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How Poor are Current Bibliometrics in the Humanities?
Numismatic Literature as a Case Study
François de Callataÿ*
Numismatics is a field of research for which current search engines are of a very limited use (with an exception, to handle with caution, for Publish or Perish). It may be estimated that Scopus covers c. 1.8% of the relevant literature (c. 450 pages out of the c. 25,000 produced every year) while the Web of Science is absolutely mute. A detailed analysis performed on the main numismatic periodicals both confirms the value of the ERIH index and invites some important corrections. Forgotten are the American Journal of Numismatics, which is to be classified as International 1, the Rivista Italiana di Numismatica, which is to be classified as International 1 or 2, as well as Numismatica e Antichità Classiche, while the Bolletino di Numismatica, the British Numismatic Journal, and Israel Numismatic Research certainly qualify for a national level. The study points out how numismatics is a self-sufficient field, with a specific literature referring first to itself, and how, compared with other fields in the humanities, it regularly needs to refer to very old literature.
This paper is about numismatic bibliometrics. Its aim is twofold: 1) for the general reader, to offer a rather frightening case study of how entire fields of the humanities are poorly covered by the current usual tools (WoS, Scopus, SCImago); 2) for those more interested in numismatics, to investigate the role and pattern of the main periodicals.
* Royal Library of Belgium, Université libre de Bruxelles and Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes (Paris). The author is grateful to Catharine Lorber who kindly revised his English.
Twenty years after publishing a first essay on numismatic bibliometrics, many changes have occurred.1 In the 1990s, the indexes of the International Surveys of Numismatic Research, published once every six years in association with the International Numismatic Congresses, were still the best and possibly also unique instruments to give some measure of the quoted literature. Since that time, bibliometrics have invaded the academic world—even the humanities—although with considerably less efficient coverage.2 With its respectable Renaissance tradition of periodicals created before the mid-nineteenth century, and connected to, as well as nurtured by, the non-academic world of collectors, numismatics could be described as one of the areas most resistant to this invasion. And yet, even if perceived as a threat, and sometimes vilified as a perverse improvement or an intellectual heresy, bibliometrics are coming. This paper focuses on periodicals, leaving aside the more controversial debate about how to estimate the scientific production of specific authors.
1. Numismatic Bibliometrics:
The Very Poor Current State of the Art
There is a large literature denouncing the poorly coverage of the humanities by existing search engines. It is enough here to recall what are the two main reasons for this: 1) Search engines focus on periodicals while, for the humanities, literature published in other types of publications continues to vastly dominate the scene (books by one or several authors as monographs, proceedings of conferences, Fest- schriften for colleagues, and exhibition catalogues); 2) Search engines vastly favor English while publications in the humanities continue to be multilingual.
As a result, only a small portion of what has been published in the humanities is taken into consideration by available search engines. Several graphs have been proposed to visualize how the coverage differs from one field to another. Graph 1 comes from the World Social Sciences Report 2010, carried out under the patron- age of UNESCO. It gives for each field the percentage of journal articles covered by the WoS for the years 1980–2007.
While it may be argued that the WoS covers at least 85% of all medical papers, and more than 70% for the natural sciences and engineering, social sciences fall considerably behind (with c. 50%—but possibly not psychology which behaves more like medicine). With a mere 10%, arts and humanities are still in another world, not to be compared with social sciences. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that this alleged 10% is only for papers published in scientific periodi- cals, ignoring what appears elsewhere. As we shall see with numismatics, the real
1 Callataÿ 1992.
2 On this, see Hicks 1999; Jeanin 2003; Archambault and Gagne 2004; Comité National d’Evaluation de la Recherche 2006; and Kosmopoulos and Pumain 2008. The Revue européenne des sciences sociales devoted a full issue (45 [2007])to the “Evaluation en sciences sociales. Concepts, mesures et comparaisons.”
percentage of literature covered by the Web of Science, for example, is even more frightening.
Out of the c. 220,000 active and current scientific periodicals registered by Ulrich’s Periodical Directory, only a fraction—less than one tenth—is recorded by the most popular search engines such as the WoS (Web of Science—Thomson- Reuters: c. 12,000) or Scopus (Elsevier: c. 19,400). Among the c. 19,400 titles cov- ered by Scopus, a fair 3,000 are for the social sciences and c. 2,500 for the arts and humanities. This is just a portion. JournalBase, a French funded program, has produced a list of 21,405 titles for the SSH whose classification by main categories is quite appealing (Table 1, below).
Numismatics is at the crossroads of major fields of contributors in terms of number of periodicals: history (2,004 journals), archaeology (1,897), classical studies (1,897) and art/art history (1,700). Still, it is a small niche of approximately 40 major titles, nearly entirely neglected by main search tools. The Art & Hu- manities Citation Index (AHCI-Thomson/Reuters) is totally mute, even ignoring the Numismatic Chronicle and the Revue Numismatique while Scopus has only the Revue Numismatique on its list. SCImago does no better, taking into account only the Numismatic Chronicle.3
3 See http://www.SCImagojr.com/journalsearch.php.
Graph 1. Percentage of journal articles covered by the WoS (Web of Science) (1980–2007).
Source: ICSS Report 2010, fig. 7.1.
Table 1. The main categories of periodicals inside the SSH (from JournalBase).4
Categories Number of titles Percentage
Psychology and cognitive sciences 3,267 15.0
History 2,004 9.3
Archaeology 1,912 8.9
Classical studies 1,897 8.8
Art and art history 1,700 7.9
Administration and commercial sciences 1,034 4.8
Literature 963 4.5
Economy 950 4.4
Environment sciences 921 4.3
Sociology 855 4.0
Geography 683 3.2
Linguistics 657 3.1
More comprehensive (but not a searchable engine) is the European Review Index for the Humanities (ERIH) produced by the European Science Foundation.
In its last version (2011), it included eight numismatic titles: two classified as International 1 (Numismatic Chronicle and Revue Numismatique), two as International 2 (Revue belge de Numismatique and Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau), and four as National (Annali dell’Istituto italiano di Numismatica, Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, Numizmatische Zeitschrift and Schweizer Münzblätter).
Table 2. Numismatic journals classified by ERIH.5
Titles Category
Numismatic Chronicle Int1
Revue Numismatique Int1
Revue belge de Numismatique Int2 Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau Int2 Annali dell’Istituto italiano di Numismatica Nat Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte Nat
Numizmatische Zeitschrift Nat
Schweizer Münzblätter Nat
4 See M. Dassa, C. Kosmopoulos, and D. Pumain, JournalBase. A comparative international study of scientific journal databases in the social sciences and the humanities (see http://
cybergeo.revues.org/22864).
5 See https://www2.esf.org/asp/ERIH/Foreword/search.asp.
As we shall see, despite some necessary adjustments, this classification is not too far removed from reality.
I would argue that the only useful search engine for the humanities is Publish or Perish, developed by Anne-Wil Harzing (Melbourne University). Recycling the data provided by Google Scholar (notoriously known, however, for the opacity of its algorithms), this free search engine gives in one click for each journal different data among which are their H-Index, G-Index, the number of citations, the number of cited papers, as well as many more parameters based on these primary data. Table 3 provides a list of 53 current numismatic periodicals, given in the declining order of their G-Index:
Table 3. Data for current numismatic periodicals in Publish or Perish (August 15, 2013).
Periodical G-Index H-Index Number of
citations Number of papers
Numismatic Chronicle (UK 1839) 23 18 2789 911
British Numismatic Journal (UK 1904) 15 12 723 242
Revue Numismatique (FRA 1836) 14 12 967 1000+
Numisma (SPA 1951) 11 10 628 311
Israel Numismatic Journal (ISR 1963) 11 8 293 65 Annali dell’Istituto italiano di
Numismatica (ITA 1954) 9 6 251 73
Journal of the Numismatic Society of
India (IND 1939) 9 6 347 437
American Journal of Numismatics
(USA [1866–1919] 1989) 8 7 172 61
Jahrbuch für Numismatik und
Geldgeschichte (GER 1949) 8 7 177 65
Revue belge de Numismatique
(BEL 1841) 8 6 338 301
Schweizerische Numismatische
Rundschau (SWI 1891) 8 6 233 166
Rivista italiana di Numismatica
(ITA 1888) 7 7 501 566
Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde
(HOL 1893) 7 5 95 28
Nordisk Numismatisk Aarskrift
(1936) 7 5 245 108
Numismatische Zeitschrift
(AUT 1869) 7 5 231 131
Periodical G-Index H-Index Number of
citations Number of papers
Bollettino di Numismatica (ITA 1983) 6 5 122 261
Numismatica e Antichità Classiche
(SWI 1972) 6 5 160 106
Schweizer Münzblätter (SWI 1949) 5 5 115 180
Israel Numismatic Research
(ISR 2006) 5 4 43 20
The Numismatist (USA 1888) 5 4 147 195
Wiadomosci Numismatyczne
(POL 1957) 4 4 36 21
The Celator (USA 1987) 4 4 67 33
Armenian Numismatic Journal
(USA 1975) 4 3 37 12
Bulletin de la Société française de
Numismatique (FRA 1946) 4 3 122 76
Cahiers Numismatiques (FRA 1964) 4 3 52 38
Acta Numismatica (SPA 1971) 4 3 27 12
Nordisk Numismatisk Unions
Medlemsblad (1938) 4 3 74 46
Numismatic Digest (IND 1977) 4 3 61 23
Nummus (SPA 1952) 4 3 42 25
Studii si Cercetari de Numismatica
(ROM 1957) 4 3 46 16
Bulletin du Cercle d’Etudes
Numismatiques (BEL 1964) 4 2 31 72
De Beeldenaar (HOL 1977) 3 3 18 36
Buletinul Societatii Numismatice
Romane (ROM 1904) 3 3 25 11
Nomismatika Chronika (GRE 1972) 3 3 26 11
Numizmatika i Epigrafika (RUS 1960) 3 3 35 14
Oriental Numismatic Society
Newsletter (1970) 3 3 81 46
Geldgeschichtliche Nachhrichten
(GER 1966) 3 2 14 16
Notae Numismaticae (POL 1996) 3 2 15 6
Periodical G-Index H-Index Number of
citations Number of papers Numismatisches Nachrichtenblatt
(GER 1952) 3 2 12 8
Biuletyn Numizmatyczny (POL 1965) 2 2 25 13
Cercetari Numismatice (ROM 1978) 2 2 6 33
Coin World (USA 1960) 2 2 14 15
Folia Numismatica (TCH 1986) 2 2 5 11
Jaarboek van EGMP (BEL 1983) 2 2 4 5
Magazyn Numizmatyczny (TCH) 2 2 25 33
The Medal (UK 1982) 2 2 23 42
Münstersche Numismatische Zeitung
(GER 1970) 2 2 6 3
Numizmatika i Sfragistica (UKR 1963) 2 2 6 3
Numizmatikai Közlöni (HUN 1902) 2 2 23 12
Panorama Numismatico (ITA 1982) 2 2 9 4
The Shekel (USA 1968) 2 2 4 2
Australian Coin Review (AUS 1964) 1 1 1 1
La Vie Numismatique (BEL 1973) 1 1 2 4
As such, this table does not give too many absurd results. With 2,789 quota- tions for 911 papers, the Numismatic Chronicle is ahead in terms of quotations and the Revue numismatique is not very far off (and even beyond in terms of cited papers).
However, important biases are clearly present. First and as already denounced, these results under represent by a considerable margin anything not written in English, as anyone writing both in English as a second language and in a mother language may easily observe with his/her own statistics. Second, they also favor recent literature. Conversely, they disadvantage old journals for which the average number of citations per paper is low (see Revue Numismatique, Revue belge de Numismatique or Rivista italiana di Numismatica). A good example of this difference of treatment is provided by the Annali dell’Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, which are well referenced with consequently a higher G-Index (9 instead of 7) than the Rivista italiana di Numismatica while the number of citations is appreciably lower (251 instead of 501). A third and less expected bias is the fact that most of the quoted papers, even those published by the Numismatic Chronicle, have been integrated through Dialnet (dialnet.unirioja.es, referred to as
“publisher” [last column of the Publish or Perish charts]), a Spanish free portal of
scientific literature launched in 2001 and principally devoted to the social sciences
and the humanities. This gives an explanation for the excessively high results for some Spanish periodicals, like Numisma, here in fourth place, and Nummus.
There are other minor peculiarities such as the inflated importance given to the Journal of the Numismatic Society of India (here in seventh place), the high score of the British Numismatic Journal, which benefits from being cited frequently by British historians in relevant places for bibliometrics, and some others. However, despite these many defects, the Publish or Perish engine already appears to provide some statistical robustness and it is beyond any doubt that improvements can be expected in the future.
The same feeling of general plausibility is generated if one looks at the most cited papers. For the Numismatic Chronicle again, the four most cited articles are (Table 4):
Table 4. Four most cited papers in the Numismatic Chronicle (Publish or Perish, March 29, 2012).
Number of
citations Author Paper Year
57 C. J. Howgego Why did ancient states strike coins? 1990 45 W. W. Esty Estimation of the size of a coinage: a survey and
comparison of methods. 1986
34 D. G. Sellwood Some experiments in Greek minting technique. 1963 33 T. V. Buttrey Calculating ancient coin production. 1993
This ranking is not a matter of great astonishment. Two comments however:
a) with a higher result of 91, the most cited paper of Christopher Howgego is to be found in the Journal of Roman Studies,6 which in turn is no surprise since the JRS has a better H-Index than the NC; b) looking at the most quoted papers, it is clear that some areas of the numismatic world have been more thoroughly reported than others. Indo-Greek numismatics is a good case with a high ratio of reporting.
Hence the fact that six out of the seventeen most quoted papers published by the Revue Numismatique are devoted to this kind of coinage while the number of papers cited for the Journal of the Numismatic Society of India is no less than 437 (the fourth highest result, to be compared, e.g., with the 65 for the Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte).
En passant, one will notice the very limited score achieved by the most quoted article in the most quoted numismatic periodical, about one tenth of a good score for a paper about cognitive sciences.
6 Howgego 1992.
2. Numismatic Bibliometrics: An Attempt to Go Further
2.1. Improving the ERIH Index for numismatic periodicals
What follows is an attempt to go further with numismatic bibliometrics. For ten major periodicals, three recent issues have been systematically scrutinized (usu- ally the years 2009–2011), considering all references to other numismatic periodi- cals. For each of these periodicals, one gives the cumulative number of citations to itself and to the others (Total), as well as the same grand total less the amount of auto-citations (last column). It is likely and here assumed that this last column gives us the best evidence for classifying numismatic periodicals in order of im- portance. Consequently, the nineteen numismatic periodicals taken into account in Table 5 (below, among which are the eight recorded by ERIH indicated in bold typeface) have been classified in their decreasing order of this last column.
It turns out that the eight journals taken into account by the ERIH index pro- vide about half (49.4%) of the quoted information for all the periodicals. The per- centage grows further to 84.6% when considering the nineteen periodicals listed in Table 5. These numbers are typical for a rather small field.
Moreover and, as already noted for the humanities generally, citations of pa- pers in scientific periodicals represent only a fraction of all the citations. Data given in Annex 3 allow for a sample of five issues to estimate this fraction (Table 6):
Table 6. Journals versus total number of citations for some numismatic periodicals.
Journals NC
2011 RBN 2009 RBN
2011 RIN 2010 RN
2011 Total
Total number of citations 908 653 445 851 696 3553
Total for journals 187 82 125 102 91 587
Total for ERIH periodicals 102 56 69 32 47 306
% ERIH/total number of citations 11.2 8.6 15.5 3.8 6.8 8.6
% journals/total number of citations 20.6 12.6 28.1 12.0 13.1 16.5
Out of the total number of citations, c. 16.5% come from scientific periodicals,
an estimate divided by two if only taking into account the ERIH periodicals. In
other words, 5/6 of the references are not to be found in periodicals and only 1/12
come from the main journals listed by the ERIH index. It is worthwhile to repeat
here that, since search engines like Scopus or SCImago cover only one of the eight
ERIH periodicals (and nothing else), the covered percentage of numismatic litera-
ture can be safely estimated to be below 2%.
Ta bl e 5. D et ai ls o f ci ta tio ns b y n um ism at ic j our na ls.
JournalsAIIN 2009– 2011AJN 2009– 2011
INR 2010– 2012
JNG 2009– 2011
NAC
2008– 2010
NC 2009– 2011
RBN 2009– 2011
RIN 2009– 2011
RN 2009– 2011
SNR 2009– 2011
TotalTotal (self-citations excluded) NC145527261812429415433401277 RN17181413124619178516257192 AJN+MN1039351121739141717201162 RBN10179133283216818198 RIN2243-208295211118691 AIIN1913511187237710182 SNR61016221191012189678 NAC732422137201029068 NZ-118-9648124949 SM124211236594545 BollNum5---64216464343 BSFN4244-185374211642 JNG-2115-761584530 INJ-738-510-2416729 INR-1233-1241315724 BNJ-2---13216-2424 CahNum---2-2111522323 NCirc-415151-2-1919 BCEN11---811311616
JournalsAIIN 2009– 2011
AJN 2009– 2011
INR 2010– 2012
JNG 2009– 2011
NAC
2008– 2010
NC 2009– 2011
RBN 2009– 2011
RIN 2009– 2011
RN 2009– 2011
SNR 2009– 2011
TotalTotal (self-citations excluded) Per. ERIH771187653472491621041921111189- Per. Total (selection)116192193941043502262583511542,038- Per. Total1262202151211304662583193851682,408- % Per. ERIH/ total61.153.635.343.836.253.462.832.649.966.149.4- % Per. Sel./ total92.187.389.877.780.075.187.680.991.191.784.6- Articles
23 +8 27 +2 45 +4
36
57 (17 N) 62 +17 29 +12 47 +15 72 +6 39 +81 437- Pages824725569780133215097281639154076810,414- Ref. per./ page0.150.300.380.160.100.310.350.190.250.220.23-
It cannot be doubted that results presented in Table 5 give a more accurate view of numismatic journals than the Publish or Perish index (Table 3, above) or the ERIH list (Table 2, above). The Numismatic Chronicle and Revue Numisma- tique come first in the three different rankings. If we consider the ERIH list, it is all the more remarkable that seven out of the eight journals under consideration are classified among the ten first (Table 7).
Discrepancies are of two kinds. One has already been pointed out: journals too well classified in the Publish or Perish index, due to different kinds of biases, but actually not much quoted in recent numismatic literature. More worrying is the second category: journals which should be taken into account by the ERIH index.7
Table 7. Comparison between Callataÿ 2013, ERIH 2011, and Publish or Perish 2013.
Journals Callataÿ 2013 Last column of Table 5
ERIH 2011 Publish Or Perish H-Index 2013
NC 277 Int1 23
RN 192 Int1 14
AJN + MN 162 - 8 +
RBN 98 Int2 7
RIN 91 - 7
AIIN 82 Nat 9
SNR 78 Int2 8
NAC 68 - 6
NZ 49 Nat 7
SM 45 Nat 5
BollNum 43 - 6
BSFN 42 - 4
JNG 30 Nat 8
INJ 29 - 11
INR 24 - 5
BNJ 24 - 15
CahNum 23 - 4
Missing in the ERIH list for at least an International 2 ranking but more suit- ably an International 1 (as the Revue belge de Numismatique) are the American
7 Which aims to produce a list of high level scientific journals, implying to fulfil a series of criteria—as the 16 criteria of Scopus—, and with, consequently, an important rate of non- admission (c. 75%).
Journal of Numismatics (which continues the American Numismatic Society Mu- seum Notes) and the Rivista italiana di Numismatica. Other journals certainly de- serve to be inscribed as National, such as the British Numismatic Journal or Israel Numismatic Research, which has been launched recently with a high standard (while the Israel Numismatic Journal experienced difficulties appearing on a regu- lar schedule in the last two decades). Numismatica e Antichità classiche is more difficult to evaluate since it stands on different fields but it also certainly deserves an International 2 ranking, if not only for numismatics.
2.2. Integration level of numismatic literature
Do the main numismatic journals belong to a single and large scientific community quoting the same literature whatever their provenances? Details of Annex 2 do not invite optimism. Even major national journals remain centered on local literature, due to the nature of the published papers. This is true for the Numismatic Chronicle and the Revue Numismatique, but it also holds for the Revue belge de Numismatique and the Rivista italiana di Numismatica. All these journals continue, year after year, the good practice of quoting first of all themselves (see Table 5).
The Revue Numismatique and the Revue belge de Numismatique offer an el- oquent example of opposite citations: while the French journal quotes itself 85 times and the RBN only 16 times, the Belgian journal does the same in the other way, with 83 self-citations as against only 19 in the RN. This is typical for a non- integrated field of research where every journal has its own local agenda.
Additional proof of this is provided by SCImago, whose low interest in nu- mismatists has already been underlined since at this stage it only includes the Nu- mismatic Chronicle. Among the many graphs produced by this powerful search tool, one is devoted to the level of self-citations to compare with citations from elsewhere. When comparing the Numismatic Chronicle with the Journal of Roman Studies, it immediately becomes apparent that the level of self-citation is by far higher in the Numismatic Chronicle (Graphs 2–3, below).
Numismatics appears to be a self-sufficient field, well organized with a specific literature for specific topics, and consequently a high ratio of self-citations. From that perspective, the Numismatic Chronicle offers one of the best (or worst) exam- ples with no less than a 27% of self-citation rate as far as periodicals are considered (see Table 5, below).8
8 Comparing the number of self-citations with the total number of citations from scien- tific periodicals, we get the following order: RIN = 30% (95 out of 319), NC = 27% (124 out of 466), RBN = 26% (83 out of 258), RN = 22% (85 out of 385), AJN = 18% (39 out of 220), NAC = 17% (22 out of 130), JNG = 12 % (15 out of 121), SNR = 11% (18 out of 168).
3. Numismatic Bibliometrics:
How Old is the Quoted Numismatic Literature?
In their intense competition to dominate the market, search engines developed by private companies will continue to improve their coverage of existing literature. At the moment, Scopus is ahead for what may be found outside periodicals. This is good news for the humanities. What is less auspicious is that the quoted literature in the humanities may be very old, as illustrated by Graph 4.
With a median age of 14 years, arts and humanities refer to a much older literature than in medicine (6 years). En passant, it is interesting to observe that nowhere has the median decreased during recent decades.
Graphs 2–3. Citation vs. Self-Citation for the Numismatic Chronicle (top) and the Journal of Roman Studies (bottom) (SCImago Journal and Country Rank, March 2012)*
* See http://www.SCImagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=6700153306&tip=sid&clean=0 (NC) and http://www.SCImagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=6500153192&tip=sid&cle an=0 (JRS).
To calculate the median average of cited literature requires other figures (see Annex 3). Table 8 sums up the results obtained for five recent issues of the NC, RBN, RIN, and RN.
Table 8. Median of cited literature in some recent numismatic journals.
Journal NC 2011 RBN 2009 RBN 2011 RIN 2010 RN 2011
Ref. Total 908 653 445 851 696
Median 24 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 22 years
With a median of cited literature between 17 years (RBN 2009) and 24 years (NC 2011), numismatic literature comes behind what is supposed to be the mean for the arts and humanities (c. 14 years), themselves considerably distant from the mean in social sciences (c. 8 years).
To allow for a more detailed commentary than what could be said about the rough median, we need to characterize the observed shape of the curves. Graph 5 (below) gives the general model for the social sciences and the humanities.
In both cases, the peak of citations is obtained for literature four or five years old, but the slopes of the curve afterwards are very different, hence also the differ- ence of height for the peaks. For numismatic citations, we have recorded years of publication for five issues of major journals. For each of these five issues, Graph 6 (below) gives the percentage of citations in five-year periods.9
At first sight, the shapes of the curves look generally similar (but see below) and go well beyond what has been modelled for the humanities. The number of quotations older than 60 years is impressive: c. 12/13% for RBN 2009 and 2011 and c. 19% for RIN 2011 or RN 2011 and c. 22% for NC 2011. Graph 7 (below) allows for comparison between the curves modelled for numismatics and those modelled for social sciences and humanities.
9 For the details, see Annex 4.
Graph 4. Median age of cited literature by field (100-year citation window) (1980–2005). Source: ICSS Report 2010, fig. 7.2.
The curve for numismatics starts below the one supposed to describe the humanities, not to speak of social sciences, but sometimes large differences can observed as in the case of RBN 2009. The issue of that particular year combines the proceedings of an international conference held in Brussels in June 2008
Graph 5. Obsolescence curves of cited literature for social sciences and the humanities.
Graph 6. Percentages of citations by periods of five years for some numismatic journals.
(pp. 1–158: From mints to markets) and other papers (pp. 159–229), some of them dealing with modern Belgian numismatics.
With a peak at c. 20%, the proceedings of the conference display a pattern of citations far better than the average for e numismatic literature, in line with what has been argued for the humanities (with the same median of 14 years for the cited literature), while the second part of RBN 2009 resorts to even more old citations than the average obtained for numismatics (see Graph 8).
Graph 7. Obsolescence curves of cited literature for numismatics compared with social sciences and humanities.
Graph 8. Obsolescence curves of cited literature in RBN 2009 (international conference versus other papers)
This is more remarkable than it may seem since by nature numismatics calls for old quotations more than in any field we may think of. This is partly due to the seniority of the discipline: large corpora of the late nineteenth century (e.g., the BMC or Historia Nummorum for Greek coins) are still important references.
Catalogues of public or private coin collections are not published twice in the same century and have to be quoted whatever their age. Another major reason for old references has to do with size and means. Numismatic studies is a very large field nowadays cultivated by a substantial but limited number of authors. The indices of the International Surveys of Numismatic Research, published once every six years, register papers written by some 5,000 authors (c. 4,500 for Berlin, 1997 and c.
5,000 for Madrid, 2003). But not all branches can be thoroughly investigated at the same time and, as everywhere, trends promote enthusiasm or neglect. RBN 2009 offers a quantified confirmation that Belgian numismatics was thoroughly pur- sued before World War I, at a time of great nationalism in what was then a young and extremely wealthy country. In contrast, and for different reasons, coinages of the Low Countries have been rather neglected since World War II, hence the host of quotations referring back to the nineteenth century. Such phenomena may be detected in several areas and bibliometry is here helpful.
4. Numismatic Bibliometrics:
How Large is the Current Literature?
Finally: how large is the yearly numismatic literature? The answer very much de- pends on how we define it. Several approaches may be attempted. A first one is to measure the annual amount of literature produced by the main scientific peri- odicals. Table 9 (below) gathers for the eight ERIH journals (plus the AJN and the RIN) the number of papers (before slash), and the number of pages (after slash) for articles (first line), notes (second line) and reviews (third line).
These observations are summed up in Table 10 (below) which gives for each periodical the yearly average per category.
If on one hand, as it has been argued above, the eight ERIH periodicals con- tribute c. 8% of the total quoted literature in numismatic papers and, on the oth- er hand, roughly 2,000 pages of numismatic literature are published every year by these eight periodicals (Table 10 [below]. Total 8, last row), then we may be tempted to extrapolate the yearly gross amount of numismatic pages suitable for scientific quotation to c. 25,000 (2,060/8 x 100).
It should be stressed again that, out of these c. 25,000 pages a year, nothing is
covered by the Art & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI-Tomson/Reuters), while
Scopus and SCImago cover a meagre 1.8% (only the Revue Numismatique for Sco-
pus and the Numismatic Chronicle for SCImago: c. 450 pages).
Ta bl e 9. N um be rs o f p ap er s, n ot es, a nd r ev ie w s f or t he 8 n um ism at ic p er io di ca ls in ERIH + AJ N an d RIN (2001–2010)
Journal2001200220032004200520062007200820092010Total NC 13/281 9/50 15/24 14/338 13/74 16/42 16/337 12/64 17/33 11/222 19/113 17/23 23/321 9/83 15/32 26/389 11/107 9/19 22/276 7/72 10/46 17/381 9/92 12/24 20/397 6/106 11/23 23/412 4/100 7/18 185/3354 99/861 129/284RN
26/455 2/28 19/40 15/370 2/30 17/52 20/442 3/10 22/60 15/354 - 18/49 12/185 1/19 19/47 22/424 3/14 16/40 10/299 3/25 12/39 20/463 2/12 15/37 14/376 3/57 16/39 25/530 1/15 13/56 169/3898 20/210 167/459
RBN
12/198 4/22 17/24 6/152 6/34 14/22 7/229 5/29 19/29 7/216 6/21 13/29 7/216 5/35 16/23 9/159 9/27 12/20 7/134 13/41 9/20 4/155 22/51 12/16 11/208 5/22 8/15 7/187 7/50 20/30 78/1638 82/332 140/228
SNR
8/194 - 6/37 7/154 1/3 4/23
?
9/159 - 6/43 10/207 - 4/16 8/170 - 9/70 7/170 - 5/44 8/187 - 4/27 29/307 - - 4/255 - 4/23 90/1803 1/3 42/283
AIIN
6/189 7/92 1/43 5/261 6/85 - 3/173 8/53 -
TablesTables
5/181 7/112 - 5/210 3/36 1/7 6/283 4/57 - 9/245 3/40 - 5/283 4/60 - 44/1825 42/535 2/50
NZ
15/301 1/8 -
--
8/174 - - 31/453 - -
-
8/182 - - 21/352 - -
--
83/1462 1/8 -
JNG-
11/152 - 8/16
-
6/147 - 17/44
-
12/257 1/2 6/16 7/154 1/40 13/44 12/168 1/18 11/35 12/231 - 11/24 10/245 2/32 14/32 70/1354 5/92 80/211
SM??
9/28 - 5/7 12/54 - 6/9 10/59 1/2 10/14 7/59 - 6/12 10/56 2/6 4/10 7/35 5/15 6/8 6/60 - - 11/74 - 4/9 72/425 8/23 41/69
Journal2001200220032004200520062007200820092010Total Total 8 ERIH 68/132 6 25/134 77/197 93/144 1 16/139 64/132 89/163 9 31/262 58/177 76/148 1 29/220 54/210 95/202 4 43/245 60/147 101/182 4 17/225 46/101 85/198 6 18/257 62/168
Total 81657171220781911241621502411 AJN 8/145 1/62 1/4 7/178 1/44 - 7/156 - -
-
15/267 1/35 - 9/151 1/50 - 7/182 1/8 - 28/615 - - 7/225 - - 7/130 1/86 - 95/2049 6/285 1/4
RIN
10/354 - 6/11 27/463 - 18/25 15/516 2/6 9/23 19/496 4/18 6/28 20/414 2/9 10/37 19/469 4/37 7/53 16/466 5/44 7/32 16/474 4/70 8/62 17/498 5/51 7/35 16/442 7/48 7/44 175/4592 33/283 85/350
Total 10
87/182 2 29/152 83/225 128/21 22 19/183 74/171 117/22 59 36/349 65/230 99/212 9 35/272 61/242 139/31 13 47/315 68/209 125/23 22 22/276 53/136 108/25 58 26/391 69/212
Total 102199247628382643363727343161
Ta bl e 10. Y ea rly a ve ra ge n um be rs o f p ag es p ub lis he d b y t he 8 n um ism at ic p er io di ca ls in ERIH + AJ N an d RIN (2001–2010).
NCRNRBNSNRAIINNZJNGSMTotal 8AJNRINTotal 10 Papers3353901641772161461359716602044592323 Notes862133-731942272928284 Reviews284623378-2110173-35208 Total44945922021429714716511120602335222815Is the result of c. 25,000 numismatic pages published every year realistic?
The DONUM database of the American Numismatic Society is now rich with c.
170,000 entries, including books and auction catalogues (c. 120,000 in 1998).10 Without catalogues, it is likely to register c. 140,000 entries for papers only, which points in the direction of a yearly average of at least 1,500 new entries for recent years (likely closer to 2,000). This is a huge work and the warmest thanks must be given to the ANS for creating, maintaining, and developing such a useful tool for the numismatic community. Out of these c. 1,500/2,000 new registered papers every year, approximately 100, as an average, are published in the eight ERIH pe- riodicals (see Table 9. Row “ERIH 8 Total”, first line). Multiplying the 1,660 pages of these c. 100 papers (see Table 10. Total 8, first line) by 15 or 20, we get a similar result: the total citable numismatic literature per year approximates 24,900–33,200 pages. Or, assuming a similar length for the ERIH papers (c. 19 pages [see Table 9.
last column]) and the other numismatic literature (which combines a proportion of lengthy monographs with possibly shorter papers published elsewhere), again one gets a result of the same magnitude (19 x 1,500 = 28,500).
However, this does not take into account the countless bulletins published by local numismatic circles as well as many other sources. Every year, Belgian or Swiss numismatic societies customarily provide a list of all the papers dealing with the numismatics of their own countries (see RBN and SM). Bibliometrics are dif- ficult to apply to such a material of diverse conditions but it is clear enough that it multiplies the number of pages by at least a factor of 2.
For Belgium, taking only the pure numismatic papers or books related to lo- cal coinages, there is a total of 3,175 pages for 2010.11 Belgium is a country with a long tradition of cultivating numismatics but it is clear that its relative share is well beneath 1/8 of the total numismatic literature produced in the world, with a figure of 25,000 pages published annually.
10 See Hahn 2012.
11 See Dewit 2011, who gives 288 entries broken down as follows: general studies: 808 p. (nos. 2, 3, 6, 8, 9); ancient coinages: 408 p. (nos. 10–12, 14–16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 34, 36–38, 41, 43, 48–50); medieval coinages: 865 p. (nos. 53, 54, 61–65, 67–72, 75, 78, 80, 85, 86); modern coinages : 116 p. (nos. 87, 89, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107) ; con- temporary coinages: 369 p. (nos. 108–112, 117); medals: 533 p. (nos.: 118, 120, 123–127, 130, 131, 133–144, 146–148, 150, 152, 153, 157, 159, 160, 164, 167– 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183–208, 210–212, 214, 216, 218 ; varia: 76 p. (nos. 252, 253, 256, 258, 259, 261, 262, 275–278, 280–284, 286–288).
References
Archambault, E., and E. Gagne (eds.). 2004. L’utilisation de la bibliométrie dans les sciences sociales et les humanités. Science—Metrix, report for the Canadian Research Council for the Humanities (http://www.science-metrix.com/fr/
projets_2004_Bibliometrie_Sciences_Sociales.htm)
Callataÿ, F. de. 1992. L’activité numismatique dans le monde vue à travers les index des 5 derniers Surveys. Annotazioni Numismatiche 7: 133–141.
Comité National d’Evaluation de la Recherche (CNER). 2006. Pour une meil- leure évaluation de la recherche publique en sciences humaines et sociales. Paris (http://www.cner.gouv.fr/cgi-bin/htsearch).
Dewit, H. 2011. Bibliographie de la numismatique belge 2010—Bibliografie van de belgische numismatiek 2010. RBN 157: 295–318.
Hahn, E. 2012. Analyze this: article records in DONUM. ANS Magazine 1: 46–49.
Hicks, D. 1999. The difficulty of achieving full coverage of international social sci- ence literature and the bibliometrics consequences. Scientometrics 44.2: 193- Howgego, C. 1992. The supply and use of money in the Roman world 200 bc to ad 215.
300. JRS 81: 1–31.
Jeanin, Ph. 2003. Revumétrie de la recherche en SHS. Rapport synthétique et final de mission (1999–2003). Ministère délégué à la recherche et aux nouvelles technologies, France (http://www.revues.org/cost/images/1/12/JEANIN_,_
Rapport_final2003a.pdf).
Kosmopoulos, C., and D. Pumain. 2008. Révolution numérique et évaluation
bibliométrique dans les sciences humaines et sociales. Revue européenne des
sciences sociales 46 (141): 73–86.
Annex 1. Data for Defunct Numismatic Periodicals (see P
ublishorP
erish, August 15, 2013)
Journal G index H index Citations Papers
ANS Museum Notes (USA 1945–1988) 13 11 497 94
Numismatic Circular (ENG 1892) 7 5 237 143
Zeitschrift für Numismatik
(GER 1874–1935) 7 5 105 224
Hamburger Beiträge zur Numismatik
(GER 1947–1984) 6 5 106 36
Journal International d’Archéologie et de
Numismatique (GRE 1898–1927) 6 3 41 8
Berliner Münzblätter (GER 1863–1942) 4 4 38 12
Numario Hispanico (SPA 1952–1967) 4 3 51 19
Numismaticky SboRNik (TCH 1953–1989) 4 3 35 22
Blätter für Münzfreunde (GER 1875–1963) 3 3 28 12
Circolo Numismatico Napoletano
(ITA 1916–1990) 3 2 13 4
Deutsches Jahrbuch für Numismatik
(GER 1938–1941) 3 2 15 4
Annotazioni Numismatiche
(ITA 1991–2002) 2 2 15 9
Annuaire de la Société française de Numismatique et d’Archéologie (FRA 1866–1896)
2 2 12 58
Aréthuse (FRA 1923–1931) 2 2 12 5
Bollettino di Numismatica e di Arte della
Medaglia (ITA 1903–1905) 2 2 12 7
Bollettino italiano di Numismatica
(ITA 1983–2009) 2 2 6 3
Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic
Journal (CAN 1872–1933) 2 2 18 8
CronacaNumismatica (ITA 1989–2011) 2 2 5 9
Démaréteion (FRA 1935–1936) 2 2 4 10
Gazette numismatique française
(FRA 1897–1914) 2 2 6 3
De Geuzenpenning (HOL 1951–1978) 2 2 7 3
Mitteilungen bayerischen numismatischen
Gesellschaft (GER 1882–1937) 2 2 8 3
Monatsblatt der numismatischen
Gesellschaft in Wien (AUT 1891–1917) 2 2 4 2
Periodico di Numismatica e Sfragistica
(ITA 1868–1874) 2 2 12 6
Rassegna Numismatica (ITA 1904–1930) 2 2 11 5
Numizmatičar (SER 1978–1996) 1 2 4 5
Annuario Numismatico Rinaldi
(ITA 1947–1950) 1 1 2 1
Archéonumis (FRA 1972–1976) 1 1 2 1
Archiv für Medaillen und Plaketten-Kunde
(GER 1913–1926) 1 1 4 1
Helvetische Münzenzeitung
(SWI 1967–2001) 1 1 3 1
Numismatische Beiträge (GER 1968–1990) 1 1 2 1
Blätter für Münzkunde (GER 1834–1844) 0 0 0 0
Bulletin de la Société suisse de
Numismatique (SWI 1882–1892) 0 0 13 0
Courrier Numismatique (FRA 1923–1934) 0 0 0 0
Frankfurter Münzzeitung
(GER 1900–1933) 0 0 0 0
Der Münzen- und Medaillensammler
Berichte (GER 1961–1990) 0 0 0 1
Numismatické Listy (TCH 1945–1989) 0 0 0 6
This list partly mirrors the tragic political history of the twentieth century with
its two World Wars which, among others, several German numismatic societies
didn’t survive, or, in the 1990s, the fall of communist regimes known to have been
favorable for non-profit historical enterprises (admittedly sometimes tainted by
nationalism) while the market economy proved to be lethal. Standing well beyond
are the Museum Notes of the American Numismatic Society, now replaced by the
American Journal of Numismatics. It is clear that the combined results of these two
periodicals which is just one with different names through time would rank very
high on Table 3, possibly just behind the Revue Numismatique.
AIIN 2009 (37 quotations) AIIN 73, 136, 137, 193 AJN (+MN) 137
AnnotazioneNum 137
BCEN 135
BollNum 175, 178, 228
BSNR 170, 170
NC 101, 101, 137 Numismat 138
RBN 100
RIN 27, 135, 149, 173, 180, 184, 184, 188, 228 (9)
RN 135, 135, 136, 152, 178, 187
(6)
SCN 149, 169, 170, 170
SNR 174
AIIN 2010 (50 quotations)
AIIN 27, 116, 287, 289, 339 (5) AJN (+MN) 56, 72, 339
BSFN 77, 339
NAC 62, 78, 84, 318, 338 (5) NC 83, 93, 339, 339, 339, 351
(6)
Numismatica 351
RBN 57, 57, 96, 338, 338, 339, 339, 339 (8)
RIN 65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 132, 288, 288, 350 (9)
RN 57, 60, 65, 72, 72, 73, 79, 339
(8)
SM 338
SNR 28, 74
AIIN 2011 (39 quotations)
AIIN 25, 44, 48, 48, 48, 65, 89, 91, 91, 91 (10)
AJN (+MN) 26, 26, 64, 92, 127, 127 (6) BollNum 44, 132
BSFN 130, 130
GacNum 133
NAC 129, 199
NC 27, 34, 44, 63, 63 (5)
RBN 32
RIN 31, 44, 90, 132 RN 32, 63, 134 SNR 20, 21, 64
Annex 2. Details of cited literature for a sample of numismatic periodicals (by periodicals)
AJN 2009 (102 quotations)
AIIN 25, 45, 121, 196(4) AJN (+ MN) 25, 27, 27, 27, 27, 31, 46, 82,
82, 83, 83, 83, 97, 97, 149, 195, 199 (17)
BCEN 47
Cercetari
Numismatice 197, 201
HBN 199
INJ 120, 199
INR 44, 45, 46, 120, 121, 121 (6)
JNG 199
NAC 25, 84, 97
NC 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 47, 82, 82, 83, 83, 83, 96, 97, 149, 150, 150, 150, 194, 194, 195, 195, 195, 197, 197, 199,199,199,199, 200, 201, 201, 202, 203 (34) NCirc 150, 194, 199
NNA 83
NomChron 198 Notae Numismaticae 198 Numismatika i Sfragistika 198 Numizmatičar 198
NZ 202
Rassegna
Numismatica 25
RBN 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 31, 31, 45, 195, 202 (10)
RIN 198, 198
RN 26, 26, 83, 84, 84, 199 (6) SNR 46, 197, 199
AJN 2010 (25 quotations)
AJN (+ MN) 33, 33, 77, 77, 113 (5) ANS Magazine 212, 212, 215, 215, 215 (5)
BCEN 117
BNJ 211, 216
INR 77, 78
JIAN 22
JNFA 13
NC 77
NCirc 213
Numismatische Beiträge 211
RBN 78
RN 76, 214
Shekel 214
SNR 113
AJN 2011 (93 quotations)
AIIN 83, 85, 138, 138, 138, 141, 143, 146, 150 (9)
AJN (+ MN) 33, 52, 54, 54, 81, 84, 84, 84, 86, 139, 140, 143, 145, 145, 150, 179, 179 (17)
BSFN 81, 165
BSNR 14
Celator 33
GacNum 150, 152
INJ 51, 52, 52, 53, 53 (5) INR 52, 52, 52, 53
JNG 166
NC 33, 53, 82, 84, 85, 137, 139, 144, 144, 145, 145, 145, 146, 147, 147, 148, 150, 165, 166
(19)
NCirc 167
NumHisp 227 Numisma 138, 227 Numizmatika 14
RBN 81, 138, 138, 149, 152, 152 (6)
RIN 81, 165
RN 15, 85, 137, 138, 142, 142, 143, 143, 149, 165 (10)
SM 81, 85
SNR 81, 85, 137, 138, 139, 147 (6)
ZfN 83
INR 2010 (69 quotations)
AJN (+ MN) 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 54, 55, 56, 57, 65, 96, 97, 158, 172, 173 (15)
ANA Journal 121
BSFN 10
BullCount 19
INJ 19, 29, 39, 54, 97, 121, 158, 158 (8)
INR 10, 28, 30, 121, 141, 149,
149 (7)
JNG 95
NAC 56
NC 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 19, 56, 56, 96, 158, 158,
172 (14)
NCirc 10
NNÅ 56
NomChron 158
RBN 10, 11, 11, 97, 138 (5) RN 10, 10, 65, 96, 96, 96, 96
(7)SM 39, 56
SNR 10, 29
WiadNum 28
YarmoukNum 56
INR 2011 (66 quotations)
AIIN 161, 162, 162, 162 (4) AJN (+ MN) 31, 103, 103, 132, 171 (5) ANA Journal 132
Celator 59
INJ 18, 59, 75, 75, 75, 77, 77, 77, 102, 125, 131, 131, 160, 161, 184, 190 (16) INR 16, 18, 18, 31, 31, 31, 33,
33, 76, 131, 132, 132 (12) NC 18, 18, 33, 172, 190, 190 (6)
Notae Numismaticae 16, 16, 119
RIN 160, 171
RN 59, 160, 161
SM 33, 77
SNR 17, 17, 18, 31, 31, 76, 76, 77, 90, 90, 190 (11)
INR 2012 (80 quotations)
AIIN 179
AJN (+ MN) 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 23, 23, 42, 77, 78, 78, 92, 105, 158, 179, 180 (16) ANA Journal 125
BSFN 77, 77, 79
CahNum 77
INJ 42, 42, 42, 78, 79, 105, 105, 106, 106, 112, 125, 145, 165, 190 (14) INR 14, 15, 30, 30, 30, 78, 80, 80, 92, 105, 112, 125, 143, 165 (14)
JSAN 79
MünstNumZei 165
NAC 180
NC 15, 23, 78, 78, 112, 113,
166 (7)
Numisma 180, 180 Numismatist 143
NZ 144
ONSN 165, 165, 166
RBN 15, 158, 180, 180
RIN 77
RN 15, 76, 77, 158
SNR 78, 78, 79
YarmoukNum 180
JNG 2009 (45 quotations, 11 papers, 226 p.)
AIIN 122
AJN (+ MN) 56, 58, 58, 59, 60 (5)
CahNum 75
Frankfurter
Münzzeitung 170
JIAN 60
JNG 57, 57, 58, 60, 123 (5)
Medal 150
NAC 56, 59, 122, 123
NC 56, 57, 57, 57, 58, 123 (6)
NNB 56
NCirc 123, 136, 145
NZ 200
RBN 124
RN 56, 59, 60, 73, 121, 122,
123 (7)
SNR 55, 75
ZfN 57, 57, 59, 59, 59 (5) JNG 2010 (33 quotations, 10 papers, 245 p.) AJN (+ MN) 19, 64, 128
BSFN 147, 152
GN 171, 175
HBN 22
JNG 19, 21, 168
MÖNG 129
NAC 68
NC 22, 22, 23, 67, 67, 67, 67, 128, 152, 168, 168, 169, 169, 185 (14)
NNB 208
Nomisma 66
Numizmatičar 194
NZ 135
SM 129
ZfN 20
JNG 2011 (43 quotations, 15 papers, 309 p.)
AJN (+ MN) 128, 209, 209
BSFN 67, 128
CahNum 70
Celator 63
JNG 24, 30, 42, 86, 106, 225,
247 (7)
Medal 257, 257
MÖNG 90, 179
NC 38, 58, 90, 129, 129, 130
(6)
NNB 210
NomChron 27
NCirc 65, 160
NZ 179, 180, 187, 193, 202,
204 (6)
RN 70, 299, 302, 304, 305, 305 (6)
SM 160
ZfN 42, 223
NAC 2008 (46 quotations)
Acta Numismatica 243
AIIN 54, 54, 54, 54 (4) AJN (+ MN) 240
BollNum 456 Cercetari
Numismatice 401
INJ 323, 323, 328
INR 326
JIAN 164
MBNG 54
NAC 141, 324, 327, 366, 367, 367, 398, 401, 455, 457 (10)
NC 54, 193, 239, 239, 241,
243, 399, 401 (8) Numisma 239
Panorama
Numismatico 399 Periodico di
Numismatica e
Sfragistica 432
RIN 54, 399, 399, 432, 456, 456, 457 (7)
RN 323, 398
SM 240
ZfN 457
NAC 2009 (54 quotations)
AIIN 105, 105, 106, 364 (4) Annuario
Numismatico
Rinaldi 312
BollNum 105, 106, 361, 365 (4) Bollettino di
Numismatica e
Sfragistica 361, 362 CronacaNum 297
Elsen Liste 363
HBN 364
MÖNG 276, 320
NAC 104, 131, 276, 311, 312, 313, 365 (7)
NC 195, 276, 297, 298, 302,
365 (6)
NCirc 364
NumNach 292 Panorama
Numismatico 321 Periodico di
Numismatica e
Sfragistica 317
RBN 106, 362
RIN 194, 277, 288, 311, 312, 322, 361, 363, 364, 364 (10)
RN 194, 195, 196, 290, 292, 293, 297, 361 (8)
SNR 364
NAC 2010 (31 quotations) AIIN 142, 146, 346 AJN (+MN) 141 BollNum 155 Celator 383 CronacaNum 382, 382
INJ 233, 233
JIAN 127
MMB 336
MÖNG 383, 383
NAC 142, 145, 214, 405, 407 (5)
NC 233, 233, 233, 382
RBN 134
RIN 146, 158, 406
RN 130, 382
SNR 154
ZfN 382
NC 2009 (106 quotations) Acta Numismatica 220, 221, 227
AIIN 201
AJN (+ MN) 2, 9, 34, 46, 46, 443 (6)
BNJ 215, 215, 453
BollNum 106, 109, 110
INJ 46
INR 47
JNG 524
JNSI 526
JONS 247, 262, 292, 300 (4)
NAC 197
NC 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 13, 30, 31, 34, 35, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 51, 55, 69, 70, 71,
137, 137, 174, 197, 199, 205, 215, 215, 215, 219, 269, 287, 292, 408, 453, 453, 523, 523, 523, 528 (43)
NE 275, 275, 279, 284 (4) New Zealand
Numismatic Journal 26
NNUM 33
NumDigest 521
Numizmatika 270
NZ 112, 522
ONSN 141, 269, 272, 275, 280, 281, 287, 287 (8)
RBN 3, 30, 377
RIN 107, 109, 109
RN 43, 46, 107, 112, 245, 408,
425 (7)
SM 23, 197, 522
SNR 8, 57, 202
Yarmouk
Numismatics 280
ZfN 68
NC 2010 (172 quotations)
AJN (+ MN) 14, 54, 90, 196, 352, 353 (6)
ArMNumJour 9, 13, 14
BCEN 117, 202, 203, 239 (4) Beeldenaar 117, 295
BNJ 526, 529
BSFN 12, 117, 117, 120, 120, 198, 200, 200, 219, 229, 292, 294 (12)
Bulletin mensuel de numismatique et d’archéologie 289
CahNum 203
Celator 91, 93, 350 GeldNACh 199
HBN 218
Helvetische
Münzzeitung 120
INJ 322, 322
JIAN 8
JMP 117, 215, 219, 229, 258, 289, 306 (7)
JNAA 197
JNG 8, 117, 117
JONS 21, 27, 30, 35, 37, 40, 41, 47, 47, 353 (10) Money Trend 353
MÖNG 120, 120, 199, 323, 327,
328 (6)
NAC 71, 200, 200, 200 (4) NC 1, 23, 40, 70, 71, 73, 196,
197, 197, 199, 202, 214, 214, 214, 222, 233, 233, 265, 297, 322, 328, 357, 366,377, 457, 479, 494, 494, 494, 495, 496, 499, 499, 499, 517, 520, 526, 527, 527, 528, 531 (41) NCirc 124, 321, 325 NKözlöny 196
NNA 315
NNUM 220, 294
Numisma 114 Numismatic Digest 46
Numismatist 376 NZ 199, 201, 322, 366 (4) ONSN 25, 33, 351, 351 (4) RBN 8, 200, 203, 203, 229, 235,
245, 248, 353 (9)
RN 8, 30, 40, 91, 114, 114, 117, 196, 196, 200, 201, 201, 203, 214, 214, 223, 231, 254, 258, 295, 297, 304, 311, 351, 358 (25) SeabyCMB 352
SM 120
SNR 70, 123, 203, 203 (4)
ZfN 196
NC 2011 (187 quotations)
AIIN 51, 53, 63, 63, 90, 90, 104 (7)
AJN 4, 52, 53, 119, 474 (5)
ASFN 182
BCEN 184, 184, 311, 462 (4) Berliner Münzblätter 310
Blätter für
Münzfreunde 310, 311, 313
BNJ 259, 306, 306, 306, 308, 310, 312,425 (8)
BollNum 59
BSFN 183, 209, 306, 311, 313,
472 (6)
CahNum 207
Cercle numismatique
Val de Salm 307, 307, 307, 307 (4) Gazette numismatique 11, 313
GeldNach 308, 308, 308, 308, 308,
404,427 (7)
De Geuze Penning 182
INJ 67, 68, 71, 72, 72, 181, 183 (7)
INR 51
JIAN 127
JNG 51, 57, 313
JNSI 477
JONS 491
MÖNG 111, 184, 480
NAC 56, 181, 182, 182, 183, 183, 446, 507 (8)
NC 2, 2, 51, 52, 52, 52, 59, 67, 67, 111, 121, 122, 181, 182, 182, 184, 202, 203, 257, 309, 310, 310, 313, 314, 423, 425, 469, 469, 469, 470, 474, 475, 475, 484, 485, 485, 485, 494, 497, 497 (40)
NCirc 308, 309
NZ 113, 130, 365
Numismatische
Zeitung 313, 313
ONSN 478
RBN 183, 307, 307, 307, 310, 311, 311, 312, 312, 312, 312, 312, 312, 312, 312, 314, 314, 426, 426, 511 (20)
RIN 112, 113, 116, 116, 182 (5) RN 50, 51, 51, 51, 111, 111,
117, 181, 181, 182, 208, 309, 314, 405 (14) SM 53, 53, 113, 208, 310, 310,
310, 311 (8) SNR 52, 123, 181, 310 (4) Studia Numismatica 309
WN 204
ZfN 1, 111, 309, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314, 314, 426 (10) RBN 2009 (82 quotations)
AIIN 40, 132, 133, 134 (4) AJN (+ MN) 23, 27, 27, 78, 79, 127,
132, 147, 181 (9)
BCEN 51
Beeldenaar 226 Blätter für
Münzkunde 212, 213
BNJ 217
BollNum 8
BSFN 8, 8, 147
CahNum 30
JEGMP 214
JNG 33, 35, 178
NAC 30, 168
NC 7, 11, 28, 29, 92, 92, 92, 92, 109, 132, 134, 147 (12) NomChron 28
NZ 130, 188
RBN 30, 32, 41, 76, 78, 79, 144, 168, 169, 210, 211, 211, 212, 212, 213, 215, 219, 219, 219, 219, 223, 226, 226, 228 (24)
RN 28, 42, 73, 126, 168, 194,
217 (7)
SM 135
SNR 35, 130, 132
ZfN 34, 48, 197
RBN 2010 (51 quotations)
AIIN 30, 41
AJN (+ MN) 38, 39
BSFN 28, 43
ClasNumRev 31 Gazetta Numismatica 27 GeldNach 129
JEGMP 225
JNG 81, 213
Medal 129
MÖNG 74
NAC 36
NC 28, 57
NCirc 129
NZ 80, 100, 100
RBN 18, 55, 55, 57, 105, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 106, 129, 130, 137, 148, 159, 176, 177, 180, 190, 190, 190, 190, 222 (24)
RIN 98
RN 30, 40, 50
Slmovenska
Numiematika 81
SM 129
RBN 2011 (124 quotations) Acta Numismatica 191
AIIN 126
AJN (+ MN) 13, 13, 16, 16, 48, 52, 52, 52, 53, 89, 89, 90, 91, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 93, 93, 93,
111, 112, 117, 126, 128, 151, 192 (28)
BNJ 195
BollNum 8
INR 90, 125, 127, 128 (4)
JIAN 43, 111
JEGMP 186, 202, 204
JMP 176, 176, 176, 176, 176, 178, 182, 182 (8)
JNG 29
Muntklapper 232
NAC 19, 26, 33, 44 (4)
NC 39, 90, 92, 92, 93, 112, 112, 112, 112, 129, 146, 146, 194, 195, 197 (15) NomChron 145
NZ 8
RBN 26, 26, 33, 34, 35, 44, 44, 44, 44, 45, 89, 89, 90, 90, 92, 111, 111, 112, 118, 118, 126, 146, 176, 176, 189, 209, 222, 230, 230, 232, 234, 235, 237, 237,
243 (35)
RIN 89
RN 10, 34, 52, 91, 91, 92, 92, 126, 167 (9)
SeabyCMB 192
SM 91
SNR 11, 14, 40, 47, 89, 128 (6) RIN 2009 (141 quotations)
Acta Numismatica 376
AIIN 75, 76, 76, 121, 166, 259, 296, 296, 354, 577, 587 (11)
AJN (+ MN) 315, 351, 352, 352, 353, 542, 587 (7)
Berliner Münzblätter 294 Biuletyn
Numizmatyczny 352
BNJ 293
BollNum 75, 75, 75, 259, 477, 478 (6)
BSFN 350, 587
CahNum 76
Celator 315
CronacaNum 166, 531, 531, 531 (4)
INJ 351, 353
INR 121
JNG 353
LNVindobonenses 588
Medal 477
Medaglia 477, 477, 478
NAC 124, 259, 376, 376, 376, 376, 603 (7)
NC 75, 76, 76, 293, 293, 294, 294, 294, 315, 350, 350, 350, 350, 351, 351, 351, 351, 353, 353, 587 (20) Numisma 295
Numismatica 395 Numizmatičar 122, 294 Numismatiska
Meddelanden 165
Nummus 294
NZ 36, 315
Panorama
Numismatica 435, 435, 435, 531 (4) Rassegna
Numismatica 352
RIN 75, 75,77, 120, 120, 120, 120, 121, 123, 124, 165, 165, 166, 196, 259, 259, 315, 353, 376, 395, 435, 435, 435, 436, 436, 436, 477, 478, 499, 499, 531, 536, 542, 577, 577, 587,
603 (37)
RN 75, 77, 77, 120, 120, 121, 122, 225, 259, 294, 351,
352 (12)
SM 36, 36
SNR 165, 315, 602
SCN 294
ZfN 75
RIN 2010 (103 quotations)
AIIN 122, 123, 123, 123, 123, 123, 124, 202, 468, 468,
534 (11)
AJN (+MN) 42, 401, 476, 534,539 (5)
BCEN 542
BollNum 199, 199, 202, 203, 502,
502 (6)
BSFN 356
CronacaNum 230, 230, 230, 356 (4)
GacNum 505
Medaglia 398, 401, 433
MÖNG 356
NAC 122, 122, 169, 169, 199, 202, 203, 203 (8)
NC 38, 122, 124, 169, 201,
201, 203, 203, 356, 357, 476, 534, 539 (13) NKozloni 40
NNA 475
Numismatica 356 Numizmatičar 42 Numizmaticke
Vijesti 41, 42, 42 Numismaticky
Sboenrnik 201
NZ 38, 532
Panorama
Numismatica 496
RIN 38, 42, 43, 74, 123, 169, 200, 201, 201, 201, 202, 202, 230, 230, 230, 266, 266, 266, 400, 400, 432, 460, 468, 488, 503, 534, 534, 539, 548, 552 (30)
RN 505
SM 38, 534
SNR 43, 124, 201
WN 552
RIN 2011 (75 quotations)
ActaNum 95
AIIN 253
AJN (+MN) 47, 443
BollNum 239, 239, 240, 322
BSNR 435
CronacaNum 198
Medaglia 376, 376, 376, 464, 464,
464 (6)
NAC 126, 210, 239, 375, 400 (5) NC 47, 47, 94, 94, 322, 402,
420, 448 (8) Numismatica 240, 464, 464
NumKöz 435
Panorama
Numismatico 159, 159
RBN 126, 401
RIN 127, 127, 160, 160, 198, 210, 238, 238, 293, 294, 294, 321, 322, 322, 375, 375, 401, 424, 424, 424, 427, 435, 435, 443, 476, 476, 479, 479 (28)
RN 95, 95, 96, 96
SM 238, 293
SNR 27, 126, 128, 322
RN 2009 (139 quotations)
AIIN 199
AJN (+ MN) 79, 118, 363, 363, 366, 367, 435, 445 (8)
ArmJNumJour 374
BNJ 297, 297, 299, 303 (4) BollNum 198
BSFN 7, 78, 79, 79, 80, 189, 199, 211, 213, 297, 298, 298, 299, 299, 299, 299, 300, 300, 301, 301, 301, 301, 301, 302, 303, 304, 304, 304, 305, 312, 313, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 387, 389, 473 (40) Bulletin de
Numismatique 301
CahNum 298, 302, 302, 302, 303,
356 (6)
Courrier Numismatique et Archéologique 331
GacNum 356
INJ 82
MittBayNumGes 189
NAC 178, 189, 190, 304, 429 (5) NC 79, 79, 79, 80, 80, 80, 80,
117, 117, 151, 151, 152, 192, 302, 302, 302, 379, 431, 444 (19)
NCirc 363
NNA 301, 303
NomChron 79 Numisma 356
NNB 300
NZ 150, 440
RBN 80, 174, 219, 299, 301, 303, 303, 304, 365 (9)
RIN 167, 197, 441
RN 79, 79, 80, 80, 80, 114, 155, 177, 212, 213, 219, 297, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 311, 315, 322, 362, 365, 393, 441 (26)
SNR 197, 357, 364
RN 2010 (155 quotations) Acta Numismatica 146
AIIN 146, 147, 281, 284, 313,
315 (6)
AJN (+ MN) 34, 93, 147, 235 (4)
Annotazioni
numismatiche 224
BCEN 233, 414
Berliner Münzblätter 295, 297 BollNum 145
BSFN 28, 39, 41, 44, 49, 69, 70, 91, 91, 99, 175, 176, 176, 196, 240, 480, 482, 482, 482, 485, 512, 517, 553 (23)
BSNRomanie 296 CahNum 230, 510, 517 Gazzettino
Numismatico 281 GeldNach 414
INJ 92, 223,224
INR 223, 224, 233
JIAN 220
JNAAustralia 234
JNG 230, 233, 281, 427 (4) NAC 196, 281, 295, 297 (4)
NC 92, 102, 145, 145, 146,
154,197, 198, 221, 223, 223, 227, 227, 227, 228, 231, 234, 315, 365, 365, 365, 365, 457 (23)
NCirc 147
NNBlatt 233, 233, 233 Numismatika i
Sphragistica 224 Numismaticke Vijesti 415 Numismatique de l’Alsace 205
NZ 365, 415, 421, 439 (4) RBN 69, 106, 282, 427, 455 (5) RIN 144, 219, 220, 221, 222,
222, 225, 225, 233, 282,
326 (11)
RN 34, 34, 38, 70, 91, 91, 96, 97, 107, 144, 146, 155, 175, 176, 196, 197, 197, 197, 229, 229, 282, 282, 437, 441, 480, 480, 496, 561, 561, 561, 572 (31) SM 34, 281, 282, 283, 285 (5) SNR 98, 106, 146, 154, 177,
283, 326 (7) RN 2011 (91 quotations) Acta Numismatica 320
AJN (+ MN) 273, 341, 364, 364, 468 (5)
BCEN 45
BNJ 278, 279
BSFN 30, 84, 119, 258, 273, 277, 277, 320, 340, 372, 536 (11)
CahNum 271, 271, 282, 282, 283, 494 (6)
GacNum 260, 375, 385 Gazette numismatique 523
JNG 408
Mélanges de
numismatique 491
NAC 31
NC 45, 218, 257, 354, 377,
378, 403, 408, 467, 468, 468, 468 (12)
Numario Hispanico 352 Numisma 244, 244, 277
NZ 45, 340
RBN 83, 273
RIN 29, 30, 31, 32, 182, 218,
491 (7)
RN 30, 44, 45, 83, 83, 98, 111, 119, 119, 119, 218, 261, 261, 273, 289, 321, 324, 359, 361, 363, 376, 377, 403, 408, 409, 467, 491,
524 (28)
SNR 273, 276, 379
SNR 2009 (97 quotations)
AIIN 41, 48, 108, 174, 195, 213 (6)
AJN (+MN) 18, 60, 110, 128, 152, 162, 173, 187, 190, 233, 293 (11)
BollNum 174, 177, 187, 196, 302 (5)
BSFN 293
CahNum 292
Celator 293
INJ 253
INR 171
JIAN 293
JNAA 54
JNG 41, 48, 152, 152, 177 (5)
MBNG 47
NAC 47
NC 18, 55, 55, 55, 62, 112, 152, 152, 153, 153, 153, 220, 226, 233, 234, 253,
293 (17)
NomChron 293, 293
Numisma 98
NZ 207, 237
RBN 47, 237, 252, 289, 290, 292 (6)
RIN 47, 48, 213, 213, 228, 302,
303 (7)
RN 59, 104, 104, 104, 152,
152, 161, 162, 190, 254 (10)
SM 43, 187, 289, 292
SNR 25, 60, 61, 63, 127, 179, 207, 232, 293 (9)
ZfN 55, 128, 152
SNR 2010 (41 quotations)
AIIN 23
AJN (+MN) 69, 69, 76, 108
JIAN 115
JNG 70, 87, 179
NAC 9
NC 11, 87, 108, 115, 177, 179,
264 (7)
NZ 69, 176, 177, 177, 177, 178, 178, 178 (8)
RBN 179, 264
RIN 82, 86, 110, 264
RN 115, 175, 177
SM 115
SNR 8, 14, 109, 273
ZfN 109, 179
SNR 2011 (30 quotations) AJN (+MN) 97, 179
BCEN 97
BlätterMünzfreunde 157 BollNum 115
BSFN 158
CahNum 124
MBGN 157
NC 31, 66, 66, 66, 66, 97, 121,
183 (8)
NZ 97, 157
RN 115, 156, 157
SM 97, 114, 157, 172
SNR 31, 31, 31, 66, 172 (5)
