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?>>ABAD @ F G>I IN @ H DJAK @ M Q O NRSFJF 7 ;V>WX V Y<ZXT N.?.N H I NF;>

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(2) -;;<=>. ?>>ABAD @ F G>I IN @ H DJAK @ M Q O NRSFJF 7 ;V>WX V Y<ZXT N.?.N H I NF;>. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. <=;<=TUDK:. <N. N MI[\ ?][WN @Q I.G. [GKA\X> -\TWRDN MI; @D N.?.N. \?TIA[W NFNJ V ^R N.?.N. Q?D-QUH DK:. D_. XX ` >-Q? H >?>>A? MT <N. N MI[\ ?][WN @Q I.G. UDKQR><? ` IIZbRQ:. ; M?\X> IR[WB ^R I.G. JA?F\X> Bc>NFW]Y<ZXT, BcNQ O NR>]YJD-f?Thj?T>RJR ^H. ສ. ວ. ສ. [GNV;> c ?R` kRTGR?, I.N [GNMI;c> -f?T[GNMI;c>. >RWF \FWRYQD, I.N U\>[G -f?TbRSRN ^ @Q B ^RNR? YDDNAIR>, I.N QAWOI -f?TYGQXT. \]IYfMHRlRH UDK: \?TIA[W NFNJ V ^R  XXQ-;;lRH SMQ-hj T@ SMQ:. JX ` >-Q? H B ^RIA? MT. QAG?TNOQNRJ]QR> -WA Q]WR NApR; @>B>B? RH ?]JAKRNRDQR>NOQNR MH 2016  .

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(4) B ^R> ^R H qRIhj Q SOH I-;;<=>? @>>ABADFG>I @H @DJAK MINOQNRSF JF 7 >F[H D< @ NcDuv` H =;<=TfO> YG]` TQAG?TNOQNRJ]QR> -WA Q]WR[D< H @;<XT -WA XA>VKRD> ^RuG.H QR>B>B? RH -WA <=;<=TSOH I-;;<=>? @>>ABADFG >I MH @ H @DJAK MINOQ NRYhj@H I>FH BA>A<=;<=T[D X H FT uN Y` XQQANR>J T@ \RKu> -WA q R` TSAYJD UDK[D < H @;QR> <? ` IIZbRQ> @Q?]GRQR>hjRK\RQN? ` >. UBTN RH TSOH I -;;<=>? @>>ABADFG >I @ H @DJAK MINOQ NRSF JF 7 SAQX;D ? H K III. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. \RQBZ: \RQJF I ? @>>ABADFNA[vS@DbV; @>, \RQJF II ? @>>ABADFqR` TSAYJD, \RQ JF III J]DNA? @>>ABADF.. ? @>>ABADFNA[vS@DbV; @>, > @Q<=>bA[D< H =>Q=` ?Q @;? @>>ABADFWR?-qS ` F B.N 1893 Yp]TS@DbV; @>, ; MDWABX> ";RH K MD",. YWZ` XTN> "ycN @H "wXT-I> ^H Z JXD", ` RfXT", H ;. H K>X >A?A>]KRKYWZ` XT "YN@ H>JRT-hT ] ", "NXTYXZX ` GF?D H T" -WA QR;QX> "hXIQ]` >bR^ SR".. ? @>>ABADFq R` TSAYJD, > @Q<=>bA[D < H =>Q=` ?Q @;? @>>ABADF{ _`T@ , ? @>>A BADF_ @DYGK, ? @>>ABADFK` F SV`> -WA ? @>>ABADFY QMR hj F . N ? ` >J] D NADF? @>>ABADF >Q @ <=>bA[D H< =>Q =` ?Q ; @ ;RTB?RI<c\ M ?> @ >ABADF -WA H ZH > pR>u>QR>?] Y BRA; D W @QNA>AqR` T|fXT? @>>ABADF.. SOH I -;;<=>? @>>ABADF fXTNApR; > RH ?]J AKRNRD @ B>B? MH. ສ. ວ. ສ. BA>A<=;<=T. H u>JF` S@;SVT -WA <=;<=T[?uH >-;;<=>? @>>ABADF QR>NOQNR h? @TkR` TK]` T?R` Y>ZX Yhj@HI>FH B TM bAuh HB ?RIQAb R` T-b TH -Qy ` < Hc =>YS@ > k `R TDF, hRQ?R` KT@ ;X ` >uD;^` pZQ q X H T H D G @DYb>kRQSAQX;N? ] Yh@ > -WA B ^R ` >u>QR>-Q[H f f^uhJ H R` >ycG H MIuG H QAWV>RN`TM f^B q]G MI[SK @TNApR; @>B>B? RH ?]JAKRNRDQR>NOQNR. MH. NApR; @>B>B? RH ?]JAKRNRDQR>NOQNR MH 2016  .

(5) NRWA;R> lRH. \RQJF I. ? @>>ABADFNA[vS@DbV; @>. ; MDJF 1 ? @>>ABADFWR?-qS ` F B.N 1893 Yp]TS@DbV; @>.............................1 ; MDJF 2 ; MDWABX> ";RH K MD"..................................................................15 ; MDJF 3 YWZ` XTN> @ H "wXT-I> ^H ` RfXT"........................................................35 ; MDJF 4 YWZ` XTN> @H "ycN Z JXD"................................................................51 H ; ; MDJF 5 >A?A>]KRKYWZ` XT "YN@H>JRT-hT ] "........................................67 ` GF?D H K>X ; MDJF 6 >A?A>]KRKYWZ` XT "NXTYXZX H T"….........................................84 ; MDJF 7 QR;QX> "hXIQ]` >bRSR"........................................................104 ^. \RQJF II. ? @>>ABADFqR` TSAYJD. ` @ .....................................................................127 ; MDJF 8 ? @>>ABADF{_T ; MDJF 9 ? @>>ABADF_ @DYGK.................................................................141 ; MDJF 10 ? @>>ABADFK` SV F > ` .....................................................................164 ; MDJF 11 ? @>>ABADFYQMRhjFYlZX..............................................................176. \RQJF III J]DNADF? @>>ABADF ; MDJF 12 ;RTB?RI<c\ H HZ>pR>u>QR>?]YBRA? @>>ABADF...........................193 ; MDJF 13 W@QNA>AqR` T|fXT? @>>ABADF................................................199.  .

(6) \RQJF I ?>>ABAD N @ F A[vSD @ bV;> @ ; MDJF 1. 1.. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. ? @>>ABADFWR?-qS ` F B.N 1893 Yp]TS@DbV; @>. NA\R;SAh? @DNRD. ` @ hjZ YXF> H ?R` : \?QWR` > @;-qJ ` RH KNAqA? @D XIX BZSF 1893, \?Qb @QQA\@D{_T H -;;YQM` R[DYH fMHRIR<VQ<R> -WA kO DBXTYXM RWR?YS@>h? H . [WKAD`T@ YIZXTfO> M YIZXTfO> Q R` ?, \?QYfM R [D Q ^ R` K H X;UQKYXM R G @;\AKRQX>J ^RIAGRD, YXM RWR?YS@>;X ` >bRl N]>BRH , -;T @ DRYyM` R. ` -KQB M>WR? Y<@DuhYH NKB?RINRI @QBFWAh?R` TSAGRG M>WR?;> \?QI @>bRQ ^ @DX]DNAWA\R;fXTB M>WR?, Y<@DuhB @H H M>WR?QZQl@TNZ 95%. \X H IQ @>>>, I>K V Ku` hS @ @T[DK H H AGRG M>WR?Q @;SAGRG M>h?=D>RI-qQ-KQB?RINRI @QBFQ @>. ` @ QR` ? q^` lRH NA\R;QR>DT. bO` TYQFDIFfA;?>QR>W?IQVI ` fXTSAGRG M>WR?; @>DR. H q^` NcQ ` @ . YWF` I-qS YyM` Rkcq MH ` RIJX H Tp]` >qR` T|u>JM` ?SAYJDWVQfO> H @;\?Q{_T ` F 1901 YS@>q>. ສ. ວ. ສ. IR[DI F A;?>QR>q^` NcH UDK\RKuqQ H , X MTQ MIIAD ^R H f H R>> ^R\RfXT\^` QAD?D, X MT-Q? YbMRH wHRYIZXTN]T, YbMRH wHRSR[b -WA fA;?>QR>q^` Ncf H XTSAGRG M>WR?YyM` RXZ` >|. N? ` > `@ . kc? F A;?>QR>q^` Ncf ` =Tb @>Q^If H XT>RKBcB ^RqRH >{_T fA;?>QR>q^` Nc\ @ H Yp]T?R` ;^` [D H H RKuqQ H R>> ^R\RfXTyc> H ^RJHXTp]` >JF` QR` ?IR>>,. < @;y> M N ^RYW@ DQ^qRI, -qI ` @>[DN H A-DTuhYH h@ >fFDvRK-hT ` SAh? @DNRDQR>q^` Ncf H XT SAGRG M>WR?yc< H @QGRD, NA-DTuhYH h@ >Yp]Tb]DubB=D-B> H N @DqcfXTSAGRG M>WR?; @>DR YyM` Ru>JM` ?SAYJD. ` @ SAWR[GN MTBRIkc`X]>Dcb> hj T@ bRQ{_T F u>SF 1954 -W? H , b @QQA\@DXRYI_]QR hjZ YXFH> ? R` \?QW `R YIZX TfOH> -;;uv`[ D YH fMH R IRNZ; q^` <VQ <R> -WA kO D BXTWR?u>SF 1955. \?QYfMR[DD H ^RY>F>>AUK;RK<VQ<R> -WA qRH >fA;?>QR>SAq]? @DWR?kR` T 1 .

(7) <RH K-<TQ?R` YQM` R, -qK ` X H >SAGRG M>WR?; @>DRYyM` RIF; MD<=>u>QR>q^`Ncq H RH >Q @;{_ `T@ , IF H X @>DFTRIIRQX B?RINRI @QBF- l> H -wH> YG]` TYS@>Ic>YGZX ` >-W? H , ;?QQ @;JR` -<TfXT H q^` NcU fA;?>QR>N @>q]\R;UWQ, SAGRG M>WR?; @>DRYyM` RbO` TNRI @QBFQ @>WVQfO> H DK\RK uq Q @ SAGRG M>SAq]? @DWR?u>S@DbV;> @ H R>> ^R\RfXT\@QSAGRG M>WR?u>YIZ`XQX ` >Q^BZ\Q bO` TNRIRDSMD S`X KGRDuhh V <R>N ^RYW@ D u> MH bRQQR>SMQ BXTfXTb @QQA\D @ yc< H V j D\> H Q SF 1975. ?]WAQRu>fA;?>QR>q^` NcQ ^ @ H [D H H @;\?QN @DqcJ` FIR<VQ<R>YQZX;lO` TNAqA? @D>>, NAJHX >XXQk`R TbA-b TH u>? @>>ABADFS Aq]? @D hj Z YXF H> ? R` ? @>>ABADFN A[vuv `. \X @ H ? @>>ABADFf=>NA[vuvQ ^ D -WA fAhKRKq M?YS@>W ^RD @;IR\X H I>>, ` [^ DQ H RY>F H I Q @;fA;?>q^` Nc,H QR>S Q M SQ @ < @QNR -WA QR>N RH TNR\ D @ JA>RSAYJDGRDb M>IR Yp]TS@DbV; @>. 2.. QR>fAhKRKq M?fXT? @>>ABADFWR?-qW ` A[WKA 2.1 ? @>>ABADFWR?[WKASF 1893-1954 ? @>>ABADFWR?-qS ^ D -WA fAhKRKq M? ` F 1893-1954 -I>? ` @>>ABADFJ` FQRY>F. H fXT{_T ` @ -WA QR>q^` Ncf kcu` >[WKAJF` SAYJDWR?q MQYS@>h? M YIZXTfO> H XTSAGRG M>WR? H {_ `T@ . u>NA[v{_ `T@ S Q q RH >\?QW R` YI X Z TfO> M BXT, \?QYfM R bRQ ^ @DQR>uG \ H RNR WR? -WA q ? M l T@ NZW R?u>? MTQR>NOQ NR -WA JRTWRGAQR>. NA> >, @ H \RNR `@ . JRTQR>Y?WR>>bO` @H TuG\ H RNR{_T SF. H . l@TNZ\]I 1941 bO` TIFlT@ NZ\]INA;; @ J ^RX]DGZ` ?R` "WR?uhK"` Q ^RY>FDfO>. H =>YS@ >\RNR{_T ` @ -WA \RNRWR?, IFbD NA;; V SANTM YS@ >b MDvRKYhDWR? YG]` T @ >Ff H kcY` IZXTWR? -WA NAYlF?J -bTH fR` ?qR` T|JF` YQFDfO> ] FQR>qR` T|uhS H AGRG M>WR?<cYH G@` >: NVfR\];R>, QFWR, QR>NRH TNR, QR>GR` T, QR>ScQ{T@ , QR>< @QNRfAlM;J ^R>=IX @> DFTRI, B?RI< @QGRD< @Q;RH >YQFDYIZXT>X>YS@>q>. MH l@TNZ\]I "WR?uhK"` K @TYS@>Y?JF H XFQD? UBNA>R>AUK;RKQR>YIZXTfXT\?QWR` YIZXTfO> H K. SF 1949 [D b @H @>>ABADF -WA SF 1953 [D S H @DqTQXT? H `=>YS@ > BA>AQ ^RIA QR>? @>>ABADF. BA>AQ ^RIAQR>D`T@ QR` ? IFlR M lT@ H JF` D ^RY>F>Q]DbAQR> Q=` ?Q @;q? 2 .

(8) NZ -WA \RNRWR?. <XDYDZX>N]ThR 1953 [DYH WF` IbRl ^ R` K "? @>>ABADFNR>" XXQ YS@>WRKYDZX>. u> "? @>>ABADFNR>" [DW H MT\]Il@TNZQ=` ?Q @;: X @QNX>NRD, SAh? @D NRD, ;c< R>BADF, QA?F> \ ;D ] > M , >]J R>NV\ RN]D ... Y?MH R W?I-W ? M H -I >QR>NAYlF ` ? @>>ABADF\ ZH > YI X Z T -WA ? @>>ABADFN A[vXR>Rb @QWR?W RH >G RH TXXQ. N ? ` > H ;T ? @>>ABADFJ` F -q T @ >ABADFY \F > b]D ` fOH> uv`u >[WKA>F` YS@> 2 QA-NBZ: QA-N? > -WA QA-N? @>>ABADF< @QGRD. 2.1.1 QA-N? @>>ABADFY\F>b]D. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. H u>[WKA>F,H N? ;D M YWZ` XTqR` T|JF` f=>fO> @ NA>AWXQ-;;? @>>ABADF ` >hj RKIFWQ ` @ -WA f=>YS@>\RNR{_T ` @ . ;RTYWZ` XTNX {_T ` T-NTYWZ` XTT MIT?RKYhjZXYGZ` X -WA Y\F>b]D YG@` >: YWZ` XT "\A\VD JA<c; N Q @ N]D " UDKWR? b]> DRIA>F (N MIbF> S. T]> ), "lXT yF YyD" UDK JRH ?YQ>, QA?FNR> "GRKhRK]T -WA K]ThRGRK" UDK lcJQ @ N]DJ]I ^ ` @ XXQ WADR (1943) -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|. >XQbRQ>>@ H K @TIF; MDWABX>JF`N @>WAYNF>{_T NA-DTXFQD? H K. 2.1.2. QA-N? @>>ABADF< @QGRD. UDKNZ;JXDIc>YGZHXfXT? @>>ABADF< @QGRDNA[vWRH >GRH TYG@` >: NR>WO;\A H -WA fA Nc>, QR;YIZXT\?> -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|, ? @>>ABADF< @QGRD[DQ H ^RY>FDfO> H {_T ` @ . QA-N? @>>ABADF< @QGRDDT ` @ QR` ? hKRKq? M kc`u>NA[vq^` Ncq H RH >\?QWR` YIZXTfO>. ສ. ວ. ສ. H u>[WKAq^` IR. [DS c ZH>uhH \ H Q? ` @>>ABADFSAq]? @DYqF;uhKf ` AhKRKq M?fO>. u>Y;ZHXTq>, MH QA-N? @>>ABADF< @QGRD IFW @QNA>ABRH KBZ? @>>ABADF\HZ>YIZXTBZ. uG< c QR>YWM` RSRQq^` SRQYG@` >: YWZ` XT\^` QAD?DycI V , YWZ` XTYbMRH wHRSR[b, YWZ` XTX MT-Q? F > H ; H ; H -WA X MTQ MIIAD ^R, YWZ` XTQXTWRGA? MTYS@>q>. MH q^` IRbO` TSRQ MDIF; D M WABX>JF` IFY >ZHX u>< Q @ GRD, q] q =>J@D NA>A -WA -;;. -y>QR>D ^RWTM GF?]D fXT\?QYbMHR fV>IV> >RKJF` Yh@ > -Qq M -WA >]KI M {_`T@ YG@` >: ; D M ` ? WABX> ";RH K MD" (1942), ";R;[WY` ?>J@>" (1943) -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|. H u>< @QGRDYWF` ISRQ MDq ? QX @ >ABADFJ` F I YF >ZX M fOH> Yp]T ? R` K T@ ` >SF 1945, ? > ;^` J@>DFYD@` >, -qQ TJF` NX ^ ^ ; F MDQR;QX> -WA YWZ` XTb]TB M>-Jb H R>?>lO` ` T-NTYp]TB?RI ` I 3 .

(9) < @QGRDfXTB M>WR?YG@` >: ; MDY\T* "bRSRYIZ XTWR?" UDK XVDqAIA bV>WAIA>F, ; MD ^ H G Y\T>FI -WA YS@>JF` <cb F ` N=T Z H @QQ @>J@T\RKu> -WA qR` TSAYJD. >XQbRQ> >K @ H @TI ; F D M ;> @ JO Q YWZ` XTb]T B > M -J H u>fA;?>q^` q RH >\?QW R` YI X Z T H {_T ` @ YG@` >: YWZ` XT "YbMRH NV\R>V? MT, N]T-hT fO> ` -B?> H N];NXTbV[J. yc> H ^RfA;?>WR?X]D. NAhj AQcG H RD" -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|. \RKhj T@ SF 1945, ? > @ >ABADFJ` F IFY >ZHX u>< @QGRD[D I F RDQ RH ?fAhKRKq ? M H ; uvU S @H MH ` DKNAY\RA-I>> ` @;qT-q ` F 1948 YS@>q>IR.. l@TNZ\]I "NRI @QBFJ ^R" [D\ H ]I. ; @>DR; MDQR;QX> -WA ; MDB?RIJF`NX ^H @QGRD fXT> @QYBZ`X>[h?SA ` T-NTYp]T>Rub< H {_ `T@ YG@` >: ; D q]? @Dq RH >\?QW R` YI X Z TfO> M fXT \cI F ? MT?]b D ] , NFG A>A NFN R>, UNI NF YDGRB ^R\c... u>>>YD@` >Q?R` vc`-I> @H M QA?F "BXKWA>OQJRThj T@ BXKWA? @TJRT ` ;D lRH " fXT>RKBcB ^RWcQYIZXTB @T (\cI F ? MT?]bD ] ). H , l T@ NZ\ ] I >F [ H D YH S@ > SF 1950 l T@ NZ\ ] I "WR?X]D NAhj A " [D Q F fO > H ^RY> D QA;XQN=TUBNA>R->?JRT>AUK;RK X @>pZQqX H TfXT->?U<IY\Z` XQcG H RD. u>>>@ H [D\ M B?RI, ; D M Y?MH RNcQ M fR` ?NR>, ;D M QR;QX>, ; D M SAQX;<c;\R;, H ] I;D ` @>w@T, ;D ;D M N M>JA>RWAh?R` TWVT< @Q-WVTGRD, YWZ` XTb]TB M>-JHYS@ >q> MH . ; D M QR;QX>JF` \] IXXQ qRIlRH l@TNZ\]I "WR?X]DNAhj A" N? ] , NFGA>A ` >hj RK-I>; ` MD-qT` fXT \cI F ? MT?]bD NFNR>, UNINF YDGRB ^R\c, -Q? M QXT), IAhR\AIX> H hj ?TYN>R, B. IR>]D (B ^RIR \I H Tq>-q ... ; MDQR;QX>;RT; MD u>Y;ZX T` YS@>QR;QX>J ^RIADR, q^` IRIFyS MH H c AQX;J ^R>XT uN ` -WA QRKYS@ > ;D M Y\TYG@` >: ; D M Y\T* "SAGRG M>WR?", fXTIAhR\AIX>, "QcH GRD", "q^` qRH >KR?>R>", "WR?< @QGRD" -WA ;MDXZ` >|. ; MDQA?FfXT UNINF YDGRB ^R\c H {_T ` @ [D H hj RK;D M JF` NX ` T-NTYp]TNA\R;B?RIYS@>b]T u>NA[vq^` qRH >\?QWR` YIZXTfO> \]IXXQYG@` >: SAh? @D? @>JF 21 IF>R "SZ >Y\FTNXTQA;XQ", "WR?h?=D<? ` IQ @>I?> ` GZ` >" YS@>q>. MH H {_T ` @ , ;D u>NA[vq^` qRH >\?QWR` YIZXTfO> M ? @>>ABADFJ` F YS@>YWZ` XTb]TB M>-JH[D H QRKYS@>YWZ` XTq>q^ MH J` F> @Qf=>[DYH XM RubuNh @ H bO` TSRQ MDIFYWZ` XTb]TB M> ` j RKQ?R` vc.` NA>>, * ; MDY\TqR` T| b @DYfMHRu>? @>>ABADFSAY\DB ^R<XH KQXT Q^KXH >?R` QR>-qT` Y\TfXTWR?N?` >hj RK ` @ ; MDQX>. SAq]; @DqRIhj @QQR>-qT` QX>BZ IFQR>N ^Ry @DDT. 4 .

(10) -J\ H ]IXXQu>l@TNZ\]I "WR?X]DNAhj A" YG@` >: YWZ` XT "N]>J ^Rkc; ` X ` >uDB?RIYhjZHXIuN kc`; X ">RubfXT-I h @H ^H M ", ` >>>", ` XI", "YD @DfRD;^` KXIb ^R> M>", "JAhR>hV> ` ycq H ` Z>q ? ` @ Uq>BRH K" -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|. "JAhR>{_T Y?MHRW?I-W? H , ? @>>ABADFWR? (QA-N? @>>ABADF< @QGRD) u>[WKASF 1893H u>qRH >\?QWR` YIZXTfO> H {_T ` @ YS@>; MDB?RI, ; MD 1954 N? ` >hj RKYS@>QR;QX>JF` IFY>ZX Y?MHRNcQ @QTR>> @Q< M;WR?X]DNAhj AYS@>ycH ` ` @>w@T, ; MD; @>JOQYWZ` XTb]TB M>-JH YG]` T-I>\A> ` @ QR` ?,N? f=> -WA \]IXXQqRIlRH l@TNZ\]IqR` |. ? @>>ABADF[WKADT ` >hj RK;^` J@>[D H >]KRK.. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. \]IXXQYS@>SOH I, ;^` IF> @Qf=>XRGF; -WA ;^` J@>IF? @>>ABADFSAY\DYWZ` XTN> @ H -WA >A?A. 2.2 ? @>>ABADFWR?[WKASF 1955-1975. -q S ` F 1955-1975 -I > ` [WKAJF` SAGRG M>WR?D ^RY>F> QR>q^` NcQ H cG H RDq RH > b @QQA\@DXRYI_]QR -WA \?QSAq]QR>fRKGRD. u>Y?WR>>, @H. SAYJDWR?-;T` XXQ. YS@> 2 YfDBZ: YfDB?;BVIfXT{R` KWRGAXR>Rb @QWR? -WA YfDSMDS`XKfXT{R` KSA H ;T YJDWR?. ? @>>ABADFu>[WKA>F` YS@ > 2 \RQN? ` >BZ: ? @>>ABADFu>YfDB?;BVI fXT{R` KWRGAXR>Rb @Q -WA ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @D.. 2.2.1 ? @>>ABADFu>YfDB?;BVIfXT{R` KWRGAXR>Rb @QWR?. ? @>>ABADFu>YfDB?;BVIfXT{R` KWRGAXR>Rb @QWR?-qS ` F 1955 Yp]TGVISF. ສ. ວ. ສ. H ` TO BX 60 ;^` fAhKRKq M?SR>uD. <XDJRH KGVISF 60 hRq>SF 70 ? @>>ABADFu>YfD>Fb MH ` K H uvfAhKRKq M? YG]` T>XQbRQYWZ` XTJF` -qT` fO> ` W? H , K @T[D\ H ]I? @>>ABADFWRH >GRH T;RT YWZ` XTXXQYG@` >: YWZ` XT "N @TN]>[G", "N=?NAh?RD", ">RT-qTXX ` >" -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|. ?@> >ABADFu>YfDB?;BVIfXT{R` KWRGAXR>Rb @QWR? -;T` YS@> 2 QA-NBZ: QA-N? @> >ABADFN @DbAJ@D -WA QA-N? @>>ABADFY\F>b]D. 1) QA-N? @>>ABADFN @DbAJ@D. u>NT@ B MIYQM`RIFhjRKB> M [D\ M \^H Q @;GF?]DJF` YfM RYbMHR;^` Y\]` TSRpAlR, YfM RYbMHR;^` H ; YBFK; @>WV[Dq H RIN]` TJF` q M>IVT̀h? @T. Y\RAN @TB MIJF` [<B @ H XA>VKRDuhG F D ] H ?RIYS@>J ^R>>;^` H ?. uDhj ; M hj F Q [D b M fcD ] B ^R -WA QA;F` SRKSZ > . u>N @TB I M >> @H H RQQR>f`I ` ? H KX ^R>RDYT > 5 .

(11) SAGRG M>N? X ^ ` >hj RKpZQQ MDfF`fcD<FD -WA JVQb M>, -qB ` M>bR>?>l H KlO` T JF` q MQYS@>WcQ -hj `T qF> IZf XTq R` TGRDG R\ ^H D @ IFX ^R>RD -WA NAlVQ NAlR>. \RKuq N H A\R;QR> ` @ QR` ?, ;> DT @ DR> @Qf=>ycJ H ` F IFNRKqRIXTQ?RH TYh@ >[Q -WA ycJ H ` F IFB?RIN MTNR>Y\Z` X> IA>VDD? H KQ @>. ` @ QR` ?. q M?-J>fXT> @Qf=> [DuH GB H XTSRQQRfXTq M> ?]bR>N @TB MIDT. Yhj` M R>>IF @H > @Qf=>JF` N @TQ @Du>bV "[yl ` RI" -WA "lVI ` SRQQRhH=>" YG@` >: D?Tb ^RSR, DXQYQD, YNWF\R; -WA ycX Z H ` >|. > @Qf=>D?TbRSR[D f ^ @H ;D M QA?F, ;D M B?RI -WA NRWABADF hj RK H =>YWZ` XTN>, YWZ` XTu>>>@ H Q^IYF WZ` XTN>JF` @ H IFG` ? Z R` "uy?R` YT]>YS@>\AYbMHR"; > @Qf=>DXQYQD Q^[Df H => >A?A>]K RKYWZ` XT "YbMHR NR?fXTuy", YWZ` XTN> @ H "G ? ` K-D!` G ? ` K-D!` " -WA XZ` >|. YWZ` XTYhj` M R>>W @H ? H >-qN ` X ` T-NTB?RIYS@ >b]T -WA q ^R>]?]bR>N @TB MIkc`u>YfDB?;BVI fXT{R` KWRGAXR>Rb @QWR?. 2) QA-N? @>>ABADFY\F>b]D. u>YfDB?;BVIfXT{R` KWRGAXR>Rb @QWR?, QA-N? @>>ABADFY\F>b]DfAhKRKq M? H ^ H YG]` TWXQ-;;IRbRQ? @>>ABADFfXT hj RK UDKNAY\RA-I>? ` @>>ABADFY\F>b]DhK^J qR` TSAYJD. ; MDYWZ`XTqR` T|. H u>Y?MHRYp]TB?RI< @QWAh?R` T;R` ?NR?JF` N? ` >hj RKIFY>ZX. H ZW ABX> YIMR I M? -WA y] D h? @T-;;NT@ B I M fXT{`R KqRY?@ > qQ M YG@` >: YWZ` XT "GF?]D >FB QX ] >^yK ] " fXT-WT\cyRYT]>; "< @Q XFq M>" fXT> @Qf=>K]T; "WcQYfFK" fXT H I", "ycK H T Hc T JM` TXV;IVT; "JHR?N @>q]\R; -WA JR V " fXT \c? MT \]IIANX>. ;D M QA?FGVD H ?N @>q]NQ "DXQ;? M hj ?T" fXTNVWT@ YDD? MTNR -WA ycX H ` Z>|W? H >-qY` ?MH RYp]TB?RI< @Q -WA IF W @QNA>AY\F>b]D. 2.2.2 ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @D u>\RWAQ]D-hT cH RD, ` QR>q^` NcQ H G. \Q @ SAGRG M>SAq]? @DWR? -WA ->?WR?< @Q. HF ^R> ^R\R?=QTR>? @DJA>AJ ^R, Y<@Duh? ` @ QR` ?YqF;uhKf GRD[DG H > H =QTR>DT ` AhKRKq M? H u` >YfDSMDS`XKfXTQRW kR` T;^` kVDk@Tkc ^ @T< @QGRD; u>>>, @ H ?=QTR>? @>>ABADFQ[^ D< H @;QR> b @DqT, @H S@;SVT -WA fAhKRKq M?Y\Z`XNRIRDqX;NAlXTQ @;B?RI<=Q<X H TqX H TQR> fXTQR>SAq]? @D. ; MDSA\@>? @>>ABADFSAY\DqR` T| [D< H @;QR>-qT` XXQ< @;uG\ H RWA 6 .

(12) Q]DSAq]? @D, N @>WAYNF>?=QDFB M>YD@`> -WA QR` ?SA>RIUJDQRfXTN ^ @DqcJ` FIR<VQ<R>. H YWZHXK| IFJT@ > @Qf=><V> ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @D, p @>-p?> @Qf=>[DYH \F` IfO> ` XR?VUN -WA > @Qf=><V> ] , NFGA>A NFNR>, XVDqAIA bVWAIA>F, UNINF ` lVI ` YG@` >: \cI F ? MT?]bD YDGRB ^R\c, B ^RIR \I M YN>R, NV? @>JX> ;V;yR>V? MT, b @>JF YDZX> M QXT, B ^RW=T \> NAh? > @ , B ^R;c`, JXTX] > \ I M QXT, N I M vRK -Q ? H IA>F, ?][ W -Q ? H IA>F, ?=TG ^R (>RT B ^R\X> \]IIA-NT), -Q? H IA>F NF? MT[G (; M?-Q? H bAYWF>W @TNF), N MI;c> JA?F [G, B ^RyRK \]WR? MT, D?TB ^R NF?[] W, ;V>pXT IA>FWR -WA ycX Z H ` >|.. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. 1) ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @DSAY\DB ^R<X H KQXT. H u>uv ,` QR;QX> UDKvc> uG < c -;;QR>-q T H ; ` QX>-;;Ic> YGZ HX -q I ` YF >ZX SAq]? @D[D N @ Q @;YhDQR>SAq]? @DYG@` >: QR>Nc< H X ` T-NTJ > H M;, QR>N RH TNRYfDSMD H SAh? @DNRDfXTGRD, B?RINRI @QBFYS@>q>. S`XKIc>YGZX MH ;>< @ H M;-qW @H ` A;>,. Q]DbA. H W? QR>Q^` NRH T-qW F D M QR;QX>NX ` A-hT ` , YhDQR>uv| ` JF` YQFDfO> H >-qI ` ; ` T-NT -WA ; @>JOQYXM R[?.H. ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @DSAY\DB ^R<X H KQXT YS@ >SAY\D? @>>ABADFJ` F [DH qT ` -WA b @D\] IXXQhj RKQ?R` vc,` IFSHO IQX>W ^Rhj RKYhj@HI[Db H @D\]IXXQk`RTq^` Y>Z` XTQ @>YG@` >: ";V> IAUhWR>IAhRNRI @QBFJ` ? cH RDq RH >XRYI_] M YfDYqMH R U<I" (1957), "NRI @QBFq` ^ NcQ H G QR -WA WcQIZfXTI @>" (1961), "SMQS@Q< @QQNRN @>q]\R; YS@>QRTYXQAWRD -WA YX. ສ. ວ. ສ. QA\R;-hT ` GRD" (1962), "QX>W ^R-D>X]DNAhj A" Yhj@HI 1 -WA Yhj@HI 2, "QX>f @; SMDS`XK", "QX>f @;G ^RYlZX". "QX>W ^RN];; MD" fXTGRH TYyZXQ, "\ZH>YIZXTWR?" fXT NV? @>JX> ;V;yR>V? MT (1971), "QX>W ^RQ?DNX;GVDJF 5" Yhj@HI 1 -WA 2 (1972) -WA ` @ QR` ?IR>>IF H u>BZ: ; MDXZ`>|. ; @>DR; MDQR;QX>DT @ H Y>ZX -. N @>WAYNF>SAYJDGRD, SAh? @DNRD, >Rub< > ^H @QGRD -WA >RubB=D-B ^H H. N @Dqcy< V <R>. Hc Q -. Y?MHRYp]TQR>q^` NcQ cH RD -WA [GGA>AfXT{R` KQRW ^ @TSAq]? @DWR?. H G. -. Y?MHRYp]TQR>NRH TNR\@DJA>RkcY` fDSMDS`XK.. -. Y?MHRYp]TB?RINRI @QBFN< cH M; WAh?R` TNRIGRDWR?-h?=D>RI-QRSc ^ YbKUDK 7. .

(13) NAY\RA-I>B?RINRI QBF @ -;;\]YND WR?-h?=D>RI. ` -. Q R` ?SA>RIUJDQ ^RfXT\?Qb @QQA\ D @ JF` IR<VQ <R> -WA J ^RWRKSA YJDGRD. 2) ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @DSAY\DB ^R<X H K-Q? H. B=TBcQ @ H ? @>>ABADFS Aq]? @DSA ` @;? @>>ABADFSAY\DB ^R<X H KQXTJF` QR` ?IR>>, Y\DB ^R<X ^ D -WA fAhKRKq M?Q?R` [WKAyR` >IR. UDKNAY\RA-I> H K-Q? H Q^[DQ H RY>F ` ` @ QR` ?[DQ > @;qT-q S ? @>>ABADFDT @H MH ^ D -WA fAhKRKq M?kR` T?X ` F 1965 YS@>q>IR, H RY>F ` T [?J@Tu>DRH >SAW]IR> -WA BV>>A\R;. ? @>>ABADFS Aq]? @DSAY\DB ^R< X @ H -WA ; D M ;> @ JO Q [D H H K-Q ? H , -I > ` YWZ` XTN > fAhKRKq M?-<TQ?R` vc.` YWF` I-qS SOH IU<IYWZ` XTN>hj MH @ H RKYhj@HI[Db ` F 1965 YS@>q>IR, H @D \]I -WA bRl ^ R` KXXQk`RTq^` Y>Z` XTYG@` >: YWZ` XT "QF;YfMHRqI MH bFYH XM RSZ >", "wXTYDZX> 9" (wXT-I> "WcQycS ^H @ \RQbRQNF ` RfXT), H AYNFDfXTGRD", "NXT-IWc ` Q", "; M?;R>", "\D \> @ DX>", "qRIpAlM>?=Tb @>", ">X H T>X H KXRDhR>" (1969), "\RNR-I", ` "-h?> v>", "BZ>lO` Tu>->?lRH " (1971), "ycN @H Z JXD", "DXQ[IS ] uv"` , "; M>YN@ H> H ; H `R", "GF?D H fXTuy" -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|. JRTSMDS`XK" (1973), "N=TYXF> H GRH Q?R` -WA IFSAW]IR>lX N? @H -WA ` >>A?A>]KRKQ ^RY>FDfO> H KQ?R` YWZ` XTN> ;MD;> @ JO Q. u>WAh?R` TJHRKGVISF 60 -WA q I MH GV ISF 70 [DI F A?A>]KRK bR>?> ^ H > lO` T\] I XXQYG@` >: "NF> X H K" fXTB ^RW=T. \> M YN>R, "NXTYXZHX K>X @ JF H T", "QXT\ >. NXT" fXTNV? @>JX> ;V;yR>V? MT -WA ycX Z H ` >|. ;> @ DR;D M YWZ` XTN>, @ H ;D M ;> @ JO Q -WA >A?A>]KRKW? H >-qN ` X ` T-NTYp]TNA\R; q M?b]T-hT M YWZ` XTJF` > @QSA\@> ` QR>Nc< H M;, QR>NRH TNRYfDSMDS`XK -WA DRH >XZ` >|, -qh ` ? H I>Y?M YXM RubuNf ` =>hjRKQ?R` vcu` >[WKA>F` HRYp]T: -. ; MD;RDfXTQR>SAq]? @Dq^`GF?D ] fXTSAGRG M>WR?.. -. QR>q^` NcH -WA Nc< H M;.. -. QR>NRH TNRYfDSMDS`XK. 3) ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @DSAY\DWABX>. 8 .

(14) Y>Z` XTbRQNA\R;-?DW X @ X ^R>?KB?RINAD?Quh H I;^` J > H Q? ` @>>ABADFS A ` @ SAY\DXZ` >|. DT ` @ >>bO` Y\DWABX>fAhKRKq M?BZDT @ H TIF\=T; MDWABX>;RT; MDYJM` R>>JF` @H [Db @ -WA B?RIb]T" fXTJA?F[G -WA ;MDXZ` >| H @D\]IXXQYG@` >: ; MDWABX> "B?RI{> bR>?>l ^ M WABX>JF` -qT @H N? HXKlO` T. ;D ` fOH>u>BR?> > ` >hj RKYS@ >WABX>?]JAKV, W ^R YWZ` XT -WA QR>N M>JA>RWAh?R` TWVT< @Q-WVTGRDYJM` R>>. @H NAhjV ;-W? H. ? @>>ABADFS Aq]? @Du>[WKASF 1955-1975 -I > M ` fAhKRKq?. \^ N MIB?> > @;J@TSAY\DB ^R<X M SA\> @ JF` [D\ H KQXT -WA <X H K-Q? H . SAW]I R>;D H ] Ib R^. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. H YJZ` XWAQRH ?. ? @>>ABADFSAY\D l `R KXXQQ^hj R KQ? R` YQM` R -WA BV> >A\R;Q^N T c fO> B ^R<X M ;> @ JO QYWZ` XTb]TB> M -JHYJM` R>>, @ H -q I H K-Q? H YIZ` XQX ` >IF\=T-qS ` AY\D;D ` RYp]T H DI H u> -WA N]W A [WKA>F[ F R>SAD]D -q T M YWZ` XTN > @ H -WA >A?A>]K RKJF` IFY >ZX H Q ` ;D SAQR>-qT` DFN MIB?>.. YIZ` XN @TYQDW?I-W? H ,. Y<MRYh@ >?R` ? @>>ABADFSAY\DB ^R<X H KQXTfAhKRKq M?. [? -WA K @T> ^RlRH kc.` N? ` >? @>>ABADFSAY\DB ^R<X H K-Q? H -WA WABX>fAhKRKq M? GRH Q?R` . b M>Yp]TJR MH ISF 70 ? @>>ABADFSAq]? @DSAY\DB ^R<X H KGVISF 60 -WA q>GV H K H . -Q? H bO` TfAhKRKq M?[?fO>. H u>N X Y>ZX V MIN I M ;c> N I M B?>, ` T-NTfXT? @>>ABADFS Aq]? @Du>[WKA>FH Q^X D NRIRDNX @ hRJF` N ^RB> @ UDKNVI uN; @ hRq> MH q^ f XTQR>SAq]? @D ` T-NTuhYH h@ >hj RK;> ` > B=TBcQ ` @;bVDDFYD@` > u>? @>>ABADFSAq]? @D. ສ. ວ. ສ. GRDSAGRJ]SA[qu>BR?>>[D k @H H R` TbA-bTH . -W? V BRH TBR;RTSAQR>YG@` >: H K @TIFbD -. ? @>>ABADFB ^R<X H KQXT: QX>W ^R -WA QR;QX>qR` T|N? ` >hj RKYXM RubuN ` H u>, -qQ -qD ` R>uGN H @;\RNR;^`BX ` T-B? H SR>uD. ` RH >Y>ZX. -. ? @>>ABADFB ^R< X M WABX> K T@ ;^` J > @ IG F F? ]D GF? R. ?]JF H K-Q ? H : QR>N RH Tq ?. -q T M -J H, ; D M YWZ` XTJF` I W F Q @ NA>A ` N? ` >hj R K K T@ -q T ` -;;YWM` RYWZ` XTb]T B > SAD]D-qT` ;^` J@>hj RK, QR>NRH TUBTYWZ` XT;^` J@>l@Q-l> H DF,. QR>\ > @ WA>R. K T@ ;^` J > -WA \RNRB ^RY?MH R K T@ ;^` J > @ I ?> @ DcD DZ` Ib]D ubycX ` H R` >k `R TNcTYD@` > -JS H R>uD. 9 .

(15) 3. ? @>>ABADFWR?-qS ` F 1976 Yp]TS@DbV; @> hj T@ bRQQR>NRH TqTNRJRWA>AW D @H @ SAGRJ] SA[q SAGRG M>WR?u>SF 1975 YS@>q> MH IR, \@Q -WA WD @ pA;R>WR?[DYH XM RubuNS @ SVT, Q^` NRH T -WA YNFIfAhKRK ` ; ?=QTR>? @DJA>AJR^ -WA QR>NOQNR[S\X H IQ @;?=QTR>XZ`>|u>\RWAQ]D-hT ` QR>SMQ S@Q< @QNR -WA QR>NRH TNRSAYJDGRD. J]DJRTu>QR>Q^` NRH T -WA fAhKRK?=Q H u>N T@ B I TR>? @DJA>AJ ^R-I > M >]K I M @ H HR Q^`N RH T? D @ JA>AJ ^Ruv `D ? H KY>ZX ` : "... q Tl YG]` T NA-DTXXQYS@ > b]T Yp]T W Q @ NA>ASAq]? @D, W Q @ NA>AGRD -WA W Q @ NA>A SAGRG M>...YWZX QYw@ H > -WA > ^RuG I ^ AD MQJRTD RH >? @DJA>AJ ^RX > @ WRB ^H R` fXTGRD H W -WA. H u>fA;?>?]? @D ;> @ DRYyM` R, YNFI fAhKRKJO > <X>? @DJA>AJ ^RJF` [D N H RH TfO>. -h T M -h T ` QR>q^` q RH > -WA SAq]? @D, < @;YXM R vRQy > ` B?RINF? ][ WfXTI?>IA>VD kR` TIFQR>YWZXQYw@ H>...". (1). ?=QTR>\]IbRl ^ R` K, ?]JAKVQAbRKN=T, UJWA\R; N ^R> @QfR` ?NR> -WA lT@ NZ \]I[Df H AhKRKq M?. IR<XD[WKA>F,H >XQbRQl@TNZ\]I "SAGRG M>" -WA "?=Tb @>uv"` H YG@` >: "? @>>AN]>" (1) "NOQNRuv"` , -W? H Q^K @TIFlT@ NZ\]I -WA ?RWANR>XZ` >Q ^RY>FDfO> "-IK] ` TWR?", "-<TTR>", "lVI ` WR?", "?=Tb @>JVWAQ]D-N @TB MI", "N=T-B>WR?" -WA ` @ QR` ?IR>>@ H l@TNZ\]IXZ` >|. QR>fAhKRKq M?fXT?=QTR>\]IbRl ^ R` K -WA l@TNZ\]IDT H YS@>N]` TlO` TJF` GVQKcuH h? H =QTR> ? @>>ABADFfAhKRKq M?QRH ?[SkR` T;^` kVDk@T. H , IFJT@ > @Qf=>NAv@Qhj]H> -WA XRGF;YG]` T -;T` YS@> 3 ; @>DR> @Qf=>[DYH \F` IfO> ` @ >F:H QVI ` DT - > @Qf=>JF` I y F > M TR>QR>SA\ > @ u>NA[vD ^RY>F> QR>SAq]? @DGRDSAGRJ] SA[qIR-W? M YN>R, NV? @>JX> ;V;yR>V? MT H -WA K @TNZ;q^` SAD]D-qT` YG@` >: B ^RW=T \> UNINF YDGRB ^R\c, JXTX]> \ MIQXT, B ^RIR \I M QXT -WA ycX Z H ` >|. - > @Qf=>bR>?>lO` TJF` YBFKf=>;D ^ M < @;uGW H A;X;YQM` R, YIZ` XSAYJDGRD[D< H @; QR>SMDS`XK, > @Qf=>Yhj` M R>>Q^ @H h @>IRSAD]D-qT` ; MDYWZ`XT, QR;QX> -WA WABX>JF` IF (1) [QNX> \MI?]hR>. q @DN]>ubD @DNR H T -WA Q^` NRH T\ZH>pR>YNDpAQ]DN @TB MI>]K MIkR` TIF[G. ?=T. b @>, 1977, lRH 88.. 10 .

(16) H u>< @;uGuH hY>ZX H QQ ` R>D @DNRH T -WA Q^` NRH TSAYJDGRDYG@` >: XVJ]> ;V>KR? MT, D?T bRSR, DXQYQD, S=` I bVWAIV>qF, YNWF\R; -WA ycX ^ Z H ` >|. H IRuv u` >Y?JF S AD]D -q T - > @Qf=><V> V ` lVI M fO> ` [D J H ` F SRQ MDq ? ` ? @>>ABADFY G@` >: \. \?TNA;R (B ^R\^ \?TNA;R), JXTB ^R XX M , ` >IA>FNX>, ;V>JA>XT G MI[Gy> ;V>YNF> -NTIA>F, [GNV? @> -\T\ MT -WA ycX Z H ` >|. - ;@>DR> @Qf=>JF`QR` ?IR>>@ H W? F ?RIhRH ?h> @ u>QR>SAD]D-qT` -WA Q^ H >-qI ` B [D< M N ^RYW@ DYS@ > k`R TDF. SOH IQR;QX> -WA YWZ` XTqR` T|fXT> @Qf=>Yhj` M R>>[D @H H @;y> H. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. < @;QR>\]IbRl ^ R` KXXQYG@` >: "QX>W ^RSAh? @DNRD" (1977), "KR` TNXTfR YXM RqR[S QX M QA?F" ` >" (1982), "WR?D?TYDZX >" (1983), "hXIQ]` >b ^RSR" (1984), "B I (1996), YWZ` XT "TRI; HR >YQFD ", "qRY?@ > fOH> JF` DX>>RT" (1976), "XAWV> IZuH v` " (1978), "-S?[w-hT ` [?lVI ` ", "< @Quv"` (1984), >A?A>]KRK "B?RI< @Q" (1983), "QXT\@>JF` NXT" (Yhj@HI 2,. 3,. H K>X 4), "NXTYXZX H T" (3 Yhj@HI), "NXTwRQ{`T@ ", (2. Yhj@HI), "WcQNR?fXT\@Q", ; MD; @>JO Q "-hQBVQ" -WA YWZ` XTXZ` >|. >XQbRQb @D\]IYS@> SOH I-W? ?Thj RKJF` [D\ @ H -WA QR;QX>YS@>bR>?>hj ^ H , K @TIF; MDYWZ`XTN> H ]IXXQqRIl@TNZ \]I -WA ?RWANR>qR` T|.. vRKB?RI? R` bVD \] Y NDfXT? @>>ABADF[WKA>FH -I> ` ? @>>ABADF<X H K-Q? H -WA < X M B=TBcQ @ H ? @>>ABADFJ` F YS@ > >A?A>]K RK H KQXTfAhKRKq ? ` @>[S; u>> >,. ສ. ວ. ສ. fAhKRKq M?DFQ?R` [WKAQX T ` >. [WKA-qS ` F 1955-1975 -I>[WKA-h ` ` QR>fAhKRK q M?fXTQR;QX>, YWZ` XTN> @H -WA ; MD; @>JOQ. [WKASF 1976 Yp]TS@DbV; @>-I>[WKA ` -hT ` QR>fAhKRKq M?fXT>A?A>]KRK.. 4. W @QNA>AfXT? @>>ABADFWR?[WKA-qS ` F 1976 Yp]TS@DbV; @> 4.1 ? @>>ABADFB ^R<X H KQXT H u> • Y>ZX H u>fXTQR;QX> N ? Y>ZX M SQ @ < @QNR -WA QR> ` >hj R K-I> ` NVI uN\ ` RWAQ]D S Q NRH TNRSAYJDGRDYG@` >: [GGA>AfXTQR>SAq]? @D, QR>Y\F` I\c>yAW]Dy M>, QR>;cWA>A NRH TNRY<ZX>GR>;RH >GX ] uv,` QR>QR` ?SA>RIN @Dqc\RK>XQ, \?Q ` T, QR>NRH TGF?D 11 .

(17) H ^ Hu>N @TB MI, N @>WAYNF>QR>> ^R\RfXT\@Q, Y?MHRYp]TB?RI B M>;^`DF -WA SRQ MDQR>hK^J < @Q -WA \> @ WA>RB?RIN?KTRIfXTJ ^RIAGRDYS@>q>. MH • <c;-;;QR>SAD]D-qT `. [WKA-qS c -;;QR>-qT` QR;QX> 2 <c;-;;BZ: ` F 1976 IR>F[H DS H RQ MDIF<; - - ;;Ic> YGZH X : QR>-q `T QX>-;;Ic> YGZHX -I > @ qRI ` QR>-q `T JF` SAq] ; D hj Q @ QR>Y>Z` XTN=Tu>QX>. kR` TYB@` TB @D. ; MDQX>SAQX;IFB ^R, qX>, ? @Q, YwZH XT -WA. ;RD; IFB ^R;V;\A; MD -WA B ^RNX @ QR>-qT` QR;QX>YG@` >: N ^R H K; IFQR>N ^Ry @DqRIhj Q y @D>XQ -WA N ^RyD @ u>. B ^RJF`bAYXM RIR?RTN ^RyD @ Q @>qX Z qRIN=TQRT, N=TYXQ H Tuhp H Q -WA N=TUJ. QR>N ^Ry @DIF N ^Ry @DNAhj A, \AK @>GA>A (N ^Ry @DW=>X @QNX>, N ^Ry @Df> @H X @QNX>), N ^Ry @DJ=I-XQ... -. - ;;uv`: QR>-qT @ QR> ` QX>-;;uv` -I> ` QR>-qT ` QX>JF` ;^` [SqRIhj Q. H -qI Y>Z` XTN=TfXT<c;-;;Ic>YGZX @ N ^Ry @DQ @>kcY` G@` >: ; MDQX>fXT N. YDGR ` >Q^ "...yR` >[WKAKR?[Q. <XDWR?X]DNAhj A. WRDGA? MT[DYH DF>JRTYfMHRQRWA. NAqA? @DJFGR?. QR>q^` NcJ H ` FbAwZH >wcWR?. H N @TQRDuv` [DQ H RH ?fO>. IAhRSAq]? @DKVQNA[vK]` TuhK `. -hT ` YDZX>qVWR. kcS ` AYJD_ @DYGK[DN H X ` T-NTYfMHRIR. N`TM y M>NAJX H >. vRKB?RI?R` WR?[DQ H RH ?<XD;X ` >. NAh?R` T-bTH -NTuN...". QR>SAD]D-qT ` QR;QX>-;;uv,` N? ` >hj RKYS@ >JF` >]K MIQ @>u>p @>-p?> @QQA?F <V> ` lVI ` Y\RAYfMRYbMRH YBFK<=><cQ H R;QX>fXTqR` TSAYJD -WA kRQ-qT` QX>WR?[S qRI<c;-;;fXTqR` TSAYJDBZ. IFqX>D=?, uGB H ^RY?MHRJ ^RIADR, -q? ` R` -qW ` AB ^R[D H. ` @ QXT -WA IFB?RIvRKYG@` >: "UX> @QSAq]? @D, ?]WAG M>ycYH Q@` TQRH YNKNAhj AY\Z` XGRDQ> N @TB MI>]K MIYXFK! -I>? ` R` YbMHRbAN]H>GF;NAhj RK[S. u>-S?[wN MTBRI<VQ<R>X @>S`R. YpZX> UhDh=H I BV>TRIB?RIDF -WA ?]WAQRX RH K @TD @TQX ^ @>SAYNFDYWFDWRfXTYbM ^H H T H X @>\]WAXRDhR>YQ@` TQRH bA-;Q hXIh?>kc> ` ^RYKMR?AG M>ycYH QFDuv` bANZ;JXDIc>YGZX H -fT..." (JXTB ^R hR;\RWASMQS@Q< @QNR -WA NRH TNRSAYJDGRDN @TB MI>]K MIkR` TYf@I 12 .

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(40) ; MDJF 3 wXT-I> ^H ` RfXT. UDK: B ^RIR \ MIQXT. ສະ ຫງ ວນ ລຂິ ະສ ດິ. 1. ;RTbVDQ=` ?Q @;> @QSA\ @> J`R > B ^RIR \ I M QXT, IF> RISRQQR? R`. IR>]D YS@>\A> @QTR>SAq]? @D -WA > @QSA\> @ ycH XR?VUNfXTWR?ycl H ` OT. JR` >[DYH fMHR<? ` IQR>SAq] H -;;YQM` R ? @DqT-q N @H ` A[vq^` qRH >\?QWR` YIZXTfO>. \VH> IR -WA YBF K [D < @ lH R JF` q ^R-l` T JF` N ^RB > @ H ; qR` T|u>\RWAQ]DQR>SAq]? @DGRDSAGRJ]SA[q -WA u>\RWAQ]DSMQS@Q< @QNR -WA NRH TNRSA YJDGRD.. B ^RIR \I M QXT YQFDYIZ` X? @>JF 17 I @TQX>. ສ. ວ. ສ. 1926 JF` ;RH >JR M YDD, X ^RY\F YDD ` U\NF, (q ^R;> XVD MI, bT` @ h? @DXV; > M , SAYJD[J) SF 1942 [D H. KRH KIRkc`;RH >U>>KRT, YIZXTNVfI V R, -f?TbRSRN ^ @Q, JR` >YS@>WcQycJ H F 3 fXT\^` bR> ;V> NF -WA -I Ỳy]H T . D ? M QXTycYH S@ > \^` [D < H K? R` bR>;V> NF \ I H @;NRI @>KR>RIYS@ > "> @QSRD-y>;c<R>" YG]` Tkc`u>Y<ZX>fXTY\]` >IFSOH Iq ^RWRYS@ > lT@ NZy Q c u;WR> JF` f=> ` @ >>, D? @ H JR M QXT bO` TNRIRDXR` > H Kl@TNZ WR?;c<R> -WA lT@ NZJ ^R. DT ` > B ^RIR \I -WA f=> l@TNZWR?;c<R> -WA l T@ NZJ ^R[D q B @H H T-q ` R?XRKV 6-7 SF \ X H IJ T@ YS@> B M>I @QXR` >YWZ` XT -WA >]JR>qR` T|D? H KB?RIq]DX MQq]Dub. YIZ` XXRKV 14 SF , JR` >[D< H =>f @;W ^R YG]` Tq^` IRNRIRD-qT` QX>W ^R -WA QRKYS@> v^ W ^RJF`N @TB MI -WA JRTQR>< @;<XTuhYH S@>v^ W ^Rhj ?T. SF 1949 JR` >[DX H XQ[SYBZ` X> 35 .

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