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(1)

Nano-sciences,

Nano-technologies

Nano-materiaux

C. Joachim et X. Bouju

(2)

Sommaire:

Un peu d’histoire Top down

Bottom up

Rester en bas

Et le spatial?

1 Α

1 m

1 mm

1 μm

1 nm

limite oeil nu

atomes molecules cellules

facteur 1 million limite microscope

optique

(3)

Un peu

d’histoire …

1911

(4)

1932: Le microscope électronique

E. Ruska

(5)

E.W. Muller

1953: Le microscope ionique de champ

(6)

R.P. Feynman, Dec. 1959, Caltech (Californie)

But I am not afraid to consider the final question as to whether, ultimately ---in the great future--- we can arrange the atoms the way we want; the very atoms, all the way down! What would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them (within reason, of course; you can't put them so that they are chemically unstable, for example).

1959

(7)

G. Mollenstedt and R. Speidel, Phys. Bl., 16, 192 (1960)

1960

: Lithographie par faisceau d’électrons

(8)

1968

1968

(9)
(10)

J.Monod

1972

(11)

1974

(12)

1 nm = 0. 000 000 001 m

(13)

H. Rohrer

1981

: Le microscope à effet tunnel

G. Binnig

(14)

Principe du Microscope à effet tunnel (STM)

G. Binning & H.Rohrer, 1981

(15)

0.2 nm

(16)

E. Drexler

1986

(17)

1988

(18)

D. Eigler

1990

(19)

2000

(20)

National Nanotechnology Initiative

President Clinton's Remarks at Science and Technology Event California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

January 21, 2000 Excerpts

Today, I want to thank you for all that you are doing to advance the march of human knowledge. I have also come here to announce all the ways we intend to accelerate that march - by greatly increasing our national funding for science and technology.

The budget I will submit to Congress next month will include a $2.8 billion increase in our 21st Century Research Fund. This will support a $1 billion increase in biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health double the largest dollar increase for the National Science Foundation in its 50 year history and will provide major funding increases in areas such as information technology, space exploration, and the

development of cleaner sources of energy.

My budget supports a major new National Nanotechnology Initiative, worth $500 million. Caltech is no stranger to the idea of nanotechnology - the ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular level.

Over 40 years ago, Caltech's own Richard Feynman asked, "What would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them?" [One answer is that we can make cool images of the Western Hemisphere in gold atoms, as you can see in greatly magnified form behind me. With our national investment in nanotechnology, we believe we can find more enduring uses.]

Imagine the possibilities: materials with ten times the strength of steel and only a small fraction of the weight shrinking all the information housed at the Library of Congress into a device the size of a sugar cube

detecting cancerous tumors when they are only a few cells in size. Some of our research goals may take 20 or more years to achieve, but that is precisely why there is an important role for the federal government.

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NNI Final, December 2003

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MINIATURISER

MINIATURISER

MINIATURISER

MINIATURISER

MINIATURISER

MINIATURISER

MINIATURISER

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Rester en bas Top- down

miniaturisation

Bottom-up

Nouveaux matériaux

Nanomatériaux

Nanosciences

Technologie à l’échelle atomique

Nanotechnologies

1 nm

(24)

L’approche Top -down

Machines à calculer Micro-mécanique Micro-fluidique Transducteurs

(25)

1642 1880-1960

1974

Machines à calculer

(26)

Le transistor, Bell Labs 1947

« Nanotech »-transistor

1 nm

« Nanomaterial » Transistor 2004

1998

(27)

LA LOI DE MOORE (FORMULEE EN 1965 !)

Le nombre de transistors que l'on peut intégrer double tous les 18 mois

(28)

Machines mécaniques

1 cm

Mini-robot, 2000 Jouet, 1870

Micro-mécanique

(29)

P. Boyer, 1997

P. Boyer (1965):

ATP-Synthase est un moteur macromoléculaire

20 nm

machine-macromoléculaire

(30)

Micro-Transducteur

M. Roukes, Caltech

(31)

L’approche bottom-up ?

Un tas d’atome

(32)

Manipulation d’un atome avec la pointe d’un STM

(33)

Dans un piège 3D

avec un atome ou une molécule froide

(34)

2 atomes de Ba froids dans un piege optique (IBM almaden)

G. Rempe, Nature 1999

(35)

Bottom-up

Nouveaux matériaux

Nanomatériaux

L’approche bottom-up

(36)

Rapport OFTA 2001

(37)

Performances des engins intégrant des nanomatériaux

- Résistance mécanique - Consommation d’énergie - Taille

- Poids

- Vitesse de décision - Invisibilité

- Sécurité

- Avions, bateaux, satellites - Drones

- calculateurs - mémoires - Visualiseurs

- Transmetteur/récepteurs - Capteurs

- Protecteurs (vêtements)

(38)
(39)

Nœud en nanotube de carbone, P. Poulin (CRPP)

1 mm

(40)

Nanocubes de Fer auto-assemblés (7 nm de côté)

F. Dumestre, B. Chaudret, C. Amiens, P. Renaud, P. Fejes Science, 2004, 303, 821.

Auto-Assemblage

(41)

2010

2020?

20 nm

Source

Gate

Drain

USJ USJ

Nanomateriaux

pour la microelectronique

(42)

Le graphène pour l’électronique

(43)

Rester en bas Bottom-up

Nanosciences

Technologie à l’échelle atomique

1 nm

(44)

GNS

(45)

…………

- Mécanique

- Calculateur

- Transduction

- Communication

(46)

Calculer avec une molecule ?

(47)
(48)

Un circuit électronique dans une seule molécule ?

F.L. Carter, NRL

(49)

AND logic gate inside a single molecule

S. Ami, M. Hliwa and C. Joachim, Chem. Phys. Lett. , 367, 662 ( 2003)

(50)

Assurer la mutation du classique au quantique La mutation vers l’utilisation des ressources quantique

(51)

Mécanique unimoléculaire ?

(52)

Un pinion moléculaire tagé

N N

(53)

0 deg

reference point

Manipulations are performed always starting from the center of the molecule moving parallel to the island border, with a length equal to a molecular radius.

(54)

60 deg step

to stable position

(55)

60 deg halfstep to unstable position

(56)

0 deg halfstep (sliding) to stable position

(57)

60 deg step

to stable position

(58)

60 deg step

to stable position

(59)

60 deg step

to stable position

(60)

60 deg halfstep to unstable position

(61)

0 deg halfstep (sliding) to stable position

(62)

1.8 nm

Une charrette à bras moléculaire

Image LT-UHV STM

Surf. Sci. Lett., 584, L153 (2005)

(63)

Une nano voiture moléculaire?

(64)

James Tour, Rice University Houston, TX

Premières images STM de la nano-voiture

(65)

Assembleur

(66)

L’aspirateur moléculaire

031007.1828ff

FU Berlin

(67)

L'ASPIRATEUR A ATOMES

Ramassage des atomes de cuivre "en trop" sur une surface de cuivre

"Paquet" de 6 atomes

CEMES-CNRS + Freie Universität Berlin

(68)

Nano-medecine Charges utiles

Moyens de calcul et de commmunication Production

La vie ailleurs Normalisation Enseignement

Et le spatial ?

(69)

Nano-medecine

(70)

R. McKendry et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 9783-9788

(71)

Proteomics

(72)

micro-sous marin

dans le corps humain

0.1 mm

(73)

Globule rouge artificiel

(74)

Détails du globule par G. Freitas

(75)

Réparateur d’ADN

(76)
(77)
(78)
(79)

Charges utiles

Horloge atomique

(80)

J. Kitching Puce à atomes NIST 2004

75 mW, 1s/300 ans Vapeur de Rb

Horloge atomique

(81)

Une puce à atomes

J. Schmiedmayer Univ. Heidelberg

Atom Chip Quantum processor (IST 2001- 38863)

1 cm

(82)

First Atomic

Force Microscope on Mars Projet FAMARS

Nanosurf

(-122° à +22°)

(83)

Moyens de calcul et de communication

(84)

Calcul et model miniature

1 campagne de mesure:

50 Goctets de données

(85)
(86)
(87)

1997: proposition d’ascenseur spatial

(88)

Ascenseur spatial?

(89)

Cercle Europeen d’Etude et

de developpement de la teleportation

Fiction

Réalité

Téleportation d’états quantiques

(90)

Production

(91)

Biospace mission Cité de l’espace, Toulouse Robot uni-moléculaire d’assemblage et de nettoyage

(92)

Peut-on vraiment construire de telles machines ? Nanorex

Californie

(93)

La vie ailleurs

(94)

Science, 1997

(95)
(96)

Nannofossils, Jurassic (1 mm x 2 mm)

Dinoflagellate cyst.

(100 μm x 70 μm)

« nanno-fossiles terrestres »

(97)

PNAS, 1998

1 μm

Kajander & Ciftcioglu

(98)

Van der Waals Electrostatic Coulomb Capillary Chemical

Forces

(99)

Cellule vivante

(100)

Single strand DNA

(101)

Nano-medecine Charges utiles

Moyens de calcul et de commmunication Production

La vie ailleurs Normalisation Enseignement

Et le spatial ?

(102)

1 μm 1 mm 1 pm 1 nm

Sciences

Technologies Composants

Matériaux Procédés

Machines

nano méso micro

(103)

- Merci pour votre attention -

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