LAS-ANS SYMPOSIUM 2018
Stability of Power Systems Transmission
Francisco José Arteiro de Oliveira
Planning Director
Brazilian Energy Matrix
2017-2022
Wind Power Installed Capacity
2011-2022
The New Energy Matrix
ONS technical challenges
The New Transmission
System
ONS technical challenges
Q&A Angra 2 Nuclear PP
House Load Operation
Brazilian Energy Matrix
(2017-2022)
45.783 69,94%
12.983 19,83%
1.797 2,75%
4.826 7,37%
74 0,11%
Hidráulica Térmica Nuclear Eólica Solar
Current Power Generation (MWmed)
A green energy matrix
2017-2022 BRAZILIAN ENERGY MATRIX
Hydro Thermal Nuclear Wind Solar
Contracted Power Generation (Lowest Price Auctions)
Tipo 2017 2022 2017-2022 Growth
MW % MW % MW %
Hydro 105.406 67,8% 114.395 65,6% 8.989 8,5%
Nuclear 1.990 1,3% 1.990 1,1% 0 0,0%
Gas / LNG 12.597 8,1% 15.641 9,0% 3.044 24,2%
Coal 3.138 2,0% 3.420 2,0% 282 9,0%
Oil / Diesel 4.732 3,0% 5.018 2,9% 286 6,0%
Biomass 13.623 8,8% 13.829 7,9% 206 1,5%
Others (1) 779 0,5% 950 0,5% 171 22,0%
Wind 12.309 7,9% 15.373 8,8% 3.064 24,9%
Solar 952 0,6% 3.638 2,1% 2.686 282,1%
Total 155.526 100,0% 174.254 100,0% 18.728 12,0%
(1) Biomass Power Plants (with Unit Variable Cost)
2017-2022 BRAZILIAN ENERGY MATRIX
TYPE December 2017
December 2022
Growth 2017-2022
MW % MW % MW %
Hydro PP 105.406 67,8% 114.395 65,6% 8.989 8,5%
8.719 MW (96%) – Run-of-river HPP 401 MW (4%) – HPP with reservoirs
Run-of-River With Reservoir
Belo Monte HPP 6.722 MW Sinop HPP 401 MW São Manoel HPP 700 MW
Colíder HPP 300 MW
Small HPP 670 MW
Others 327 MW
2017-2022 INCOMING POWER SUPPLY
Wind Power Capacity
(2011-2022)
2022 2016
2014 2011
15 GW 10 GW
5 GW 1 GW
2011-2022 WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY GROWTH
Wind Power Capacity (2018) Region Installed Cap. (MW)
South 1.664
Southeast 28
Northeast North
10.883 221
Total 12.768
85%
13%
Brazilian Power System Wind Power Capacity
2011-2022 BRAZILIAN WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY
2018 Wind Power Installed Capacity (MW)
Northeast region
South region
Northeast Region Energy Balance
2009-2018 NORTHEAST REGION ENERGY BALANCE
Hydro Solar Wind Thermal Import/Export Load
The New Energy Matrix
ONS technical challenges
Reduction of the equivalent inertia
System inertia
▪ Essential feature for frequency stability
▪ Inherently provided through the kinetic energy of rotating masses of synchronous machines
The new energy matrix
▪ Madeira River Hydro Power Plants: bulb turbines with reduced inertia (~ 1.6 s)
▪ Increasing displacement of synchronous power by generation units connected through power electronics converters (e.g. Wind and PV power plants) reduces system inertia
▪ Resulting in higher frequency sensitivity
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Reduction of the equivalent inertia
Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) limitation: operational horizon
▪ More units committed in the power plants for the same dispatch
▪ Wind Power Plants: activate synthetic inertia controls
▪ HVDC asynchronous links: frequency controls to reduce the energy unbalance
Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) limitation: expansion planning horizon
▪ More synchronous compensators in the alternatives
▪ Solutions that emulate inertial response (electronic converters and batteries, based on Virtual Synchronous Machine concepts)
▪ Energy auctions: requirement for minimum inertia of generators
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Wind Power stability concerns: system requirements examples
Power Plants must stay connected…
▪ Off-nominal frequency operation
▪ Low and high voltage ride-through capabilities
And must provide…
▪ Automatic voltage and reactive control
▪ Transient emulation of inertia: synthetic inertia
▪ Reactive current injection during short-circuits
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Minimum requirements: Off-nominal frequency operation
- Allowed disconnection above 63 Hz
- Must stay connected between 62.5 and 63 Hz, for at least 10 seconds - Must stay connected between 58,5 Hz and 62,5 Hz
- Must stay connected between 56 and 58.5, for at least 20 seconds - Instantaneous disconnection allowed under 56 Hz
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
▪ The ability of a wind park to stay connected throughout a voltage sag or swell.
▪ Prevents cascade disconnections and major blackouts.
Minimum requirements: Low and High Voltage ride-through
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
0,000 0,250 0,500 0,750 1,000 1,250
-0,80 -0,60 -0,40 -0,20 0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80
P/Pn
Q/Pn +0,329 -0,329
P = 0,2 Pn P = Pn
PCC - POINT OF COMMON COUPLING: the wind park must provide enough reactive power compensation for the power system (see figure below).
AUTOMATIC CONTROL: the wind park must provide closed-loop automatic voltage and reactive control.
Wind-free converter:
provides reactive power even during no-wind conditions.
(under consideration)
Minimum requirements: Automatic voltage and reactive control
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
WIND POWER MODULATION: transient power contribution to reduce energy unbalances on power system after disturbances, like generation losses or outage of interconnections.
Minimum requirements: Synthetic Inertia
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
57.5 58.
58.5 59.
59.5 60.
0. 6. 12. 18. 24. 30.
FREQUENCIA DO SISTEMA AEROGERADORES SEM INERCIA SINTETICA FREQUENCIA DO SISTEMA AEROGERADORES COM INERCIA SINTETICA
Frequency (Hz)
Time (s)
Higher Minimal Frequency 58.0 Hz vs. 57.6 Hz
Lower Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF)
Synthetic inertia power contribution could avoid (or reduce) load shedding by
Minimum requirements: Synthetic Inertia
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS: Brazilian Power System simulation, considering a large generation loss, with and without Synthetic Inertia.
Without Synthetic Inertia With Synthetic Inertia
Power System Frequency in a Real Large Disturbance
Northeast Region islanding in March 21th, 2018
58.5 Hz for 10 seconds Hydro Generator
shutdown
Thermal Generators shutdown Hydro Generator
shutdown
Load shedding (UFLS) Xingu – Estreito
HVDC trip
5th stage of UFLS (freq. = 57.4 Hz)
THE NEW ENERGY MATRIX – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Frequency (Hz)
The New Transmission System
ONS technical challenges
HVAC and HVDC long power corridors (2.500 km)
▪ High level of asynchronous power injected on Southeast (13 GW, from Madeira and Itaipu 50 Hz)
▪ Displacement of synchronous power, with inertia reduction => complexity
THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Belo Monte
Termoparaíba Termonordeste
Alegria II Alegria I
Maracanaú I Porto de Pecém I
Chapadão Biopav II
Anta Jirau
Mauá São Domingos
do Atlântico Santo Antônio
Foz do Chapecó Dardanelos
Estreito
Simplício Batalha
São José Passo São João
Rondon II
Igaporã II
Extremoz II
Foz do Chapecó
Anchieta Xinguara 2
Encruzo Novo
Arapiraca III Teresina III
Várzea Grande 2
Cerquilho III Corumbá 2
Porto Alegre 12 Restinga
Nova Petrópolis 2
Vargem Grande
Palhoça Pinheira Toyota
Jorge Teixeira
Viana 2 Itabirito 2
Linhares 2 Trindade
Joinville GM Jandira Castanhal
Edéia Quirinópolis 2 Jataí
Ivinhema 2 Rio Brilhante
Sidrolândia 2 Coletora Porto Velho
Macapá
Lechuga
Silves Oriximiná Laranjal
Xingu
Parecis
Teixeira de Freitas II Camaçari IV
Suape III Suape II
Balsas
Sadia Lucas do Rio Verde
Forquilhinha
Zebu
Natal III
Narandiba
PARANÁ PARANÁPARANÁPARANÁPARANÁ
TOCANTINS TOCANTINSTOCANTINSTOCANTINSTOCANTINS RORAIMA
RORAIMARORAIMARORAIMARORAIMA
RONDÔNIA RONDÔNIARONDÔNIARONDÔNIARONDÔNIA
PARÁ PARÁPARÁPARÁPARÁ AMAZONAS
AMAZONASAMAZONASAMAZONASAMAZONAS
ACRE ACREACREACREACRE
SE/CO
S N
Madeira
Itaipu
50 Hz
Belo Monte
60 Hz 60 Hz
60 Hz
NE
HVAC and HVDC long power corridors and Increasing Wind Power
▪ Specific Stability issues
Synchronous
subsystem: transient stability issues
Asynchronous subsystem
(concentrated): inertia and multi-infeed control issues
Asynchronous subsystem
(distributed): inertia and control issues
60 Hz
Teles Pires
Madeira River AC and DC T system: multiple owners and manufactures
THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
S. Antônio
Jirau
Coletora P. Velho Araraquara
Filtro AC
Filtro AC
4x954MCM -TC -105km
2375km
2375km +600kV CC
-600kV CC Pólo 1 1575MW
Pólo 2 1575MW 1575 MVA
44x75MW
3x1250MVA 44x71,6MW
SE
Vilhena
P. Velho Ariq.J. ParanáP.Bueno Coxipo
Ribeirãozinho
Itumbiara Rio Verde
2x954MCM 12 km Back-to-back
MT
Samuel
Trindade
Araraquara
Araraquara (Furnas)
(CTEEP) 1575 MVA
Filtro AC
Filtro AC
2375km
2375km +600kV CC
-600kV CC Pólo 1 1575MW
Pólo 2 1575MW 1575 MVA
1575 MVA
-50/100 Mvar
Rio BrancoAbuna Univers. CE 400 MVA 400 MVA
Cuiabá
Jauru 364 km
242km 1x750MVA
Atibaia Pólo 1
1475MW
Pólo 2 1475MW
Pólo 1 1475MW
Pólo 2 1475MW
3x(-70/100) Mvar SI
150km 118km 160km 354
41km 165km
305km 160km 30km
1x136 Mvar 1x750MVA
S. Antônio
Jirau
Coletora P. Velho Araraquara
Filtro AC
Filtro AC
4x954MCM -TC -105km
2375km
2375km +600kV CC
-600kV CC Pólo 1 1575MW
Pólo 2 1575MW 1575 MVA
44x75MW
3x1250MVA 44x71,6MW
SE
Vilhena
P. Velho Ariq.J. ParanáP.Bueno Coxipo
Ribeirãozinho
Itumbiara Rio Verde
2x954MCM 12 km Back-to-back
MT MT
Samuel
Trindade
Araraquara
Araraquara (Furnas)
(CTEEP) 1575 MVA
Filtro AC
Filtro AC
2375km
2375km +600kV CC
-600kV CC Pólo 1 1575MW
Pólo 2 1575MW 1575 MVA
1575 MVA
-50/100 Mvar
Rio BrancoAbuna Univers. CE 400 MVA 400 MVA
Cuiabá
Jauru 364 km
242km 1x750MVA
Atibaia Pólo 1
1475MW
Pólo 2 1475MW
Pólo 1 1475MW
Pólo 2 1475MW
3x(-70/100) Mvar SI
150km 118km 160km 354
41km 165km
305km 160km 30km
1x136 Mvar 1x750MVA
Lot A (ESUL => ELN) Lot E
(SGB)
Lot F
Lot C Lot C (ELN)
Lot F (IE Madeira)
Lot D (IE Madeira)
Lot G (NBTE)
Madeira River Project: Hydro power plants in special conditions
THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
▪ Bulb turbine driven generating units of reduced nominal power (~ 80 MVA)
▪ High number (100) of generating units
▪ Units with low inertia constant (1.4 to 1.7 MW.s / MVA)
▪ Large variation of water flows and heads throughout the year, with a significant effect on the dynamics of the turbines
G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
SE C OLET ORA
CASA D E FO RÇA CASA DE FOR ÇA CASA D E F ORÇA
LT +/- 15KM
Santo Antônio HPP
Madeira River Project: Hydro power plants in special conditions
THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Santo Antônio HPP
0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000
Vazão Real Vazão Média Histórica
Measured Flow (m3/s)
Madeira River Project: Hydro power plants in special conditions
THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Santo Antônio HPP
Belo Monte Project: new 800 kV HVDC without 500 kV AC reinforcements THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Planned Power System (2018) Actual Power System (2018)
Belo Monte HPP
Belo Monte HPP
Xingu-Estreito HVDC link
Belo Monte Project: new 800 kV HVDC without 500 kV AC reinforcements THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Severe contingency:
4.000 MW HVDC link trip
Belo Monte Project: new 800 kV HVDC without 500 kV AC reinforcements THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Severe contingency:
4.000 MW HVDC link trip With Generation Drop (6 GU) Without Generation Drop
Voltage profile (500 kV substations)
Belo Monte Project: new 800 kV HVDC without 500 kV AC reinforcements THE NEW TRANSMISSION SYSTEM – TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
Special Protection Scheme: multiple power plants and substations
Station Control– Xingu [BMTE] => Master Control [XRTE]
Serra da Mesa HPP [FURNAS]
Belo Monte HPP [NESA]
Tucuruí HPP[ELETRONORTE][TAESA –ELN] [LXTE]
Angra 2 Nuclear PP
House Load Operation
House Load Operation (HLO):
ANGRA 2 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT – HOUSE LOAD OPERATION
▪ Islanding Angra 2 power plant with internal loads
▪ HLO has been designed to act before the individual protections
▪ Benefits: (i) speeding up loads restoration in the Rio de Janeiro area and (ii) improve power plant output;
▪ Trip to house load operation in case of a voltage or frequency variation
❖ Frequency settings: 57 Hz, 500ms
❖ Voltage settings: 0,7pu, 200ms
House Load Operation (HLO):
ANGRA 2 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT – HOUSE LOAD OPERATION
GU circuit breakers
