The Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Shingles

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The Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Shingles

Ayukawa, M.; Sereda, P. J.

p

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

CANADA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ASPHALT SHINGLES

by

1"1. Ayukawa and P.

J.

Sereds.

Prepared for Central Mortgage and Housing

Corporation in co-operation with Forest

Products Laboratories, Department of

Northern Affairs and National Resources

Report No.

84

of the

Division of Building Research

Ottawa

PREFACE

The study of the dimensional instability of asphalt shingles, the preliminary results of which are now reported, was undertaken as part of a project involving a critical examination of the practices recommended. at present in the use of asphalt shingles over wood roof boards. This project, carried out in the first instance for Cent real Mortgage and Housing Corporation, is a co-operative one with the Forest

Products Laboratory undertaking the studies on wood perform-ance. Observat ions are being made, in co-operation wLth C.M.H.C. of the performance of the roofs of substantial numbers of relatively new houses, and an experimental roof has been constructed on a research house being operated at the Montreal Road Laboratories by this Division.

Further reports may be expecte0 as these studies progress, on various aspects of the project.

Ottawa, April

1956.

N.B. Hutcheon,

THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ASPHALT lli INGIES

by

M. Ayukawa and P.J. Sereda

Buckling of asphalt shingles on the roofs of houses has been observed in a number of instances for sorne t Lme ,

Comprehensive surveys indicating the extent of the problem, however, have not been reported in the literature. There is no information available that relates the occurrence of

buckling to the method used for fixing the shingles, the design feature of the roof, moisture condition and board width of the roofing lumber, the age of the particular roof,

or the season of the year in which it is most prevalent. It has boen generally believed that the movement of the roof boards due to moisture content changes was respon-sible for the buckling of shingles.

The dimensional changes \,Jhich take place in wood wi th changes in moisture content are well known. An experiment was carried out to determine the extent of movement required to produce "cu ord ng" in shingles vrhen they are fixed with the row of nails spaced

5

inches apart. It was found that a

i-inch rise of shingle at mid-position produces a noticeable 'cunlt. This corresponds to a relative change of 3/64-inch ir t1e distance between the centre lines of shine:le nails, or 0.9 per cent.

studies were then undertaken to determine whether asphalt shingles were dimensionally stable when subjected to moisture. Results of the preliminary work suggested that the asphalt shingles examined were not dimensionally stable

during changes in moisture conditions and that a length change of over I per cent accompanied the absorption of up to

4.0

gm. of water in specimens 2 by

6

inches in 817,e.

This evidence promoted an experiment in whi ch a s ohal, t shingles were nailed ｴｾ ＱＸｾｧ｡ｵｧ･ ｧ｡ｬｾ｡ｮｩｺ･､ sheet metal ｾｩｸ･､ to wo ocen supports for nail-holding purposes. 'I'h Ls assembly which W&s

3

feet wide with four rows of shingles was placed in a humid chamber. After approximately 10 days noticeable buckling was observed.

As a result of the above observations an extensive series of test wa.s undertaken to determine the proporties of asphalt shingles insofar as dimensional instability was concerned. For this purpose one bundle of three-tab square

butt strip shingles of nominally 210-pound weight, of each manufacturer's product available in Ottawa, a total of seven, was purchased on the open market. One of the seven, No.4, was a thick-butt type and the exposed area was used for the tests.

Tr..vo shingles were picked at r-andom from each bundle, and four 2- by Ｖｾ ｩｮ｣ｾ test specimens were cut from each shingle representing the portion of the shingle normally between tHO horizontal r-ows of nails. Of these s ampLe s , two were used for a vacuum saturation and heat cycley and two for a water immersion and heat cycle.

Vacuum Satur.1tion and Heat Test

This test was carried out by vacuum saturation during the week from Monday to Friday and leaving the samples in an oven at 160°F. over the weekend, cooling them in a desiccator to weigh on ?"londay, and then 'vacuum saturating again. The specimens were weighed and measured at t he beginning of each working day.

A sample run showing the dLnen s Lon a L changes of each product is shown in Fig. 1 in which the change in length is plotted against time. For the purpose of comparison a-length has been taken to be the length after vacuum saturating for four days. Almost identical results were obtained with the two shingles from each bundle. Table I gives the corres-ponding change in length of t he samples and 'I'abLe II the change in weight with time. The reference point for the latter t able is the we Lght as received. It is seen that there is a difference in the behaviour of the products

subjected to these test conditions. Pr-oduct No.1 absorbed the most water, from 5.6 to 5.9 gm. in

4

days and showed

1.1 per cent change in length, while product No.3 absorb3d from 1.5 to 2.7 gm. of water with a corresponding increase in length of 0.4 to 0.7 per cent.

It is seen that on dr-yLng , the sampLe s shrank to less than t heir original size. v'lith each successive cycle of

wetting and drying, the samples showed less increase in lenryth with wetting and less shrinkage with orying. It was also

found that it took a longer period for equilibrium to be established with regard to their length. At the conclusion of t he run, therefore, the vacuum s atur-at Lon wa s continued for two weeks at the end of which time all the shingles had reached a constant length which was from .02 to .07 inch less than t he length observ;;-d after vacuum saturating for 4 days at the start of t he experiment. Thus irreversible shrinkage took place with each complete cycle from dry to Het to dry. This shrinkage may h ave been r elated to t he rate and period of drying and wet t I ng but this was not Lnv e a t.Lgat ed ,

3

Water Ilnmersion and Heat Cycles

It was thought tha t vacuum saturation might be too extreme a wAtting condition to be applied to the shingles. A number of cycles were rur by immersing the shingles in a pan of ｷ｡ｾ･ｲ for

8

to 10 days and then drying them for

3

to

4

days in an oven at 160°F. It was found that the water immersion and heat cycles followed the same pattern as the vacuum saturation as shown in Fig. 2 where representative runs are plotted, but that the absorption of water and there-fore the change in length took place at approximately half the rate. However, the total amount of water absorbed and the increase in length was almost identical.

Comparison of the Rate of Absorption and Loss of Moisture by the Two Sides of the Shingle

When shingles are in place on a roof, not only the mineral-granuled side, but also the reverse side is exposed to water, in the form of wind-driven rain and melting snow and in some instances for prolonged periods of time.

Therefore, it was considered of interest to determine from which side o-ft'":e ｾｨｩｮｧｬ･ more absorptior of water takes

place and whet nc .: the underside is more suscepti bLe ,

Four 2- by 6-inch test specimens of products No.

4

and No.7 were taken. These shingles were coated with a wax mixture in such a wa;l that half of the samples had only the mineral-granuled side unprotected and the other half had the reverse side unprotected. These samples were then placed in water and the total amount of water absorbed was determined

daily. After

24

days the samples were placed in the con= ditioned room and the daily weighings were continued.

Representative results are shown in Fig.

3.

It is seen that more water was absorbed through the reverse side, and t hat the rate of loss of moisture was greater through this side.

It may be concluded, therefore, that the reverse side is more susceptible to moisture pick-up.

Pliability

It is logical to assume that asphalt shinsles should retain a deBTee of pliability in service if they are to give good performance, but a decrease of pliability wit h ::'lge has been noted. It was of interest, therefClt'B, to determine what caused this change in pliability, whether it was heat9 moisture,

or both, and also to compare the nerformance of the dtfferent manufacturer's products.

Approximately 25 1- by B-inch test specimens were cut vertically from each shingle. Half of these were placed in an oven at 160°F. to be used to test t he effect of heat alone, and the other half were vacuum saturated during the week days and then placed in the oven over t he weekends.

The first set of specimens was tested for pliability on Fridays and Mondays while t he second set only on j'.'loncJays, that is, after the h eatLng period. 'I'he test was carried out by allowing the specime,;;s-to cool to room temperature and ｴｾ･ｮ

bending them through 90 over t he rounded edge of a block at a uniform rate in approximately 2 seconds.

The block was

3

inches square by 2 inches thick, with

1 <3

rounded corners of 2-' 4- and I-inch radius.

At first the specimens were bent over the ｾＭｩｮ｣ｨ

radius corner. Where failure was observed, another end of the specimen, or a new specimen, was used to test for failure on the other corners. Failure was considered

w

be any

surface rupture exceeding liB-inch in length.

The observations are given in Table III where the A columns are the results obtained for heat alone, and the

B columns for heat and vacuum saturation, with the reference point being the number of days of heating. There was a wide range in pliability of the shingles from the different

manufacturers. In the first test, No.4 which was the exposed area of a thick-butt shingle, fai]ed on the I-inch corner after only 4 days, while Nos. 1,5,6, and 7 failed on the I-inch corner only after 2B days. Approximately the same order of failure was observed for the second test. However, it is seen that Hhen

4

days of vacuum saturation are interposed between every

3

days of heat, the failure point is accelerated. It may therefore be concluded that loss of pliability depends not only on heat but also on wetting.

Summary

Samples of asphalt shingles .nade by seven man ufac-turers and available in t he Ottawa area were subjected to cyclic conditions of drying in the oven at 160°F. and

wetting by immersion in water under partial vacuum. It was found that samples 2 by

6

inches absorbed 1.5 to 5G9 gm. of water in 4 days of vacuum saturation accompanied by a

dimensional increase of from 0.4 to 1.1 per cento

On repeated cycles of drying and wetting the sRmples exhibited an irreversible shrinkage ranging from 002 to .07 inch.

5

When the samples were subjected to cycles of drying at 160°F. and wetting by immersion in water undor normal atmospheric conditions, similar results 8S described above

were obtained except that the rate of change was about half. The reverse side of a shingle was found to be more susceptible to moisture pick-up as observed in these tests, the extremes for product No.7 being 1.7 gm. of water through the Heather side and 3.2 gm. through the reverse side.

Loss of pliability was found to depend on both heat and moisture. There was a wide range in the ability of the different products to retain their pliability. One shingle, No.4, became very brittle after only one cycle of wetting and drying, or 4 days of heating at 160°F. No.

4

was,

however, a thick-butt shingle, and the exposed area was put to t his test sothat t his must be taken into consideration.

Further experimental work has been planned to sort out the factors of composition which may be responsible for the above properties and their variations. An analysis of the shingles for their components according to A.S.T.M. D228-54T has been undertaken. An extensive study of the composi tion of the saturants by solvent separation, and a study of their differences in water absorption is planned.

Viettim! Period Drying Period

ｾｾＮ［ｾＢＢＭＭ

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ＭｰｲＺｾｾｾｪｰｲｯ､Ｚ［Ｑ

No.1

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No.4

No.5

No.6

No, '7 I

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7

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33-34

35

36

37

38

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40-41

42

43

44

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TABLE II

CHANGE IN viEIGHT (r-rams ) OF 2- BY 6-INCH SPECIMENS OF

ASPHALT SHINGLES WITH WETTING AND DRTING

- - - - Wetting lsriod Drying Period

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No. 1 No.

2

No. 3

No.

4

No.

5

No. 6

No.

₇

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1

+3.965

+1.78q

+0.657

+1. 583

·4-1.201

+2.520

+1.047

2

+5.097

+3.645

+0.982

+3.6hO

+2.163

+3.897

ｾＱＮＵＳＱ

3

+5.564

+3.725

+1.342

+3.776

+2

0 6 3 5

+4.222

+2.827

4

+5.$37

+3.880

+1.5$2

ＫｾＮＱＴＰ

+2.822

+4.380

+2.998

5-6

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--",'.-

-7

·

·

-0.353

-0.381

-0.661

-0 •.'.23

-0.334

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8

+4.163

+2.736

+1.009

+-3.D7

+1.826

....3.098

+1.954

9

+4.807

+2.969

+1.311

+3.321

+2.168

+3.437

+2.521

10

::..1

+4.988 +3.'353

+1.626

+3.715

+2.94q

_{ｴＮＺｨＧｌｾｾ} ｊＮＲＮＳｾ

12-13

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14

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-0.514

-0.747

-0.531

-0.382

ｾｏＮＴＴＵ

-0.617

+i.3C6

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+3.401

+2.263

+0.454

+2.372

+1.988

+1.438

16

17

+4.636

+-3.034

+1.257

+3.074

+2.]()5

+3.28'{'

+2.53/4-18

+4.6/..4

+3.061>

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+3.266

+2.140

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19-20-21

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22

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-0.812

-0.542

-0.403

-=9..479

-0.632

ｾＭ

+2.065

.-,

23

+3.250

+2.053

+0.505

+1.198

1"1.725

ＫｬＮｨＧｾＸ

24

+3.882

+2.739

+0.875

t2.697

+1.580

+2.682

+2.219

25

+4.212

+2.•.870

+1.134

+2.884

+1.922

_{ＭＡＮＮｾ} .•｟ＡＳＵＱｾ

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+2.112

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+0.948

4-1. 596

+1.089

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ｾＲＮＶＰＷ

+0.351

+2.587

+1./....00

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+1.M6

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+4.177

+2.768

+0.616

+2.82'1

+1.565

+2.641

+1.9U.

32

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