Visit to Canada by permafrost delegation from People's Republic of China, May 29 - June 17, 1975

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Visit to Canada by permafrost delegation from People's Republic of

China, May 29 - June 17, 1975

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

DBR INTERNAL REPORT NO. 4 31

V I S I T TO CANADA BY PERMAFROST DELEGATION FROM P E O P L E ' S R E P U B L I C O F C f l I N A M a y 2 9 - June 17, 1 9 7 5

b y R . J . E . BROWN and G.H. JOHNSTON

A N A L Y Z E D

Checked by: E

.

p Approved by: L

.

W

.

G. Date: S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 6

P r e f a c e

In June 1975, a d e l e g a t i o n o f p e r m a f r o s t e n g i n e e r s and s c i e n t i s t s from t h e P e o p l e ' s Republic o f China v i s i t e d Canada f o r a l m o s t t h r e e weeks. The f i r s t week was s p e n t i n Ottawa v i s i t i n g f e d e r a l government d e p a r t m e n t s i n v o l v e d w i t h p e r m a f r o s t . The r e m a i n d e r o f t h e v i s i t

c o n s i s t e d o f a t o u r through s e c t i o n s o f t h e p e r m a f r o s t r e g i o n o f Canada -

n o r t h e r n Manitoba, t h e Mackenzie V a l l e y and D e l t a , and t h e Yukon T e r r i t o r y , t o s e e p e r m a f r o s t t e r r a i n and c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s . Visits were a l s o made t o a p p r o p r i a t e g r o u p s i n C a l g a r y and Edmonton.

The a u t h o r s a r e r e s e a r c h o f f i c e r s i n t h e G e o t e c h n i c a l S e c t i o n o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research and c a r r y o u t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n Canada on p e r m a f r o s t and r e l a t e d e n g i n e e r i n g problems. Close c o n t a c t s have been e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h o t h e r c o u n t r i e s engaged i n p e r m a f r o s t i n v e s t i g a - t i o n s e s p e c i a l l y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and t h e U.S.S. R.

In March 1975, i n f o r m a t i o n was r e c e i v e d t h a t China wished t o s e n d a p e r m a f r o s t d e l e g a t i o n t o Canada through t h e S c i e n t i f i c a n d T e c h n i c a l Exchange Program e x i s t i n g between t h e two c o u n t r i e s . A Canadian f e d e r a l government i n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l t a s k f o r c e was o r g a n i z e d under t h e c h a i r - manship o f D r . Brown t o p l a n t h e v i s i t and M r . J o h n s t o n a s s i s t e d w i t h arrangements f o r t h e t e c h n i c a l program. The two a u t h o r s accompanied t h e d e l e g a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r v i s i t t o Ottawa. M r . J o h n s t o n p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e e n t i r e t o u r , b u t D r . Brown missed t h e Mackenzie V a l l e y and Yukon T e r r i t o r y b e c a u s e o f i l l n e s s .

T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e v i s i t t o Canada and i n c l u d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d by t h e a u t h o r s a b o u t p e r m a f r o s t c o n d i t i o n s and r e l a t e d

e n g i n e e r i n g a c t i v i t i e s i n China. Useful i n f o r m a t i o n was exchanged a n d c l o s e l i n k s were e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h members o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n . I t i s hoped t h a t a r e t u r n v i s i t t o China by Canadian p e r m a f r o s t e n g i n e e r s and s c i e n t i s t s crm be a r r a n g e d .

Ottawa, O n t a r i o September, 1976

C . B. Craw f o r d , D i r e c t o r , DBR/NRC

VISIT TO CANADA BY PERMAFROST DELEGATION FROM PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF C H I N A

May 29 - J u n e 1 7 , 1975

by

R . J . E . ~ r o w n l and G . H . ~ o h n s t o n '

I n March 1975 i n f o r m a t i o n was r e c e i v e d b y t h e Department o f E x t e r n a l A f f a i r s i n O t t a w a from t h e C a n a d i a n Embassy i n P e k i n g t h a t t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a (PRC) w i s h e d t o s e n d a group o f p e r m a f r o s t s c i e n t i s t s and e n g i n e e r s t o v i s i t Canada t h r o u g h t h e S c i e n t i f i c and T e c h n i c a l Exchange Program e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n t h e two c o u n t r i e s .

A C a n a d i a n f e d e r a l government i n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l t a s k f o r c e was o r g a n i z e d u n d e r t h e c h a i r m a n s h i p o f D r . R.,J.E. Brown, D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f Canada t o p l a n t h e v i s i t which w a s s c h e d u l e d f o r t h c f i r s t h a l f o f J u n e 1 9 7 5 . M r . G . H . J o h n s t o n , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , a s s i s t e d w i t h a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h e t e c h n i c a l program o f t h e v i s i t . S i x o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s a l s o a s s i s t e d i n o r g a n i z i n g t h e t e c h n i c a l p r o g r a m : Energy, Mines and R e s o u r c e s ; E n v i r o n m e n t ; I n d i a n and N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s ; I n d u s t r y , T r a d e and Commerce; P u b l i c Works; T r a n s p o r t .

Mr. S . W . S h a c k e l l , Department o f I n d i a n a n d N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s a r r a n g e d f o r a n d c o o r d i n a t e d t h e l o g i s t i c a l s u p p o r t .

M e e t i n g s a n d v i s i t s t o government l a b o r a t o r i e s i n O t t a w a a n d t o t h e Canadian N a t i o n a l Railways T e c h n i c a l R e s e a r c h C e n t r e i n M o n t r e a l was a r r a n g e d f o r t h e p e r i o d 2-6 J u n e 1 9 7 5 . T h i s was f o l l o w e d by a f i e l d t r i p from 7-15 J u n e t o t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e p e r m a f r o s t r e g i o n o f Canada s o t h a t t h e d e l e g a t i o n c o u l d view some o f t h e t e r r a i n , p e r m a f r o s t e x l > c r i m e n t s and c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s i n t h i s a r e a . S t o p s were made

i n Calg:ir-y a n d lidmonton e n r o u t e t o mcct w i t h o i l i n d u s t r y a n d u n i v e r s i t y ~ ) ~ r s o ~ \ n c l cngngecl i n ~ ) e n n a f r o s t s t u d i e s . The t r i p e n d e d i n Vancouver a n d t h c d c l c g a t i o n l e f t C:inada on 17 . J ~ m c t o r e t u r n t o C h i n a .

I Gcotechnical S e c t i o n , D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research,

D r . Brown, M r . J o h n s t o n , Mr. S h a c k e l l a n d M r . Yu-Lin Ho, a n i n t e r p r e t e r w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t , a c c o m p a n i e d t h e d e l e g a t i o n d u r i n g t h e i r s t a y i n O t t a w a a n d t h e i r t o u r o f n o r t h e r n Canada M r . J e a n D u v a l , a s e c o n d i n t e r p r e t e r from t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e

D e p a r t m e n t , accompanied t h e g r o u p i n O t t a w a . I t was n e c e s s a r y f o r

D r . Brown t o l e a v e t h e g r o u p i n Winnipeg on r e t u r n i n g from Thompson t o u n d e r g o emergency s u r g e r y a n d h e d i d n o t r e j o i n t h e t o u r . The M i n i s t r y o f S t a t e f o r S c i e n c e a n d Technology p r o v i d e d h a l f t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t ; t h e r e m a i n d e r was d i v i d e d among t h e o t h e r p a r t i c i p a - t i n g d e p a r t m e n t s . The N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l c o o r d i n a t e d t h e r a t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d f i n a n c i a l a r r a n g e m e n t s . The D e p a r t m e n t o f E x t e r n a l A f f a i r s gave v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e and g u i d a n c e i n t h e o v e r - a l l p l a n n i n g o f t h e v i s i t . 'The D e l e g a t i o n The C h i n e s e C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g S o c i e t y o f t h e PRC s p o n s o r e d t h e d e l e g a t i o n which was d e s i g n a t e d as t h e P e r m a f r o s t Area Railway E n g i n e e r i n g Croup. Members o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n ( F i g u r e 1 ) w e r e : 1 . I,i Yu-Shcng ( L e a d e r ) , Vice P r e s i d e n t , Academy o f Rai 1 r o a d S c i e n c e s

,

P e k i n g . 2 . L i C h i a , R e s e a r c h F e l l o w , Academy o f R a i l r o a d S c i e n c e s , P e k i n g . 3 . lluang Hsiao-Ming, E n g i n e e r , Academy o f R a i l r o a d S c i e n c e s , P e k i n g . 4 . 1.i Lung-llsi, I n g i ~ ~ e c r , I n s t i t u t c o f Ilai 1 r o a d I l c s i g n , I ) c p ; ~ rtnlcnt o f C o n s t r u c t i o n , M i n i s t r y o f R a i l w a y s , Pck i n g . 5 . Wang Nan-I l s i a n g , E n g i n e e r , Bureau o f E n g i n e e r i n g , D e p a r t m e n t o f C o n s t r u c t i o n , M i n i s t r y o f R a i l w a y s , P e k i n g .

6 . Cheng Kuo-Tung, R e s e a r c h F e l l o w , I n s t i t u t e o f G l a c i e r s and P e r m a f r o s t , Academia S i n i c a , Lanchou. 7 . Chou Ju-Mei (Mrs. ) ( I n t e r p r e t e r ) , Bureau o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s , Minis t r y o f Communications, P e k i n g .

'Thc delegation's main i n t c r c s t was i n r a i l w a y d c s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p c r n t i o n s i n p e r m a f r o s t r e g i o n s , b u t t h c y a l s o w a n t e d t o l c a r n a b o u t Canadian work i n o t h e r e n g i n c e r i n g and s c i e n t i f i c a s p e c t s o f p e r m a f r o s t , i n c l u d i n g b u i l d i n g f o u n d a t i o n s , h i g h w a y s , dams, p i p c l i n e s , m u n i c i p a l u t i l i t i e s ( s e w e r , w a t e r , power) ; s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s - d r i l l i n g and s a m p l i n g , g e o p h y s i c a l methods; l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s o f f r o z e n g r o u n d -

methods and e q u i p m e n t ; p e r m a f r o s t d i s t r i b u t i o n and r e l a t e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s .

The C h i n e s e p e r m a f r o s t d e l e g a t i o n f l e w from P e k i n g t o P a r i s where t h e y h a d a one- day s t o p o v e r . On n u r s d a y

,

29 May 1975, t h e y a r r i v e d a t Dorval A i r p o r t , M o n t r e a l a b o u t 1 : 30 p.m. on A i r F r a n c e where t h e y were met by D r . Brown and M r . S h a c k e l l a n d b r i e f e d o n t h e i r f o r t h c o m i n g t o u r . They l e f t M o n t r e a l a t 3:45 p.m. on A i r Canada f l i g h t 515 a n d a r r i v e d i n Ottawa a t 4 : 1 5 p.m. where t h e y were met by o f f i c i a l s f r o m t h e C h i n e s e Embassy. A f t e r a b r i e f r e c e p t i o n and d i s c u s s i o n a t t h e a i r p o r t t h e y were d r i v e n t o t h c Embassy where t h e y s t a y e d f o r two d a y s .

'Illcy were v e r y p l c a s e d w i t h t h e s c t i e d u l c o f m c c t i n g s a n d v i s i t s t h a t h ; ~ d h e e n p l a n n e d a n d w i s h c d t o makc t l i c most o f t h e i r time i n Canada. 1 ) c t : i i l s o f t h e d a i l y i t i n e r a r y a r e g i v c n i n Appcndix A ; t h c r o u t e f o l l o w e d i s shown i n 1:igure 2 .

O b s c r v a t i o r i s a n d Assessment o f C h i n e s e D e l e e a t i o n V i s i t

The p e o p l e on t h e d e l e g a t i o n p r o v e d t o b e v e r y f r i e n d l y a n d p l e a s a n t , and d i s p l a y e d a h i g h l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t i n a l l t h e t o u r a c t i v i t i e s

t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r v i s i t . They w e r e v e r y communicative w i t h e v e r y o n e who came i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h them. They s p o k e o u t w i t h o u t h e s i t a t i o n d u r i n g forrnal a n d i n f o r m a l d i s c u s s i o n s a n d t h e y a s k e d many q u e s t i o n s a b o u t a1 1 tlie t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n t o them a s w e l l a s a b o u t o t h e r a s p e c t s o f C a n a d i a n l i f e .

'Riey scemcd t o h a v e a s o l i d t e c h n i c a l b a c k g r o u n d a n d a p r a g m a t i c al1l)roac.h t o s o l v i n g p r n c t i c a l p r o b l e m s and o b t a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n . They wcrc c ~ u i t e h n o w l e d g c a b l c i n p e r m a f l u s t m a t t e r s b u t t h e y were f r a n k i n

Although t h e i r p r i n c i p a l i n t e r e s t was i n r a i l w a y s and r e l a t e d

p e r m a f r o s t p r o b l e m s , t h e y were most a n x i o u s t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n on a l l s c i e n t i f i c and e n g i n e e r i n g a s p e c t s o f p e r m a f r o s t . I t was e v i d e n t from t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e i r v i s i t t h a t t h e y were p a r t i c u l a r l y keen a b o u t d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , f o u n d a t i o n d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n equipment and methods, a n d b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s and t h e y r e q u e s t e d c o p i e s o f s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , s t a n d a r d s , e t c . , whenever p o s s i b l e .

They h a d s e e n much o f t h e C a n a d i a n and American p e r m a f r o s t

l i t e r a t u r e i n C h i n a . They knew o f t h e work i n t h i s f i e l d a t t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l and t h e y were a l s o aware of t h e a c t i v i t i e s a t t h e U.S. Army C o l d Regions R e s e a r c h and E n g i n e e r i n g L a b o r a t o r y . They r e c e i v e many North America1 t e c h n i c a l j o u r n a l s , i n c l u d i n g t h e Canadian G e o t e c h n i c a l J o u r n a l .

I t was e v i d e n t e a r l y i n t h e v i s i t t h a t t h e l e a d e r o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n , M r . L i Yu-Sheng, was t h e p o l i t i c a l spokesman and t i t u l a r h e a d o f t h e g r o u p . H i s d e t a i l e d i n t e r e s t i n t e c h n i c a l m a t t e r s a p p e a r e d l i m i t e d b u t lie a p p e a r e d t o h a v e some g e n e r a l e x p e r i e n c e i n r a i l w a y o p e r a t i o n s . He c o n f i n e d h i s remarks m a i n l y t o making s h o r t s p e e c h e s a t d i n n e r s ,

r e c e p t i o n s a n d o t h e r s o c i a l o c c a s i o n s a n d r e p l y i n g t o t o a s t s . None o f t h e o t h e r members o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n made a n y f o r m a l remarks a t s u c h f u n c t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e v i s i t . A month a f t e r t h e i r r e t u r n t o C h i n a ,

M r . L i Yu-Sheng s e n t e a c h o f t h e a u t h o r s o f t h i s r e p o r t a v e r y warm l e t t e r o f a p p r e c i a t i o n .

The i n t e r p r e t e r , a w e l l e d u c a t e d , a s t u t e and v e r y a r z i c u l a t e woman, h a d b e e n o u t o f C h i n a on a number o f p r e v i o u s o c c a s i o n s b u t t h e o t h e r s h a d n o t . They h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f m e e t i n g C h i n e s e C a n a d i a n s o n numerous o c c a s i o n s m a i n l y a t C h i n e s e r e s t a u r a n t s which t h e y p r e f e r r e d t o o t h e r e a t i n g p l a c e s . I t was a p p a r e n t t h a t r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e s e C a n a d i a n s were a l w a y s m u t u a l l y f r i e n d l y w i t h n o s i g n o f s u s p i c i o n o r a n i m o s i t y . The a u t h o r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d e l e g a t i o n r e c e i v e d a t h o r o u g h b r i e f i n g on much o f t h e p e r m a f r o s t work underway i n Canada t h a n k s t o t h e good c o o p e r a t i o n and h i g h l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t d i s p l a y e d by C a n a d i a n s c i e n t i s t s and c n g i n c c r s whom t h e y met and t h e e x c e l l e n t t e c h n i c a l p r e s e n t a t i o n s by t h e g r o u p s who r c c e i v c d them. I l ~ e f i v e d a y s o f d i s c u s s i o n s i n O t t a w a r a n g e d f r o ~ i i th e r c s c a r d l - o r i e n t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a t t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h (;uuncil and I k p a r t m c n t o f E n e r g y , Mincs a n d l i e s o u r c c s e a r l y i n t h e week t o t h c J c s i gn and c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e 1)epartnient o f l'u11l j c

Works, M i n i s t r y o f T r a n s p o r t and Canadi an N a t i o n a l Kai lways. The l a s t day w i t h t h e Ilcpartment o f I n d u s t r y , T r a d e and Commerce gave t h e d e l e g a - t i o n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f s e e i n g t h e r e l a t i o n between government and

p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , which t h e y found c o n f u s i n g , a s h a v e o t h e r g r o u p s from Communist c o u n t r i e s .

Away from Ottawa t h e d e l e g a t i o n h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f v i s i t i n g Cnnadi nn p e r m a f r o s t a c t i v i t i e s i n a uni v e r s i t y and i n t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r .

I n C a l g a r y , d i s c u s s i o n s were h e l d w i t h two o i l companies a n d a c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r i n g f i r m i n t i m a t e l y i n v o l v e d w i t h n o r t h e r n e n g i n e e r i n g p r o b l e m s a s s o c i ; i t e d w i t h d e v e l o p m e n t o f petroleumi and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p i p e l i n e s i n

p e r m a f r o s t a r e a s o f Canada. A v i s i t t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a , where p e r m a f r o s t r e s e a r c h i s u n d e r n a y , was a r r a n g e d i n Edmonton. I n Y e l 1 o ~ - k n i f e , t h e g r o u p went t o a g o l d mine o p e r a t i n g i n p e r m a f r o s t . They a l s o v i s i t e d r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s on t h e Mackenzie Highway n o r t h o f F o r t Simpson, N . W . T. and n e a r I n u v i k , N.W.T., and on t h e Dempster Highway w e s t o f F o r t McPherson.

On t h e f i e l d t r i p t h e y showed g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n a l l a s p e c t s o f f o u n d a t i o n d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n c l u d i n g t h e u s e o f heavy e q u i p m e n t (which t h e y saw i n o p e r a t i o n on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s ) , w a t e r s u p p l y a n d sewage d i s p o s a l t e c h n i q u e s and equipment a n d e a r t h moving ( e x c a v a t i o n and h a n d l i n g ) methods. They were a l s o k e e n l y i n t e r e s t e d i n and i m p r e s s e d w i t h

t h e p e r m a f r o s t t e s t s a n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t a t f i e l d s i t e s . P e r m a f r o s t i n C h i n a Very l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on p e r m a f r o s t i n C h i n a . G e n e r a l l y i t i s known t o o c c u r i n t h r e e a r e a s i n t h e N o r t h e a s t (Manchuria) where t h e s o u t h e r n f r i n g e o f t h e v a s t p e r m a f r o s t r e g i o n o f S i b e r i a e x t e n d s i n t o C h i n a a n d Mongolia. I n t h e s o u t h w e s t , a c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n o f T i b e t i s u n d e r l a i n by p e r m a f r o s t a t h i g h e l e v a t i o n s . P e r m a f r o s t i s a l s o known i n t h e S i n k i a n g r e g i o n o f n o r t h w e s t China.

P r i o r t o t h e Second World War t h e o n l y p e r m a f r o s t i n f o r m a t i o n

a v a i l a b l e t o s c i e n t i s t s a n d e n g i n e e r s i n N o r t h America was c o n t a i n e d i n a few J a p a n e s e t e c h n i c a l p a p e r s d e s c r i b i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on s e v e r a l r a i l - way l i n e s i n Manchuria d u r i n g t h e l a t e 1 9 3 0 ' s . S i n c e t h e war, a few C h i n e s e t e c h n i c a l p a p e r s on s c i e n t i f i c a n d e n g i n e e r i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f p e r m a f r o s t i n t h e N o r t h e a s t a n d i n T i b e t h a v e b e e n a b s t r a c t e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . O t h e r t h a n t h i s v e r y l i m i t e d m a t e r i a l , v i r t u a l l y n o t h i n g was known o f r e c e n t a n d c u r r e n t p e r m a f r o s t a c t i v i t i e s i n C h i n a a n d n o c o n t a c t h a d b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h p e o p l e i n t h a t c o u n t r y . I n J u l y 1973, t h e a u t h o r s a t t e n d e d t h e Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l

C o n f e r e n c e on P e r m a f r o s t i n S i b e r i a a t Y a k u t s k , U.S.S.R. While making a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h i s j o u r n e y d u r i n g t h e y e a r p r i o r t o t h e C o n f e r e n c e , i t

was d e c i d e d t o t r a v e l by way o f C h i n a and Mongolia, s t o p p i n g o f f t h e r e t o make c o n t a c t w i t h p e r m a f r o s t w o r k e r s i f p e r m i s s i o n c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d from t h e s e c o u n t r i e s . A t t e m p t s were made t h r o u g h t h e C a n a d i a n Embassy i n P e k i n g a n d t h e C h i n e s e Em1)assy i n Ottawa t o e s t a b l i s h c o n t a c t w i t h

C h i n c s e p c r m l f r o s t s c i e n t i s t s and e n g i n e e r s w i t h o u t s u c c e s s . P e r m i s s i o n was g r a n t e d , however, t o v i s i t and t r a v e l t h r o u g h C h i n a a n d Mongolia en

r o u t e t o S i b e r i a . During t h e t i m e s p e n t i n C h i n a , no c o n t a c t was made w i t h any p e r m a f r o s t w o r k e r s , n o t d i d t h e y a t t e n d t h e Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on P e r m a f r o s t i n S i b e r i a .

1)uring t h e v i s i t o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n some d i s c u s s i o n s were h e l d on t h e c u r r e n t s t a t u s o f p e r m a f r o s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n C h i n a . The o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r d i s c u s s i n g t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s u b j c c t were l i m i t e d b e c a u s e most o f t h e a v a i l a b l c t i m e was t a k e n up w i t h b r i e f i n g t h e d e l e g a t i o n on t h e Canadian s i t t m t i o n . The somewhat d i s j o i n t e d i n f o r m a t i o n which was o b t a i n e d i s p r e s e n t e d h e r e .

The C h i n e s e c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e r e a r e t h r e e main a r e a s o f p e r m a f r o s t i n C h i n a - t h e N o r t h e a s t (Hei l u n g k i a n g P r o v i n c e - Black Dragon R i v e r ) , T i b e t , S i n k i a n g ( S h i n g Shan r e g i o n ) . The d e l e g a t i o n s p e n t 1 3 days b e f o r e coming t o Canada t r a v e l l i n g t h r o u g h t h e N o r t h e a s t by t r a i n t o become fami l i a r w i t h l o c a l p e r m a f r o s t p r o b l e m s t h e r e . They d e l i n e a t e d f o r u s on o u r maps o f China t h e l o c a t i o n o f p e r m a f r o s t a r e a s i n t h e i r c o u n t r y

( F i g u r e 3) b u t t h e r e was some u n c e r t a i n t y a n d d i s a g r e e m e n t among them-

selves a s t o where t h e s e a r e a s were s i t u a t e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p l a c e names on t h e maps.

The p e r m a f r o s t t e r r a i n i n t h e N o r t h e a s t , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e Khingan Mountains, i s f o r e s t e d , m a i n l y w i t h bi rch a n d t a m a r a c k . P e a t bogs a r e w i d e s p r e a d w i t h moss a n d g r a s s v e g e t a t i o n b u t t h e p e a t i s g e n e r a l l y t h i n n e r a n d c o n d i t i o n s more a r i d t h a n j n N o r t h e r n Canada. The w a t e r i n t h e r i v e r s i s s i l t y a n d h i g h l y m i n e r a l i z e d . S m a l l communities o b t a i n g r o u n d w a t e r f r o m deep w e l l s a n d i n some c a s e s w a t e r i s b r o u g h t i n by r a i l The J a p a n e s e c o n s t r u c t e d r a i l w a y s i n t h e N o r t h e a s t (Manchuria) i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s a n d t h e R u s s i a n s a s s i s t e d w i t h some m a i n t e n a n c e i n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s . T h e r e a r e no r o a d s i n t h i s a r e a and t h e r a i l w a y l i n e s n e e d some u p g r a d i n g . The M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t r y a n d A g r i c u l t u r e a s k e d t h e M i n i s t r y o f Railways t o c o n s t r u c t a r a i l w a y i n t o t h e r e g i o n f o r t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e f o r e s t r y and a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . The f o r m e r m i n i s t r y h a s a f i e l d s t a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n b u t t h e l a t t e r d o e s n o t a n d t h e p e r m a f r o s t r e s e a r c h p e o p l e work on t h e r a i l w a y i t s e l f r a t h e r t h a n a t a f i e l d s t a t i o n . The most a c u t e p e r m a f r o s t problems a r e c a u s e d by t h a w i n g o f t h e p e r m a f r o s t which o c c u r s i n f i n e - g r a i n e d s o i 1 s w i t h h i g h i c e c o n t e n t s . P e r m a f r o s t c a u s e d p r o b l e m s i n some r a i l w a y t u n n e l s where w a t e r from m e l t i n g ground i c e p e r c o l a t e d i n t o some o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s . A t o n e l o c a t i o n t h e R u s s i a n s c o n s t r u c t e d a t u n n e l w i t h a d r a i n a g e c o n d u i t b e n e a t h , which was v e r y e x p e n s i v e . They h a v e a l s o e x p e r i e n c e d many p r o b l e m s w i t h s t r u c t u r e s s u c h a s b u i l d i n g s , b r i d g e s , a n d w a t e r t o w e r s , a l o n g newer r a i l w a y l i n e s a s w e l l a s t h e o l d e r e s t a b l i s h e d l i n e s . Some s t r u c t u r e s h a v e f a i l e d o r

e x p e r i e n c e d l a r g e d i f f e r e n t i a l movements due t o thaw s e t t l e m e n t and a l s o f r o s t h e a v i n g a n d a r e a c o n s t a n t s o u r c e o f t r o u b l e a n d r e q u i r e heavy m a i n t a n a n c e . Simi l a r problems h a v e b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d w i t h t h e r a i l w a y em1)ankments. According t o some members o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n , many p r o b l e m s have a r i s e n b e c a u s e l i t t l e o r no a t t e n t i o n was g i v e n t o p e r m a f r o s t . A s

a r e s u l t , some s e c t i o n s o f r a i l r o a d a n d a s s o c i a t e d b u i l d i n g s a n d f a c i l i t i e s a r e b e i n g r e l o c a t e d a n d / o r compl e t e l y r e b u i l t

.

I n T i b e t , p e r m a f r o s t o c c u r s w i d e l y on t h e p l a t e a u a t a n e l e v a t i o n o f 4 , 2 0 0 _m ahove s e a l c v e l a n d i s 200 m and more i n t h i c k n e s s . T h e r e a r e some r o a d s i n t h i s r e g i o n b u t no r a i lway a n d t h e C h i n e s e a r e p l a n n i n g t o

b u i Id one prin1;lri l y f o r r e s o u r c e e x p l o i t a t i o n . Like t h e N o r t h e a s t , t h e g r c a t c s t pro11 lerns a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h c t h a w i n g o f p e r m a f r o s t which o c c u r s i n f i n e - g r a i n e d s o i 1s a n d w i t h h i g h i c e c o n t e n t .

M r . L i C h i a i n f o r m e d u s t h a t he j o i n e d t h e Academy o f R a i l r o a d S c i e n c e s i n 1962. T h i s academy i s u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f Railways a n d h a s a s t a f f o f 240 i n n i n e d i v i s i o n s . They a r e a l l b a s e d i n P e k i n g b u t work i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y . He b e g a n w o r k i n g on p e r m a f r o s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n 1966. Most o f h i s f i e l d work i s i n t h e N o r t h e a s t .

Mr. Cheng Kuo-Tung i s a g e o l o g i s t , g r a d u a t e d from P e k i n g U n i v e r s i t y , a n d t h c o n l y ~ncmhcr o f t h e delegation n o t b a s e d i n P c k i n g . lle i s w i t h t h e l n s t i t u t e o f ( i l a c i c r s a n d I ' c r n ~ a f r o s t , Acaclcmy o f S c i e n c e s a t Lanchou, 1 , 2 5 0 k m s o u t h - w e s t o f I'cking. The p e r m a f r o s t t e r r i t o r y b e g i n s a few h u n d r e d s o f k i l o m e t r e s t o t h e w e s t i n t h e m o u n t a i n s . tie j o i n e d t h e I n s t i t u t e i n 1965, t h e y e a r i t was e s t a b l i s h e d . T h e i r p e r m a f r o s t work b e g a n i n 1969. T h e r e a r e now 40 p e o p l e i n v o l v e d i n p e r m a f r o s t i n v e s t i g a - t i o n s o f which a b o u t 1 7 a r e r e s e a r c h s c i e n t i s t s , 1 7 t e c h n i c i a n s a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r s e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l . The main a s p e c t s o f p e r m a f r o s t b e i n g s t u d i e d a r e g e o l o g y , h y d r o l o g y , p e r m a f r o s t m e c h a n i c s , a n d h y d r a u l i c e n g i n e e r i n g . He b e g a n d o i n g p e r m a f r o s t work i n 1971. He s p e n d s a b o u t h a l f o f h i s time on r e s e a r c h a t t h e I n s t i t u t e a n d h a l f on f i e l d work. They h a v e n o t p u b l i s h e d any t e c h n i c a l p a p e r s b u t t h e y p r e p a r e r e p o r t s on i n v e s t i g a t i o n s which t h e y a r e a s k e d t o c a r r y o u t on s p e c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s anywhere i n t h e p e r m a f r o s t r e g i o n s o f C h i n a . They hope t o p u b l i s h some p a p e r s i n a y e a r o r two. He r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e i s no p e r m a f r o s t map o f C h i n a a v a i l a b l e b e c a u s e o f i n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a . Cheng h o p e s t o a t t e n d t h e T h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on P e r m a f r o s t a n d p r e s e n t a p a p e r .

'lhe I n s t i t u t e r e c e i v e s t h e C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f E a r t h S c i e n c e s a n d t h e Canadian G e o t e c h n i c a l J o u r n a l . f l e knows t h e work o f t h e e m i n e n t American p e r m a f r o s t s c i e n t i s t , D r . T . L . P6w6, Chairman, Committee on P e r m a f r o s t , P o l a r Research Board, U.S. N a t i o n a l Academy o f S c i e n c e s . Cheng h a s r e c e i v e d o n l y one o r two o f h i s p u b l i c a t i o n s . He h a s r e q u e s t e d o t h e r s b u t t h e y a r e v e r y s l o w i n coming. He l e a r n e d o f t h e Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on P e r m a f r o s t i n Yakutsk t h r o u g h a n a c c o u n t by PGw6. T h i s I n s t i t u t e i s t h e o n l y p e r m a f r o s t o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e Academy o f S c i e n c e s b u t t h e r e a r e p e r m a f r o s t g r o u p s i n o t h e r m i n i s t r i e s s u c h a s Itailways, a n d A g r i c u l t u r e a n d F o r e s t r y . T h e r e a r e a l s o a few i n d i v i d u a l s i ~ l v o l v e d in p e r m a f r o s t s t u d i e s i n u n i v e r s i t i e s . We were t o l d t h a t a 1)cpartment o f P e r m a f r o s t a n d S e a s o n a l F r o s t i s t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e I l n i v e r s i t y o f L a n c h o ~ ~ i n 1976. T h e r e i s a n I n s t i t u t e o f Low T e m p e r a t u r e S t u d i c s l o c a t e d i n t h e c i t y o f l l a r b i n i n t h e N o r t h e a s t . I t i s a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e P r o v i n c e o f LIeilungkiang a n d c o n d u c t s s t u d i e s o f b u i l d i n g m a t c r i a l s , c o n c r e t e , i n s u l a t i o n and f r o z e n g r o u n d .

I t was c l e a r t h a t t h e o t h e r members o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n were more p r a c t i c e o r i e n t e d . blr. Iluang Ilsiao-Ming was i n t e r e s t e d p r i m a r i l y i n g e o t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s s u c h a s f o u n d a t i o n d e s i g n , a l t h o u g h h e showed

c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t i n r e s e a r c h , b o t h a p p l i e d a n d f u n d a m e n t a l s t u d i e s , o f p e r m a f r o s t p e r s e . M r . Wang Nan-llsiang was a young c o n s t r u c t i o n

e n g i n e e r ( o b v i o u s l y compeient b u t l a c k i n g e x p e r i e n c e ) whose i n t e r e s t s a p p e a r e d t o b e mainly i n t h e u s e o f equipment and c o n s t r u c t i o n methods.

M r . L i Lung-Hsi was p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n m u n i c i p a l s e r v i c e s ( e . g .

,

w a t e r s u p p l y , sewage d i s p o s a l ) , d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n .

C o n c l u s i o n

T h i s f i r s t c o n t a c t w i t h p e r m a f r o s t s c i e n t i s t s a n d e n g i n e e r s from t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f China t u r n e d o u t t o be v e r y w o r t h w h i l e f o r b o t h

c o u n t r i e s i n v o l v e d . A1 though t h e i r prime i n t e r e s t was i n r a i l w a y s and a s s o c i a t e d p e r m a f r o s t p r o b l e m s , i t was c l e a r from t h e o u t s e t t h a t t h e y h a d come t o l e a r n a s much a s p o s s i b l e a b o u t a l l a s p e c t s o f p e r m a f r o s t problems and r e l a t e d r e s e a r c h a s t h e y c o u l d manage i n t h r e e weeks. We were a b l e t o l e a r n much a b o u t t h e p e r m a f r o s t s i t u a t i o n i n China, b u t i t

i s a l s o c l e a r t h a t t h e i r p e r m a f r o s t program i s i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f development a n d t h e i r main p r e o c c u p a t i o n i s concerned w i t h t h e s o l v i n g o f c o n s t r u c t i o n problems a s t h e y a r i s e o n d i f f e r e n t p r o j e c t s . They a r e l o o k i n g a h e a d , however, and wish t o a p p l y t h e most u p - t o - d a t e t e c h n i q u e s i n new c o n s t r u c t i o n . I t i s hoped t h a t a r e t u r n v i s i t o f Canadian p e r m a f r o s t s c i e n t i s t s and e n g i n e e r s can b e a r r a n g e d . Acknowledgements The v i s i t o f t h e C h i n e s e p e r m a f r o s t d e l e g a t i o n was v e r y s u c c e s s f u l owing t o t h e e x c e l l e n t a s s i s t a n c e and c o o p e r a t i o n i n t h e p l a n n i n g o f t h e t e c h n i c a l program, l o g i s t i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t s , and f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t by t h e f o l l o w i n g t e n Canadian f e d e r a l government d e p a r t m e n t s i n Ottawa: Energy, Mines a n d R e s o u r c e s ; Environment; E x t e r n a l A f f a i r s ; I n d i a n and

N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s ; I n d u s t r y , Trade a n d Commerce; N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l ; P u b l i c Works; M i n i s t r y o f S t a t e f o r S c i e n c e and Technology; S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e ; T r a n s p o r t .

The a u t h o r s a l s o wish t o acknowledge t h e h o s p i t a l i t y o f t h e

f o l l o w i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s o u t s i d e o f Ottawa who r e c e i v e d t h e d e l e g a t i o n : C a l g a r y - N o r t h e r n E n g i n e e r i n g S t u d i e s L i m i t e d , Canadian A r c t i c Gas S t u d y L i m i t e d , I m p e r i a l O i l Limited, Gulf O i l Canada L i m i t e d ; Edmonton -

U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a ; Y e l l o w k n i f e - Government o f t h e Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s , G i a n t Y e l l o w k n i f e Mines L i m i t e d ; Mackenzie and Dempster Ilighways - Department o f P u b l i c Works; I n u v i k - I n u v i k Research

L a b o r a t o r y , Department o f I n d i a n and N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s ; Whitehorse -

Government o f Yukon T e r r i t o r y , White P a s s and Yukon Railway; Vancouver -

Department o f P u b l i c Works.

Tile a u t h o r s a r e most g r a t e f u l t o t l i s E x c e l l e n c y Chang Wen-Chin, Aml~assador o f t h e P e o p l e ' s Republic o f China t o Canada and h i s s t a f f f o r v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e v i s i t . The h o s p i t a l i t y p r o v i d e d by t h e Consul-General o f t h e T'cople's Republic o f China i n Vancouver, M r . Chen Li ang, i s a l s o g r e a t l y a p p r c c i a t e d . The Canadian Embassy i n P e k i n g was a l s o most l l c l p f u l , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e e a r l y p l a n n i n g s t a g e s .

S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e due t o M r . S.W. S h a c k e l l , Department o f I n d i a n and N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s , who c o o r d i n a t e d t h e l o g i s t i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t s o f t h e t o u r , a n d t o M r . Yu-Lin Mo, i n t e r p r e t e r w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e Department, b o t h o f whom accompanied t h e d e l e g a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t i t s v i s i t t o Canada.

I t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t a l a r g e number o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s , t o o numerous t o mention by name, were i n v o l v e d i n t h e p l a n n i n g o f t h i s v i s i t . The a u t h o r s wish t o e x t e n d t h e i r t h a n k s t o a l l o f t h e s e p e o p l e w i t h o u t whose w i l l i n g a s s i s t a n c e and c o o p e r a t i o n t h i s v e n t u r e would n o t have been p o s s i b l e .

D E P A R T U R E F O R T

-

A I R T R A V E L 0 0 0 0 S O U T H E R N L I M I T O F 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 D I S C O N T I N U O U S P E R M A F R O S T Z O N E k m

--

S O U T H E R N L I M I T O F C O N T I N U O U S P E R M A F R O S T Z O N E F I G U R E 2 T R A V E L I N C A N A D A O F C H I N E S E P E R M A F R O S T D E L E G A T I O N

y/h

D l S C O N l l N U O U S P E R M A F R O S T A L P I N E P E R M A F R O S T - L O W E R L I M I T OF P E R M A F R O S T I S L A N D S A B O U T 3 , 0 0 0 F E E T A B O V E SEA L F V E L F I G U R E 3 P E R M A F R O S T I N C H I N A

Appendix A

Thursday, May 29 - D e l e g a t i o n a r r i v e d i n M o n t r e a l from P e k i n g ( v i a P a r i s ) . F r i d a y , May 30 - D e l e g a t i o n s t a y e d a t C h i n e s e Embassy,

S a t u r d a y , May 31

-

M r . S h a c k e l l a s s i s t e d t h e d e l e g a t i o n i n moving t o t h e C h a t e a u L a u r i e r H o t e l .

Sunday, J u n e 1 - D e l e g a t i o n s t a y e d a t C h a t e a u L a u r i e r H o t e l . Monday, J u n e 2 - V i s i t e d D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l

R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l a l l day. Luncheon h o s t e d by M r . W.A. Cumming,

V i c e - P r e s i d e n t ( O p e r a t i o n s ) , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l . E v e n i n g r e c e p t i o n i n t h e S a l o n , N a t i o n a l A r t s C e n t r e , h o s t e d by Mr. W . A . Cumming.

Tuesday, J u n e 3 - V i s i t e d T e r r a i n S c i e n c e s D i v i s i o n , a n d R e s o u r c e Geophysics a n d G e o c h e m i s t r y D i v i s i o n , G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o f Canada,

Department o f Energy, Mines a n d R e s o u r c e s i n morning. Luncheon h o s t e d by D r . Y. 0 . F o r t i e r , S e n i o r A d v i s e r , E a r t h S c i e n c e s , Department o f Energy, Mines a n d R e s o u r c e s a t Green V a l l e y R e s t a u r a n t . V i s i t e d D i v i s i o n o f S e i s m o l o g y a n d Geothermal S t u d i e s , E a r t h P h y s i c s Branch, Department o f Energy, Mines a n d R e s o u r c e s i n a f t e r n o o n . Dinner a t home o f D r . R . J . E .

Brown.

Wednesday, J u n e 4 - V i s i t e d C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n , Department o f P u b l i c Works i n morning. Luncheon h o s t e d by M r . G . B . W i l l i a m s , S e n i o r A s s i s t a n t Deputy M i n i s t e r a t Ottawa Hunt Club. V i s i t e d G l a c i o l o g y

D i v i s i o n , Department o f Environment t o g e t h e r w i t h members o f W a t e r , Lands, F o r e s t and Environment Branch, Department o f I n d i a n and N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s i n a f t e r n o o n . R e c e p t i o n a t o f f i c e o f The H o n o u r a b l e J . J . Buchanan, M i n i s t e r o f I n d i a n and N o r t h e r n A f f a i r s . Evening r e c e p t i o n a t C h i n e s e Embassy. T h u r s d a y , J u n e 5 - T r a v e l l e d t o M o n t r e a l by t r a i n f o r a l l - d a y v i s i t t o Canadian N a t i o n a l Railways T e c h n i c a l R e s e a r c h C e n t r e . F r i d a y , J u n e 6 _{- V i s i t e d A r c t i c T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, a n d Railway} B r a n c h , M i n i s t r y o f T r a n s p o r t f o r f i r s t h a l f o f morning. V i s i t e d O f f i c i a l s from s e v e r a l b r a n c h e s o f Department o f

industry,

T r a d e a n d

Commerce f o r s e c o n d h a l f o f morning. Luncheon h o s t e d by M r . J .M.T. Thomas, G e n e r a l D i r e c t o r , P a c i f i c A s i a a n d A f r i c a Bureau, Department o f I n d u s t r y , T r a d e a n d Commerce a t t h e C a r l e t o n Towers H o t e l . D i n n e r a t t h e L . B . P e a r s o n B u i l d i n g was h o s t e d by D r . J. D . Keys, V i c e - P r e s i d e n t ( P r o g r a m ) , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l on b e h a l f o f D r . W.G. S c h n e i d e r , P r e s i d e n t , N a t i o n a l Research Counci 1. S a t u r d a y , J u n e 7 - D e l e g a t i o n l e f t O t t a w a a t 9 : 5 5 a.m. on A i r Canada f l i g h t 251 and a r r i v e d i n Thompson, Manitoba v i a Winnipeg a t 2 : 15 p.m. on T r a n s a i r f l i g h t 753. L e f t Thompson a t 3:30 p.m. on Lambair s i n g l e O t t e r

c h a r t e r a i r c r a f t t o v i s i t Kelsey h y d r o e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t i n g s t a t i o n on Nelson R i v e r a n d f l y o v e r Hudson Bay R a i l r o a d . Returned t o Thompson a t

7:45 p.m.

Sunday, June 8 - V i s i t e d r a i l w a y s p u r l i n e n e a r Thompson and perma- f r o s t r e s e a r c h s i t e s a t Thompson F i e l d S t a t i o n , D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research, N a t i o n a l Research C o u n c i l . L e f t Thompson a t 11:20 a.m. on T r a n s a i r f l i g h t 730 and a r r i v e d i n Winnipeg a t 12: 30 p.m. A t o u r was made t o Lower F o r t Garry i n t h e a f t e r n o o n . L e f t Winnipeg a t 7: 15 p.m, on

A i r Canada f l i g h t 235 and a r r i v e d i n C a l g a r y a t 8:10 p.m.

Monday, June 9 - V i s i t e d N o r t h e r n E n g i n e e r i n g S e r v i c e s L i m i t e d , C o n s u l t i n g E n g i n e e r s , i n morning. Luncheon h o s t e d by M r . R. A. Hemstock, D i r e c t o r o f ~ n v i r o n m e n t a l s t u d i e s , Canadian A r c t i c

&

S t u d y Limited. D i s c u s s i o n s w i t h I m p e r i a l O i l L i m i t e d and Gulf O i l Canada L i m i t e d

n o r t h e r n e n g i n e e r i n g s t a f f i n a f t e r n o o n . L e f t Calgary on P a c i f i c Western f l i g h t 213 a t 5 : 30 p.m. and a r r i v e d i n Edmonton a t 6 : 0 5 p.m.

Tuesday, J u n e 10 - V i s i t e d Department o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a a l l day. Luncheon h o s t e d by D r . G . Ford, Dean o f E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a , a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y F a c u l t y Club.

Wednesday, J u n e 11 - L e f t Edmonton on P a c i f i c Western A i r l i n e s f l i g h t 271 a t 8:00 a.m. and a r r i v e d i n Yellowknife a t 10: 15 a.m. V i s i t e d Department o f P u b l i c Works, Government o f t h e Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s i n t h e morning. Luncheon h o s t e d hy M r . D. L . Matllews, D i r e c t o r , Department o f P u b l i c Works, Government of t h e Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s . I n a f t e r n o o n v i s i t e d G i a n t Ye1 l o w k n i f e Mines L i m i t e d , t r a v e l l e d f o r s e v e r a l m i l e s o v e r l o c a l highways c o n s t r u c t e d on p e r m a f r o s t and t o u r e d c i t y o f Y e l l o w k n i f e t o look a t p e r m a f r o s t f e a t u r e s . Dinner h o s t e d by M r . S . M. CLodgson, Commissioner o f t h e Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s .

Thursday, June 12 - L e f t Y e l l o w k n i f e a t 8 : 30 a.m. and flew by

La Ronge/Mackenzie A v i a t i o n S e r v i c e s L i m i t e d Twin O t t e r c h a r t e r a i r c r a f t ( w i t h swtop a t F o r t Simpson, N.W.T. t o r e f u e l ) t o H i r e North c o n s t r u c t i o n camp a t Mile 410 on t h e Mackenzie Highway a r r i v i n g t h e r e a t 11: 30 a.m. A f t e r l u n c h , t o u r e d p r o j e c t t o s e e highway c o n s t r u c t i o n on p e r m a f r o s t . Departed camp on Twin O t t e r a t 3: 15 p.m. and a r r i v e d Norman Wells a t 4 : 30 p.m. L e f t Norman W e l l s a t 5:20 p.m. on P a c i f i c Western A i r l i n e s f l i g h t 263 and a r r i v e d I n u v i k a t 6 : _{15 p.m.}

F:ri day, June 13 - The day was s p e n t i n I n u v i k and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a v i s i t i n g t h e p e r m a f r o s t e n g i n e c r i n g r e s c a r c h s i t e s o f t h c N a t i o n a l

Research Council and vicwing p e r m a f r o s t c o n s t r u c t i o n a s p e c t s o f t h c town. Dinner was h o s t e d by M r . R.M. I l i 11, I ) i r e c t o r , I n u v i k Research L a b o r a t o r y , Department o f I n d i a n and Northern A f f a i r s , a t t h e Eskimo I n n .

S a t u r d a y , J u n e 14 - Flew by Aklavik F l y i n g S e r v i c e s Twin O t t e r c h a r t e r a i r c r a f t from I n u v i k t o W h i t e h o r s e . A v i s i t was made e n r o u t e t o a r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e o n t h e Dempster Highway w e s t o f F o r t McPherson, N . W . T. Evening r e c e p t i o n i n Whitehorse h o s t e d by M r . M . E . M i l l e r , A s s i s t a n t Commissioner o f t h e Yukon T e r r i t o r y .

Sunday, J u n e 15 -

Rai l w ay

,

accompanied White P a s s a n d Yukon

The d e l e g a t i o n t r a v e l l e d on t h e White P a s s and Yukon by M r . W . A . Hisman, Manager, Skagway O p e r a t i o n s ,

Railway, l e a v i n g W h i t e h o r s e a t 8 : 0 0 a.m. a n d a r r i v i n g C a r c r o s s a t 11: 00 a.m. They t o u r e d t h e a r e a a n d r e t u r n e d a f t e r l u n c h by bus t o W h i t e h o r s e . L e f t W h i t e h o r s e on C a n a d i a n P a c i f i c f l i g h t 2 2 a t 3:35 p.m. and a r r i v e d i n Vancouver a t 9:15 p.m. Monday, J u n e 16 - V i s i t e d t h e W e s t s h o r e T e r m i n a l s a t R o b e r t s Bank t o s e e u n i t t r a i n c o a l u n l o a d i n g f a c i l i t i e s i n morning. Luncheon h o s t e d by M r . Chen L i a n g , Consul G e n e r a l , C h i n e s e E r b a s s y . S i g h t s e e i n g t o u r o f Vancouver i n a f t e r n o o n . D i n n e r h o s t e d by M r . G.H. J o h n s t o n , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f Canada, a t Marco P o l o r e s t a u r a n t .

Tuesday, J u n e 1 7 - D e l e g a t i o n l e f t Vancouver a t 1 1 : O O p.m. f o r Toyko and P e k i n g .