Study on Optimum Conditions for Diesel Spill Removal Application by a Natural
Resource - Peat
by XiaoJIANG
A thesis submitted to TheFacultyofEngineeringand Applied Science
in partialfulfillmentofthe requirements forthedegree of
Master ofEngineering in CivilEngineering
inthe fie ldof EnvironmentalEngineering MemorialUniversity of Newfoundland
Abstract
Thebalancebetwe enenergydemandandtheconservationofnatural resourcesis allo rldll ideissue that people hm e been l'Onl'rontedllith tllroler a thousand yearsand willcontinuetobe an issuefill'luturcgenerations.Consequentl ythe environmenthas been more or lessdestroyedb~humanactivitieswitl:the boom orindustrial izat ion and moderni zati onespeciallyfornon-renewablenatu ralresou rces,l.nvironmcrual problems suchasincrcasi ng gloha lpop ulation .wuterrcsource shortage.grccnhouscgascmixxion and oilspills havepersistedduetotheunlimited human demands0n obviouslylimitcd naturalresources.
Contamination duetodischarges from vario us manufacturingout fi tsand environment aldegrad ationdue toexploration andotherassocia tedhi ghl~econom ic human activitieshaveresulted inconsistentpollut ionprobkmsrequiringurgentalten tion.
Many oilcleun-uptreatme ntshavebeendeveloped and provedtobe effectivebllth in the luborarory undrealsituatiunsvhut thefactorial unalysix of dicsdren1l1 lalap plil"atilln underdifferent weatherandwater environmentsmight beanell researchfield.This studyisbased on the idea ofusin gpeat asan cnvironmcmnlly I'riend ly mater ialIIitheas~
applica tionIIIdean up dicscl -cuntaminatcdIIaterfromlrcsh«utcr bodie sespel' i all ~lakes and riverswithlOll waterturbulence.
Anexperim enta lwaterenvironment lias simulated usingvariedimpactfacto rs sUl'hasllaler temperalllre.llaterturbulenl'e anda dded diesel l'o!ume.A200ml.bl'aker liasplacedina 21. l'uboid tankwhichliasfilledwith icccubestorealizethesimulation (forthosecombinat ionswith-t"C),1\75ml.sampleofla kewateranddiesellias added
tothebeakerto simulatethe waterbod y.the21.cuboid tank\\astilledwith icc cubesand athcnnomcter wusinsertedtlladjusttheenviro nmentaltemperatureunderselected combinations.Two types ofpeat (pllllrlyhumificd und highlyhumificd)were appliedon simulatedcontaminated water\\ithdifferentcombinationsorlactorsthat could have an effecton therema ining Total Petro leuml lydrocarbous(T l' Hs)in the water. Ti' l 1 analysis\\asconductedinthe laborat oryorMaxxamAnalytic Inc..St. Johns.Optimum externa lcond itionsand bothflouringund disxnlvcd oi!rcmovulctfic icncyw ercanalyzcd undobtaincd.
Peatshowed a high adsorbingabilityasitcould adsorbdieselat least 2.6 timesits we igluin water.and the dieselremovaleffici ency could be ashighas l)l).l)l)'X,with optimumtreatment cond itions.ExperimentalresultsandstatisticalanalysisusingDes ign l.xpcrt7.0"and Minitab15"showed the optimumcond ition forhighremova l cfficicncy wustoapplyli ne horticulturalpeatrorO.25h which couldrcmovcl)l).l)l)%llrllllating dieseland X2.03%or dissolveddiesel. Theaverage remai ningTI'lIsinthe treated contaminated water under different externa l conditions\\as_'.3mg/L. which\\as conside rably lowerthan theNcw loundlundDisposalLimitindicatedas15mg/L.Short- timeapplication. lowerwaterturbulenceand lowerwatertem peratu re\\eITsuggested tll obta inlowc rrc ma ini ngfPlIs.
This studyanalyzed theoptima l conditionsfor applyingpeatlin thesurfaceof dicscl-contuminatcdwater. Experimen talresultsandana lyses showedthatlow er water turbulenceand "mer water temperaturewereappropriatecond itionslorthe removalof
dicscl byusingpcatandshortcr rcact ionl illlc bctllcc nl hcpcata nd dicscillasprcti:rrcd to obtain lessrcmaining'!P l l in the water.
Thereactionmechanismsbetween functionalgroupson peatparticlesurfaceand oildropletswerenot investigated.Other meteorologicalfacto rssuchaswind and marine lIatcr llcrcnolincludcdinlhc currcntc:-;pcrilllcnl.
Acknow ledge me nts
I wouldnothawbeen able tocompletethis study withoutthe hel p andsupportor anumb.:rof p.:opkand institutions.
Iwould like tothank Dr. CynthiaColes. Associate Professor. Memorial Unive rsity01'1cwloundl and.forhergreat help.financialsupport andcontributionswhile doingthemaster degree.Inthisthree-yearstudy.Dr.Colescontributed her professional knowledge andsc icntifie ideasinsolving practicalproblemsandanalyzingdata.\\hich arc certain lygoingtohe a price lesstreasure toIll': all mylife.Sheexplained the basic motivationor atruestudy andsystematicallyinstructedmeon howtoconductsuch a study.II~rrigorous sc ientific attitudehashad agreateffecton meand willhe a valuable expe rienc elor111~inthe future.
Iwouldlike tothank Mr.Robert Whelan,Manager ofMaxxum Analy ticsInc..St.
Johns.New found land.Icould nothavefinishedthe experimentsandobtained thefinal results\\ ithouthisgreat help.Ilis au itude tosc ience hashad a grc,u effecton me and \\ill makeIll':strive hardnomatterwha: tobe helpfultoothers whenever theyCOI11~my \\ay.
just likehe docs.
Fina lly.Iwouldliketothan kIllyfam ily andfriendsfor thei rsupportthroughout thistime.Yourconstant presence andadvice. whetherwan tedornot.have kept111~go ing when noth ingelse has.WordscannotexpressIllygratitude.
1'0 all thosewhosenamesIleft out. Ioffer Illyapologic»fill'notmentioningyou.
butknowthatlum trulythankful loryo urhelp.
Tabl e of Contents
Abs t ra c t i
Ac knowledg ements iv
List of Tuhles vii
List of Figu res \
Listof Equations vii
ListufAb brcvia tin nsan dAcronyms viii
I Introduction 1
1.1 pca t-anln tr odu ct ion 2
1.2 Worl d OilSp illAccide nts-aBric fRevi ew 2
1.3 Probl em s 3
IA Or g an izat ion o fth c Th csis A
Litera t u re Review 6
2.1 Cu rre ntSit ua t io nofWorl dEnc l·gy 6
2.2 OilSp ill Mechani sm s 11
2.3 MarineandFres hwa rerOilSp ills 11
2.3. 1 i\la ri nc O iIS pi lls 11
2.3.2 Fres hwaterOil Sp ills 13
2A Cenc ra lOilDccou uuu inat iunProcesses 16
2A.1 Phvsi culTrcat me uts 16
2A.2 Ch·cm icaITrcat mcnts 17
2A.3 Othe rTrcu t mc n ts 211
2.5 Pea t 21
2.5.1 PeatClassifi ca tion 22
2.5.2 Peat asaRem o val Agen t fo rVariousCoutu m iuunts 25
2.5.3 Peat ResourcesinNewfou n d lan d 26
2.6 Peat Ap p lie dasan OilSor bc ut. 27
2.7 Coveru mc n tCu idc lincs 21)
2.11 Soft warean dEq ui p me n t 33
2.11.1 Two-leve lFactorial I>cs ign 33
2.11.2 Rc g r cssion Analy sis 36
2.11.3 (;C -FI I> 37
3 i\lct lwds an d l.ah n r u to ry Expc l·imc nt 31)
3.1 Expe r ime nta l Prepa ration 11
3.1.1 pcat 11
3.1.2 Wate ran d l>icscl A2
3.2 Ex pe r ime n ta l Procedure s 3
3.2.1 Prclimimlry Tests 3
3.2.2 Filt r a tio nSvste m 5
3.2.3 Prel imin ary Test andFin d ings A7
3.2A Changes ofPr o cedu r esfo rtheBa t ch Tcsts AII 3.3 Expcr imc n ta lFacto rsan dChoic e ofLevelsfo r Factors AI)
3... InitiallyDissnlvcd Oil Test SI
305 Tt'HsAualvsis S2
3.6
3.6~:at::)~~:~:;
..~.~:.I~.~.r:~ .. 7 (i.;.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~
3.6.2 i\l in ita b IS" S..
.. Resultsand Discussion S6
".1 Peatse p a r a t io n S6
".2 BatchTest Results S7
".3 Com pa r iso n BetweenExpe r ime n ta l Results,GovernmentCr ite r ia and
aRelatedSt udy SS
... Batch Test Analvsis 60
... 1 Ilighly Decomposed Peat 60
... 2 HorticulturalPcnr 6S
".S Oil Removal Efficicncv 7S
".6 Discu ssion : SI
".6.1 OilVo lu m e S2
".6.2 Stirrer Speed S2
".6.3 WaterTcmpcruturc S3
".6'" Reaction Time S3
".6.S Peat Particle and Pent Types S..
".7 Co m pa r iso n between theCu r re n tExpe r im e n t and Previous St ud ies S"
".7 Practical Signiticanccof CnlTcntExperiment SS
Co uc lusio nsaud Recommendation s 90
S.I S.2
REFER E NCE S 93
AP PEN D IXA-I n fo r m a t io n required for oilsp illclean-up IOI
AP PEN D IX B-Expcrlmcntal prcparurion 103
AP PEN D IXC-TPHsdata (0 ..
AP PEN D IX D-ANO VA Table and BasicDefinitionof ANO VA IUS AP PEN D IX E-Model Validation from DcsignExpert7.0" 1IU
List of Tables
Thesis Text
TahlcI-I Ilistoricald ataoroilspilia ccidcnts(IT OI' F.2009 ) .... . ' Tahlc2-1 I'ril11 arycncrgyu sci n var iousrcgions(adaptcdrrol11WI:t\.2( 04) X
Tahlc2-2 COl11 parisonorcleanupproccdurcsal11ong accidcnts IX
Tahlc2-3 Pear classificationaccording10degreeof dccorn position(Ik ngiz ctul.,
2( 09 ) -'.'
Tahlc2-" Dcgrcc o rdc Clll11posilion orp cal hythcVonl'ost"shul11osity(ll)gradc andtheUS SoilTaxonomy system(Bozkurtetal..2000:Wlistclal. . 2(02)..24 Tahlc2-S (;ovcrl1l11c nta lg uidclincsto oild isposal lil11i talion 32 Tahlc3-1 Com pa risonbetweenhorticulturalpcal and highlydccol11poscdpcal..40
Tahlc3·2 Factorsand levelsinFactorialDcsign ofcxperimcnt.. 49
Tahlc3-3 Experime ntalcombinations1'01'Initial Dissolvedoil 52
Tablc u-I Pentparticlesize distribution 56
Tahlc "-2 Halcht cstsrcsults-thc rcl11a iningTl' lls intrcatcd \\astc\\atcrcrtlucnts Dat,11inputrort\ f\JOVt\ol'higlllydccOl:tlposcdpcatunodifi cd1'1'0111 'lhcctfcc tslistolhigillydecomp osedpeat (mo d ifiedfrom Desi gn
Tahlc "-7 RCl11oval cnl cicncy orthc initiallydissolvcdoiltcsts1'01'., 2
combinmions . 77
Tahlc "-S lnitiallvdissolvedoilremoval cfficicncvbvc omhinutions XO Tahlc "·!) COl11p,;risotl hct\\ ccn prcvious studics a'nd"prcscntslUd) X7
Ap pe ndi xA
TahlcA- 1 OilSpillAccide ntlnformationFunntadoptcdlromFSIC. 2(03)...
...101 TahlcC- 1
Appc ud i xC
Originaland duplicatc dataorlhc rcl11ainingTl' l lsfrom thehatch
t\NOVt\ Tableforh ighlydecomposedpeat IOX
t\NOVt\ Table1111'horticul turalpcat.... . 1(1)
Tahlc l>-I Tahlc l>-2 Tahlc l>-3 Tahlc1>-"
Tahlc l>-S
Ap pe ndi xI>
DefinitionsIl1r t\NOVt\ table... ...105
List of Figu res
Thesis Text
Figurc2-1 World energyde mand(adapted tromHl'.2000 andI:IA. 2(09 )...7 Figure2-2 Schematictransportationprocessofsp illedoil(ada ptedfrom
IIUIT..-'UU.::, 10
Figurc2-3 from
Statlasc. 2( 07 ) _,-I
Figurc3 -1(a)l'urtiullydric dhighlydecomposedpeat:(h) horticulturalpeat -11 Figul'c3-2 Schematic llowf orcurrcntcxp crimcnt..; . -1-1
Figul"c 3-3 Filteringset... . -1(,
Figul"c3-~ lee-boxandschcnuuic.; . -Il)
Figurc~-I Comparison between experimental resultsandgovcnuncnt
uuidc lincs ,.,
Figu;'c~-2 Onc-Iacto rcffcct-(a)reactiontime and (h)stirrerspeedon the
~.~~l~~~II~i~\~~~:.:I;':)I~:I.l.~effl uentfor highlydecomposedpeat(a.l.k:p~~~~.I:I:~l.l.l~....(l3
Figurc~-3 I:fk etsof interaction amongtwofactorson theremainingT!'llsin the effl uentforthehighly deco mposed peat (adapted fromDesignExpert7.0") ... ... .... ...05 Figurc ~-~ Hoxplotofthe remainingTP! Ishy (a ) reaction timeand(h)stirrer
speedforhighlydecomposedpeal... . 6(,
Figul"c~-s Boxplotof theremai ningTP!Ishy particlesize andreaction time
forhighlydecomposedpeat... . 67
Figurc~-(, One-f actor effect-(a)reactiontimeand(h)watertemperatureon
:~1~;~~I:l~~:;:I;~.
'1'1'lisin theen~.~~~.I~.t
..~~::-.~:~~::~:~.~I.~~~::·~:~.~~~~~~.~~:~~~I.I.).~~.~I
..~·:·~::::
..1.~~~.i.~I;
IFigurc~-7 Efketsofinteractionamongtwofacto rsontheremainingTI'l Isin theeffl uentforthehorticulturalpeat(adaptedfromI)esignI·:xpert7.0") 72 Figurc ~-ll Hoxplot of theremainingTI'l Isby(a)reactiontimeand(h) water
temp erature llll·hortieuituralpeal... . 7-.1
Fig u l"c~-l) Hoxplot of theremainingTI'lIshyreaction timeand particlcxi/ c
forhorticultu rulpcut; . 75
Figurc~-J() Figurc~-II
Figure~-1 2 Scatterplot ofadsorbedvs.dissolvedoilconce ntration XI Ap pe nd ix Il
Figurc 1l-1 SatelliteviewofQuidi VidiLake.St..lohns,Newfound land
(C/oogIc Map. 2009)... . ...103
Appe nd ixE
FigurcE-I (a)Iormal plotOrresidu als:(b) Residual svs.Prcdictcd,(c)
~~:l~~~~II~:;:~~~'I~~~::l~.~~~
.l..I.~~·~~~:~.~~.~I
..~.~:.~~~~~:~~
'.:~~::~~~~.~.~I.I.:~~~I.t.:~::~.~~:::.1.l.i.~I.~I.~... ....
I I IFigurcE-2 (a)Nor mal plot olrc siduals:(h) residualsvs.predicted: (c ) residual svs.rUI1: (d) predicted vsuctu ul.modelvalidationl'lirho rticulturul pcnt
...112
List of Equations
Thesis Te\t
Eq.-t-I Removalcfficicncy ofpeat . 76
Eq.-t-2 Regressionequation1'01'initiallydissolved oil cone.vs. adso rbed TI'lIs.
Ads.
ANOVA Al'l BOD CCi\ I E
CIS COD ERC FAO FID
(iC II h lID Ili\ IR A D
INCA lui.
nil.
MS I'vISW MSDS Ni\IED NOA A
NI'S OCED
l'i\IIs I'CBs RIlC,\
rplll SS lcmp.
I'l' lIs rsss Vnl.
List of Abbreviation s and Ac ro ny ms
Adsorbednilconcentration Aualvsis ofV nriancc AIlll:;-kall l'l:trokulll lllstitutl:
Hiol oaiculOxvucnDcmaml Callall iallCnu;l~i lotM in istcrsoft hc l.uviromucni
thcConu uo nwcah hoft hc ludcpcn d cut Statcs Chc micalOxvucnDcmand l.uropcanRl:~l:~lrl:hCounc i l Foodand Agricllhllrl:Organi/ati nn nrIJllitl:d Nations
Flame ionizationdetec tor Gram
Gas chromutog raph l lorticult ural pcat l lour llighlydccomp oscdpcat Ha zard Materi a!Responseand ASSl:sslllc'nl Division
lndian undiorthcm Affairs Cnnada lu itiu llvdissolvc dnilcouccut rati ou Liter -
Mil li liter Mean square Wuhingroupsmcansquarc MarerialsSafctv DataSheet Nl:\\I'v1 l::\il:n E;lI'irollllll:ntDc pa ru u cnt Natinna lOcean icandAtmospheric Administration
NationalPark Serv ices
Organ izatio n lorl.couom ic Co-opcra tiouand Development
l'olvc vcl icArom ati cl lv drocarbons PolychloriuntcdBiphl:I;YIs Ris"lsascdCorrcctiveActi on rcvolurionspermin utc SIIIllofsq ua res Watert emp e rature l'ot alI' ctrolcumllvd ro c nrbons rnta lSlIspl:lldSnlids Volume
I Introduct ion
ForovcrhalraccnturYlHm. oilhasdominatcdl hccncrgymarkct.rcplaci ng coa l.
Thecon sequencesofthisincluderapidanddramatictech nological changes10peoples ideas and perceptionsabouttheenvironme nt. Green technol ogy,health andthe environm enthavegradually cmc rgcdastheleadin gtrendsinglobalde velopmen t.
Savingnaluralrcsourccs. protcc tingt hcc nviro nmc nta nd buildi nga mllrc harnlll ni/cd globalvillagetorjhcpresentand ruturc gcncr ationsisbccomingn otonly asoci al responsibilitybutalegitimateta rget, Consequently.conventionaland traditional trcntm cntmethodsforsolvingenvironment alproblems arc lacing challenges. aturaI andrccyc lab lc/rcusablc matcrialsarcbcginni ngtoallrac tgrcatcrallc ntionaspossible Supporlsin ma nagingcontaminants1pollutanls.
Therragilityofthe environmentand ecosystemhasbeen compoundedandmade morecomplex by unpredictable oilspill accidents caused by incrcasinp consump tion oroil. l'cut-a reprodu cibleandnaturalresource-might beagood replace me ntI()('chemica ldispersantsandother pow er machinessuch asskimmers. to cleanup oilspills.Althoughitsapplication hasbeen known tohe limited byweather cond itionsand typeofoil.thehigh cost-effectivenessand highadso rbingabi lityofp eat makcit aprcrcrabic and allr activc sorbcnl\\hcncompa rcd lll othcrtraditionalphysical and chemical methods.
1.1 I'c at-anlntrutluction
Asa combustible naturalresource.peathasbeen burntdirectlyor transformed into aliquid tucl as an alternativeenergyIlH' ycurs(Smit hcr al..1975:Cleme nsct al..
19X2 ).RCCC/llresearchshowe dthat diese l-contaminated peatcouldalso beburnt.\\ith the highheat ingvalueor the cont am inate dmaterialbcin g comparable tothat or coal (C'haly cta l.. 1999 ). lIo \\c\cr. in addition to bcinga n cncrgyso urcc.pcata lsopcrrorllls
\\cllinthccn vironlllcntallicld.\\h crctrcatcd orun trcatcdllH·llls Oril arc uscd asa sorbcnt \\ith high absorbingabilityandrclllovalcni cicncyllH'mosl cllntalllinantssuchas heavymctalvomumiruucdwatcr.municipalsc\\cragc andoily co ntalllinatcdwater (Dissa naya kcandWcerusooriya.19X2:Bord NaMona.200 1:Suni ctal..200-t:I'':ruct al..2(05).
1.2 WorldOilSpi llAc c id e n ts-a BricfRe view
Although WilliamMarsdcn (2009 ) argucdin hislatest rcpon thatthc agcofoil is approachingthe end,oilstill remainsthe naturalcncrgyrcsourccmostrclicduponby humanbeings,TableI-Ishll\\sthc dcercasi ngtrcndll r nulllherso ro ils J1illacc idcntsin rcccn tdccadcs( lllainly ca uscd hy lankcrac c idcnls.oilspillca uscd by \\ari n thc l'ersian Clul L1991\\asnolincludcd).\\h ichisnotarunClion llrlhc cnd ofthcoil cra.fuu asu resultofimprovedand developedtcchnolngy. lheother factors inc lude increasing cnviro nrncmulconcerns andefficie nt regulatory policies. Thoughenvironmental cllnccrnshavc bccns prcad ing. llliliionsor tonsllro ilhavcs tillacc idcnlally llllllldthcir
\\ayintooure nv iro nme nt(ITOI'F.2( 09).
Tablc I-I Historicaldata or oilspiliacc idcnls(l TOI'F.2( 09 ) :\lIl11herof oil sI'ilis
1.3 Probl em s
I{a ll' of lled i",' (%,) <)lIall lil~of RaIl'of oils I' iliell decline
(TOilS ) .'.I ~O.OOO 1.177.00 0 1.1.'6.00 0
Atseaorin inlandfreshwater enviro nments.where mostoilspillaccide ntshan:
OCCUITct!.theycouldcause,and definitelyhavecaused aseriesorcatastro phestothe environmentaffec t ingplants.animals and humanbeing»,SOIllC notoriouseventsin the
cl1\'ironlllcntallic ld.suchaslllillionsorbarrcls orcrudcoilspilti n thc l'crsian( iull'in
1'191(KhordaguiandAl-Ajmi. 199.,).the recentHI' Gulf'ofMexico oilspillandthe l.xxon Valdezeventhavebeen estimatedtolastlordecades(NOAA/I Ii\·l RA D. 1992:Ill'.
2(10 ). To SOIllC degree.long-term.invisible oilseepagescouldbe wor:«:tothe environment thanthose visible oilspillacc identsthatarc frequ entlyreported,SilKCthe silllalionlllightaircady bcoutor conlrolhythclilllcthcy arcdisc(n'crcd.Forinstance,a long-term.slowoilspill leakage thatoccurred inAfrica wasreportedtohaveaffectedthe alllhicnl cnvironlllcnl fi)(·ncar lyni nctccn(19)ycars(Obol ctal..1992).
Theapplicationorpeat asa fi lterornaturalspongc forcleaningup land fill kachalc.dolllcstic \\astC\\a lcrandoilycontalllinatcd \\aICr hasbccnsllld icd li)(' sc\'cral ycarsand thc rcs ultss uggcst thai pcatisc rtieicnl in rclllovingcontalllinanlsrrolll \\atcr (Cohenctal..1'1'11:Cork y ctal..2006:Riuulictal..I'll)(,:Sunictal..2006:
Virarughavc n and Math avan.19XXand19l)0 ).l lowcvcr.inSOIllCcases.peatcoul d not
perf irm its maximumadsorbing capabiiitYdueto\\catherand\\atcr ((»iditions.
I"herclilre.largequanlit ieso f ehemi eal agentsh a\ebeenapplicdtotheoilspillsinorder to obtainahighlevelofrc movul efficiencywithouttakingintoconsiderationofthelong- tcrm cnvironmc ntaljmpact. Wilhlhe introdueti ono f ehemi cal agen tsintothe\\ater environme nt.theriskofharm10aquatic animalsandplantshasbee nincreasing (Hhauac haryya ctal..20(2).Theaimofthe presentstudy istotestthe contaminant removaleffi c iencyofpeatunder varied\"lterandwcuthcr vond itinns.inorderto harmon ize thelong-term enviro nme ntalbenefitamishort-term. badly-needed remo val erticicncy.lnadditionloinvcstigatingthe removal processofll oatingoil lilm.thesllld) alsotestedremovalefficiencylor dissolveddieselbyusingpeal. Another important aspectof thestudy istoinvestigatethepotentialeffectsof meteorologicalor water environmenton theremovalapplication.and possiblesolutions forth eseeff ectsinorde r to obtain maximumoropri mumdieselremovaleffect ivenessbyusingpeal.
1...
Orgunizationofrhe ThcsisChapter Ibrie lly introduc esoilspill problem swhichderivedfrom theincrcasin];
demandlilrenergy andthepotelllialofp eal asanerti:ctivem alcriaIemployedinvarious contaminant removalsituations.
Chapter2isthe literatu re review that discu sses oilspillsandoil-wat er mechanismsalter these accide nts. Thischapteralsospecificallydescr ibesvarious applicati onsofpeat in theenviro nmenta lfield.especiallyfuroilspillremoval applicat ions.Govcnuucntguidclines insome regionsandselected prcv iousrcsearcharc
usedasa referencetoindica te theefficie ncyofcurrentexperime nt.At the endofchapter 2.there isashort introd uctiontoDesignI:.\pert 7.0".Minitah 15"andthe (ias Chromatograph -Flame IonizationDetector (ClC-FID)usedin the designin gand interpretationordata fromthe experimentscarried out inthestud).
Chapter-'coversthe aimsandmethodsorthe currentexperiment. Deta iled experimen talprocedur eslorulltestsare presente d.
Chapter-tshows thecomparisonbetw eenexperimental result sandselected governme ntalguide lineswhich indicates the high uclsorhing uhilityandremova l efficiency or peat. Thischapter alsopresent sthe result sandana lysestromhatchtests andthedetailedinterpretation tor a two- level factorial cxpcri mcma l design.Rcgrcssion analysesIIere conducted forthe Initiallvdissolvcd oiltcstsundshowcd thc udsorbin g versatility or peatunder variousexper iment al conditions.
Chapter5summarizesthe resu ltsbasedoneach lactor and gi\essuggestionstor luturc work.
2 Litera t u re Review
2.1 Cu r r e n tSit uu t lo nofWorldEncrgy
Oilhasreplaced other energysources and becomethemostimportantnat ural resource1'01'humanssince theI960s.Overthesame time petroleumproductshalebeen the mostimportant chemical railmaterialsand industria lconsumablcs1'01'cvcrveOlllllr~
regardlessol' politicaloreconomicreasonsinthetime ol'integralio nol'global industrialization.andtheyhaveneverbeenrepl aced (1Ji\. 200'I).
Intermsol'COSI. performan ce.accessibi lityand popularity.petroleum prod ucts
IIill remainthe mainenergyresourcetorth eforeseeable luturc.Thisimpliesthatoilspill accidentswill continuetoocc ur.and clean-up action mustbe underta kenwithin a reasonabletimeframe .
Figurc2-1show»the increasingmainworldwideenergydemand s overtime. and nodoubtthcdcvclnpmcntoftcc lmologv toprovide abetterlifc quulityforhumanbe ings hascontr ibutedtothisincrease.Accordin gtothe chart. besidesthe conve ntionalenergy.
geo therma l.solar.windandwood(sho wnas otherin Figure2-1) definedasnell'en erg~
hasbeenincreasingly applicd. For40years.oiIhasremained thedom inan tenerg~
resource,It hasbeenreportedthatifc ncrgv dcmundsin themainworldregionshad remainedatthe ir1990level,in2006theworldwouldhave con sumedtheenerg~
cquivulcn ttoL'lxIO"Tons of Oil.lhisnumbcrwillincreasewith the globa l popu lation explos ion (WI:C200l\).
l lydro
Figllre2-1 WorldcncrgydclllandladaptcdfrllI11BI'. 200(, andl'l c\. 200()1 Note:the ene rgytypc ofvother'inthecha rtincludegeothermal.solar.wind,andwuod;the
orderoftheenergysourcepresent inthe chart isthesameorde ra sthelegend I"hcpcrccntagcs oflilssilcncrgyusccolllparcdto all olh cr sou rccsof cnc rgyin variousregionssuchastheOrganizationlorEconomic Co-operationandlJcvclopmcut (OC!]))andCom monw ealthofludcpcndcnt States(CIS)arcSIHlV\l1 inTa hle2-1.
lhoughnewlypcsofcncrgyhave beenincreasinglydevelopedandapplied.theli lssil cncrgy.whichis considcrcdas aconvcnlionallypcof cncrgy sourcc.slill holdsalargc perc entageoft hemark etinseveralrcgiun».Thismeansthere isstilla grcutpossibilil>
IlH'the fossilenergytohe a potential contaminantsource in theworld. Thetable summarizesthe percentage of Il)ssilenerg~(naturalgas. crudeoil. petroleumprod ucts andcoal)of alltypesof energysources.and thepercent age of petroleumprodu cts and crudeoilota llIossilenergy sources.The percentages of petroleumproductsandcrude oilcomparedwiththeotherIl lssilenerg~sourcesSIHlI\ thatoilhasremai nedthe main cncrgv source inmostof the regions(Wor ld I:nergyAssessme nt.2()()·O. Due to increasingdemandoil requi reseffective andenvironme nta llyfriendl yapplication s10 prevent. protect against.and clean up potentia loilspillaccidents.
Tah lc2- 1 Primaryenergyusein variousregions(ad aptedIru111 \\TA.~OO~I
PetroI1.:1I111 products
Cual OEC()I 'I
C1Sllland l.astem Europl.:
l.utin Amer ica and .-\sia
the l'acifi c Caribbean
15. X
" (JilSpi llMcchu nisms
To invcstigutcoilremovalapplications.theroutesby whichhydrocurhon fractionsenter thewater environment afteroilspillaccidcmsmustbeknown tohelp improvethe decontam inat ionprocess, Oilspillmech anismsarc toagreatextent determined bytheweatherand bywater conditions.The chara cteristicor the oil is anotherdominant fac tor. Afterthe oilhasspreadoutandformedanoilslick.further changes takeplaceduetoa comb inationormeteorologica l andhydrological impacts.
mainlyrelatedtothepowerorthedom inantwind.wave s andcurrent.Storm s andact ive turb ulence couldspeed up the dispersionor the oilslick. In narruw coastalmnesor shallo« waters.someortheoilcouldbeadsorbedon thesuspended materiaIs and deposited do\\n tothesed imenl.sincc partic ulalesa rea bundan ti ns ucha reas(Patin.
II) !) !) ).
Genera lly.theprimary\\a~sin whichthesecontamina ntsenterthe cnviroumc nt arcshowninFigu l'c2-2.l.mulsificutionoccursbeneath thesurfaceorthewater under the synergeticeffectsorsorptionanddispersion:thishappenswhenoildropletsinteract withparticles suspended inthe water,Ina studycitedbyEngerandSmith(200X). it\\as reported thatupproximutcly SO%,ortheoilspreadout and \\asbiodegraded on hcachcsor in thewater.20%wus evapora tedintothe air. 1-1'%\\asrecoveredbyvar io usclean-up lrealmenls.12'%\\asa t lhebollomor thesea.3'X.layon theshorelinca nd 1%sti ll dri fted in thewatc r column.
Dissolvedoilishighlyrisky and toxicli.lI·aqu aticplantsandanima ls\\hen inhaled ordigested,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAils)containedindieselor deri ved fromotherpetroleumprodu ctsarc carc inogen ic (cancerproduc ing).tumorigcnic
(able toproduc etumors )and teratogenetic (causebirthde fectsdueto interfere nce with growth mechani sms}.therefore remo ving dissolved oilorreducingthe concc ntr.uio nsin ordertomcct Iimitation s or guide linesisimportantIll!'protec tingplan kton.larvae and cggsrrom potcntia l risks. In addition.lloating o ilslicks arc co nsidcrcdtobc apolcnlial source of
Evapo rat iou
Sprra d ing,
,I
~ [l[' L~,Lrr
~ J , .
.II~<;rdilllrntation
Waltrllod ~'lIo"olll
lIiod tgradation
Fi:':UI'l '2-2 Schema tic transportalionprocess ofspilledoill adapl ~dfrll11111<1I'1' .20021
air pollutionalte ranoilspillacc ident.Strongwinds or currentsandhigh tempe rature lIouldcnhanCClhcc\'aporationorhyd rocarb onsintothcair. Wutcrjcmpcruturcfn lropical arcasishighcron a\'cragc lhanth alin rrigid/ oncsll hich co uldcasilyca usc evaporation. Ilirdsllyin ginlo or ll ilh inlhcpollul Cd/llnc arc cnd angcrcd ductolhc inha lalionorhighly concc nlratcdPAllsin lhca ir.Iligh conccnl ralion o rP AI 1s llcrc IIHmdafter major oilspillsinmostofxuhtidalregionswhich could he highlydangerous 10humanandothcrvc rca turcs(I.cc andPage.1')l)7). II hasbeen reportedthat
l' olyc hlorinatcd biphenyl(pe ns)and PAi lswere bothfoundinsea birds(Walkcrctal..
1993and EPA.199'»).
2.3 ;\Ia r inl'andFrcshwu tc r Oll Spills 2.3.1 l\lar inl' Oil Sp ills
Apartlrom a1~t11in theearly19ROsduringthe\\orldwideeconomicrecession.
seaborneoil tradehas grownsteadily fromI'n ot0 2010 (ITO pF.2(10).(her1.5 billion
tons ofcrudeoilandoilproductsarc transpo rted eachyearhymorcthan 7.000 tankers and usn rcsultthc cstimatcdinputofoilintothe marinccnvirourncntis3.2million tons every year(Ghalyandp~kc.200I).Recen t datafromITOp Fsho«supproxinuu cly3.3 spills(over700 tone s)pcrycuronavcragc ti"l1ll12000to 2009 (ITOPF.20 10j,
Oil leakagecouldbe caused byship dama ges.the failure in pipelinesopera tions.
prod uct ion acc identsand theload ingofoilor the potenti alrisk 0Iunderground oil tank corrosion ingasstations (Kowal skictal.. 2(02). ;\lostor the past seriousoilspill accidents occurredininshore areasand wcrc causcdby supcroil tankcr collision x or human error(Shahee n.19R4). Hccuusc theaccide ntstookplacencar thecoastwith a hugeamountor crudeoil beingspilled.serio usdamagetothe enviro nmentaswc!las marine anima lshasulwuysbeen reported.The costsofIollow-upclcnningprocessesarc
dramati callyhi ghandhundrcdso rpcoplecouldbcil1\ol\cdinlhecompli cat ed and urduoustaskstShahccn.Tvx-l}.
Anoilspill in marinewaterisbelievedtobeoneoft heworstacc identsin theoil industr,and environmental li e ld.Oilspillaccidentsarc worseunder bad weatherand water conditionsreq uiringtonsor sorbents. boomsor dispc rsant«Ior clean up.
Chemica ls suchasdispersantsarcalsohelpf ul and highlyeffectivefill'removing oillrom waterbutinv isible long-termbio-accumulation effectsrem ainan issue (Kingston.2(02).
Researchwascarriedouion thceffectofoilspillslrom vcxsclsin wate r»aroundthe United Stateson themarineecosystem sinmarine protectedareas:these areas\\e rc fi'und tobe atrisk(Daltonand.lin.20fO).
i\larine ecosystems are made uporco mplex interre lationsamo ngaquatic plants.
anima lspec ies and the physicalcnvirunmcnt.Spilt oiland petroleumrractionsthere fore directl yaff ec tthe roodchain creating ecosystem in-balance rcsultinglrom bio- magn ilic ation(I-:J,;\h.200X.(iinetal..2001).
Someor themar ineorgani smshavethe abililYtoswimawaylromaspill by going deeper intothe wutcrorfunhcrout toseawhileotherssuehasdolphins.uurtlcs.
seals andshrimps.living closer tothcshorcorcoustarcexposed totoxicsubstanccs lcad ingtothcirdcut h.Oil migh!sink downtothesediment.whereit impuctsthchahitat
ror coral rcersandsomesea grasses\\hieharel()()dsl(lI'someorgan ismsthaleouldhe directly contactedhyhumansasloodor throughrecreation(E1)A~.200X).
2.3.2 FreshwaterOil Spjlls
On theotherhand.[rcshw ut croilspillscannotandshould notheignored.
although public anentiontosuchtypesor contaminationhasbeenlessthan tomarine
\\alcr oilspillpollution hecauscthcy arcnoteasilynotiecd.Someofthe reasonswhy freshwater contamination iskssnoticea bletothepubliccould he:theextentor contamination in termsorspread.thevolumeofthe contam inantsinvolvedandusualI) less costlyclean-upefforts compared tomarineoilspills (API. 1')l)4:Hrudley.n.d:EPA'.
200 X).
Freshwateroilspillscouldimpactmorenegatively on theenvi ronmentdue10the
morecomp licated presenceofhuman-relatedfood chainsand trophicIn cIsinfreshwater cn\ironmen ts(l:I'A".200X).
The bouom ofustill wutcrbodyscrvcs usthc home and breedinggroundtoman) organisms.wormsandinsects. IIisalso theloodsource1(11'organismsandhigher anima ls. Oil insedimentsmight he extremely ha rmfulbecause theaccumulalionor hyd rocarb oncontaminantscouldcause ahighcouccntrationoltoxicsubstancessuchas 1'0Iycyclic Awmaticl lydrocarhons (I'Allsl.Oncclhe organ ismsare CllntaminalCd hy
thesetoxicsubstances.bio-accumulationortheseharm fulcontam inantswouldmagnil~
their toxiceffectstoother higherInc Ispecies in thefoodchain. lhistypeor contaminationandaccumulation occursinstand ingwaterhodieswithIiulcornowutcr movementsuchaslakes.marshes andswa mps.which arc believedtobc thc habitatsmost sensitive to oilspills(1:Pi\".200X).
In theopen \\.ucr. rrogs.fish,rcptilcsand\\urcr- Io wl \\ould bedirectlyaffected byanoilspillunccxuchanaccidc mnccurrcd. In add ition.theoiling or plantsand grassesthat\\ClTrootedor floatin gin thewutcrcouldocc ur.harmingboththeplantsand theanima ls that dependonthem1'01'food andshelter.Fisher icslocatedinrresl1l\atcrare also subject tothetoxiceff ectsofoil(EI';\" . 200 X.Hhattacharyya.ctal..2(02).
Ta ble2-2isasummaryor seriousoilspillacciden tsthat happenedinmarine water andfreshwater. and thedean-up applications. Huntingis11l1eorthemethods comm onlyused toremoveheavy oilslicks tromthe surfaceoropen water. espec iallythe sea.l lowcvcr.considerationofh umanhea lthmustbe addressedbyanalyzingthc rcsults orthecontaminated air plumemodelbefore applyingthismethodsince1'1'1-1111(li ne parti culates <10pg) could be transporteddownwind (NIS'!'. Il)l)~ ). i\ high conce ntrationor I'MIIIinthcuircouldhavcsignificunt hcalthimpactsincludi ugcoughs.
asthma.bronchitisandother resp iratoryillnesses.and mortality(1\11'1:. 2(03 ). Itis rccomme nded \\h en the silllation \\ase xtreme lyda nge rousandc lean-upcre\\s\\erenot
able togCl closetothe accidentsite. The environmentwouldrake a long time torecover afterin-situburning.Dispcrsaiusprovedtobe effectivebut the introduction olc hcmicul agentswasofg reat concerned.Boom swereph)sicallycasytoapply: lhc)were effective
\\hcnapplicd\\ith othcrphysicalorchcmicalrcmmalproccsscs. lmpropcror Iatc upplicutionmightcausclong-tcnn cnviro nmcnta lprohlcmswith the \\astingnf limc. cost andlabor.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofphysica l and chem ica lmethodsarc described in detailinSect ionCcue ru lDecontamin ati onProcesses.Som e advanced technologieswerccmp luycdin the nilspillcontrolandremovalprocess suchasadvunccd modcluuoni tor ing.simulationandforeca sting. I\!ontcroctal.(200.,) reportedthe
impnrlanccnfcmcrgcncyrcspnnscalicr an oilspiliincidcncc.i\lIrcaction scnmpnscd an nil removalprocess. lhisthesisfi.lCUSCS onnil removalefficicncy andexterna l cond itions.
Ductnlhcscoilspillaccidcnls.pcopkha\cbccn lonkin gfnrapcrkctm atcrialnr
methodtoremove oil effectively andcompletely.From thc unglc ofp hilosophy.thereis nnpcrkct lhing.buttosnmcdcgrcc.pcat \\i thitshighcnntam inant-ad sorbingcapab ility.
isanideal mater ialformarine andfrcshwat crni!rcmovulupplicationsbccauscir isa naturalm atcri alth al canbc casily acccsscd.proccsscdw ithsimpicrcchn ologv. xhippcdt«
lhccontami natcdsitcand thcn rcnlllvcda licrl hcapplical ion, ltxchuractcristicxusu cheap andenvironmental lyfriendlymaterial havegradually been attractingpublic
attention.However,peathastobestoredin adryplaceand alarge volumehastobc employedtor abig oilspill.whichwasrecomme ndedby a conunc rcia lsorbcnt pcutscllcr (Elc osorb,20(l!).Applyingpeaton thesurfaceoft hewate rcouldalsobehighl~affected
b~weathersuch as strong \\indsorwaterturbulence(Spill Sorb.19')1{).
2A Cc ne ru l Oil DccnntuminutionProce sses 2A . \ PhysicalTreatm ent s
I'hysicalremoyalmelhodsareu suallythelirststep\\henan oil spillocc urs.
regardle ss ofthcplace.becauseoftheirrclalhely10\\risk and case ofupplica tion (Shaheen.191{-I).Severaltreatmentshave beenapplied ItH'trappingandcontainingoil slicksincludi ngboomsandsorbcnts.Boomsarefloatingmater ia lsthathaveshuwngreat efficiency in conta ininghydrocarboncontami nants whenproperlyapplied. lhc efliciency ofhllomsdepcndsonthetimee lapsed sincclheoilspilllheyarc applied.
\\'inddirectionmustalsohe consideredwhenapplying boom stocontainoilslicks.which suggests thatboomsshould he deploycd down-wind from anoilspillat the quickesttime possiblctShahcc n.T'Jx-l).
Syntheticsorbcntshavebeen widelyused inmostenclosedcnvironmc msofoil spills\\ilhadsorhingabilitybet\\ cen l{and3 0 times theiro\\ n\\ c ights.Somesyn thetic materi als suchaspolypropylene andpol ystvrcnchawbeenreported tohe nHH'Ceffi cient
than natural ma te ria ls suchas stra « becausethey performed\\ellinhydroph ohicami
olco phoh ic environ ments. Some01"these syn the ticsubstancescould berccyclcdand reuse dalt eraseriesofr rca tmc nts. IIO\\C\Tr. airconuuni mu ionduringmanuf actureand
ho\\ toproperlydisposeofto nsofconta miua tcdsorbcntsarcsomeott hcprobl e msthai
cannot be ignored(Sha hee n.19X-t:Mihclcicct ul..2( 03).
Skimme rshavebeen employedinminorspillagc s.c spcciallyincontl"\lliing oil
leaksinha rbors.Floatingpumpshave beenused tosuc k theoilslick;l\\aylromthesite.
Olcophilicbeltshavebeen used10capture theoil byad hcsion.jhc \\aslc (mix edoiland
wate r)eventuall ybe ingpumped intoatankeroro n-s itestorage(S ha hee n.Il)X-t).
2..t.2 Chc m ica l T rca tmc nts
Chemicalmethod sarc usualI) emp lo yed toimprove/enhance theremoval
applica tio nor the physic almethod s or clea nuporspec ialacc ide ntsbasedonthe
pl"\lpcn icsandc omp osilion orthc spilkdoil.
Treatment sincludegel ling.oilsinkingand treatedclays.etc.Gc! isusedIll!' sol i d i l~ingcertainliquids.Oilspills couldbe minimizedbygcllingand makin gthe mixedsubstances notto11111\ any longerduetothis spec ialapplica tion(Shaheen. 19X-l).
Insomccascs.oilismade tosinkdow ntothebottomof'thewutcrbodybyadding sinkingpowders orgranularsubstances. whichbondstronglywitholco philicand hydrophobicmaterials.
Ithasbeenreportedthatthemixtureofd ieselandcleaneror dispersan t could have apro nounccda dvcrsci mpaclo n frcshllatcrmarsh microcosms.i\lthough thisconcl usion wasdrawnundcrth cvworsttcxperim cn tal conditions(withnowind.ll atcr c\changc or lIavcactionsl.ilstill bringsll ithi ta llarninga gainstapp lyingparticulardispcrsantsor chem ica l trcuuncn ts which could be highl y detrimental Ill!' the environment (Bhauuc haryya.ctal.,2( 02 ).
Theuscofchemicaltreatmentssuchasdisp e rsantsandchem ica lsorhcntshas beencriticall ydefinedand mand atorytcstsmust be condu ctedbeforetheapplicationof nCII products. The Seatest and theRock yShoretest arc twotoxicitytcstswhich compose theUnitedKingdomstatutoryapprovalscheme Ill!'oilspilltreatment product s (Kirbyandl. all .200X).
Chemicu l mcth odshave beenreportedtobe verycontroversialas some countries andorganizationsstro ng lysupporttheirusewhileothers arccomplctclyugninsrthcm.
Thechemicalapproac h hasbeensuggested Ill!'usc utopensearather thaninshullu«
bodics ofwatcrjShahcc n. I()X-l:NOi\ i\II IMi\RD.19()2 ).
2....3 OtherTrcut mcnts
Rather thanconve ntiona lchemicaland physicaloilremo valmethods.new advanccdtcchnologics havc bcc na pplicd to clean upoilspillssuchasusin gnew matcrials orhiologicul trcaunc nts.
More and moreenvironment allyfriendly product sthathave the chara cteri sticsor bein gnaturaland recyclable.and evensome industrial or dome sticvvastc - ;havebeen tested in thelaboratoryorappliedinoilspill accidentsandcould bc usedinsteador chemicaltreatm en tsuchasdispcrsanls.Treatedsawdusthas been testedandapprovedto be anctlcc tivcsorbcnt compared withconven tionalsorbcnts (Banerjee.ct al..200(, ).
Biologica l treatmentshavebeen analyzedin thelaboratorytotestthe removal ubility torvarioustypes oroil. When usingfungalbiom assthe pi 1provedtobe the domin antfactorthatcouldhave asignifi ca nteffectonoil removalefficiency.lhclower thepllvvas.thebettertheoilremovalertieicncyt hatcouldbeobtained.Adsorbent dosage.vvatertcmperatureando ilco ncentralion have di l'tCrent removalel'tCetsonva rio us typcs ufo il(SrinivasanandVirarag havan.2(10).
Althoughphysicaland chemicaltreatmen tshave been applicdIll!'several~carsas majoru rcauucnts, evennew tech nologieshave been increasin glyintroduced in oil remov a l treatments.environmenta lconcernshavelorccd peopletolooktornewnatural andlovv-energymatc rialsas suitablere plaeemc nts.It hasbeen rcportcdthatupplyi ng peat asasorbcntis superior to others meth odsbecause oritslow costandcaseor hand lingduringand afterap plication(Cohenet al.,1991:Corleyctal.,2006:Riuutict al..19 96:Sunict al.,2006: Viraraghavcnand Mathavan.19XX: Virura gh avcnand
Mathavan.1990 ).Theavailabi lityof real inNewfoundland makesit anauracrivc1':1\\
material for further investigation asanoil cont amin antremover,
25 Pea t
Peatishighly organic. rrovid inga substanti alabsorrt i\'C andiouvxchangc ear aeity: itisa med ium lixmieroo rganisms.ali bro us mater ial ll)I' filtr.uiouundhashigh
\\:llerretention earaeity(Frostma n.1995).l.ecctal.(200 1) indicated that pcat contuins avast myriadofchemica lspeciesandgroupsinclud ingcarboxy licucids.jthcnolicgroups.
ketone sand alcohol s. Basedonspecifi c chem ica landphysica lreactionsanlllng contaminantsand peatfunctionalgroups,reaction s suchas chelation. complexationand adso rption enable peat to act asan adsorbent orfilterIllr renllningh.:a\ ymeta ls.
hydrocarb on s.Biological Oxygen Dem and (BO D).Chemica l Oxyge nDe mand(CO!)) and TotalSuspendedSolid(TSS)from contam inatedwater (Cohenctal.. 1')')1 ).
Genera llyspeaking.flbricsphagnum peatisrich incarboxyIs.\vhilchumicuud Iulvic acidspredominateinsapricpeat (Leon-Etienne. 2( 03 ).
Thevarioususes of peatarcdeterminedby itstypeand level of decomposition.
Weaklydecomp osedpeat composed ma inlyof Sphagnummossesisthe preferredproduct lurhorticuhura loperations(CSPMi\ .200S).whilehighlydecomp osedpeatisprctcrrcd asacombustiblefuel(I:RC.1995 ).Canadasigned up totheKyoloTreatyin2002and needstoreduc e carbon emissions106'X,heIo\\'IINOlevelsby20 10. whichrequiredmore environme nta llyandeffic ientlynatu ralresource.peatmight bea goodaltcrn.u ivcenergy fromthis aspect (OC R.2(05).
Canada is oneoft hema inpeatexportcountriesand haslargepeat depositsdueto itsuniquenaturalresources andthecombination orthe climat icand topographic conditions.TheUnitedStatescontinuestorepresentSS 1090percentor the export marke t1'01'Sphagnum peatproducedinCanada(CSPI\Ii\.200S).,\reporth~theI:ne rg~
Resource Commission indicatedthatCanada isthe third largestproduceror horticul tural peat inth e\\ orld andthevalueorpeatp rodu ct ioninl()92\\asappro:\imatelylJ.S.$IIO million(I:RC.1995).
Theapplicationor peatinpowerstationsasa pow erresourcehasbeendel eloped incountrieswhichhavc considcrahlcpeatresourcesandappropriate energyrequi rements suchasFinland andIreland. Peatfue l isall cconomi culand morecnvin uuncnt ully rriend lysuhstitute till·wal( PRI..200 S).
Pent could bcwidclyupplicdin thelifeoft he humanbeingasdcscribcdahovc.
II(lI\el'er. it isneeessarytoprotect lhisspeciticn alll ral resourceinordcrlill'ittohe sustained.
2.5.1 PcutCluss ill cut iun
Table2-3isatypicalpeat classific ationbased on the physicu]appearanceorpeat in tcrmsofd cco mpos irion.
Table2-3 Peat elassiliea tionaecordint!todet!reeor d ecom10s ilio nl\)engi~elal..~OO')I ncgret..~or
Decem msition
Fibrictpoorlyh umificdi
Hcmicuncdium humi ficd j
Sapricrhig hly humi ficdj
St ruc tu reofpea t
Spong.~orfi brous.
occasionallycompac ted.
rell).
Noncorvcrvlittle humus,asdi~rh...rsed dar],mass saturatingand
coloring plantrcmaius.
Hum usoozingbetw een fiugcrs.vomprising,«
least haltofth epeal
Largcamoumofwau..'r.
casihtrickles out.
lIsual,,' alll1ostdl"ar llr onl\s·lid nhbrownin colo"r:m:l\ l:ontaindar"
particl~sotl u uu us
libric.Hem ic andSapricarcthreemajor classification s.Fihr'ic(l..fihra:fibre ) commonlyhasabulkdensityor lessthan0.1g/c m3and a fibreconlent exceedingtwo- thirdsofthevolume,whensaturated.rangi nglromaboutX50percenttomer.'00 0 percent ofthe\\eightofoven-dried material. Ilseoloriseommonlylighl ycllo\\ ish brown,darkbrownor redd ishbrown.
Table2-.tliststhe Von Post'sTable andthecomparisonsbetwe en von PoSI's systemandtheU.S.SoilTaxonomysysrcm.
Ta ble2--t Degreeofd eco mposi tionofpeat by theVon 1'1lSt'Shunlllsity(I I)grade and theUS SoilTaxonomv svstemtBuzkurtetaI..2000:\\'iistcta l..20021
ISSuil 1';1\.
Sf all' num ln..r
Virtuall v 1I1lhllllliiicd I.illIe humificd
Stronulv \\'1"\
lurhill' port:idg\,.')
,\Imost
~:::::rlli~~~I)
('ompkh..'l)
humificd
\ll1~h...till vi-;ihlc
r\11110";
1all
S.\ I' RI(·
lowfibcr Vcrv dar~
Hemic(Gk.hctui:hall) isintermed iate indegree of decomposition.Bulkde nsil ~ iscommonlybetwee n IUl7 g/cm\and O.IXg/cm\and thelibrc contentisnorm:"I~
between one-thirdandtwo-thirds orthevolume.Themaximumwaterconte ntwhen saturatedrangesfrom about450toXSOpercent.Sa p ric(Gk.sapros;rotten) isthemost high lydecomposed.Bulkdensityiscommonly 0.2 g/cm'or more,and thefi brecontent
averageslessthanone-third orthevolume.The maximum water contentwhensaturated normallyisIessthan450percentorthe ll\en-drybase( FJ\().::!DIO).
When usingVonPosts Table.the classificati on or peat is usuallydeterminedb) manuallysqueez ing the peat:a sma llamountor peat iscrushedinthe hand.the color or the\\<llerlhenrunningoutandthen ature orthecrushedresidue salh\\\thedegre e o r decomp ositiontobedeterminedinvalues 01'111toIIID according tothescaleSIHl\\ n in Tuh le2-4."Dy" inthetable represent sdry yield which isameasure ordecomposed matteralter drying. Sowhenthere isnone.it meansthat after some form ordryingno drymatterwasobtai nedasin decomp osed dry matter. This summary providesthe in form ati onandknowl edgetorth eclassifica tionorpeatinthe currentexperiment.The classificati ons shownin Tuhle2-3andTable2-4are usedas areferencefill'the classificati on or peat usedinthe currentexperiment.theresult s of whicharcxhown in Tahle3-1.
2.5.2 Peat as aRem oval Agentfor'Var iousConta mi na n ts
Peathasbeenshownbyvarious laborat orywork»tobe an effective sorbcmIi,I' treatingd omestic\\aste\\ater.landlil ileac hate.oilyconlaminated\\atera ndheavym elal- contami nated wutcrt Calkin.vt'II..1976:Mcl.cllan andRock.IlJX7).Inrece ntyears.this producthasbeenincreasinglyused asanenviron menta llylricnd lyu nd easilyaccessible com mercialmaterial(130rd NaMonaE tltll}.
Therelativelyhigherspec ificsurface areaorpeat compared toothersoils. is reportedtobeonaverage ::!ODmepergram. withitslowe rh ulk density .D.I S-D.::!Sg!cm'
based on variou stypcsof peat. Itslight weightmakespeat easiertohandleasa contaminantadsorbent(BorelNaMona,200 ! )wl11 parl:dto otherm aterials suchasrice husksuud clay.
Morethan I09t~pes of bact eriapergr.unand itsIihrousstructurc makepeat perform likeabin-medium.l'c.ucaneffective ly treat eutrophic septic wastew aterasa fi lterdue toits goodhydraulicwndllcti,ily andl:asl: ofoio-dl:gradation(l.a u crct al..
1%7).
lthasbccnreported thatpeat couldadsorb oilasmuch as7timcsto Zt)[imcsits OilnIIl:ight(HurdNaMona.200I: Sunict al..200·t).l'cut hasalsobeen usednotonl~
Ill!'the removalof TSSs.COl>and BOI>.hut Ill!'the 1"1:1110I'aIof heavy metal contaminan tslromminingIIustewatcr.landfi ll leachate and processin gwastew ater (I'':ract al..2005:Dissanayukcand Wccrasooriya.19X2:Mc l.cllan and Rock .1()X7).
2.5.3 PeatRCSOlII'CCSinNewfuu ndlaud
Most commercial peat1ll0SSin Canad aisSphagnumorl lyp num.()nlysmall quantities ofreedandsedge1ll0 SSarc harve stedonaCOIII IIIl:1"1:iaIoasis.All exportsarc either SphagnumorlIy pnum(Stevensonand Kl:lloggI.td..1( 76).In1990.onavolume oasis.thereliasan estimati onof three trillion cubic metersofpeatdepositinCanada (Spill Sorb.1')9X). IJythe endof1')95. Northland Associatesreportedthai67.771 indivi d ual pcutdcpositswcrcmappcd onthe islandofNewfoundlandwithatotal volume of 15.2billion cubicmeters.ThisdataincludesX.5billioncuhic metersoffu elgrade peat and6.Xbillioncubic mcrcrs ofhorticultura l-gradc pent (ERe.1( 95).
Asurvey carriedoutbythe Europea n Research Counc il(ERC)till'the Ncwfoundlundund I.abrador govcrllmcnt reportedthatpeatvvasmainlyusedasa combustible resource,ahorticu ltural medium and foragricultura l usc.I lowcvcr,th c~
ind icatedafourthmainapplicationor peatlor spec ialuscasanabsorbent.which has promisingprospcc tstlRt,'.1( 95 ).
IIi-Point Peat isalocalindustry manufacturingandsellingpeatproductsbasedon thespccinlabsorp tivecapacityoft heNewfo und land peat (Stevensonand Kcllllgg.l.td..
1976:I:RC.1( 95 ).Manufucturcdpeat productsbyHi-Poitu Pcuthave beensenttomaj or
oilco mpanics allo vcr thc vvorldanduscdonoilspillacc idcntssuchasthcll)Xl)I::\:\on Valdezoilspill inAlaska .whereit wusproven tohe veryeffec tive(NOAA/lI~ IRI\ I ).
Il)92l.
2.6 l' ca t Ap p liedas an OilSorbc nt
Oneoftheadvantag esorusin gpeatas anadsorbentto clean upoilspillsvvasits propert ies or natura !rccyclabi lity and reproducibility compared to othersymhct ic materialswhich invo lvedhigher cnergycon sumptionduringman ufacture. Also.its natur al high adsorbingabilitywasunothcrpronounccdcharac ter istic.
AstudyhyViraraghavc nand Mathuvun (1990)reportedthatthe removalratefor standard mineraloilandcrudeuilfromwastcwutc rusingpeatreached XYX,and70%.
respec tively.Fortreatingdomesticwastewaterwith highleve lsofCO l) . BOI)and SS.
Percl.ctal.(2005)shll\vcdthattvvo typc sorpcal.n amclysapric(mostdecomposed )and lihric (leastdccomposcd) pcat pcrlilr1llcdcqually\\c llinrcn Hl\'ingthc SS bul per lilrlllcd
unsatisl~K lOril yin removingBODandCO D. On theotherhand.Corlcy ctal.(2llll6 )
reported BOD andCO D remo valrateshysapricandfihircpeatwere as96%and X-I'Yc.
respe cti ve ly. Forremovin goil contaminant sinwate r, Cohen ctal.(199 1) determined that the morehumi lied the peattype.thebett erthe adsorption ofh~droc arb on s.
GhalyandPy kc (2llllI ) reportedthat app ly ingcom merc ia l peat tothesurfaceof oilyconlam inated \\; llCr rcs ultcd inanoil rc mo va l c fli cicncyo f99.99 X'Yc.. i\ 1.3 c m lhick syn the tically producedoilslick\\as almostcompletelyremovedbyspr inklingpeaton the surface ofthewater. Coa gu latio n \\asproven10bethe dominantmechanisminthe ir experime nt. How e ve r, sim u ltunco uslyinc reasing peat's moisture contentwould ad verselyaff ectremo valbecausetheincreasingmoist ure conte nt couldincreasepcats
\\cighlandc au scthc samplet o sink andthcprocedurc\\olildha\etobcdi scolllinucd.
i\typicalpeatapp lica tion in the clea n- upof anoilspi ll inCan ada\\asreportedin lcbruury-I.I97ll. whenthesteam tankerArrov,groundedoff'thecoast ofNovaScotia.
rhc\cssclhrokc intol\\ Opicccs scvcndaysa ftcrthcaccidc nt andspilt1 6.llllllton s of hunkerCoil. The harshcnviromncn t.includingicc Iloat ing on thescuin thatareaand strong \\ inds.cnhanced thc cxtcns io no f thcslickunderthein ll ucIK cof tidcs a ndcur rcnl to\\ardsthesh ore .conlaminating\\h an'csandboal s.'lh c cvcutual siuu uion wusrcportcd at3llllkilomet e rs ottthesho reline whereoilran gingfrom atrace toveryhea vycoverage
\\assecn(NOi\I\/IIMI\R D. 1992).
I'cat\\ asplaccd a rou ndth c co nta m inak d\\h an csan d boatsin or dcr toadsor b thc oilslick.lt \\ as rcpor ted ihaipcat moss stuc klothco ile fil:clivcIy.Attcrthcpc.u mixcd
\\ ith theoil.it \\aseasilyremovedbyusin ga rakesincetheywerefull ~comb ined.
Howe ve r. theads orptionabi litydecreasedwhentheoilinteractedrull~with thewater formingawutcr-in-oilcmulsion(NOAA III~ IA R [).11)1)2).
Otheroilspillaccidentshave alsobeen reportedwhere peat worke dl:f1ccti\l:l ~in removin gtheoilslid; aroundthe beach. Ashigh asI)5'X.removaleffi cien cy \\as obta inedwhe npeat\\asapp liedtoremovehunkerC oilatthePatrick i'dorri s sinkillg accidentin ova Scotia in 11)70 (Spill Sor b.II)I)X). Sim ilnrremovalefficiency\\as reportedOilrockyshorelines illIln O.illwhichpeatwasspread atarail:or~cub icfeet pl:rIOOsqu 'lI·l:l c l:t orbl:ach(Spi IISorb.II)I)X).
The reasonwhypeathasnotbeen widelylISI:Uilloilspillstrcaun cntmigluducto tou gh\\l:athl:rwnditiolls atsl:asiIKl:llloStorlargl:oilspilloccurrcdinarcaswithstrong winds.variedCUIWlltdirectionsandhighwaves. The removalefficiencymigh:he greatlyimpacted by thesenegativefactors.
lhcoiladsorbin g abilityofp eathasbeentested in thelab bysprayingpcutonthe surfac eof water or usillga columntest.11l1\\ I:\'I:r. thecombinatio nofc xtcrnul cond ition s suc h aswater turbule nce and wa te r temperat ure \\aslackingill previou scxpcrimcntnl results.Unsta blefactor s suchasmeteoro logyorwutc r cnviron mcntcouldha vea grl:a t impacton theoilrcrnoval cffi cic ncyor peatapp licationandcoulddirectlyC,IlISI:the luilurc orlIsingpent.The curre ntstudy considere dpotential wate r condit ionsthatcould have aneff ectonrcmovultrcuuu cnt undana lyzcd theoiladsorbi ugahilityofpcut.
2.7 Covert u uc ntCuide liucs
Therewereseveralolfi c ialregulation sandlimitationsforTotalPetroleum llyd roca rbons(TP IIs)in differentfieldsandregions.Most ofthemwere tordrink ing
\\ater qual ity: al'c\\of lhem\\ erelllr d ischarging from industryormunic ipalsewerage systems.Ilcalth Canada hasrcportcddilficuhicsin cstuhlishin gcritcriaIo ro ilandgrease or petroleumprodu ctsin water\\ hichistorrec reati on.asthe mixture sI~dlin gunder this category are\'er~ complex. Therefore . Canad ian Coun cil of Minister»of the l.nvironmcnt (CCi\IE) andl lcalth Canada(Hea lth Canada . 200'»suggest that oil or petrochemica ls should notbepresentin concentra tionsthat:
Canbe detectedasa visiblefilm. sheen.ordiscoloratio non thesur face.
2) Canbe detectedby odo r. and
3) Can formdeposits onshorelineand bottom sedi mentsthatare detect ableh~sight orodor.
Basedon therecommendation.usingpeat asasorbcnttoremove oil fromwater canmee t the lirstt\\o reg ulations\\hile lllr lhe third.it mighl beriskyto usepeal since contaminatedpeat partie lescould IalIdown tothe bottomofthe\\ uter hod y or be carried uwuydownstreum hywatercurrents.A quick but efficient proce ss orother filterprocess mightbe condu ctedwhilcupplying peat in real situations.
110\ \ever.there aresomeclear Iunitsand regul arion s at provinciallevelsandh~
somescientifi cstud ieswhich recommended theTPl !slimitation lordrinkingwater or inha lation.Theexperi menta l resultsfromthis research are compare dwirh these go\ erllmenl reg ulalionsino rdert\l delect \\hich levelthetrealed water couldmeetin currentstudy.A closureplan provided bythe1utionnlPark Service(IPS ) indicatedthat
the TI'l Iinthe ground waterliasnot allowedtoexceed50 ppm(npproximatcly equivalentto~2mg/Lbasedonthe dieselused in the currentstudy ).whilethe TI'l I should be lowerthan1000 ppm in thesoil (NI'S.2(03),Areport lrom the Co lomuc Reme d iationProjec t- PetroleumHyd rocarbon Contaminated Water~Ianagemcnt.
Contaminantsand Remed iationDirec torate.Ind ianandNorthernAlb irsCanadaclearl~
indica ted that15mg/I.had bee nadoptedasthecut-orrscreeningIll!'the transfer or treatedwaterlromthe()ily\\'aterSeparator (()\\'S )totheFishPond andeventual dischargetotheenviro nment (INAC'.2( 06).Thisreportliasemployed in thecurrent study todetermine theCanadiannational guide line Ill!'the TI'l Iin the watersince Canad ianCouncilorMinisters orthe l.nvironm cnt (CCi\1I:)onlyprovided IlT E;\
guidel ineinthewater.which couldnotcomp lete ly repr esentthe level or petroleum productsin thelI.ll e r ( C C ~IE.2( 10 ).
The variousguideli neshavedifferentthresholdsand cut-offs indicatingdifferent targetsandsuggestingdifferentfunct ions or thewater bodie s.c.g.portablewatersuppl~
(ClassI).shellfis h propagation orhan esting (ClassII). recreation.propagation and mainte nanceor ahealth y.wcll-buluncedpopula tionor fishand wildl ife (ClassIII).
agricultura lwatersupplies (ClassIV).navigation. utilityand industrialusc(ClassV).
whichliasderivedtromtheSurfaceWater Cleanup TargetLevels(S\\'C T Ls)estab lished inChapter62-302.530or theFlor ida AdministrationCode(SLi\ F.2( 10).Thisisthe reasonll)r thevariation amo ngtheguidelinesorlimitationrcgulations.Whcn compuring the differentguide lines.it ishelpfultopoint out wherethepeat could beused to achieve aspec ific goal.
Table2-5 Govcnuncntaluuidc lincstooil dis losal limitation Ih 'g,ulat ion
\Vyollli ngf) rinking WaterEquivalent Level
(D \\'EI.I
Nc\\xlc vico l.nvironmcnr lJcp artm cntTl'Hs ScrccninuGuideliuc
((;\\'-11111
Provi nce of :-':e\\IlHIIl<llandand l.ahrudorContamiuatcd
SiresCleanupCriteria
Newxtcx ico I~11VironIIIcIIt DepartmentTPl ls ScrccninuGuidclinc ((;\\'-211' 1
Rcq ui redfPflsvalue (m"/L)
1'lI r posc or ll,,·
fctJulalion/limits rhe\\'yomingD\\'El. lllf rt'lls-DI{()(d iescl ran!!e nruanics)isbased011- pl"lltc~ctionofgroundwater 10drinkingwater quality tornou -canccrctfccrs.
c\ posure.
Sce nic and recr eation
It l:the reglllation lllrdrinking\\ater:12j:thereglllationIl1rinhahllion
Table2-5isasummaryofgovcrmncutalcriteriafromsomeselectedcountriesor regions.Thedifferenceamongthe'I'l'l IslIasdue tothe differe nt targets.Fordrinking waterthe '1'1'11is strk tlylimitedbytheregulation.but thelimitationvalue isrcl.ui vcl. higherifthewaterisjust beingdisposed in the river.
2.1l SoftwareandEq ui(lml'nt
Todetermine whichtypeordistributionthedatamightrepresen tand10obtain reliable and accu rate resultsrequirealargenumberorsample»,but duetolimited l':\pl'riml'nta ll'ost.timcan dspal'c .l':\pcr iml'n laltksign andstatistil'ala nalysisl'anhelpto obtainreliable result swith anoptimumsample number, Whense veralIact urswith variedlevels(e.g.high and lOlllevelsin thecurrent experimen t)arc involvedin an experiment.Design Expert7.0"couldsuggl'slasmallernumberorexperimen ta l combinationswhileobtainingrcliublc andeffective resultsbeforetheexperime nt is conductcd.thcrcll ll·cthc cost.limcandspaccl'Ol ildbcl' rtl:l'tilc ly sa\'l'd.
Foradissolvedoilremovalapp lication.regressionanalys is isastrongstaii sticul tool lordetecti ngthe relationshipbetweena variuhlc(that ismeasured.contro lledor manipulated intheresearch :thevariableistheinitia lly dissolvedoilconce ntrationinthe current experi ment) and theresponse(subjecttothevariationorthe variuhlc,the responseistheadsorb edoilconcentrat ionin the currentcxpcrimcnt)when peat is app lied toremovethe die sel.
2.!l.1 Two-Inc!Fuctu r iu l Dcsi gn
Stat-Easedeveloped Designor Experiment(DOE)software suchaslrcsign lxpcrt7.0for thedesignor experiments10optimizeman yprocesses. Asstatistica l analysissott wurc .it providesvariousstatisticnl loolssuch asana lysisorvariance
(A'OVA )(Sl'CTuh le1>-1lor ANOV Atabledefinition.Table1>-2lor the layoutolthc
data ofthe exampleandTable1>-3torbasictllo-lla yANOVA tabl e calculation).Til0-
LevelFactorialscreeningdesignsand GeneralFactorialstudies.Thetwo-lcvclfacroriul designwasthemainstatisticultoolemployed inthccurrcntcxpcrimcnt.
lhc Two-lcvcl factorinldcsign isascreeningmodelthatscreensmanyfactorsand identifiesthevitalonesthataffecttheprocess or products signilic anllysothata brea kthro ugh improvementcanbemadebasedon theoptimization results givcnb~the model. lhcinteraction sbetwee n thefactors arc alsoanalyzedbythemodcl.
Fi~lIre2-3shows thebasic proceduresol"analY/ingdatabyDesignExpert7.0.
Build up themodel
EnterandcheckIhedata
1\1ainelTec!Sorinteraclion
Fi~lI re2-3 Schema ticofdutaana lysesbyDesign [xpert7.0(adaptedrromSlall'ase.211117)
1) Buildinglip the model
Thedesignbui ldcrolfcrsalullandfractional t\\O-IcITII;lCtorial ll lrnl;lclors(nis thenumber01"factorsthaiwillbeanalyzed.21>n>2 ) inpowers01"1\\0up10512runs.
Fractio nalfactorialdesignisdevisedIl H'savingexperimenta ltimeandcostIIithin the accepta ble riskrange.For example,ifth ere arc fi vefactorsandtwolevelsIlH'each factor.
therewi l lbe atotal 01'2'runstotestallcombinations.Tosaveexperi menta l timeand eost.inotherv vords.todeerease the num berol'runs.Design l':\pert7.0 eanselectoutone hal l'01'allthe comhinations(in thiscase16 ).whilestillprovidinganoptimumsolution, lhclowerthenumberoftherunsis.the higher the riskofthe testis.llowc vc rvrhc DesignHuildcrwurnswhenahighriskmodeliscnco untcrcdtStutl:ase. 2( 07).
2) Ente r ingandeh~ckin gdata
Once the modelisbuilt up.theunit for each factorand the values Ol' high andlOll levelsIlH'each factor arc entered:theunitIl H'responseisenteredat thesame time.The ratioof themaximu mto the minimumoftheres ponse(TI'lIs) can then be calculutcd.
Data transformation suchas square root.naturallog orbase tenlogis suggcstcdift!», ratioislarger than ten(StatEase.2(07),
3) Choos ingeffec ts tomodel
Aneffectisthepercentage01'the conuih ution0I'afactorto theIinaI response or the percentageof'the contributionofeac h factorto the rem a iningTl'llsin the current experi ment. Theeffectslistshows the percent contribution01' each luctor andthe interaction among factors, The facto rs and interact ionsthatcontribute mosttothe designatedmodelarc manu ally selectedandauto matica llymarked as"M"indiealingthe) arcmeaning fulandshould bemodeled.while therem a iningfactorsor interactionsarc
nuromaticallymarkedas "1:"representingthosefactorsorinteract ionsthatshould be eliminat ed.Checkingthe ANOVAtable(thetablecontaining ANOVAinform.uion)is part01"the modelvalidation.The calculatedp-vnluc.or the probability01" rejecting a termthatdocsnotaffectthe resp on se01"the model(knownasanullhypothesis. se c Appendix E).should helargerthan theu-valuc.or theprobability01" asmallprohahility c\c nt(O.1inthissllldy).toindieatcthcmodcl.tcrmsa nd intc ractionarcsignitiea nt (Slatl:asc.2007).
~) Valida tingthemod el
I"hcmodclis validalcd to cnsurci tsrcliabililY.Scvcralplotsarc madcrochcck thc\'alidation ol"thc modc l(sccAppcndixl:).SOlllcp lolsarcilll p0rlanllO\a lidatcthc model suchasnormalplots01" rcsiduul s(errors),residual sversuspredictedrcspunxc values, resid ua lsversusrunvaluesandpredicted valuesversu sactual values(Stall:asc.
2( 07)
5) Examinin:,:the maineffects and anyin teract ion
lI"th cval idat ion docsnotrevealanyproblcms.thc mode lwillsuggcstlhc signifi cantfactoreffects.Therelationships ofa ll factorsand intcructionschosenfrom the effec tlist(step.' Chuos inj;factors10mod el)tothelina l responsewillheSIHl\\n (StalEasc.2007).
2.N.2 Re:,:ressionAnalysis
Regression is atechniquelor asscssing thestrengthor a linearrelationship cxist ing bctwccn rwovuriahl cs.\\'hcnwnductingrcgrcssionanalysisini\l initab I5'.thc response and variablesneedtohe enteredby the USCI'at the datainputstage.Thenthe regre ssionequation andstandard regressionplotarc autom atic ally outputted byMiniuih 15'. The regre ssionequationisin the1(11"111.1'=ax+h.in whichristhe dependent rcsponsc. xisthci ndc pcndc ntvariabk.a isthcslopc andoisthcintercept.Thisequation showsthelincar relationship bct\\ccn thcrcsponsc and avariabk.
2.1U CC-FII>
Total Pctrolcumllyd rocarbou(T PIIs) isa term usedtodenotea largefamily or severalhundred chemicalcompoundsthat origina lly com etromcrudcoil. Thc amountuf lPl lsfoundinasample isuseful asa genera l indicator of'petroleumcont amin at ionat thatsite.It isbcncrtodividcfPl lsinto groups ofp etroleum hyd rocarbonsthat actalike in thesoilorwaterthenscientistscanbetterknowwhathappens to them(i\TS I)R. I')l)'):
EOE.200&).
Several methodsand typcsorequipmentcan beemployed in TPllsanalysis inc lud ingInfrared Rad iation(IR). (las Chro mutog raphv (i(')/MassSpectrometry(i\IS) and (lC!Harne lonizarionDetector (FID).Different sample prc-trcutmcntsandanal ~scs methodsleadtodifferent detectedlimits.For example.(iC!i\IScan obtain the rangcor detec tionlimittopartspCI'billion (pph)(i\TS DR.200')).
Intermsofpcrrolcum-contaminurcdwatersamples. (it"isimportant to determine individ ual spec ies in mosthydrocarb ou-cont aruinatcdwatersamples.The combination
of the FIDand (,Cisa \\l:11 developed. robustandchea p proceduretofingerp rint and quantita tive ly ana lyzealiphatic hydrocarbonsin wateror soilsamp les(Ioud iou. ct'11..
20(6 ). Inthepresent experiment.GC-FIDisusedtodetectlarger moleculesin contaminated effluent. suchasII-C11I-1I- ( '; 2alkcncs, Hascdonthecost.timeand Ii:asibililyoftheCUITl:ntexperim ent.GC/FIDpre-treatedsam ples werepreparedinthe 1vllJNlnvironmcmulLab inc ludingextrac tion (tomeet the CiC/FIDsample requirement ).
CiC/FID\\asemployedand TI'l Isanalysis \\ascarriedout in the certifiedlaboratory01' MaxxamAnalyticslnc.iSr.Johns.Newfo und land.
TI'l Ianalysisfollowedtheguideline01'AtlanticRiskBased CorrectiveAction (Atlantic RIlCA).This guidelineislor'1'1'11aunlysi»in water andsoilsamples.Forthe water samples in the CUITl:nt study.thecxpcrimc uta l procedurefollowedthe methodfor watersamplesbyE:\tractabll:PetroleumHydrocarbon(EI'II)sample preparation(Rlle A.
1( 9 9 ).
3 Methodsand Laboratory Ex pe rime nt
Thelabo ratoryexperim entusingpeatasan adsorben tforoilremovalfro m water IIascarried outinthe1:l1\ironmenlalI:ng inee ring luhoratoryoftheI'ucultyof Engineeri ngandAppliedScience.MemorialUniversityofNe\\luundlund.St.John's.
NCIIIoundland. Collectedpeat-treatedwatersam pleswe re analyzed ina comme rcial labor atory(MuxxamAnalytic»Inc..St. Johns, Newfo undland}. Iheexpe rime ntswe re conducted bctwccu Janu aryundAugust. 2009.
Certaininformationrequiredimmediately utte ranoilspillaccidentas suggested bythel-rcshwatc rSp illln fonuationClea ringho useisshowninTableA-Iin Appendix A (FSIC.2(03).The requirediufo rmutionprovideda goodreferen cetill 'na rrow ingand selectingthefactorsusedinthe current experimen t. Accordingtotheform.\\c.uhcr informati onsuc h aswindspeedand temp e ratur ewererequired. It\\asreported tha t
\\ cathcrfactor»couldbedom inant (actorsinoiI spiIIclean-upapplication(Pati n.1( 99 ).
Con sideri ngthe la boratory condition. tempera ture\\aschosenas aluci o rthatcouldhave effecton rem aining TI'lIand current \\assimulated bystirrer.The qualir,ofthe produ ct
\\asmentionedin thelonnindicatingdiffere ntclean -up approa chesmight bedeployed basedon thescale oftheoilspill.Therefore .varied amount of oilspillwus sclcc tcdas a fact or. Moredeta ilsonfacto rselection \\ illbeintrodu cedin the SectionEX(ll'l'i llll'nta l Fac to rs.
Simpleprelimina rytestswere carriedoutbeforethebalc h testsinorde r10ensure the successofthedesignedexpe rime nta l procedur es.Thcdcrcnuinatiou oft hcrwole vels
