Article
Reference
Quelques courbes nouvelles pour la détermination des Feldspaths par la méthode de Fedoroff
FAVRE, Georges, SIGG, Henri
FAVRE, Georges, SIGG, Henri. Quelques courbes nouvelles pour la détermination des Feldspaths par la méthode de Fedoroff. Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des Sciences naturelles, 1917, vol. 51, no. 192, p. 341-380
DOI : 10.5169/seals-269919
Available at:
http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:148763
Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.
1 / 1
%8// 62& 9$8' 6& 1$7
4XHOTXHV FRXUVHV QRXYHOOHV
SRXU OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ GHV )HOGVSDWKV
SDU OD PpWKRGH GH )HGRURII
3$5
+(15,
6,** HW *(25*(6 )$95(,1752'8&7,21
'DQV XQH FRXUWH QRWH SDUXH DX SURFqVYHUEDO GH OD 6RFLpWp YDXGRLVH GHV 6FLHQFHV QDWXUHOOHV DX PRLV
GDYULO
QRXV DYRQV H[SRVp GDQV OHXUV JUDQGHV OLJQHVOHV LGpHV PRGHUQHV FRQFHUQDQW OpWXGH GHV IHOGVSDWKV HW QRXV DYRQV EULqYHPHQW UpVXPp OHV UpVXOWDWV DFTXLV SDU QRV UHFKHUFKHV /D ELEOLRJUDSKLH GHV IHOGVSDWKV HVW YDVWH
WDQW
DXSRLQW
GH YXH GHVFULSWLI TXDX
SRLQW
GH YXH GpWHUPLQDWLRQ 8QH YXH JpQpUDOH GHV PpWKRGHV j DSSOLTXHU HQLQGLTXDQW
QHWWHPHQW OHV SLLQFLSHV WKpRULTXHV HW SUDWLTXHV HVW UDUH,O \
D OLHX SDUPL OHV DXWHXUV TXLRQW
FKHUFKp j FRPEOHUFH YLGH GH FLWHU HQ SUHPLqUH OLJQH 0LFKHO
/pY\
HW )HGRURII/HV SULQFLSDOHV PpWKRGHV GH GpWHUPLQDWLRQ EDVpHV VXU OHV DQDO\VHV GHV IHOGVSDWKV H[pFXWpHV SDU )RXTXp HW SOXV
WDUG
UHSULVHV SDU )HGRURII QH SUpVHQWHQW SOXV DXMRXUGKXLOH GHJUp GH SUpFLVLRQ TXH QRV PR\HQV GLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
DFWXHOV SHUPHWWHQW
GREWHQLU
&H GpIDXW GH SUpFLVLRQ GDQV ODIL[DWLRQ
GXG$Q
GHV IHOGVSDWKV GHYLHQW XQH HUUHXU V\VWpPDWLTXH GDQV OpWXGH GH ODYDULDWLRQ
GH OD SRVLWLRQ GHV IDFHV HW GHV FRQVWDQWHV RSWLTXHVYDULDWLRQ
+(15, 6,** (7 *(25*(6 )$95(
UDSSRUWpH j WURLV pOpPHQWV TXHOFRQTXHV SULV FRPPH
FRRUGRQQpHV GDQV OHVSDFH
'HYDQW OHV
GLIILFXOWpV
FUppHV SDU OD VLWXDWLRQ SROLWLTXH DFWXHOOH QRXV DYRQV G UHQRQFHU j UpFROHU GHVPDWpULDX[
GpWXGH QRXYHDX[
PDWpULDX[
GpMj VLGLIILFLOH
j REWHQLUHQ WHPSV QRUPDO &HV UDLVRQV PDMHXUHV QRXV REOLJHQW j
QRXV VHUYLU XQH IRLV HQFRUH GHV GRQQpHV GpMj DFTXLVHV TXH QRXV VDYRQV HW DYRQV UHFRQQXHV rWUH VHXOHPHQW WUqV DSSUR[LPDWLYHV SRXU PHQHU j ELHQ FH SUpVHQW
WUDYDLO
TXH QRXV DXULRQV
YRXOX
EDVHU VXU GHV FRQVWDWDWLRQVQRXYHOOHV 1RXV QH UHQRQoRQV FHSHQGDQW QXOOHPHQW j FHWWH WkFKH GH FRUUHFWLRQ TXH QRXV UHSUHQGURQV GqV TXH OD SXUHWp GX PDWpULHO GpWXGH
WDQW
DXSRLQW
GH YXH FKLPLTXH TXH PLQpUDORJLTXH QRXV SHUPHWWUD GH WHUPLQHU FH F\FOH GH[SpULHQFHV1RXV SUpVHQWRQV GDQV OHV SDJHV TXL
YRQW
VXLYUH TXHOTXHV FRXUEHV QRXYHOOHV TXH GH QRPEUHXVHV PHVXUHV H[pFXWpHV VXU OD SODWLQH j WURLV D[HV QRXV RQW SHUPLVGLQWHUSUpWHU /H[DFWLWXGH
TXL D SUpVLGp j OpWDEOLVVHPHQWGH OD SODWLQH j
WURLV
D[HV HW OH[SpULHQFH PDQXHOOH QRXV RQW SHUPLV GH UHVVHUUHU GH SOXV HQ SOXV OH SUREOqPH TXL FRQVLVWH j IL[HU GDQV OHVSDFH DX PR\HQ GH FRRUGRQQpHV OD SRVLWLRQ GHV WURLV D[HV GpODVWLFLWp GH OHOOLSVRwGH LQYHUVH GX PLQpUDO pWXGLp1RXV DYRQV VRXYHQW REWHQX GHV SRLQWV TXL QH
WRPEDLHQW GDQV OH YRLVLQDJH GDXFXQH GHV FRXUEHV GH )HGRURII 'HYDQW OD MXVWHVVH GHV PHVXUHV HW
OREWHQWLRQ
VXU OH FDQHYDV GH SRLQWV LQGLVFXWDEOHPHQW SUpFLV ODGpWHUPLQDWLRQ GHV
G$Q
SDU DSSUR[LPDWLRQ VXU OHV FRXUEHVOHV SOXV YRLVLQHV GHYHQDLW LPSRVVLEOH HW FHVW FH TXL QRXV
D DPHQp j OD SUpVHQWH GLVFXVVLRQ
/H
SRLQW
GH GpSDUW GHV SURFpGpVGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ
UHSRVH HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW VXU WRXWH XQH VpULH GH UHFKHUFKHVSUpVHQWpHV SDU 0 )RXTXp
,O
HVW LQWpUHVVDQW GH UHYRLU VHV FRQFOXVLRQV685 /$ 'e7(50,1$7,21 '(6 )(/'63$7+6
,O
H[LVWH GHV W\SHV IHOGVSDWKLTXHV j FRPSRVLWLRQ GpILQLH LQWHUPpGLDLUHV HQWUHODOELWH
HWODQRUWKLWH
&HV IHOGVSDWKV VRQW VXVFHSWLEOHV GH IRUPHU HQVHPEOH GHV DVVRFLDWLRQV SK\VLTXHV
3OXVLHXUV GHQWUH HX[ VH UHQFRQWUHQW HQ JpQpUDO GDQV XQH PrPH URFKH VRLW HQ JUDQGV FULVWDX[ VRLW HQ
PLFUROLWHV PDLV SUHVTXH WRXMRXUV DYHF SUpGRPLQDQFH GH
OXQ
GHX[ j FKDTXH WHPSV GH FRQVROLGDWLRQ&+$3,75( ,
5e680e '(6 35,1&,3$/(6 0e7+2'(6 '( 'e7(50,1$7,21 '(6 )(/'63$7+6
/HV IHOGVSDWKV VLOLFDWHV DOXPLQRVRGLTXHV SRWDVVLTXHV RX FDOFLTXHV VRQW LGHQWLILpV SDU GHX[ PpWKRGHV
SULQFLSDOHV
0pWKRGH GH
0LFKHO
/pY\(OOH GDWH GH HW HVW EDVpH VXU OpWXGH GH VHFWLRQV FULVWDOORJUDSKLTXHPHQW RULHQWpHV RX RSWLTXHPHQW RULHQWpHV /HV IHOGVSDWKV SRXYDQW rWUH HQYLVDJpV FRPPH GHV PpODQJHV LVRPRUSKHV SDUIDLWV HQWUH GHX[ WHUPHV H[WUrPHV
TXL
VRQWODOELWH
FRPPH WHUPH DFLGH HWODQRUWKLWH
WHUPH EDVLTXH ORL GH 7FKHUPDNYRQW YDULHU
GDQV OHXUV SURSULpWpV GH jG$Q
&HWWHORL
QH VH YpULILH FHSHQGDQWTXDSSUR[LPDWLYHPHQW
HWLO
DIDOOX pWDEOLU
GHV WHUPHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV WHOV TXH O2OLJ|FODVH RX O$QGpVLQH &RPPH QRXV OH YHUURQV SOXV
WDUG
FH VRQW FHV H[FHSWLRQV j OD
ORL
GH 7FKHUPDN TXL QRXVSHUPHWWURQW
GH[SOLTXHU OHV SRLQWVGLQIOH[LRQ
GH QRV FRXUEHV j OD FRQGLWLRQ ELHQ HQWHQGX TXH OH GRVDJH GHV DOFDOLV VXU GHV pFKDQWLOORQV GH IHOGVSDWKV SDUIDLWHPHQWª%XOOHWLQ GH OD 6RFLpWp IUDQoDLVH GH PLQpUDORJLH WRPH ;9,,
S j
+(15, 6,** (7 *(25*(6 )$95(
SXUV QRXV GRQQH GHV UpVXOWDWV LGHQWLTXHV j FHX[ GpMj WURXYpV
/D
UHVWULFWLRQ
pQRQFpH SDU )RXTXp FRQFHUQDQW OD ORLGH 7FKHUPDN VHUDLW YpULILpH HW OHV IHOGVSDWKV VH
FRPSRVHUDLHQW DORUV GH XQ RX GHX[ W\SHV ELHQ GpILQLV FRPPH
W\SHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV HQWUH
$E
HW $Q TXL HQ VH PpODQJHDQW QRXV GRQQHUDLHQW WRXV OHV WHUPHV GH SDVVDJH/D
UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GHV UpVXOWDWV SHXW VH IDLUH VRLW DX PR\HQGH JUDSKLTXHV j GHX[ FRRUGRQQpHV UHFWDQJXODLUHV VRLW SDU OD SURMHFWLRQ VWpUpRJUDSKLTXH 'DQV FH GHUQLHU FDV RQ SUHQG OD VHFWLRQ GURLWH GHV SULVPHV FRPPH FHUFOH HTXDWRULDO FHVWjGLUH OH SODQ GX GHVVLQ HW FRPPH
GLDPqWUH
YHUWLFDO
OD WUDFH GH OD IDFH J WUDFH j ODTXHOOHYRQW
VH
UDSSRUWHU
OHV FRQVWDQWHV FRQFHUQDQWOH[WLQFWLRQ
OHV ELUpIULQJHQFHV ODQJOH GHV D[HV RSWLTXHV9
HWSULQFLSDOHPHQW 1J 1P 1S FH TXL IL[H OD SRVLWLRQ GH OHOOLSVRwGH
GpODVWLFLWp LQYHUVH GDQV OH FULVWDO
/LQFRQYpQLHQW
LQKpUHQW j FH PRGH GH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ FRQVLVWH GDQV OHIDLW TXLO IDXW
XQ WDEOHDX SRXU FKDTXHG$Q
0pWKRGH GH )HGRURII
&HWWH PpWKRGH SUpVHQWH VXU OD SUpFpGHQWH OLPPHQVH DYDQWDJH GH QHPSOR\HU TXH GHV VHFWLRQV MRXLVVDQW GXQH
RULHQWDWLRQ
RSWLTXH TXHOFRQTXH HW FHWWH LGpH GH JpQLH SHUPHWDXMRXUGKXL
GH GpWHUPLQHU OHG$Q
GXQH IDoRQ TXDVL PDWKpPDWLTXH1RXV QH UHQFRQWURQV SOXV LFL FRPPH GDQV 0
/pY\
OD UHFKHUFKH IDVWLGLHXVH GXQH VHFWLRQ RULHQWpH TXL SDUIRLV QH[LVWH PrPH SDV GDQV OD VHFWLRQ pWXGLpH
WDQGLV
TXH VL OD FRXSH QH FRPSRUWH TXXQH VHXOH VHFWLRQ GXQ IHOGVSDWK IUDLV VD SRVLWLRQ SDU
UDSSRUW
j VRQ HOOLSVRwGH SRXUUD WRXMRXUV LPPpGLDWHPHQW OH GpWHUPLQHU&HWWH PpWKRGH SDU VD
IDFLOLWp
GHWUDYDLO
SDU ODJpQpUDOLVDWLRQ GX SUREOqPH TXHOOH FRPSRUWH
GRLW
rWUH UpSDQ685 /$ 'e7(50,1$7,21 '(6 )(/'63$7+6 GXH
DXWDQW
TXH SRVVLEOH HW FHVW SRXUTXRL QRXV DOORQV GRQQHU LFL XQ DSHUoX UDSLGH GH OD PDUFKH j VXLYUH SRXUOREWHQWLRQ
GHV UpVXOWDWV &HW H[SRVp SHUPHWWUD GDXWUHSDUW
GH FRPSUHQGUH OHV FRXUEHV QXH QRXV DYRQVFRQVWUXLWHV
/H SULQFLSH HVW OH VXLYDQW
LO IDXW
3RVVpGHU XQH SODWLQH XQLYHUVHOOH j WURLV D[HV GH
URWDWLRQ
/H SUHPLHU D[H - HVW SDUDOOqOH j OD SODWLQH GX PLFURVFRSH HW FRwQFLGH DYHF OXQH GHV WUDFHV GHV QLoRLV /HV GHX[
DXWUHV D[HV VRQW UHVSHFWLYHPHQW
1
HW+ +
HVW QRUPDO j - HW1
HVW QRUPDO VXU +
(WDQW
GRQQp XQH VHFWLRQGRULHQWDWLRQ
TXHOFRQTXH DPHQHU XQ GHV D[HV GpODVWLFLWp VXLYDQW - HW FHFL SDUURWDWLRQ DXWRXU
GH1
HW GH+ $
FH PRPHQW OHV GHX[DXWUHV D[HV GpODVWLFLWp TXL VRQW GDQV XQ SODQ GHYLHQQHQW QRUPDX[ j
-
HW ODURWDWLRQ DXWRXU
GH - SHUPHW DORUV GHOHV DPHQHU VXFFHVVLYHPHQW j FRwQFLGHU DYHF OD[H GX
PLFURVFRSH 6L
- 1P
OH SODQ QRUPDO j-
FRQWLHQGUD 1J HW 1S HW GH SOXV OHV GHX[ D[HV RSWLTXHV$
HW % 2Q SRXUUDWRXMRXUV
DPHQHU$
HW%
VXLYDQWOD[H
GX PLFURVFRSH HW PHVXUHU ODQJOH 9 j PRLQV TXHOXQ
GHV D[HV RSWLTXHV VRLWWURS
REOLTXH VXU OD SUpSDUDWLRQ 1RXV YR\RQV GH PrPH TXH OD SRVLWLRQ GHV pOpPHQWV FULVWDOORJUDSKTLXHV WHOV TXH IDFHV FOLYDJHV SODQ GH PDFLH SRXUUD rWUH JUkFH j OD GpWHUPLQDWLRQ GH OHXUV SROHV LPPpGLDWHPHQW VLWXpH SDUUDSSRUW
j OHOOLSVRwGH5HSUpVHQWDWLRQ ² )HGRURII VH VHUW SRXU OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ
RSWLTXH HW FULVWDOORJUDSKLTXH GXQ IHOGVSDWK
GXQ
FDQHYDV VWpUpRJUDSKLTXH GRQW OHV GHX[ GLDPqWUHV SHUSHQGLFXODLUHV FRwQFLGHQW DYHF 1J HW 1S OH FHQWUH pWDQW 1P /HV pOpPHQWV YRQW SRXU FKDTXH G$Q RFFXSHU VXU OD SURMHFWLRQ XQH SRVLWLRQ ELHQ GpILQLH (Q UpXQLVVDQW OHV SRLQWV DLQVL REWHQXV QRXV DXURQV XQH FRXUEH SRXU FKDTXH pOpPHQW FULVWDOORJUDSKLTXHLQGL
+(15, 6,** (7 *(25*(6 )$95(
TXDQW VD
YDULDWLRQ
GDQV OHVSDVH SDUUDSSRUW
j 1J 1P 1S TXDQG OD FRPSRVLWLRQ GX IHOGVSDWK YDULH GH j
G$Q
1RXV DYRQV GpMj GRQQp GDQV XQH SUpFpGHQWH QRWH OpQXPpUDWLRQ GHV SULQFLSDOHV FRXUEHV GHVVLQpHV SDU )HGRURII 3RXU GUHVVHU FHV FRXUEHV )HGRURII D pWp REOLJp GH
SDUWLU
GH FRQVWDQWHV FULVWDOORJUDSKLTXHV HWLO
DSURFpGp FRPPH 0
/pY\
VXU XQH VHFWLRQ GURLWH GHV SULVPHVFRPSRUWDQWHQ VRQ FHQWUH OH SROH GH OD[H GH ]RQH >@
&HVW VXU FHWWH SURMHFWLRQ
TXLO
D GRQQp OH GpSODFHPHQWGH 1J 1P 1S GH j
G$Q
(Q )HGRURII GHVVLQH GHX[ FRXUEHV UHSUpVHQWDQW UHVSHFWLYHPHQW OD QRUPDOH j HW OD[H GH ]RQH >@
2Q
YRLW
QHWWHPHQW TXH FHV FRXUEHV QH VRQW TXXQH DSSUR[LPDWLRQHW TXHOOHV UHSUpVHQWHQW XQH YDOHXU PR\HQQH SDU
UDSSRUW
DX[ UpVXOWDWV DQDO\WLTXHV UpVXOWDWV pWDJHV GDQV OHV HQYLURQV GH OD FRXUEH PDLV GRQW FHUWDLQV SRLQWV VHQ pORLJQHQW GH SUqV GH GHJUpV /H FKDPSGDSSUR[LPDWLRQ
SRXU OD FRXUEH B/ QH GpSDVVH FHSHQGDQW SDV j GHJUpV HWLO DUULYH
j GHJUpV SRXU OD FRXUEH >@1RXV YHUURQV TXH FHWWH HUUHXU V\VWpPDWLTXH QRXV
SRXUVXLYUD GDQV OpODERUDWLRQ GH
QLPSRUWH
TXHOOH FRXUEH HW FHWWH LPSUpFLVLRQ HVWVXUWRXW
FDUDFWpULVWLTXH SRXU OHV WHUPHV EDVLTXHV,O
HVW FHSHQGDQW QpFHVVDLUH GH IDLUH UHPDUTXHU TXH FHWWH LPSHUIHFWLRQ HVWVXUWRXW
GXH jOLPSRVVLELOLWp SUHVTXH
WRWDOH
RORQ
HVW GHWUDYDLOOHU
VXU GHV pFKDQWLOORQVSDUIDLWHPHQW
IUDLV HW FHVW FH TXLSHUPHWWDLW
GH GLUH j )RXTXp TXXQ IHOGVSDWK
SXU
HVW XQH UDUHWp PLQp UDORJLTXH,QVLVWRQV HQ RXWUH VXU OH
IDLW
TXH OHV FRXUEHV TXH QRXV DYRQV UHWURXYpHV FRwQFLGHQW SUHVTXH H[DFWHPHQW DYHF FHOOHV GH )HGRURII MXVTXDXG$Q $ SDUWLU
GH FHSRLQW
QRXV DFFXVRQV XQH GLIIpUHQFHSRXYDQW
DWWHLQGUHG$Q
HW PrPH GDYDQWDJH FH TXL QRXV SHUPHW GH FURLUH TXHORQ
QD SHXWrWUH SDV DQDO\Vp XQHDQRUWKLWH
685 /$ 'e7(50,1$7,21 '(6 )(/'63$7+6 j HW QRXV QH VDYRQV SDV VL OH GHUQLHU
SRLQW
UHSUpVHQWDWLI GH OD FRXUEH QHVW SDV XQH H[WUDSRODWLRQ j
G$Q
jSDUWLU
GXQ IHOGVSDWK OpJqUHPHQW PRLQV EDVLTXH&+$3,75( ,,
)$&(6 '$662&,$7,21 (7 )$&(6 9,&,1$/(6
/H SULQFLSH MXVTXj DXMRXUG KXL
pWDLW
GDGPHWWUH TXHOHV IHOGVSDWKV VH PDFOHQW VXLYDQW GHV IDFHV GLQGLFHV
VLPSOHV 2Q WURXYH HIIHFWLYHPHQW SRXU OHV PDFOHV SULQFLSDOHV
GHV IDFHV GDVVRFLDWLRQV WHOOHV TXH GHV SLQDFRwGHV
J RX S RX GHV G{PHV SOXV UDUHPHQW SRXU GDXWUHV PLQpUDX[ TXH OHV IHOGVSDWKV GHV SULVPHV RX GHV S\UDPLGHV /H SODQ GH OD SpULFOLQH pFKDSSH j FHWWH
ORL
VLPSOH HW RVFLOOH GDQV OD ]RQH SK SRXU GHVG$Q
GpWHUPLQpV &HWWH H[FHSWLRQ OD VHXOH FRQQXH MXVTXjDXMRXUGKXL
PLFURVFRSLTXHPHQW SDUODQW VHPEOH VHJpQpUDOLVHU j OH[DPHQ GHV UpVXOWDWV IRXUQLV SDU OHV PpWKRGHV RSWLTXHV
1RXV QH YRXORQV SDV GLUH SDU Oj TXH OD SRVLWLRQ GX SODQ
GH PDFLH YD REOLJDWRLUHPHQW RVFLOOHU FRPPH FHVW OH FDV GH OD SpULFOLQH PDLV QRXV FUR\RQV TXH OD IDFH GDVVRFLDWLRQ SHXW rWUH GLIIpUHQWH
VXLYDQW
OD VHFWLRQ HQYLVDJpH1RXV DXURQV GHX[ SRVVLELOLWpV
/H SODQ GH PDFLH SHXW VH UHQFRQWUHU DOWHUQDWLYHPHQW
VXU GHX[ IDFHV GLQGLFHV VLPSOHV
/H SODQ GH PDFLH SHXW rWUH UHSUpVHQWp SDU XQH IDFH YLFLQDOH )LJ
/H[DPHQ GHV ILJXUHV TXL VRQW XQH VFKpPDWLVDWLRQ
GXQ
IDLW
TXHORQ
REVHUYH MRXUQHOOHPHQW VXU GHV VHFWLRQV QRUPDOHV DX SODQ GH PDFLH RX YRLVLQHV GH FHWWH QRUPDOH UpYqOH QRQ SDV GHV SODQV GH PDFLH HQ OLJQH GURLWH PDLV ELHQ GHV SKpQRPqQHV GDVVRFLDWLRQ VXLYDQW XQHVXFFHVVLRQ GH IDFHV GLQGLFHV LQGpWHUPLQpV
+(15, 6,** (7 *(25*(6 )$95(
/D
ILJXUH UHSUpVHQWH OHV GHX[LQGLYLGXV
HW GXQVHXO HW PrPH IHOGVSDWK PDFLH GRQW OD IDFH GDVVRFLDWLRQ YDULH JUDGXHOOHPHQW GH J DE j K HG &H TXL HVW
YUDL
SRXU OD ]RQH K J SRXUUD GRQF rWUHYUDL
SRXUQLPSRUWH
TXHOOH DXWUH ]RQH SS
,O
UHVVRUW GHOD
ILJXUH TXXQH VHFWLRQ VXLYDQW$%
SDU H[HPSOHGRQQHUDL
QRQ SOXV FRPPH SODQ GH PDFLH K RX J PDLV XQH IDFH GDQV OD ]RQH K J HW SDU H[WHQVLRQ XQH IDFH YLFLQDOH TXHOFRQTXH/D
ILJXUH PRQWUH OD WUDFH GDVVRFLDWLRQ IUpTXHQWH SRXU OD PDFLH GH &DUOVEDG.
6L QRXV IDLVRQV XQH VHFWLRQ$
L
U?D ?
H
)LJ )LJ )LJ )LJ
VXLYDQW $%
QRXV DXURQV SRXU OHV FRRUGRQQpHV GX SODQ OD IDFH J SDU FRQWUH VL OD VHFWLRQ SDVVH SDU &' QRXVWURXYHURQV FRPPH SODQ GH PDFLH OD IDFH
W
/D
ILJXUHTXH QRXV DYRQV REVHUYpH VXU XQH KRUQEOHQGH pWXGLpH SDU OD PpWKRGH GH )HGRURII GRQQH OD WUDFH GHOD PDFLH K
VXLYDQW
OHSURILO
DE 8QH VHFWLRQ 66 SDU FRQWUH GRQQHUDLWOH SODQ GH PDFLH VXLYDQW EF FHVWjGLUH
VXLYDQW
OD IDFH P,O pWDLW
LQWpUHVVDQW GH FRQVWDWHU TXH QRWUH H[WHQVLRQ WKpRULTXH VDSSOLTXH j GDXWUHV PLQpUDX[ TXH OHV IHOGVSDWKV/D
ILJXUH UHSUpVHQWHODOOXUH
IUpTXHQWH GH OD WUDFH GX SODQ GH PDFLHVXLYDQW
&DUOVEDG SRXU XQH VHFWLRQ YRLVLQHGH J /H
VHXOIDLW
GHOLQWHUSpQpWUDWLRQ
GHV GHX[LQGLYLGXV HW
,
GDQV ODORL
GDVVRFLDWLRQVXLYDQW .
TXL YLVH DXVVL ELHQ OHV RUWKRFODVHV TXH OHV SODJLRFODVHV QRXV PRQWUH685 /$ '(7(50,1$7,21 '(6 )(/'63$7+6 TXH OD ORL GH PDFLH HVW ORLQ GrWUH DXVVL VLPSOH TXH OHV SUHPLqUHV GpGXFWLRQV VXU OHV ILOHWV UpWLFXODLUHV QRXV OH IDLVDLHQW VXSSRVHU
/RQ
DUULYH DLQVL j OD FRQFOXVLRQ ORJLTXH TXH OHV DVVRFLDWLRQV VXLYDQW OHV SODQV KDELWXHOV QH VRQW SDV REOLJDWRLUHV PDLV UHSUpVHQWHQWXQ PD[LPXP GHSUREDELOLWp
&H TXL SUpFqGH YD QRXV SHUPHWWUH PDLQWHQDQW GHQYLVDJHU
OH SUREOqPH GXQH IDoRQ FRPSOqWHPHQW QRXYHOOH HW FHVW SRXUTXRL QRXV DYRQV pWDEOL OH WDEOHDX GHV IDFHV YLFLQDOHV GDQV OHV SULQFLSDOHV ]RQHV VRLW
]RQH SK
]RQH SJ
]RQH K J
]RQH
SW
=RQH SK
3RXU
pWDEOLU
OHV FRQVWDQWHV GHV IDFHV YLFLQDOHV GH OD ]RQH SK QRXV VRPPHV SDUWLV GHV FRXUEHV 1J 1P 1SIL[pHV SDU )HGRURII HW SURMHWpHV VXU OD VHFWLRQ GURLWH GHV SULVPHVGH 0
/pY\
/D ILJXUHUHSUpVHQWH VFKpPDWLTXHPHQW
FHV WURLV FRXUEHV
/D SRVLWLRQ GH OD SURMHFWLRQ
GH S HVW SUDWLTXHPHQW LQYDULDEOH GH
ODOELWH
jODQRU WKLWH /DSSUR[LPDWLRQ
HVW HQ HIIHW PRLQV JUDQGH SRXU OHV FRXUEHV 1J 1P 1S TXHSRXU S 5HSRUWRQV K GDQV OD SRVLWLRQ H[DFWH
TXLO
RFFXSH VXU OD VHFWLRQ SULVPDLLTXH GDSUqV OHV YDOHXUV DQJXODLUHV GRQQpHV SDU /DFURL[ SRVLWLRQ TXL YDULH DYHF
RR
1,
RR
)LJ
+(15, 6,** (7 *(25*(6 )$95(
OH
G$Q
(Q GpWHUPLQDQW K GH HQG$Q
QRXV DXURQV DLQVL SRVLWLRQV HQWUH
HWG$Q
GpWHUPLQDQW ]RQHV SDVVDQW WRXWHV SDU S &KRLVLVVRQVVXU FHV ]RQHV GHV SRLQWV TXHOFRQTXHV VpWDJHDQW GH
K j S HW PrPH DX GHOj HW IDLVDQW DYHF S GHV DQJOHV GpWHUPLQDEOHV &DOFXORQV SRXU WRXV OHV SRLQWV GXQH
]RQH j
G$Q
GpWHUPLQp OHV FRRUGRQQpHV 1J 1P 1S /HV UpVXOWDWV REWHQXV VRQW UHSRUWpV VXU OD SURMHFWLRQ VWp UpRJUDSKLTXH GRQW 1J 1P 1S IRUPHQW OHV WURLV pOpPHQWV IL[HV 6L OHWUDYDLO
D SRUWp GH j G$Q QRXV REWLHQGURQV FRXUEHV SODQFKH GRQW OHV SRLQWV GH GpSDUW UHSUpVHQWHQW OD QRUPDOH HW GRQW WRXV OHV SRLQWV SDVVDQW SDU S pWDEOLVVHQW OD QRUPDOH BOB 1RXV QDYRQV SDVIDLW
OpWXGH GH FHV IDFHV YLFLQDOHV VXU GHJUpV HW FHFL GDQV OH VHXOEXW
GH QH SDV FKDUJHUWURS
OH GHVVLQ PDLV QRXV DYRQV FHSHQGDQW WUDFp OHV FRXUEHV
VXU SRXU
HWG$Q
1RXV FRQVWDWRQV TXH OHV FRXUEHV VXU DX PrPH
WLWUH
TXH OHV FRXUEHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV VRQW YRLVLQHVGXQ
JUDQG FHUFOH /DQDO\VH GH OD PpWKRGH GH FRQVWUXFWLRQ PRQWUH FHSHQGDQW TXH OHV SROHV GHV IDFHV YLFLQDOHV SRXU XQH ]RQH GRQQpH GRLYHQW QDWXUHOOHPHQW VHWURXYHU
VXU XQ JUDQG FHUFOH &HIDLW
DEVROXPHQW H[DFW DXSRLQW
GHYXH WKpRULTXH VXELW XQH OpJqUH PRGLILFDWLRQ FDU OHV
WURLV
SRLQWV 1J 1P 1S TXHORQ
SUHQG GDQV XQH SRVLWLRQ TXHOFRQTXH GX GHVVLQ SRXU HQVXLWH OHVUDSSRUWHU DX[
D[HVGX FDQHYDV QH VRQW SDV WUqV H[DFWHPHQW j OHV XQV GHV DXWUHV
LO
SHXW\ DYRLU
XQH HUUHXU GHORUGUH
GH /HUHOHYp GHV FRRUGRQQpHV VH IDLVDQW HQ RXWUH DX FRPSDV j WURLV SRLQWHV
LO
HVW ELHQGLIILFLOH
GH VHUUHU OH SUREOqPH GDYDQWDJH TXj XQ GHJUp SUqV&H VRQW FHV GHX[ HUUHXUV IRQGDPHQWDOHV TXL QRXV
RQW
GpFLGp j SUHQGUH SOXVLHXUV SRLQWV GH OD ]RQH HW j
WUDYDLOOHU
VpSDUpPHQW VXU FKDFXQ GHX[
SOXW{W
TXH GH VXLYUHOLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ DX SUHPLHU DERUG VL QDWXUHOOH GX JUDQG FHUFOH
685 /$ 'e7(50,1$7,21 '(6 )(/'63$7+6 /HV SRLQWV
GLQIOH[LRQ
GH QRV FRXUEHV GH GpSODFHPHQWGHV S{OHV GHV IDFHV YLFLQDOHV SHXYHQW rWUH DLQVL IDFLOHPHQW LQWHUSUpWpV
/H WDEOHDX VXLYDQW GRQQH OHV FRQVWDQWHV TXL QRXV
RQW
VHUYL jpWDEOLU
QRV FRXUEHVK
3
K
3
K
=RQH SK
$Q 1 1J
GHV SRLQWV 1P 1S
ª
ª
ª
ª æ
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
RRRR
R R
R R
G
&0
O2
WR
G G
&&
RRRRR
222&222&0
RRRRRR RRRRRR
1
Q K
1
' 2 U
P
RRRRR
2O
&222
]
RRRR
0
R R
©
22 FR00 RL
© ©
W©22
RRRRRRRR RRRR RRRR RR RR RR RR
UW
LR
WR
Uª
R
W!
LR
'LQWWQUMF0+2M
URRRRRR RRRRRRRR R R R
22222222222222RRR RRR RRR RR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR
RRRRRRRR
11K K
K R
2 1 1 L
0A
RRRRRRRR RRRR RRRR 2O R R R R R R
7IWQFRFRQWM/& W'2L20122UW2 W'2L20122UW2 RR RRRRR RR RR RR RRRRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR
&2RRR
&2&&
6'
UW 2222 2 2
UW
OR
©W RR
UU
RRUU RROO
RR©©
RRRRRRRR K K RRRR RRRR R
K R
0
ª
,Q
2
7I
LR
RRWA2F2F2F2F2W2
22RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR R R R R
PPPPRRR RRR RRR RRR R R R R R R R
RRRRR 7I 7I W'2L20 W'2L20 '2L20 '2L20 RRRR RRR RRRR RRR RRRR RRR RRRR RRRR RRR RRR RRRR RRR RRR
,!
R R
2
&2 0
,!
FR
OA
Q
,,W!22 WR&&
'
DL P,, PFF OROO
R
"
LR
FR
L!
RR
F1FRPFRL!R ' '
UUUUFV FR
7W P
FR
F
RR
K
FA
&2
W©
LR WR
OV
0
AK
R
&0
R R
R
FR
R R
R
7W
R R
R
R
&2
R R R
RR R R R R R
R
R R R
=
D
RRRRRRR
2
R R
2 2
0 2, 7L
&2
WA22
22
222
,!22
FR77
7W&&
RRRRR
7W
,2
&2
,2 FR
1&2L27I RRRRR RRRRR
0RLARvRQSL+ RRRRR RRRRR R
' 0RLARvRQSL+ 0RLARvRQSL+ RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
RRRRRRR
R R
Fª
7W P
RR W
R
RRFF RR77 L!PP
FRRR FRWW
P
R R
=
RRRRRRR
WAWA22222222RRR RRR R R R R
&2
FR 7L FR
2
&2&&
&2FF
7W77
W
LRFF 222
RRRRR RRRR RRRR R R R R
W02 02W22 Q0 Q0 RR RRRRR R R R R W!O! W O W O W O W O W!O! W!O! W!O W!O W!O W!O W!O W!O W!O !O! !O! !O!
222222222222222222222222RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RR RRR RRR R R R R RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
RR ' ' 0RL R 0RL R 0 0 0 0 RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRR
&2 26
2
&2
&L 2O
&2
&2&&
&222
7W,,
LR&&
LR&&
>A22
&&
RRRRRRR
RRRRR R R R R R RR RRR R R R R
2
R R
7W
2
&2
FR L&
&222
&277 7W22
7W
LR&&
FRFF ,!LL
=DF
RRRRRRR
&2&2&&2&2&&&RRR RRR R R R R
,2
R R
&2
2
Ua WF
&2 ,, ,2 /2&&
/222
7W
7WUU
/2WW
RRRRRRRR UWW RRRR RRRR RRRR RRR RRRR RRRR R R
F227W2F2 RRRRR RRRRR
&&&&&&UW02UQ UW02UQ UW02UQ UW02UQ UWW U UW UW UW UW UW UW W02 W02 RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR
&2
FF
&2 /2
,2
7W 7W
7+
7I
RRRRRRRR RRRR RRRR R R R R R R
&&2O2/27WAW7W7W7W
7WO! W LWA 2&2 2&7WO! W LWA 2&2 2&RRRRR RRRRRRRR R RRRR
RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR R R R R R R RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR R R R R R R R R R R R
2, FR
2
&2
&2
2,
&2
&222 ,2FF ,222 7I&&
W
&&7W22
7W&&
$
D
RRL
FR
7W
LR
FR UA RF
LL RL
&2
7W
LR
FR
L!
RR
L+2,&2
&2 &
7WO!WLWAF2&7WO!WLWAF2&7WO!WLWAF2&7WO!WLWAF2&RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRR
&2&2&2&2&2&2&&&&&²
RL
FR
W
LR
FR
W!
VV
&2
R
A
R R
R
R R
R
26
R R R R R R
R R R R
R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R
RR R R
+(15, 6,** (7 *(25*(6 )$95(
$Q 1
GHV SRLQWV 1J 1P 1S
3
K
3
H
'DQV OH WDEOHDX TXL SUpFqGH QRXV DYRQV SRLQWV SRXU OpWDEOLVVHPHQW GHV FRXUEHV GH
HWG$Q
HW SRLQWV SRXU OHV FRXUEHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV&HV SRLQWV IRUPHQW DYHF OD QRUPDOH j S OHV DQJOHV VXLYDQWV
O
S
=RQH S J
&H TXL D pWp
GLW
SRXU OpWXGH GH OD ]RQH SK YD VHUHWURXYHU LFL DYHF XQH
VLPSOLILFDWLRQ
FHSHQGDQW (Q HIIHW QRXV DYRQV GpMjGLW
TXH 0/pY\
SUHQDLW OH GLDPqWUHYHUWLFDO J FRPPH FRQVWDQWH GH SURMHFWLRQ
,O Q\
DXUD GRQFTXXQ S{OH J SRXU WRXV OHV IHOGVSDWKV HQYLVDJpV
685 /$ 'e7(50,1$7,21 '(6 )(/'63$7+6 1RXV DYRQV WUDFp OD ]RQH SJ HW DYRQV SULV SRLQWV SRXU
OHV JUDQGHV FRXUEHV HW SRLQWV SRXU OHV FRXUEHV
LQWHUPpGLDLUHV /HV DQJOHV TXH
IRQW
FHV SRLQWV DYHF OD QRUPDOHj S VRQW OHV VXLYDQWV
O JL
S
/D FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV FRXUEHV D FRQVLVWp j SUHQGUH SRXU
OHV RX SRLXWV HW SRXU XQ
G$Q
GpWHUPLQp OHV FRRUGRQQpHV VXLYDQW 1J 1P 1S /HV SRLQWV GH GpSDUW UpWDEOLVVHQW OD FRXUEH -B GpMj pWXGLpH SDU )HGRURII5HPDUTXH ² 1RXV VRPPHV UHVWpV HQ FRQFRUGDQFH
SDUIDLWH DYHF )HGRURII MXVTXj FH TXL FRQILUPH OH[DFWLWXGH
GH QRV UHFKHUFKHV PDLV SRXU GpMj QRXV DYRQV XQ pFDUW GH SRXU GHJUpV DLQVL TXH SRXU HW HQILQ SRXU
OHUUHXU DWWHLQW
1RXV GRQQRQV GDQV OH WDEOHDX VXLYDQW OHV FRQVWDQWHV GHV QRXYHOOHV FRXUEHV
=RQH SJ
J
S
$Q 1
GHV SRLQWV 1J 1P 1S
ª
ª
ª
ª UUU
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
ª
=
D
RRRRRRRR
RRRRLRFRRL! AFR RFRRL! AFR RFRRL! AF RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR R R R
R R R R R R R
R R R R W R R R
R R R
&2
R BRR
!RR
&2RR 7WRR 2ORR
U+RR
DVRR
R
RR26RR
2RR
&
&
&
DVRR
22RR DVRR
7WRR
&2RR
R
RRRQ FR
&2RR
26
&&
77
22
RRDD DV
R R
22 DV22
FV6 FF DD 22 RRDD
77
&&
DV
R R
RR FF
2&&&
RRRRRRRRR 1W 2, R R R R R R L0 RRRRLRFF R R R R R R RRRRLR RRRRLR RRRR RRRR RRRRLR RRRR RRR RRRRLR RRRRLR RRRR RRRRLR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RR RR R R R R R R R R R R R R R LL LLL LLLLLL RF RF R R RF R R R R
RRRRRRRR
RR2212:22L22K :22L22 :22L22 RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR
2&2&2&22&22RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR2
2
R
oS
22
P
R R
R R Roo R R R R R
R R R R R R
!RR
2&RR
W+RR
2RR RR 2RR
>!RR FRRR
2IRR DVRR
2RR RRRR
&2RR
7WRR
OA
O!O!2&22
WW
O!22
,2
7WLL
W+>>
&222
LADD
2622
FARR
&2&&
/277
=DF
R R R
FR
R R
FR
R R
FR
R R
RRRRR RR RR WW RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR
2222W+&
RRRR RRRR R R R R W +W L22 W +W L22 W W W WW W W RRR RRR RR R RRR R RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR +W + 1W 1W
2O
&2
7W
LR
&2
2
RRRRR
222 2 2 2 2 2 RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR RRRR
&+&2
RRRR RRRR
2222222212: 2212: 2212: 2212: 2212: 2212: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR
W+
FR
W
OR
RR RF
R
R R
FR
R R
&2
R R
P
R R
RRR
R R R R R
R R R R R R
&2
R R
&2
2RR
2RR 2RR
&2RR
&2RR
2,RR
RR
R
RR²RR 7WRR O!RR
+&&
222
&222
7WLL
WA&&
RF&&
2,22
+
277
&2OO
R
R
=
IW
W+
RL
FR
7W
LR
FR
W!
RR
RL
FR
7W
LR
FR
WA
RF
W+
RL
FR
7W
LR
FR
L!
RR
U+
2O
&2
7W
,2
&2
H
2
R
&2
R R
2-MU+UU+
7
A7 HFU+U+U+
A
EF,+,++
RFUUU