Proposal and experimentation of an analysis grid to map knowledge of the factory of the future

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Proposal and experimentation of an analysis grid to map knowledge of the factory of the future

Claudine Gillot, Nadège Troussier, Julien Le Duigou, Jérôme Favergeon, Christian Camelin

To cite this version:

Claudine Gillot, Nadège Troussier, Julien Le Duigou, Jérôme Favergeon, Christian Camelin. Pro- posal and experimentation of an analysis grid to map knowledge of the factory of the future. 27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference (LCE2020), May 2020, Grenoble, France. pp.623 - 629,

�10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.046�. �hal-03030953�

Procedia CIRP 90 (2020) 623–629

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect

Procedia CIRP

journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/procir

Proposal and experimentation of an analysis grid to map knowledge of the factory of the future

Claudine Gillot

, Nadège Troussier

, Julien Le Duigou

, Jérôme Favergeon

, Christian Camelin

aICD-CREIDD, CNRS FRE 2019, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, CS 42060, 10 0 04, Troyes, France

bSorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Mechanical laboratory Roberval, FRE UTC/CNRS 2012, CS 60319, Compiègne, 60203, France

cLaboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, site UTBM, UMR 6303 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche- Comté, France

a rt i c l e i n f o

Keywords:

factory of the future analyze grid industry 4.0 circular economy

manufacturing system organization

a b s t r a c t

Anindustrialchange isnecessaryto respondto theenvironmental, societaland economic challenges.

Theaimofthispaperistooffer and testamethodologythatwill identifyand structure studiesthat arerelevanttotheindustrialmutation.Thisscientificapproachisbasedontheanalysisofstate-of-the- artdefinition ofthe factoryofthe future.A specific gridand threedifferent datacollection methods havebeenexperimentedinthreeuniversitiesoftechnologyinFrance.Theresultsofthisstudyleadus toprepare a comparative analysisof the obtainedresults.They show the interestsand limits of this approachanditsclarity.

© 2020TheAuthor(s).PublishedbyElsevierB.V.

ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense.

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

1. Introduction

Production systems have considerable economic, environmen- tal and societal significance. In 2018, manufacturing contributes some 14% of European gross value added (World Bank national accounts data,and OECD NationalAccounts data files s. d.), em- ploys around 24% of the European workforce. In 2017 (ILOSTAT database2019), thesector "industrial processesand productuse"

is responsible for around 8 % of the total greenhouse gas emis- sions (eurostat 2019). Also, theover passingof planetboundaries isadmitted(Gouvernementfrancais2017)andindustrialactivityis impactedby severalissues likethediminishing ofnon-renewable resources, thelossofbiodiversity, theclimatechange,thestricter regulations related to the environment but also for health and safety,ortheincreasing consumerpreferenceforenvironmentally friendlyproducts.

In the face of these societal challenges, various studies have been conducted to support the ongoing industrial change. Al- though structure andidentifyappropriate knowledge inthat way isstilldifficult,especiallyifitneedstobeunderstandablebyman- ufacturers.

∗ Corresponding author.

E-mail address: nadege.troussier@utt.fr (N. Troussier).

Toaddressthisproblem, thispaperoffers a methodologythat willidentifyandstructure studies thatare relevantto theindus- trialmutation,ornamedinresearch"factoryofthefuture".Inor- der to offer a wide and exhaustive grid, this scientific approach is based on the analysis of state-of-the-art definition, but also the scope anddimensions ofthe factory of the future.This spe- cificgridis a tablewith evaluationcriteria. Ithas beenfillin by data collected in three universities of technology in France. Col- lectionmethodscombinebrainstormingactivitieswithresearchers, butalsointerviews,anddirectanalysisof productionsinexisting databasesaccordingtothespecificcontextsofthedifferentuniver- sities.Tothisend, thispaperdiscusses theinterestsandlimitsof thisapproachanditsclarity.

2. Methodology

Toestablishthe methodologyneededtoidentifyandstructure scientificoutputrelatedtothefactoryofthefuture,westartedto thinkabouttheformoftheresultwe wouldlike.Thisresultwas amappingofscientificproductionsonfactoryofthefutureinthe threeuniversity.Withtheresultinmind,wethoughtaboutthein- formationneeded.Wesetoutfourstages,seeFig.1.Thefirststage consistsinastateofthearttograspthedimensionsofthefactory ofthe future andthe perimeter. Thisstage finished withthe set outofananalysisgrid.Thesecondstageisthedatacollectionpart https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.046

2212-8271/© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

624 C. Gillot, N. Troussier and J. Le Duigou et al. / Procedia CIRP 90 (2020) 623–629

Fig. 1. Stages of the methodology

andthethird stage is data analysis.The last stage isa period of dialogueswiththepeopleinvolvedaboutresultsandprospects.

2.1.Stateoftheart

Forseveralyearsnow, theterm«factoryofthefuture» became popularinthe industry,butalsoinresearch andpolitics.For the Frenchgovernment, the factory ofthe future answers to the ne- cessityofupgradingthe productiveapparatusandsupportindus- trial companies to change their business model, their organiza- tion, their way of design and marketing by digital (Preuveneers and Ilie-Zudor, 2017). The term factory of the future has been quickly associated with the 4th industrial revolution (Xu et al., 2018). This industrial revolution wouldfollow the mechanization andthesteam engine, the developmentofelectricity, mechanics, oil,chemistry,andmeans ofcommunication, theriseoftelecom- munications, computing and nuclear. It is named "Industry 4.0".

ThisconceptappearedfirstinanarticlepublishedbytheGerman governmentonNovember 2011,as ahigh-tech strategy for2020.

Itis based onthe integration ofinformation andcommunication technologiesandindustrialtechnology,andforsomeresearchersit ismainlydependent onbuildingaCyber-PhysicalSystem(CPS)to realizea digitalandintelligent factory,to promotemanufacturing to become more digital, information-led, customized, and green (Lichtblauetal.,2015).Industry4.0isafusionbetweenaphysical worldandavirtualworldwherefourdimensionshavebeeniden- tified:smartfactor, smartproducts,smart operations,data-driven services(AgenceNationalde la Recherche 2015). Dimensionsap- proachedinthedefinition ofIndustry4.0are foundinthe 5pri- oritydirectionsidentifiedby theFrenchNationalResearchAgency (ANR)concerningthechallengeofindustrialrenewal(Herrmannet al.,2014).Mostlythesedimensionsaretechnological,fewareorga- nizationalandenvironmental.Industry4.0isjustonepointofview ofthefactoryofthe future,andother dimensionscanbe consid- erateassocialandeconomicdimensions.Some authorsthinkthat morethantoday,futureproductionhastoaddressallthreedimen- sionsofsustainability-economy, ecology, andsociety(Arousseau etal., 2013). Thisthreedimensionswithmanufacturing theprod- uctofthefuturearechallengesforthefactoryofthefuture,iden- tifiedbythe EuropeanFactory oftheFutureResearch Association (EFFRA)(AndreaniandConchon,2005).Theseauthorstriedtohave aholisticvisionofthefactoryofthefuture,andoneofthevision comprisesfourmainaspects(Arousseauetal.,2013):

1 "Symbioticflowsandurbanintegrationofthefactory.

2 Adaptable factory elements: adaptive building shell, modular andscalabletechnicalbuildingservices,andflexibleproduction system.

3 Productioncloudandcyber-physicalsystems.

4 Learningandtrainingenvironments."

Inourstateoftheart,wenoticethatthemostdimensioncon- sideratewhenwe discussthefactory ofthefutureisthe techno- logicalpart.Butitseems importanttoincludeallthedimensions we could identifyto have a holistic vision of what could be the factoryofthefuture.

The definitionwegive to thefactory ofthefuture isthat isa termfornamefutureproductionsystemwhowillhavetohandle economical,technological,organizational,environmentalandsoci- etalissuestocome.Tohandletheseissues,theproductionsystem willhavetobebasedonbreakthroughinnovations.Theproduction modelhastobereviewed,alsocompaniesandconsumerrelation- ships.

2.2. Definitionofananalyticalframework

Regarding our state of the art and our choice to work in a wide andexhaustiveframe,we relyon report ProspectiveReflec- tionWorkshopFUTURPROD(ARPFuturProd)[12]foundinourstate oftheart. Thisreportisthe mostexhaustive,evenifitwaspub- lished in 2013. It stems from a prospective reflection workshop whogatheredexperts,academicsofproductionsystemsandindus- trialinsiders.

Their goals were to imagine the industrial production system for2030, to answer currentmajor industrial changes, andto de- fineprioritiesaboutresearchtopicsofANRprojects.From ARPfu- turprodweworkonthreebreakingscenarios:

1 Industry4.0,seeAFig.2.

2 Multi-scalecircularorganizations,seeBFig.2. 3 Neo-industrialization,seeCFig.2.

Inthefirstscenario,«theFrenchandEuropeanproductionsys- tems stronglyimpactedby the financial crises of2008 and2011, areorganizedaroundgenerictechnologieswithhighaddedvalue, the entireR&D, industrialization andmanufacturing chain is car- riedoutinFrance".Inthesecondscenario,"thegrowinginfluence ofsocialnetworksaswellasnon-governmentalorganizationscon- tributesto a collectiveawareness ofglobalhumanitariananden- vironmental issues. This societal demand is part of the problem ofmanufacturers who have alot ofdifficulty to source materials and energy. Circular organizations integrating the dual objective ofproducing closertothe territorieswhile addressing theneces- saryglobalvision".InthelastscenarioimaginedbytheFuturProd workinggroup,"theeconomic,socialandenvironmentalcrisisthat France has beenexperiencing for several decades isleading to a completeoverhaul ofsocialrelations.Economiclogic,social logic, andenvironmentallogic areno longerantinomies".Foreach sce- nario, authors had set specific hypotheses and means who will characterizetheproductionsystem,seeFig.2.

Foreachscenario,wetriedtoidentifykeythemesandthedif- ferentassociatedaspects.Twointernshipsontheprojectindepen- dently realizeda cross analysis betweenthe state ofthe artand scenarios.Fromthisweestablished12researchissues:

1 Newintelligenttechnologies,

2 Designandorganizeproductionsystems,

3 Produceanddistributeclosertomarketsaroundtheworld, 4 Produceinaneco-efficientway,

5 Newprofessionalskills, 6 Safetyandhealth,

7 Designmorefeaturesthanproducts, 8 Newcollaborationdevices,

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Fig. 2. Diagram of scenarios

9 Corporateresponsibility, 10 Participatoryinnovation, 11 Economyofknowledge, 12 Socialandsolidarityeconomy.

Associated withthese research issues we identify several sci- entificthemes inourstate ofthe artthatwe can seeinTable 1. Thesethemesconstitutetheanalyzegrid.

2.3. Analyzegridproposal

With an analysisgrid, we wanted to categorize the data col- lected.Thechoiceofitscategoriescanbemadebasedoninforma- tioncollectedordeterminedinadvanceaccordingtotheobjectives ofthestudy.Inthefirst case,we speakofan openandinductive approach,inthesecond casewe speakofacloseprocessofeval- uation andtranslationofthestudyindicators(AndreaniandCon- chon,2005).Inourcase,wechosetogoonthesetwoapproaches, proposingcategories,butleavingthepossibilitytoaddsome.

Thisgridhadtoincludethescientificthemesrelatedtothefac- toryofthe future,aswell asthe scenarios identifiedinthe state oftheart.Byscientificthemes,wewantedtobeabletohighlight thedominantscenarioorscenarios.Withthisgrid,wewantedre- searcherstopositiontheir scientificproductions inone orseveral scenariospertheme.Asscientificproductions,weconsidered:sci- entificpublications,contractedprojects,Ph.D. theses,conferences, bookchapters,software,andpatents.Thisallowsustohaveafac- tualdatabase.

3. Application

Wehadtheopportunitytotestthemethodologywe setoutin thethreeFrenchuniversitiesoftechnology:

• TheUniversityofTechnologyofBelfort-Montbéliard(UTBM),

• TheUniversityofTechnologyofCompiègne(UTC),

• TheUniversityofTechnologyofTroyes(UTT).

Intheseuniversities,researchersidentifythemselvesinthefac- toryof thefuture themes,but itis difficult forthem to havean imageoftheexistingsituation

3.1. Datacollection

To choose the appropriate collection methods, we looked at whatkindofresultsweneededtocompletetheanalysisgrid.We hadtoasktheresearcherstopositiontheirworkaboutthemesand scenarios, so we needed qualitative data, which could be trans- formedintoquantitativedataonceplacedintheanalysisgrid.Also, wehadchosentotakeintoaccountthescientificproductionsfrom 2014forthereasonthatthisistheyearfollowingthepublication oftheARPfuturprodreportandbecauseitseemedrelevantforus tohaveavisionof6years.

Weadaptourcollectionmethodstothecontextofthedifferent universities.We didworkshops withresearchers to explain them the analytical framework of our study and what we needed of themiftheyfeltconcernedaboutthistopic.Astudyhasbeendone forknownwhichresearchteamwillbeinterestedtoparticipatein theseworkshops.

AtUTT,allresearchteamleaderswerepresent,butfewofthem feltfinallyconcernedbythetopicofthefactoryofthefuture.

At UTC, we did not succeed bring all research team leaders.

Thosewho weretheregave usthecontactofresearchersoftheir teamwhomayhaveworkedonthetopic.

AtUTBM,wechosetodotheworkshopafterabigeventwhich gathersmanyresearchersatthesameplace.

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ESI.4.0M.C.O bot telligentproducts ewmanufacturingtechnologies(Kets) an-machineinteraction,multimodalcommunication,intelligent,immersiveinterfaces,virtualreality,augmentedreality ethodsandsystemsofextraction,capitalization,sharing,reuseofknowledgeinapersonalized,centralizedordistributedenvironment dvancedmodels:multiphysics,multiscale evelopinghigh-tech,highvalue-addedproductionsystemsandsmartproducts2.2.Indicatorstoidentifyandanticipatemarkets2.3.Technologies/machines/processes/cleanfacilitiesthatconsumelessphysicaland/orhumanresources gitalmachineinsimulationandcontrol tiveproduct,intelligent,productmanagedproductionsystem gilityofproductionsystems esignandefficientorganizationofproduction esignandmanagementofthesupplychain sinesscollaborationsinamulticulturalcontext illslocation gisticsinloopedcircuits oducingsmallquantitieswitheconomicprofitability stainabledevelopmentandattheheartofnewproductivesystems mpetitiverecyclingproductionsystems odesign blicandpartnershipmodesofactiontopromotethecirculareconomy ductionofenergyintensityandmaterialofproductivesystems ewmaterials dustrialtradesinaservicecompany ewformsoflearningandknowledgetransfer ewdistributionoftasks wprofessionsconcerningtheevolutionofsociety ecarity/vulnerabilityofspecificpopulations6.2.Healthandsafetyatwork6.3.Safetyofinstallations onomyoffunctionality stemEngineering viewmodularity nceiveinacollaborativeandintegratedway esignnewwaysofcollaboration8.2.Mobilityandcommunicationinteamsandpartnerchains8.3.Teleworking hicsofactorsonmethodsandchanges9.2.Equipcompaniestogovernance ndustry-ResearchCollaboration10.2.Dynamicexchangesandinterface10.3.Placeoftheuserinthedesign10.4.Collaborativeandnetworkingwork evelopmentoftheeducationandhighereducationsystemtorespondtosocio-economicissues Managementofvitalservicesusingnewtechnologies ewbusinessmodels Table 2

Data collection information’s

UTBM UTC UTT

Number of researchers 121 299 140

Number of researchers contacted 51 33 140

Number of participants 32 16 16

Number of participants in workshops 11 6 7

Number of interviews 21 12 7

Number of valid positioning sheets 24 106 81 Number total of positioning sheets 53 108 114

Conscious of not beingable to reach all the researchers who could be potentially concerned by the topic of the industry of the future with workshops, we decided in addition to do semi- structured interviews. This type of interview helps to guide the speechesoftheintervieweesaroundvariousthemesdefinedinad- vanceby theinvestigators, inour casethat wasthemesandsce- narios of ourgrid. This wayof proceedingallowed usto remain focusedonthesubjectandtotreatallthepointsofthegrid,tobe abletocomparetheresultsofdifferentinterviews.

At the same time, we read the internal documents that were available,suchastheHighCouncilforEvaluationofResearchand Higher Education (Hcéres) evaluation reports from the different laboratories. Wealsoanalyzed productionsindatabases,to target and establish contact with the researchers in order to exchange with them about their scientific productions. Positioning sheets were createdtoformalize theresults oftheindividual interviews with the researchers, see Fig. 3. They include their positions on their productions, information about them, as well as the stan- dard information aboutthe person interviewed. Thesesheets in- clude four key variables, which are: the type of production, the year,thepositioning inthemesandthat relativeto thescenarios.

Thesevariableswillbeimportantfortheanalysisoftheresults.

3.2. Resultsandanalysis

Among the sheetscollected, some are still waiting tobe vali- dated by the authors ofthe productions, aswe can seein Table 2.Also, the numberof researchersis the numberofperson who mightproducescientificproductionsintheseuniversities.

Wechoosetopresentonlythevaliddata.Butwecheckedthat theresultsobtainedwithonlythevalidpositioningsheetsdonot differoftheglobalresults.

AsweseeFig.4thedominantscenarioistheIndustry4.0.This isan expected resultinthe lightof interviewsandtrends atthe nationallevel.Also, itseemsthat researchersatUTCandUTTare morefocusonaspects ofIndustry4.0regardingthefactoryofthe future.Ontheotherhand,researcheratUTBMseemsinterestedin thesamewaybyallscenarios.

On Fig. 5, Fig. 6 formore readability we chose to show only thematicswithanumberofsheetssuperiortofour,andforFig.7 onlysuperiortotwosheets.

In these graphs we see that the theme 4.1.Sustainable devel- opment and atthe heart ofnew productive systems is common toall universities inscenarios Industry 4.0andMulti-scalecircu- larorganization’s.Alsothematic2.4.Digitalmachine insimulation andcontrol iscommon in scenarioMulti-scale circular organiza- tion’s. Thematic 7.2.System Engineering is common in scenarios Multi-scale circular organization’s and Neo-industrialization, and thematic10.3.Placeoftheuserinthedesigniscommontoalluni- versitiesinscenarioNeo-industrialization.

Through thesegraphs we seethat thereis a complementarity betweentheFrenchuniversitiesoftechnologyforthethematicof thefactoryofthefuture,andthat somehavespecificthemes.To-

C. Gillot, N. Troussier and J. Le Duigou et al. / Procedia CIRP 90 (2020) 623–629 627

Fig. 3. Positioning sheets

Fig. 4. Distribution of valid positioning sheets per scenarios

gether theseuniversitiesoftechnologycoverthedifferentaspects ofscenario.

3.3. Discussion

Thecollectiondatapartadducesmoreuncertaintytothisstudy.

Firstofall,interviewerswere twopeople,insteadofone.Twoin- terviewers will havea different wayof conducting an interview, eveniftheyhaveacommonprotocol,alsoaccordingtotheirexpe- riencetheywillnotreactinthesamewaytowhattheinterviewee said.Anotherfactortoconsiderregardingthecollectionmethodis therelationship betweentheinterviewerandthe intervieweebe- cause ifthe two people alreadyknow each other thiscan affect

theinformationcollected.Andinourcase,thissituationhappened afewtimes.

Withthismethodology, we haveidentified andstructured the scientific knowledge regarding the industry of the future in the Frenchuniversitiesoftechnology,butwehavenotworkedonthe readabilityofscientificknowledgeformanufacturers.

Also,wefocusedmainlyontheindustryofthefuture,butwith- outtakingintoaccountanycurrentconstraintsthatweknowwill impact our lives in the coming years, andtherefore the produc- tionsystems.As, forexample,climatechange orraremetalsthat technologycurrentlymakesuscompletelydependent.Thescenar- iosthat we haveworkedon only approachthem very succinctly.

In scenario Industry 4.0 we just talk about environmental per-

628 C. Gillot, N. Troussier and J. Le Duigou et al. / Procedia CIRP 90 (2020) 623–629

Fig. 5. Distribution of validated positioning sheets per scientific thematic for sce- nario Industry 4.0

Fig. 6. Distribution of validated positioning sheets per scientific thematic for sce- nario Multi-scale circular organizations

formance, in scenario Multi-scale circular organizations, climate change, and limited resources are very important elements, but itoffers an incomplete solution.Among all the scientific produc- tions listed,we think that some canbe usefulformanufacturers to build a real strategy to face the industrial mutation. And the combinationofthemesandscenarios canenablethem toidentify theknowledgeneeded.Butwiththeobtainedresults,wearecon- cerned that manufacturers see only technological solutions with thedominantscenarioindustry4.0.

4. Conclusion

The goal of this study was to offer a methodology that will identifyand structurerelevant knowledge fortheongoing indus- trial mutation.First of all, it wasnecessary to define the factory ofthefutureanditsperimeter.Withastate-of-the-artanalysis, it waspossibletocompletethisworkandconstructananalysisgrid thatwasusedtocategorizethedatacollectedfromresearchers.In the definitionphase, we havechosen toanalyze researchers’sci- entificproductionsandtopositiontheseproductionsinrelationto themesfromourstateoftheart, andtothreescenarios:industry 4.0,multi-scalecircularorganizations,andneo-industrialization.

When we testedour methodology inthe three universitiesof technology, itappears that industry 4.0wasdominantinall uni- versities. Thisalso revealed that foreach scenario, there iscom- monthemesbetweentheuniversitiesandspecificthemes.

Weobtainedtheresultsweexpected.Indeed,wehaveaviewof theconceptofthefactory ofthefutureintheFrenchuniversities oftechnology,andtheseuniversitieshaveamappingofwhichthe- maticstheyhaveknowledgeon.Itcouldbeusefulforscientifican- imationandfurtherpartnershipbetweenresearchersoftheseuni- versities.

We also identified the most relevant scientific productions which could be usefulfor manufacturers for identify the knowl- edgetheyneedorresearcherstoworkwith.Butthismethodology needstobeenhancedforbecomingaccessibletomanufacturers.It couldalsobeinterestingtostudythesocietalimpactsoftheappli- cationofthisconcept inacountrywhichhasdeveloped industry 4.0likeGermany,andseeifthisisasustainablepathortransition pathtosustainability.

CreditAuthorStatement

Claudine Gillot :Methodology, Investigation, Writing - Orig- inal Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization Nadège Troussier :Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Review &

Editing,SupervisionJulienLeDuigou:Conceptualization,Method- ology,Validation,Review&Editing,SupervisionJérômeFavergeon :Conceptualization,Methodology,Validation,SupervisionChristian Camelin :Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Review &

Editing,Supervision

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