ]gUWJ4 L^A?[\] _DtvLX¥gJKJKL2_ZAD rWRTH,]WLH;AZLrWR\CG_D_DLf CF] |[~ EFUWAZLsyFgd¨ LqCFkX.L2AD}dLNH¶EGCdCgfKADL,X.CFR\Uv_D[\CG]µC,«_ZtWLJH;[\]4X._DAZCF]WEPX¥tWCg S 6KH,]kfKX.L,SVCF]§fWH;AZ S2H;]vCFrgX¥tvCg9S 6itW[TSItxL2²gtW[~W[\_°XH?X.JH;R~Rgf0L2_°HFSItWJKL2]g_2^´"tWL"[X¥CF_ZtWL2AZJX±[~]x_ZtWLqX¥gJKJKL2 _DAZKrWRTH,]WLH;AZL¶AZL2rWAZL,X¥L2]g_DLfµCF] |[~EFUWAZLsy;v*´"tWLs_ZL2JKrkL2AIH,_DUWAZL[~]_DtWLsX.tWCg S 6£AZL,HFSItWL,X { 1 5 1, 0¨©LsX¥tvC; CF]|[\EGUWADLsy 5H;]kf:|[\EGUWADLsyGMx_DtWLN[TX¥CGR\[~]WL,XBC;_DtWLNC;²ggEFL2]4JHFXZX AIHGSV_D[~CF] H;]kf_DtWCoX¥LC;_DtWLs]W[~_DADCGEFL2]JHGXDXÉA°HFSV_Z[\CF]AZL,X¥rkL,SV_Z[\}dL2R~KW¨©LsCFkX.L2AD}dL?_ZtWL f0[TXZX¥CgSV[H;_Z[\CF]¢C, L^EF[\]§X?H_ZL2A_ZtkH;_NC; c´"tWLPf0[TXZX¥CgSV[H;_D[~CF]¢C, [XSVCGJKrWR~L2_DL itW[\R~L?_Dt§H;_iC; [TX7CF]WR~µr§H;AD_Z[TH,R eW_DtvL?JH;²g[\J4UWJ$JHGXDX³A°HFSV_Z[\CG]£C, kL2[~]WExLb¬UkH,R _DC>z0 gY´"tW[TXsX¥CGR\UW_Z[\CG] SVCFJ:rkH;AZL,X"L^R\RBi[~_Dt SVCFJKrvUW_IH,_D[\CG]kH;R³fWH;_°H£L2²g[TX._D[\]vE£CG] _ZtWL ADL,SjL2]0_ZR\4[\]kX._IH,R\R\LfK¡BUWADCGr LH;] grkL2AIX.CF]W[S??H;_°H iHGX¥L 3 ¡ ? 7 0 1]1 5. 5. 9. . 5. . #6. WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. 9. . 76. .
(133) yFM.
(134) V
(135)
(136) . 10 first-oder second-order 1. 0.1. 0.01. 0.001. 0.0001. 1e-05. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. |[\EGUWADL>{2M B"Q7CG]0}dL^ADEFL^]kSVLKtW[X¥_ZCFAD[~L,X CGA¶`kA°X¥_Z¿CGAIf0L2A4H,]kf X.L,SVCG]kf0CFAIfgL2A4X¥rkH,_D[H;RiH,rW rWADC,²g[\JH,_D[~CF]kX UWJ4kL2A7C;7_Z[\JKLq[\_ZL2AIH,_D[~CF]kX"}vX"ADL,X.[Tf0U§H;R«R\CGEdH,AD[\_ZtWJ. X. E GFIHKJ.
(137) y1.
(138)
(139) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. hdb. umber 24. 22. 20. 18. 16. 14. 12. 10. 8. 6. 4. 2.. KJ [\]YUz0 JH;²YU$y 50 5 |[\EGUWADL { 1 B CG]WL,b¬Uv[\R\[~WAD[~UWJ&kC,H;AZCFUW]kf HX¥rvtWL2ADL S2H;RSVUWRH;_D[~CF]'5¢HGSutv¿]gUWJ4 L^AÉ[X¥CGR\[\]vL,X. . WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. . . U{F Uy65. ) 7ndL,SVCG]kf0CFAIfgL2A.
(140) yF.
(141) V
(142)
(143) . hdb. ture 13205. 12205. 11205. 10205. 9205. 8205. 7205. 6205. 5205. 4205. 3205. 2205. 1205.. :J [\]8U yFz65g JH;²YU{^FyFz 50 |[\EGUWADL {2B CG]WL,b¬Uv[\R\[~WAD[~UWJ&kC,H;AZCFUW]kf HX¥rvtWL2ADL S2H;RSVUWRH;_D[~CF]'/.X.CF_DtvL2ADJX . . 5 . . . . U. 5FzFzg Uy65 ) 7ndL,SVCG]kf0CFAIfgL2A X. E GFIHKJ.
(144) yF.
(145)
(146) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. hdb. 0.32 0.3 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02. KJ [~] U z0
(147) JH;²YUz0 G 5 |[\EGUWADL {2B CG]WL,b¬Uv[\R\[~WAD[~UWJ&kC,H;AZCFUW]kf HX¥rvtWL2ADL S2H;RSVUWRH;_D[~CF] q[\_DAZCFEGL2]KJHGXDXÉAIHGSV_D[~CF][TX.CFR~[\]WL,X
(148) . WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. .
(149) . . . U$zg z0{ Uy65. ) 7ndL,SVCG]kf0CFAIfgL2A.
(150) Fz.
(151) V
(152)
(153) . 30 sphere - M=25 - o(1) sphere - M=25 - o(2) 25. 20. 15. 10. 5. 0 -1.2. -1. -0.8. -0.6. -0.4. -0.2. 0. |[\EGUWADL4yGz B qCF]WL,bdUW[\R~[\WAZ[\UWJ §C;H,ADCFUv]kf H:X¥rWtWL^ADL Uy65 ) =5¢HFSIt¢]0UWJ4kL2A f0[TX._DAZ[\WUW_Z[\CG] H;R\CG]WE _DtWL©X._IH,EF]kH,_D[\CG]Wr CG[\]g_¢X._DADLH;JKR~[\]WL 7|Y[\AIX._DCFA°f0L2A X¥L,SjCF]kf0CFA°f0L2A SVCFJ:rkH;AZ[TX¥CG] . X. E GFIHKJ.
(154) 0{.
(155)
(156) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. 20000 sphere - M=25 - o(1) sphere - M=25 - o(2). 15000. 10000. 5000. 0 -1.2. -1. -0.8. -0.6. -0.4. -0.2. 0. |[\EGUWADLy0{B CG]WL,b¬Uv[\R\[~WAD[~UWJ §C;H,ADCGUW]kf HX.rWtWL2AZL U y65 ) Y´±L^JKrkL2AIH,_DUWAZL f0[TX._DAZ[\WUW_Z[\CG] H;R\CG]WE _DtWL©X._IH,EF]kH,_D[\CG]Wr CG[\]g_¢X._DADLH;JKR~[\]WL 7|Y[\AIX._DCFA°f0L2A X¥L,SjCF]kf0CFA°f0L2A SVCFJ:rkH;AZ[TX¥CG] . WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`.
(157) Fy.
(158) V
(159)
(160) . |[~EFUWAZLyFy BkqCFUWWR~LxL2R~R\[~rkX¥CG[TfJKL,X¥t0dg{2MGzµrkCF[\]g_IX X. E GFIHKJ.
(161)
(162)
(163) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. |Y[\EFUvADLyFBkCFUWvR\LxL^R\R\[~rkX¥CG[TfKS^H;RTSjUWRTH,_D[\CG] 5¢HGSut]gUWJ4 L^AÉ[X¥CGR\[\]vL,X WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. F.
(164) ;.
(165) V
(166)
(167) . |[\EGUWADLy;%B*qCFUWWR~LsL2R\R~[\rkX.CF[Tf:S2H;RSVUWRTH,_D[~CF]%/¥X.CF_ZtWL2ADJX X. E GFIHKJ.
(168)
(169)
(170) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. |[~EFUWAZLxy 5 BkCGUWWR~L¶L^R\R\[~rkX¥CG[TfKS^H;RTSjUWRTH,_D[\CG] q²g0EGL2]JHFXZXÉAIHGSV_D[~CF][TX.CFR\[~]WL,X WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. 65.
(171) FM.
(172) V
(173)
(174) . |[\EGUWADLyGM BcCFUWvR\LsL2R\R~[\rkX.CF[fKS2H;RSVUWRH;_D[~CF] [\_ZADCGEFL2]JHGXDXÉAIHGSV_D[~CF][TX.CFR~[\]WL,X X. E GFIHKJ.
(175) 1.
(176)
(177) !#"%$ &'(% *)+,-. &
(178) l "! ´""C}dL2AIX.[\CF]§X³C,H;]K[~JKrWR~[TSV[¯_XDSItWL2JKL itW[TSIt4f0[a®cL2A7g_DtWL 2dHFSjCFW[H;]KJH,_DAZ[TSVL,XYtkH2}dL kL2L2]SVCG]kX¥_ZADUkSj_DL,f[\]KkCG_DtS2HGX¥L,X7C;«`kA°X¥_Z¿CGAIf0L2AqH,]kfKX.L,SVCF]§f0¿CGAIf0L^AiX¥r§H;_D[H;R¤H;rWrWAZC,²0[~ JH;_Z[\CG]kXVeFCFA7_ZtWL?X.CFR~UW_D[~CF]kX7C;F t0grkL2AIX.CF]W[S¦[~]0}g[TXZSV[Tf?kC,"`kL2RTfvXÉ[\]:SItWL2JK[S2H;Rd]WCG]W L,bdUW[\R~[\WAZ[\UWJ¢ ndL^}dL2AIH,R«S2H,RTSVUWRH;_Z[\CF]§X"tkH2}dL¶kL2L^]£JHFf0LsC;kC,qXH,ADCFUv]kfH4X¥rWtvL2ADLC;7[~]WL2AD_ªH;]kf ]WCF]v¿L,bdUW[~R\[\vAD[\UvJ&EdHGX¶H,]kf£CFA f0[a®cL2AZL2]0_iADL^L,X¥_ZADL,H,JSjCF]kf0[~_D[~CF]kXj*|WCFA H;R\RY_DtvL,X¥LPS2H;R~ SVUWRH;_D[~CF]kXi_DtvL¶[~JKrWR~[TSV[¯_7XZSutWL^JKL[XÉCFUW]§f£ADCGWUkX._?H,]kf£LVSV[~L2]0_^ / ]4rkH;AZ_D[TSjUWRTH,A2e0 L?tkH2}dLNX¥tWC,i]_DtkH,_i_DtWL X¥CFR~UW_D[~CF]KCGW_IH,[\]WLf£H,ADCGUW]kfK_DtWL X¥rWtWL^ADL SVCFJ:rkH;AZL,X· L2R\R i[\_Zt _DtvL_DtvL2CFAZL2_D[S2H;RiCG]WLi[~_Dt AZL,X¥rkL,Sj_µ_ZC X¥tWCg S 6 X¥_°H;]kf0C;® f0[TX. _IH,]kSVL,Xjk´"tWL sf0[X¥_ZAD[\vUW_D[~CF]C;_DtWLSVCGJKrWUW_ZL,fµ[~]WL2AD_Z¿EoHFXqX¥CGR\UW_Z[\CF]tkHGX¦kL2L^]SjCFJK rkH;AZL,fi[~_Dt _DtWL L2²0rkL2AZ[\JKL^]0_°H;R f0[TX._DAZ[\WUW_Z[\CG]CGW_IH,[\]WLfgL E7L2_D_ZL2AL2_4H;R "H,]kf_ZtWL ADL,X.UWR\_°XiH;EGADL2L"L2R~R ¨©LtkH2}dL4H;RX¥CkL2L^]X.UkS2SVL,XZXÅUWR[\] SVCFJKrvUW_D[~]WEµ_ZtWLkC,"`kL2RTf©H;AZCFUW]§fHf0CFUWvR\L L2R\R~[\rkX.CF[f¶EFL^CFJKL2_ZADsUkX.[\]WEH?X.L,SVCF]§f0¿CGAIf0L^A"XZSutvL2JKLdeICFA H]WCG]W¿Lb¬UW[~R\[~WAD[~UWJ$EdHFXBi[~_Dt H·ADL^L,X¥_ZADL,H,J 5¢HFSItW]0UWJ4kL2A"C, 6y 5g*´"tv[TXEGL2CFJKL^_DAD4JKCgf0L^RTX"_DtvLx]WCoX¥LxC, HKX.t0UW_Z_DR~L H;]kftkHGX³kL2L^]UkX¥L,f¶CGAB_DtvLi_DL,X._D S2HFX.L,XBrWADCGr CoX¥L,f[\]_ZtWL D¨©CFA 6WX.tWCFr4CF] grkL2AIX.CF]W[S |R\C,qX"CFAqpiL2L2]g_DAZK@BADCGWR\L^JX g / ]lSjCF]kSVR~UkX¥[~CF]«e _DtWL>SVCFJKr§H;AD[X¥CG]lC;_DtWL¢]gUWJKL^AD[TS^H;R"AZL,X¥UvR\_IX4i[\_Dt _DtWL^CFADL^_D[TS^H;R e L2²gr L^AD[\J:L2]0_°H;R¤H;]kfCF_DtvL2A?SjCFJKrWUv_IH;_Z[\CG]kH;RX¥CGR\UW_Z[\CF]§XSVCG]0_ZAD[~WUW_DLX¦_ZCµ_ZtWLx}GH;R~[TfWH,_D[~CF] C;7_ZtWLsJKL2_ZtWCgf0CFR~CFEGd 8 0 { 1 $9&';
(179) [ ,- 4 _$ ;_ 9 &=_ G
(180) "!!# 6.
(181) . &= 9$ G
(182) %"!!&('. . ". . . L,h X¥[f"L2h AD[ e 2W <*H,]kf8n¬H;R\}dL^_D_D[ 'e 5 E~e L / ]0}g[TXZSV[Tf]WCF]WL,bdUW[\R~[\WAZ[\UWJkC, [\]¢_ZtWL g} [TSj[\]W[~_¥sC,7HX._IH;EG]kH;_Z[\CG]£rkCG[\]g_ 0e [ &' ;) +*
(183) #',G ] -'.
(184) _ /'- #0 21 _ 3-&4'65&75 /5 #8:9/"!! <;G 0 21x@H;A;6¢Qq~e CF]WL,bdUW[\R~[\WAZ[\UWJ grkL2AIX.CF]W[ST<L2AZCF_ZtWL2ADJ:Cgf00]§H;JK[S2X ge.=%!"%?>8 0 y21x. 7. 1. . . $@G% 'A)"!B!#'. WKWYX[Z]\\_^2`. . 6. .
(185) F.
(186) V
(187)
(188) 0 L1x|WL ^CFUW[ e FBgH;]§fnd_ZCFU:L2_^e ?\e <. SVRTHGXDXC,«[~JKrWR\[SV[\_«Uvr0i[~]kfXDSItWL2JKLX¤CdLq¡BUWR~L2A X.[\J4UWRTH,_D[~CF]kX7i[\_Dt UW]kX._DADU§SV_DUWAZL,fKJKL,X.tWL,X ge4=,' [ &4' ["%$] ' , 9/; ) &(80 9/"!B!<;G 0 521·Q7[S2SVCGR\[ Le 5aQq~eF|WL ^CFUW[ e FBgH;]§fµ Lh X¥[Tf L2h AD[ e 2W <x\e F¡SV[\L^]0_[5L^_DtWCgfWXCGA / ]g}0[X¥ Sj[Tf CF]v¿L,bdUW[~R\[\vAD[\UvJ grkL2AIX.CF]W[S|R\C,"`kL2RfWX ge
(189) 4 9"' 9"' * 1 ;! &%
(190)
(191) -&4' /5& 9/"!!& ;G 0 2M 1 qR~[\]kX 60de x\e |W L ^CFUW[ T e FB\e Q7[TS^SVCFR~[ e 5¯Qq H,]kf L,h X¥[f"L2h AD[ e 2W <x\e CG]W Lb¬UW[~R\[~WAD[~UWJ tggr L^AIX¥CG]W[TSKkC,!SVCFJKrvUW_IH,_D[\CG]kX0 [\J:rWR\[SV[\_X¥LSVCF]kfg¿CGAIf0L2A:UWrW i[~]kf `§]W[\_ZLiL2R\L2J:L2]0_°X ge ;2 ' A!" "
(192) * [9 299 _+ 9_
(193) "% !
(194) * 9"%
(195) 92 , 9/"!!#8;G 0 11T<qWEFA°H;R\R eFps\eoL,h X¥[f"L2h AZ[ e 2W <x~e 5¢H,R\R~L2_2Le 5\ed@PL2h AZ[TH,UW²*e 2W\eG@L2ADAZ[\L2A^eF@YgH;]kfKnd_DCGU0 §L2_2e ?\e G´"tWLi¡BUWAZCFrkL,H,] grkL2AIX.CF]W[SÉNH;_IH iHFX.L B^H¦]WL^Q |B }GH;R\[fWH;_Z[\CG]¶_ZCdCFR CGA"_ZtWL?fgL,X¥[~EF]KC,X¥rkHGSVL}dL^tW[TSVR~L,X g(e & " 3* *)*
(196) [ T $
(197) [9 299 _3 9
(198) =% $ "!! * 3* *
(199) _&' #' ! #8 5#' 0 2 1 NHdLX¨$Bx~eY@³AZCFkX._DL2[~]psB| \e $9&';
(200) [ ,"' $ ' 3 *:&&' . 6. .
(201). . . G. . . :. <6. :. 6. . ". . <. . .
(202) "'9
(203) 9
(204) : 9"%
(205) *
(206) ; "!#00' 0 21 E7L2_Z_DL2A 5 \e*qR\[~}0[~L2A 6\e qA CF ]W[~E86x~e I|R~C,C,}dL2Aqf0CFUvWR\LsL2R~R\[\r§X¥CF[fH;]kf ³¡³²grkL2AD[~JKL2]g_IH,R AZL,X¥UvR\_IX 0e 3-&4' B! /5#88'. . X¥rWtWL^ADL. X. E GFIHKJ.
(207) Unite´ de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technoˆpole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, 615 rue de Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LE`S NANCY Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rhoˆne-Alpes, 46 avenue Fe´lix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex 1 Unite´ de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex. E´diteur INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France) ISSN 0249-6399.
(208)
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Dans le cadre de ce travail, l'analogie est d'ordre méthodologique : par « comme si », nous indiquons que nous avons soumis des programmes informatiques à des méthodes d'analyses
Ces métadiscours ainsi définis comme ayant pour seuls objets les codes linguistiques et leurs fonctionnements, leurs représentations aussi, souvent en termes de normes sociales,
La démarche de la présente étude a consisté, à partir de l’observation d’une même syllabe dans divers contextes, à relever les variations de quatre paramètres
