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Multiscale analysis on the behaviour of a lime treated bentonite

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HAL Id: hal-01775078

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01775078

Submitted on 27 Apr 2018

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Multiscale analysis on the behaviour of a lime treated bentonite

Enza Vitale, Dimitri Deneele, Giacomo Russo

To cite this version:

Enza Vitale, Dimitri Deneele, Giacomo Russo. Multiscale analysis on the behaviour of a lime treated bentonite. Procedia Engineering, Elsevier, 2016, VI Italian Conference of Researchers in Geotechnical Engineering, CNRIG2016 - Geotechnical Engineering in Multidisciplinary Re- search: from Microscale to Regional Scale, 22-23 September 2016, Bologna (Italy), 158, pp.87-91.

�10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.410�. �hal-01775078�

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Procedia Engineering 158 ( 2016 ) 87 – 91

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.410

ScienceDirect

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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing and scientific committees of CNRIG2016

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88 Enza Vitale et al. / Procedia Engineering 158 ( 2016 ) 87 – 91

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