Table of Contents
Abstract ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Résumé ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Acknowledgement ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Abbreviations ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 1 Introduction ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1. General context... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2. Legislation on FCMs ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2.1. Framework regulation... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2.2. Regulation on specific materials ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2.3. National legislation ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3. Ceramic food contact articles ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3.1. Manufacture of ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodError! Bookmark
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3.3. Principle of ICP-OES ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3.1. Sample introduction... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3.2. Inductively coupled plasma torch (discharge) ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3.3. Detection of emission ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 4 Migration study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1. Method validation: simultaneous determination of 18 metals releasing from ceramic articles by ICP-OES ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1. Introduction ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.2. Analytical procedures ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.3. Results and discussion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.4. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2. Migration of elements from ceramic articles: influence of food simulant, pH, contact duration, temperature and repeated migration ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.1. Sample selection and compliance test with Directive 84/500/EEC ... Error! Bookmark not
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4.2.2. Influence of simulant and pH ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.3. Influence of repeated migrations ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.4. Influence of temperature and migration kinetic ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4.4. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3. Migration kinetic study under various temperatures and influence of conventional and microwave heating on migration... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3.1. Sample selection and compliance test with Directive 84/500/EEC ... Error! Bookmark not
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4.3.2. Kinetics under hot filling conditions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.3. Kinetics under cooking conditions (conventional heating & microwave heating) ... Error!
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4.3.4. Migration at high temperatures ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.5. Comparison of two simulants ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.3.4. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.4. Comparison of two migration protocols: Directive 84/500 EEC and CM/Res (2013)9 ... Error!
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4.5. Alternative test protocol for regulatory test of ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.1. The first series of tests ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.5.2. The second series of tests ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.5.3. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 5 Exposure assessment to lead and cadmium of Belgian consumers from ceramic food contact articles ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1. Tier 1—Screening approach ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1.1. Exposure model ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1.2. Intake of lead and cadmium ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1.3. Comparison with toxicological reference values ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1.4. Uncertainty and limitation of the screening approach ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2. Tier 2—Refined deterministic approach ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.1. Exposure models ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.2. Model inputs ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.3. Exposure scenarios... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.4. Intake of lead and cadmium ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.5. Comparison with toxicological reference values ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2.6. Uncertainty analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3. Tier 3—Probabilistic approach ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.1. Software ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.2. Input distribution ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.3. Output (intake of lead and cadmium) ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.4. Sensitivity analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.3.5. Uncertainty ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.4. Comparison the intake of lead and cadmium from this study with the intakes from other studies ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.5. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 6 Risk assessment of metal release from ceramic food contact articles .. Error! Bookmark not
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6.1.4. Toxicological reference values of cadmium ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.2. Sources and intakes ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.2.1. Sources and intakes of lead ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.2.2. Sources and intakes of cadmium ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.3. Total exposure ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.4. Risk characterization ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.4.1. Risk characterization of lead ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.4.2. Risk characterization of cadmium ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.5. Uncertainty ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6.6. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 7 Specific migration limits for lead and cadmium and other elements from ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
