Temperature constraint in Upland rice
improvement in the High Plateau of
Madagascar
Alain Ramanantsoanirina, Julie Dusserre,
Louis Marie Raboin, Louis Marie Raboin, Suchit PrasadShrestha,
Holger Brück Folkard Asch
7-9 February 2011, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Plenary session 1: Crop improvement strategies for qenotypic adaptation to Climate Change
•
Rice is the staple crop and•
Rice is the staple crop and food in Madagascar,•
It is grown on 1.3 million Ha of which 29% are upland,•
The central High Plateau (Vakinakaratra region) is the (Vakinakaratra region) is the most densely populated area of the country (more than 80 inhabitants / km²)•
Smallholders traditionally grow i i t d i f d l l d irrigated or rainfed lowland rice, wherever it is possible.•
There are nearly no further possibilities for expanding lowland rice cultivation areas.•
The challenge to meet the•
The challenge to meet the growing demand for rice relies on the intensification of lowland rice cultivation and on the development of new rice-based production systems.p y•
I th id 1980 CIRAD d FOFIFA•
In the mid-1980s, CIRAD and FOFIFA launched a research program for the highlandsg with the aim of pushingp g forward the frontier of upland rice growing areas in high elevation areas.•
leading to the release, in the early 90’s, of new upland rice varieties suitable forp cultivation in high altitude that allowed the cultivation of upland rice on the hill sides (“Tanety”) where farmers used to sides ( Tanety ) where farmers used to grow corn, beans or cassava.•
From 1988 up to now, more than 400 crosses have been realized usingt i l l l l ti f t t
extensively, local population of temperate japonica, and introduced materials or recurrent populations to extend the geneticg basis of upland cultivars.
•
T d l d i i t f th•
Today, upland rice is part of the Madagascar Highland’s landscape and creates new breeding challenges.g gThe stringent conditions of the High Plateau of Madagascar 200 400 75 100 125 150 175 150 200 250 300 350 p erature (°C) infall (mm) 0 25 50 75 0 50 100 150 Tem p Ra i
• The High Plateau of Madagascar is characterized by the alternation of a hot and rainy
Rainfall and Mean Temperature at 1625 m asl (8 years mean)
The High Plateau of Madagascar is characterized by the alternation of a hot and rainy season from November to April and a cold and dry season from May to October.
• Annual rainfall ranges from 1300 to 2000 mm depending on years and altitude.
• In our main breeding station close to Antsirabe at 1650 masl, the average annual rainfall is 1460 mm over the last seven years.
• Hailstorms are frequent in the High Plateau and can cause severe losses at harvest time. The often erratic beginning of the rainy season may prevent or put at risk the early
•
Mean
temperatures
decreases
0 6°C every 100m altitude
0.6 C every 100m altitude.
•
In Antsirabe (1 650 m)
•
In Antsirabe (1,650 m),
- mean temperatures:
17 9°C the beginning of the rice ¾ 17.9 C , the beginning of the rice
sowing period,
¾ 20°C during the reproductive stage.g p g
- Minima temperatures:
¾ below 10°C during early vegetative stage,
¾ below 15°C during reproductive stage and grain filling
•
The night/day thermal amplitude is high (10 to 12 degrees) during the whole rice growing season.•
Low temperatures slow down rice growth•
Low temperatures slow down rice growth at almost all stages: panicle initiation is delayed and grain filling and maturation stages are lengthened.•
Cold conditions during the reproductive•
Cold conditions during the reproductive stage may provoke high sterility rate.As a Partner of Risocas project and in order to study the impact of temperaturey p p change, FoFiFa is involved in the study of the rice adaptation strategies by conducting field experiments for conducting field experiments for gathering data being used on the identification of valuable traits and
f
ideotype concepts for varietal improvement in the context of climate change scenarios.g
•
Fields experiments were conducted:
– 3 locations along an altitudinal gradient, 10 contrasting upland genotypes
– 10 contrasting upland genotypes, – 5 monthly staggered planting dates.
•
In view of detecting genotypic
g g
yp
differences across changing
environments:
G i i ld – Grain yield, – yield components, – harvest index,, – Sterility. 10•
The genotypes used in this experiment were selected based on their adaptation to their specific environment:to their specific environment:
– The first group are upland varieties that have been selected and released for the high elevation area of
Madagascar. (FOFIFA 161, FOFIFA 167 FOFIFA 172 and Chhomrong 167, FOFIFA 172 and Chhomrong Dhan)
– The second group are upland
varieties adapted to the mid- and lower altitude (B22, IRAT 112, WAB 878 Nerica 4 and Primavera))
– Botramaintso is a local deep rooting variety with a long cycle.
Yield and Yield components
•High altitude adapted varieties preformed better:•High altitude adapted varieties preformed better:
–at 1625 masl for the first planting dates (recommended dates for planting in this region),
at 965m asl when grown at the recommended date for planting in this –at 965m asl , when grown at the recommended date for planting in this mid-altitude region (3rd and 4th dates).
1625 m asl 100 Straw yield Grain yield 965 m asl % ) 60 80 Yi eld ( % 40 60 B 2 2 ma ints o om rong FA 16 1 FA 16 7 FA 1 72 RA T 1 12 Neric a 4 mav era AB 878 0 20 B 22 ma ints o om rong FA 1 61 FA 1 67 FA 1 72 RA T 11 2 Neri ca 4 maver a AB 8 78
• The harvest index is lower in high altitude as a result of lower mean temperature
Botra ma Chom FOFI FA FOFI FA FOFI FA IRA Ne Prim WA Botra ma Chom FOFI FA FOFI FA FOFI FA IRA Ne Prim WA
The harvest index is lower in high altitude as a result of lower mean temperature • B22, Nerica 4, Primavera , WAB 878 and Botramaintso showed the lowest values
at 1625m asl, indicating their non adaptability for this environment.
7 8 Andrano 08‐09 Andrano 09‐10 Ivory 08‐09 I or 09 10 5 6 a) Ivory 09‐10 Linear (Andrano 08‐09) Linear (Andrano 09‐10) Linear (Ivory 08‐09) Linear (Ivory 09‐10) y = 0,049x R² = 0,788 y = 0,063x R² = 0,893 0 048 0 0401 3 4 Yield (t/h a Linear (Ivory 09 10) y = 0.048x R² = 0.4396 y = 0.0401x R² = 0.4061 0 1 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Filled grains (Percentage)
• In the High altitude areas, the observed yield variation is closely linked to the filled spikelet variation,
• A strong linear relationship between yield and % filled spikelet was obtained at 1625m asl with a correlation coefficient respectively of 0,79 in 2008-2009 at 1625m asl with a correlation coefficient respectively of 0,79 in 2008 2009 and 0,89 in 2009-2010,
In fact the yield variation
is
not
due
by
this
component
only,
but
there are others factors
there are others factors
involved leading to lower
the yield observed. Since
minima
temperature
is
not a real limiting factor
at this altitude (965m) the
at this altitude (965m), the
observed yield variation
is probably due to other
y
factors such as :
water
stress,
high
evapo-transpiration
rate
and
transpiration
rate,
and
rainfall distribution.
• Cold temperature effect was revealed byp y looking at the sterility rate from the data obtained in the 2 sites (1625 and 965 masl) by linking a relationship between
th t f fill d ik l t d th
the percentage of filled spikelet and the minima temperatures observed between the booting and heading stage,
• The linear relationship obtained in this case, allowed us to estimate a threshold
h ili f
temperature where sterility may occur for each genotype.
Varieties Linear Relationship Correlation coefficient MinimaTemperature Mid‐altitude adapted genotypes For 0% filled spikelet Nerica 4 y = 0,0779x12, 4 R² = 0,886 12,4 Botramaitso y =0,1073x+12,5 R² = 0,876 12,5 IRAT 112 y 0 0744x+12 9 R² 0 929 12 9 IRAT 112 y = 0,0744x+12,9 R² = 0,929 12,9 B22 y=0,0657x+13,13 R² = 0,953 13,1 WAB 878 y =0,0751x+13,6 R² = 0,931 13,6 ² Primavera y =0,0661x+13,8 R² = 0,973 13,8
Hihg altitude adapted Genotypes For 0% filled
spikelet Chhomrong D. y=0,0763x+9,5 R² = 0,991 9,5 F172 y =0,0364x+10,8 R² = 0,683 10,8 F161 y =0,0377x+11,3y , , R² = 0,850, 11,3, F167 y =0,0536x+11,3 R² = 0,600 11,3 20
• Using Finlay‐Wilkinson method (1963) to determine the • Using Finlay‐Wilkinson method (1963),to determine the performance of these Genotypes in terms of yield and yield components across different environments the result showed that: that: • ‐Four genotypes, Primavera, B22, WAB 878 and Botramaitso have
below average stability and are specifically adapted to favorable below average stability and are specifically adapted to favorable environments. They are adapted to mid‐to‐low altitude. T (N i 4 d IRAT 112) d d id • ‐ Two genotypes (Nerica4 and IRAT 112) adapted to mid‐ altitude showed an average stability; • ‐And four genotypes (FOFIFA 161,FOFIFA 167, FOFIFA 172 and
Chhomrong Dhan ) showed above average stability and are
adapted to all environments. These four genotypes are varieties
d d d d h h l d
2.5 Primavera ffic ie n t 2.0 Botramaintso Primavera WAB 878 B 22
Below average stability
e ssi on co e 1.0 1.5 Nerica 4 IRAT 112 FOFIFA 161 Average stability Re g re 0 0 0.5 FOFIFA 167 FOFIFA 161 Chomrong FOFIFA 172
Above average stability
Variety mean yield (Log10 t/ha)
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0
What to conclude?
What to conclude?
•
Climate change is assumed to result in a
rise of mean Temperatures of 2‐5 degrees
depending on the simulation scenario.
•
Cold tolerant varieties adapted to high
Cold tolerant varieties adapted to high
altitude performed well in both favorable
and unfavorable environment,
•
In this case rice cropping in higher altitudes
•
In this case rice cropping in higher altitudes
could be becoming more favorable as long
as precipitation is not a limiting factor.
D
f
h
i
l
b i
•
Data from the experiments are also being
used for modeling to foresee climatic
change scenarios.
Climate Climate Change
