أثر تدريس أنشطة إثرائية في وحدة العضوية من مادة علوم الطبيعة والحياة على تنمية الدافعية للإنجاز والقدرة على التفكير الابتكاري

(1)

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ : ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝ ، ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻴ ﻥ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ لﺌﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺭﺨﺯ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ، ﻫﺭﻭﺩﻘﻤﺒ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻡ ﺢﻔﺼـﺘ ﺎﻀـﻴﺃ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ، ﻥـﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﻀـﻫ ﻀﻭﻭ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻊ ، ﺘﺎﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻬ ﻡ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﻬﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﻴ ﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﻭ ﺎﻨﺎﻤﺯ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡ ، ﻘﻓﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺩ ﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﺴﺎﻤﺤ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﺩﺤﻭ ﻑﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﻬﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﻊﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ ، ﺫـﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕـﻠﻌﺘ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ . .. ﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺔﻠﺒ ﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎ ﺍ ﺘﺴ ﻴ ﺎـﻤ ﺏﺎﻌ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ، ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﻁ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻻﻭ ، ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺱﻭﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝ ، ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﻭ ، " ﻝ ﺓﺩـﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﻔﺼﻭﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ )" ﻱﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ، 2008 (، ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻲﻔﻀـﻤﻝﺍ لـﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻤﻤ ﺩﻘﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻬﺘﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺫﻴﻤ ﻡ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ، ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩـﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻭ ﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻡ ، ﻫﺭﺎﻌﺸ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ﻡ " ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺎﻴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺤﺭﺃ " ، ﻡﻫﻭ ﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﻥﻭ ﺔـﻅﺤﻝ ﺭﺒﺼـﻝﺍ ﻍﺭﺎﻔﺒ ﻤ ﻬﺘﺭﺩﺎﻐ ﻡ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﻘﻤ ، ﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻴ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻭﺃ لﺼﺤ ﺎﻤﺒ ، ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺫﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺍﻭﺩ ، ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻱﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ) 2008 ( ﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 100 ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ﺍ ﻼﺠﺴﻤ ﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ لﺼﻴﻻ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒ ﺴ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻯﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ) 34 ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ﺍ (. ﻭ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺘﻻ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺤﻭ ، ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻲﻫ لﺒ ﻲـﻓ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻼﺒ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺇ ﺭﻴﻴﺭﺩﻻ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ، ﻰﻝ " ﻕﺎـﻁﻨ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕﻘﺒﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺩﺠ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ، ﺍﻭ ﺭـﻴﻏﻭ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻲﺘﻝ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺸﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ – ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺄﺘﻠﻝ – ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﻨﻋ ، ﺎﻴـﻀﺭﻤ ﻼﺤ ﺕﻗﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺍﻭﺩﺒﻴﻻ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺩﻌﺒ ) " ﻱﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ، 2008 : 06 .( ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺱﻴﻗﺍﻭﻨ ﺕﻗﺩ ﺤﻤ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻗﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺫ لﺸـﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻁﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ... ﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻭ ﺀﺎ ﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻗ ، ﺍ ﺱﻔﻨـﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺘﺠ ، ﺓﺀﺍﺭـﻗ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ، ﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻥـﻤ لﻜ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﺭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻁﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤ ، ﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻬﺸ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤ ﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺩﺎﻬﺘﺠﻻ ، ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ، ﻪﺘﻠﺼ ﻱﻭﻘﺘﻭ

(2)

ﺎﻤﻬﺒﺤﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺎﺒ ، ﻡﺩﺨﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ، ﻥـﻤ لﻌﻝﻭ ﻡـﻫﺃ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﻙـﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ . ﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ، ﺕﻌﻀﺨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺤﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸـﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺕﺒﺜﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﺠ ، ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺕـﻴﻘﻝ ﺩـﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺎﻨﺎﺴﺤﺘﺴﺍ . ﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻩﺩﻋﺃ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺃ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ) ﻥﻴﺎﺸﺘ ﺭﻭﻴﻓ ( ﻡﺎﻋ 1980 ﻑﺩـﻬﻴ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻝ ، ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴﻭ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌ ، ﻴﺭﻤﺘﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﻁﺸـﻨﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻨ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ، ﻭ ﺭﻴﺩـﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻓﻭﻭ ﺢﻴﺤﺼـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺩـﻋﻹﺍ ﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺘﻴ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﺒ . ) لﻓﻭﻨ ﺭﻜﺒ ، 2008 : 48 . ( ﺍﺩﺤ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﺜ ﻬﻌﻀﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻋﺭﺎﺴ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺎ ﺯﻴﺤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻊـﺴﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ) ﻡﻌﻨـﻤﻝﺍ ﺩـﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﺩـﻴﺭﺩﻝﺍ ، 2004 : 306 ( ، لـﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩ ﻭﻤﻨ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ لﺍﺯﻻ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ، ﺕﺎـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﻓ ﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺯﺎﻤ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷ ﺎـﻬﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻝ ﺎـﻤﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻡﻌﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻴﺭﺩﻝﺍ ) 2004 ( ، ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺭﺼـﺤﻨﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻴـﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ، ﻊﺒﺘﺘﻤﻝﺎـﻓ ﻥﺄﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻴ ﻫﺩﺠ ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻫﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻗﻭﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻔﻝ ﺕﺼﺼﺨ ﺏﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎ ، ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺎﺒ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﻤ ، ﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺕﺎـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻫ ﻥ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ) ﻱﻭﺎﻨﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﺕﻔﻋ ، 2000 ( ﺎﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﺕﺼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺃ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺭﺜ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ، ﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻗﻭﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻼﻁﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤ ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ . ﺩﺩﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﺕﺼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺃ ﺭـﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺭﺜ ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻫﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻗﻭﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ، ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻱﻭﺫ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻜ ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻜ ) ﺵﻭﻴﺭﺩ ﻥﺒ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ، 2008 ( ﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺝﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﻭﺴﺎﺤ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺔﻁﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ، ﻯﺩﻝ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ) ﺎﻀﺭ ﺩﻴﻌﺴـﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺴﻤ ، 2005 ( ﺞﻤﺎـﻨﺭﺒ ﻥـﻤ ﺕﺍﺫـﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻲﺴﺍ .. . ﺩﻘﻝ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﻅﺤ ﻥﻴﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ، ﺕـﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ

(3)

ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﺴﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ) ﻱﺭﻭﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ، 2008 : 617 ( . ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ، ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻋ ﺔﺤﺴﻓ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ، ﻭـﺠ ﻥـﻤ ﻪﻠﻘﻨﺘ ﻻﺍ ﻑﻭـﺴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻯﺭﻴﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝ ﻲﺜﻼﺜ لﻜ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘﻴ ، ﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓﻭﺃ ﺔﻨ ، ﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺯﺎﺠﺇ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭـﺒﻝ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻪﺘﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻓﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺓﺯﺎﺠﺇﻭ ، ﻲـﻬﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ لﺒﺴ ﺯﺯﻌﺘ ، ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺯﺘﻭ ﺎـﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻙﻝﺫـﺒ ﻲـﻫﻭ ﺍ ﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻯﻭ ﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻤـﺴ ﻲ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺈﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻩﺩﻴﻜﺄ ، ﺩـﻗﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺔﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﻲﻫﻭ لﻭﺼﻓ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔـﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ، ﻑﺍﺩـﻫﻷﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜـﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻭ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ، ﻥﻤﻀـﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ : ﺔﻁﺸـﻨﻷﺍ ﻡﻭـﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ، ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ، ﺎﻬﺘﻻﺎﺠﻤ ، ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻜﺸﺃ ، ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺯﻴﻤﻤ ، ﺎـﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ، ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩـﻫﺃ ، ﺎﻫﺫـﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﺕﺎـﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ، ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒ ﻕﺭﻁ ، ﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ، ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، ﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺽﺭﻌﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻬﺘﺴ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺍ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﻱﺫﻝ ﺔـﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻫ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، ﻡﺜ ﺍ لﻘﺘﻨ ﺇ ﻰﻝ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ﻭ ﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻭ ﺎﻬ ﺎـﻫﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ، لﺼـﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀـﺘﻭ ﻀﺭﻋ ﺎ ﺯﺠﻭﻤ ﺍ ﻝ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ﺔـﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺘ ، ﻭ ﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺄﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﺘﺨ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗ ، ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻁـﺒﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻺﻝ ﺔـﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﺎـﺠﻨ لﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ) ﻷﺍ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜ ( . ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺙﻴﺤ لﺼـﻔﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲـﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻻﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺈﺒ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻰﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻨﻴ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ – ﻱﺩـﻋﺎﺒﺘ ﻭ ﻲﺒﺭﺎـﻘﺘ – ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤﻴﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ، ﺇ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺜ ﻱﺩﻋﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝ ) ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ( ، ﻪﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ، ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ، ﻪﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ، ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺽﻌﺒ ، ﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻪﺘ ، ﻪﺴﺎﻴﻗ ، ﺔـﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻪـﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻺﻝ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ .

(4)

ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﻝ ﺹﺼﺨ ﻹ ﻀﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻴﺀﺯﺠ ﻥﻤ . ﻲـﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻝ ﻪﻨﻤ لﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻁﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠ ، ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻊﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ : ﻝ ﺎﺼﺼﺨ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺽﺭﻌ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺙـﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ، ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺽﺭﻋﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻕﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

(5)

ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ

(6)

ﻔﻝﺍ

ـ

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼ

ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ

(7)

2 . ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ : ﻪﺒ ﻱﺩﺎﻨﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺔـﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝ ، ﻜﻭ ـ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺍﺫ ، ﻤ ـ ﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥ ـ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻲ ، ﻤﺘﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ـ ﻥﻴ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻓﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺤﻨﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ، ﻴ ﻥﻴﺫـﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩـﻜﺅ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﻭﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ . ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫ ، ﺎﺜﺈﺒ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، " ﻺﻝ ﻊﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺯﺎـﺠﻨ ﻪﺒ ﻥﻴﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻼﻤﺎﻋ ، ﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻼﻝ ﻊﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ، ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﺴ ﻲﻓ ، ﺎﻫﺩﻴﻜﻭﺘﻭ ، ﺎـﻤ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﺍﺫﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻩﺯﺠﻨﻴ ، ﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻘﻘﺤ ، لﻀﻓﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ، ﻡـﻅﻋﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴـﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝ " ) ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨ ، 2000 : 16 ( ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺎﻌﻓ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻠﺴ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺘﺴ ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻜﻴﺭﺤﺘﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻭ ﺔـﻴﺎﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ، ﺫﺇ ﻪﻨﺃ " ﻊﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ، ﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ لﺠ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ " ) ﺭﺌﺎﺜ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﻏ ، 2008 : 49 ( ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ " ﺏـﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻻ ﺯﻔﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ، ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺸﺍﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺯﻔﺤ ﺃ ﻡﻬﻤﻠﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺩﺤ ، ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺭﺎﺘﺨﻴ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ " ) ﻑﻭﻜﺁ ل لﺴﺍﺭ ، 2008 : 36 ( ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻨﺈﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍﻭ ﺨﻤﺒ ﻪﻝﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻑﻠﺘ ، ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ " ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻌ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍﻭ " ) ﻡﻴﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺴﻨﻤ ، 1987 : 1 ( . ﺘﻫﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺎﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﺎﻤ " ﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺭـﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ) ﻡﻌﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻴﺭﺩﻝﺍ ، 2004:299 ( ﻥﻤ ﻭ " ﺔـﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎـﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺭﻝ ) ﺭﻴﺩﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﺭﻜ ، 2008 : 67 ( . ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻘﺌﺍﺭﻁﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ، ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺎـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻤﺎﻫ " ﻌﻓﺍﺩﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻴ ﺔـﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻴﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ " ) ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺴ ﻲﺸﻭﻠﺒﻝﺍ ، 2009 : 75 ( ، ﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻴﺤﻠﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺤﺤﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻼﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ، ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﻥﻤ ، ﺏﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻁﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﺌﺍﺭﻁﻭ .

(8)

ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ، ﻥﻴﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺹﻴﺨﻠﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ، ﻱﺭـﻅﻨ ﺏـﻨﺎﺠ ، ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻭ ، ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ : ﺃ . ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ : ﺃ -1 . ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﺍ ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸـﻨﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫ ، ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻲ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺏﺴﺤ ، ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ . ﺃ -2 . ﻤﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ، ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺹﻴﺨﻠﺘ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺓﺯﺭﺒﻤ ، ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺔـﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔـﻤﺩﺨ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻠﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻐﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ . ﺃ -3 . ﻤﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﺘﺴ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺭﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ، ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ، ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ، ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﻪﻜﺴﻤﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ، ﻲﻌﺴـﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ . ﺃ . ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ : ﺏ -1 . ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻓﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﻔﺘ ، ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ، ﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻤﻀﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻤ ، ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺏ -2 . لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻐﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﻔﺘ ، ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ لﻴﻬﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ، ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ، ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ، ﻴﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻼﻁ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺎﺼﺎﺨ ﺎﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺎﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﻭﺸ ، ﻲﺴـﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻔﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﻴﺯﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺭﺴﻴﺒ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﻠﻫﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﺔـﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺏـﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻬﺠ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻥ ، ﻲﻘﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻴﺩﻋﺎﺒﺘ ﺍﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ . 3 . ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ : ﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻕﻴﻘﺤ :

(9)

1.3 . ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ : ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﻔﻨـﻝﺍ ﻡـﻠﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺞﻤﺎـﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺫـﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺙﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ . 2.3 . ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ : ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻭﺎﺤﻴ : ﺃ. ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺠ ﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ . ﺃ ﻥﻠﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ . ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﺔﻝﺎﺼﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ . ﺏ . ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙ ﻺﻝ ﻪﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ . ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ . ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ . ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ . ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ . ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ . ﺕ . ﻭﻤﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻀ . 2 . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ : ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻬﺸﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ، ﻱﺭـﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺘﺴـﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﺘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ، ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻤ

(10)

ﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻔﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘ لﺒﺴ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﺘﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺠﻭﻏ ، ﺍﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﻩﺭﻜﻓﻭ ﻪﻠﻘﻌﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻴﻝ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﻨ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ، ﻪﺘﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻪـﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻭ ﻪﺴـﻔﻨﻝ ﺔﻌﻓﺎﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺫﺒﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺽﺭﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ، ﻙﺎﻨﻫ لﺍﺯﻻ ﺒﻜ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﻴ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﺇ لﺒﻗ ﻡﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻭﻬﻨﻴ ، ﺅﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺩﻜ " ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺩﺍﺭﻤ ﻥﺒ ) 2006 ( ﺒ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻴﻭﻨﺴ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﻐﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄ 400 ﻰـﻝﺍ 500 ﺫـﻴﻤﻠﺘ ﻑـﻝﺃ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻭ ، ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﺍﻭﻠﻤﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ لﺒﻗ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ، ﻥﺃﻭ 30 % ﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﻤ ﻥﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻡ 11 ﻭ 14 ﺔﻨﺴ ." ) ﺔﻨﻤﺁ ﻥﻴﺴﺎﻴ ، 2007 ( ، ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﺩـﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ، ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﻱﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ) 2008 ( ، ﺎﻬﻠﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺭﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﻀﺍﺭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﺎﻤﻤ ، ﻥـﻤ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌ ، ل لﺴﺍﺭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺏﺘﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ . ﻍﺭﺒﻨﻴﺭﻏ لﻴﻴﻨﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻑﻭﻜﺁ ) 2009 ( ـﺒ ﻲﻤﺴ ﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜ ) ﺱﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺒﻘﻋ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ، ﺢﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ( ، ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﻫﺎﻀﺭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﺒﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ . ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﺇ ، ﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎ ﺏﻫﺄﺘ ﺼﻗ ﻯﻭ ﻡﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻅﻨ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻡﺎ ، ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ " ﻥﻭﻁﺭﺨﻨﻴ ﻤﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺎ ﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝ )" ل لﺴﺍﺭ . ﻍﺭﺒﻨﻴﺭﻏ لﻴﻴﻨﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻑﻭﻜﺁ ، 2009 : 259 ( ، ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ لﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺼ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ، ﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﺴﺭ ، ﺔﻴﺎـﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺱﺭﻜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﻪﻋﺍﺩﺒﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﻴﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻬ ، ﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻠﻝﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻔﺨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﺝﺎﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁﻭ ، ﺢﺘﻔﻴﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻬﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺏﺎﺒ ﻪﻤﺎﻤﺃ ، ﻨﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺔـﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻤﻜ ﻪﺘﺴﻤﻝ ﺀﺎﻔﻀﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻪ ، ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﺎﻨﻴﺤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺴﻭﻴﻓ ، ﺭﺨﺁ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻕﻤﻌﻴﻭ ، لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻨﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ، ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻭ ، ﻪﻌﻤﺠﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻴﻭ ، ﺎﻤﻭﺯﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻯﺃﺭ ﻰﺘﻤ . ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍﻭ ﺝﺭﺩـﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺍﺯﺍﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ، ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ " ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﺘﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍﻭ ﻕﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺫﺎﺠ ) " ﻅﻓﺎﺤ ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ، 1998 : 114 ( ، ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍﻭ ، ﻪـﻨﻷ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻻﻭﺒﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ لﻗﺃ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺓﻭـﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﺎـﻘﻨﺒ ﺭﻴﺼﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ، ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅـﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ، ﻡـﻬﺌﻼﻤﺯ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻭﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴـﻴ ﻥﻴﻴﺩﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻫﻭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﺭﺒﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺘ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻋﺍﺩﺒﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼ .

(11)

ﻪﻴﺭﺴﻴ ﺭﻜﺫﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺘﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻤﻝﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ) 1997 ( ﺔـﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺎﻨﺎﻤﻴﺇ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ، ﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﺼﻗﺄﺒ ﺩﺭﻔ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻭﻴﻤﻭ ﻪﻝ ﻪﺘﺍﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ ) ﺭﻭﻨ ﻲﺤﺠﺍﺭﻝﺍ ، 2005 : 55 .( ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ، ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻴﺩـﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻜ ) 1998 ( ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻲﻔﻴﺼ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺭﺜ ﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎـﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﻲﻋﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍ ﺭﻴ ﺇ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴ ، ﺘﻨ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻭﻤﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺠﺌﺎ ﻡﻬﺠﺌﺎـﺘﻨ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﻝﺍ ) ﻱﺭﻭﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ، 2008 : 619 ( ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﺔﻋﻭﺭ ) 2006 ( ﺕﻓﺩـﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼ ﺍ ﺭـﻴﻜ ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺒﻻ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻫﻭﻤﻠﻝ ، ﺃ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺼﻠﺨ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻼﻋﺎﻓ ﺍ ﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻ ل ) ﻡﻠﻴﻭﺴ ﻥﺒ ﺯﻴﺎﻓ ، 2008 : 70 ( ، ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﺒﻴﺠ ) 1998 ( ﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒ ﺭﺜ ﻤﻠﻋ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺞﻤﺎﻨ ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺀﺎﺼـﻘﺘﺴ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ، ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺎـﺒ ﻡﺎـﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻥـﻤ لﺎﻋ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻝ ﺍﻭﻌﻀﺨﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ) ﻱﺭﻭﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ، 2008 : 619 ( . ﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻡﻭـﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺩﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴ ، ﻥﺎﻋﺭﺴ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ لﻤﺸ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺕﺘﺒﺜﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺨﺃ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺫ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ، ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﻜ ، ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ... ﺦﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻭـﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﻘﻘﺤﻭ ، ﻙﻝﺫـﻜﻭ ﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻔﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺕﺼﺼﺨ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﺄﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻫﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻗﻭ ، ﻡـﻝ ﻥـﻜﻝﻭ ﻥﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻔﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌـﺼ ﻱﻭﺫ ﺔﺌ ﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡ ، ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻝﺍ ، ﻴﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻓﻭ ﻥ ، لﺍﺩ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﺘﺒﺜﺃﻭ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ، ﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝ ، ﺔـﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ، ﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘ . ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺇ ، ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻔﻨﺁ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ، ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍﻭ " ﻴﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻥ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻡﻬﺘﺒﻠﻁ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ "

(12)

) ﺩﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻓﺍﻭﺼ ، 2008 : 03 ( ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ لﻴﺼﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻊﻓﺭﺘﻭ ، ﻯﺭﺘ ﺫﺇ ﺭﻴﺩﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﺭﻜ ) 2008 ( ﺍﺭـﺜﺇ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺭﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺩﺎـﻤﻝﺍ ﺀ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴـﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ) ﺭﻴﺩـﺒ ﻥﺎـﻤﻴﺭﻜ ، 2008 : 67 ( . ﺘﻻ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﺠﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ، ﺭﺜﺃ ﻲﺼﻘﺘ ﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴـﻠﻝ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﺭ ، ﻺﻝ ﺔـﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺎـﺠﻨ . ﻫ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻪﺤﺭﻁ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍﻭ ــ ﻭ : لﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺭ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ، ﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺎـﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜ ، ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻺﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ، ﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻭ ؟ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻ ﻴﻭ ﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻥﻴﻝﺍﺅﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻉﺭﻔﺘ ﻼﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﻴ ﻥ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ : 1 . ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : لﻫ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ـﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎـﺜﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ﻫ ﻉﺭﻔﺘﻴﻭ ـ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ ﻝﺇ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ـ لـﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺔـﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻰ ﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ـ ﻲ : 1.1 . لﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﺭﻭﻌﺸـﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ 2.1 . لﻫ ﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭ ﻭـﺤﻨ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ 3.1 . لﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ـ ﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰ ﺓﺭﺒﺎـﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ

(13)

4.1 . لﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ 5.1 . لﻫ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻁﻴـﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ 2 . ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : لﻫ ﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌ ﺍ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻ ﻫ ﻉﺭﻔﺘﻴﻭ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ – ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻝﺎﺼﻷﺍ -ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ : 1.2 . لﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ـ ﺔـﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ 2.2 . لﻫ ﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ـ ﺔـﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ 3.2 . لﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﺫـﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ـ ﻋ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰ ﺔﻝﺎـﺼﻷﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻠ ؟ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ 2 . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ : ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﺕﻐﻴﺼ ﺘﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﺎ ﻥ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻨﺎـﻤﺜﻭ ﻲ ﺔـﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺕﺎﻴـﻀﺭﻓ ﻫﻭ ـ ﻲ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ : 1.2 . ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ

(14)

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ لﻜﻜ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ . ﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻉﺭﻔﺘﺘﻭ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ﺔـﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﺕﺎﻴـﻀﺭﻓ ﺱـﻤﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻫﻭ ــ ﻲ : 1.1.2 . ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫـﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎـﺜ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﻲﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . 2.1.2 . ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫـﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎـﺜ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، ﺤﻨ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﻲﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ . 3.1.2 . ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫـﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎـﺜ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ، ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، ﺓﺭﺒﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﻲﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . 4.1.2 . ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫـﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎـﺜ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﻲﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . 5.1.2 . ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫـﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎـﺜ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ

(15)

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ، ﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ ، لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻝ ﻲﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . 2.2 . ﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ) ﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀـﻝﺍ ﺔ ( ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜﻜ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ . ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻉﺭﻔﺘﺘﻭ ، ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻻﺍ ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺒ ﺙﻼـﺜ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻓ ـ ﻲ : 1.2.2 . ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ : ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀـﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﻱ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﻝ . 2.2.2 . ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ) ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀـﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﻱ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﻝ . 3.2.2 . ﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺔﻝﺍﺩ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ) ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ )ﺍ ﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝ ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻀـﻝﺍ ﺔ ( ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﻱﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﺔﻝﺎﺼﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﻝ . 4 . ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ : 1.4 . ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ : ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺞﻤﺎـﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻀـﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﻕﻤﻌﺘ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫـﺠ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ

(16)

ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻁﻁﺨﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤ ، ﺔـﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺒﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭﺃ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ لﻴﻝﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻗﺭ ﻕﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ) 03 . ( ﻭ ﻹﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﻐﻝ ﺓﺩﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ : ﻡﺎﻗﺭﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺘﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﻗﻭ ، ﻲﻠﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﻴـﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﺩـﻨﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻀﺎﻴﺭ . -ﺏﻠﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﻡﻠﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﻋ . -ﻲﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺵﻼﻓ ﺽﺭﻋ . -ﻲﺒﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ . -ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﻋﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺽﺭﻋ . -ﻴﺒﻴ ﺵﻼﻓ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻥ . ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜ . -ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﻡﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﺽﺭﻋ . 3.4 . ﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨ : ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘﻝ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ، ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺓﺭﺒﺎـﺜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﻪﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜ ، ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ، لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ) ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨ ، 2000 : 96 ( . ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴﻭ : ﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱ -ﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴ ﺔﻔﻴﻠﺨ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻌﻝ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ : ﺃ. ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ : ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ . ﺏ . ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺡﻭﻤﻁ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ : ﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕ . ﺓﺭﺒﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ : ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴ .

(17)

ﺙ . ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ : ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ . ﺝ . لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ : ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ 5.4 . ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻ : ﺭﻴﺸﻴﻭ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺘﺍﻭﺸﻨ (1998) ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺍﻭﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻔﻠﻴﺠ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻻﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ، ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻡـﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘﻭ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ : ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺼﻷﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ) ﻲﺘﺍﻭﺸﻨ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ، 1998 ، 136 .( ﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ : ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸـﻤ ﻉﺫـﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎـﺜ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻋ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠ ـﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒ ) ﷲﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺩﻴﺴ . ( ﺃ. ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺔﻗﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ . ﺏ . ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ : ﻥـﻤ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴـﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴ . ﺕ . ﻝﺎﺼﻷﺍ ﺔ : ﻥـﻤ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴـﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺼﻷﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ 6.4 . ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ : ﺔﻨﺴـﻠﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﺫﺠ ﻯﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ، ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ : ﺃ. ﻲﻠﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺠﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺏ . ﻲﻠﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺝ . ﻲﻨﻭﻤﺭﻬﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝﺍ