UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC
À
TROIS-RIVIÈRES
INTÉGRA TION DE DIVERSES CONDITIONS DE FONCTIONNEMENT DANS
L'IDENTIFICATION EN TEMPS RÉEL ET LA GESTION ÉNERGETIQUE D'UN
VÉHICULE
À
PILE
À
COMBUSTIBLE
THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE
COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU
DOC TORA T EN GÉNIE ÉLECTRIQUE
PAR
MOHSEN KANDIDA YENl
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
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UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC
À
TROIS-RIVIÈRES
INTEGRA TING V ARIOUS OPERA TING CONDITIONS INTO REAL-TIME
IDENTIFICA TION AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF A FUEL CELL VEHICLE
A THESIS PRESENTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BY
MOHS EN KANDIDA YENI
MAY 2020
III
UNIVERSITÉ
DU
QUÉBEC
À
TROIS-RIVIÈRES
DOCTORAT
EN GENIE ÉLECTRlQUE (Ph.D.)
Direction de recherche:
Loïc
Boulon
directeur
de recherche
Sousso
Kelouwani
codirecteur
de
recherche
Jury d'évaluation
Nadia Yousfi Steiner
évaluateur externe (Université de Franche-Comté)
Kamal Al-Haddad
évaluateur externe (École
de
technologie supérieure)
François Nougarou
président du
jury (Université
du
Québec à Trois-Rivières)
Loïc
Boulon
directeur de recherche
(Université
du
Québec à Trois-Rivières)
Sousso
Kelouwani
codirecteur
de recherche
(Université
du
Québec à Trois-Rivières)
IV
UNIVERSITÉ
DU
QUÉBEC
À
TROIS-RIVIÈRES
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (Ph.D.)
Research Supervision:
Loïc Boulon
research director
Sousso Kelouwani
research co-director
Evaluation jury
Nadia Y ousfi Steiner
external evaluator (Université de Franche-Comté)
Kamal AI-Haddad
external evaluator (École de technologie supérieure)
François Nougarou
jury president (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières)
Loïc Boulon
research director (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières)
Sousso Kelouwani
research co-director (Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières)
v
Abstract
The autonomy and
lifetime ofa fuel
cell
hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) depend on the
design of an appropriate energy
management strategy (EMS)
,
which
is normally premised
on the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel
cell (FC) mode!. However, dependency ofthe
PEMFC
energetic
performance on
its operating conditions and
impact of aging
have made
the design
of a
precise model immensely
complicated.
In
this respect,
a new paradigm has
been proposed to avoid the complex modeling ofPEMFCs
.
The idea is to integrate an online
PEMFC model identification into the
EMS
loop to use updated models
with close
performance to reality. Driven by this motivation, this thesis is meant
to contribute to the
integration
of such online
modeling into the design
of EMSs.
In
this respect
,
firstly
,
the
potential of
EMS adaptation
into PEMFC performance drifts
and systemic management is
investigated in terms
of fuel economy.
After indicating the importance of the hypothesis,
a
benchmark problem is conducted to select a suitable multi-input PEMFC model and an online
identification method. Moreover, the
challenges
regarding the initialization
of
the
identification methods are investigated. However, this analysis only deals
with the
electrical
side of the
FC generator while
PEMFC is
a
multiphysics
system with
multi inputs
and
outputs
.
Therefore
,
next,
a concurrent
temperature
and current
management
strategy
is
developed to
consider
the PEMFC as a complete system and
not just an electric generator.
The main objective is to
enhance the
efficiency of
the system, while supplying the requested
power, by choosing the right combination ofreference temperature and current levels through
an
updatable 3D power map. The last stage of
this
work copes with the incorporation of
the
above-mentioned phases into the design of an EMS. The
necessity of updating the PEMFC
model
whi
l
e
designing
an EMS as weil as
the influence
of the
discussed
simultaneous
systemic
management
over
the
efficiency
upgrade
of a FCHEV are
thoroughly
scrutinized
in this phase. The experimental outcomes of this thesis indicate that the performance drifts
occurred
in
a FC system can cause considerable mismatches on the operation of a FCHEV
and they can be avoided by using the proposed online PEMFC model in the first stage ofthis
work.
Moreover
,
the put forward
concurrent management in
the second
phase can enhance
the fuel
economy of a FCHEV up to
almost four percent in the tested driving cycles.
VI
Acknowledgement
Undertaking
this PhD has been
a truly
life-changing
experience for
me,
and
it
would
not
have been possible
without
the
support and guidance
that
1 received from
many people.
Firstly,
1
would
like to
express my sincere gratitude
to my
supervisor
Prof.
Loïc
Boulon
for
the
continuous support of
my PhD
study and
related research
,
for his patience
,
motivation
,
and
immense knowledge. Moreover
,
1
would
like to
say a sincere
thanks to my
co-supervisor
Prof.
Sousso
Kelouwani. His
guidance
helped me in
ail the time of research and w
r
iting of
this
thesis
.
1 could not have imagined having
a
better
supervisor and co-supervisor for
my
PhD
study.
Besides my
supervisors
,
1
would
like
to thank
the rest
of
my thesis
committee:
Prof.
Kamal
AI-Haddad,
Prof
.
Nadia
Yousfi Steiner,
and
Prof.
François Nougarou, for
their
insightful
comments and encouragement.
My
sincere
thanks
also go
to Prof. Hicham
Chaoui, who
provided me
with an opportunity
to join his team
as
intem,
and who gave access
to the laboratory
and
research
facilities.
l
gratefully acknowledge the funding
rece
i
ved from Fonds
de
recherche
du Québec
-Nature
et
technologies
(FRQNT),
a granting agency of
the Quebec
govemment
,
which
enabled
me
to
do my PhO
without financial concems.
A very special
thanks
to
my
fellow
labmate
(Alvaro
Macias)
for
the
stimulating
discussions, for the
sleepless
nights
we were working
together before deadlines
,
and
for
ail
the fun we had in the last three
years.
1
also thank ail my friends
in
the
Institut de recherche
sur
l'hydrogène
(IRH) who were always so
helpful in numerous
ways.
My heartfelt thanks to my lovely
wife who
has been by my
side
throughout this PhD,
living
every single
minute of it,
and without
her, 1
would
not have had the
courage
to
embark
on
this joumey in the first place.
Last but not the least
,
1
would
Iike to thank my family to
whom
1
am
indebted
ail
my
success:
my parents, my brothers,
and
my
sisters
for
supporting
me
spiritually
throughout
my life
from
the first step until now.
VII
Table of Contents
Abstract
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Acknowledgement ...
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Table of Contents ...
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List of Figures .
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Chapter
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Chapter 2 -
The significance of
performance drifts and thermal
management
consideration
in
energy management strategy design ... 20
2
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Article 1: Investigating the Impact of Aging
and Thermal
Management of
a Fuel Cel!
System in
Energy
Management Strategies
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Chapter
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recursive filters
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online
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estimation
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4.2 Article
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Benchmark of proton
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4.3 Enhancing the Performance of Kalman Filter for Online Identification
of a Fuel
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Semi-Empirical Model
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4.3
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1 Methodology
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4.3
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Synopsis of the results analysis
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4.4 Conclusion
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Chapter 5 - Systemic management of a fuel
cell system and
its inclusion into a
real-time
energy
management
strategy
design
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5.1
Introduction ...
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5.1 Article 4:
Efficiency Enhancement of
an Open
Cathode
Fuel
Cell
through a Systemic Management ...
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5.1.1 Methodology
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5.1.2 Synopsis of the results analyses
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5.2 Article 5:
Efficiency
Upgrade ofHybrid
Fuel
Cel! Vehicles'
Energy
Management
Strategies
by Online Systemic Management of Fuel
Cel!
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Conclusion ...
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Chapter 6 - Conclusion
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6.1 Recommendations for future directions ... 128
6.1.1 Th
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use
of online estimation strategies in the
de
s
ign of energy
management
strategies for fuel cell
hybrid
electric vehicles
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6.1.2 The
notion
of adopting a
s
ystemic approach for
developing
multi-dimensional
energy
management
strategies
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6
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1.3
Machine
learning-based
algorithms for online state estimation
of the
PEMFC
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1.4
Improving the performance of passive coupling-based
powertrains in
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Refer
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Appendix A -
Résumé
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A
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A.2 Contribution
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Résultats
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A
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5.1 Article
1:
lnvestigatin
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the
Impact
of Aging and Thermal
Management of a Fuel Cell Sy
s
tem in
Energy Management
Strategie
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A
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5.2 Article
2:
Overview
a
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analysis of
fuel
cell
parameters
estimation for energy
management purposes
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A.5.3
Article 3:
Benchmark
of
proton
exchange
m
e
mbrane fuel
cell
parameter
s
extraction
with
metaheuri
st
ic
optimization
algorithms ...
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164
A.5.4 Article 4
: Efficiency Enhancement ofan Open Cathode Fuel Cell
through
a Systemic Management..
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A
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Effic
iency
Upgrade of Fuel Cell
Hybrid
Vehicles
Energy
Management
Strategies
by
Online
Systemic
Management
of Fuel Cell ...
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A.5.6 Article 6: Comparative Analysis of Two Online
Identification
Algorithms in
a Fuel Cell System
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A.5.7 Article 7: An
Onlin
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Energy
Managem
e
nt
Strategy for a Fuel
CelllBattery
Vehicle
Considering
the Driving Pattern
and
Performance Drift Impacts
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Appendix B
-
Article 6
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Methodolo
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B.3
Synopsis of
the results
analyses ...
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B.4
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Appendix
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XII
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XIII
