St. Lawrence Burns: radiometer measurements

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NATIONAL RESEARCH OOUNCIL

CANADA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

ST.

LAWRENCE BURNS RADIOME'PER MEASUREMENTS Report Bo.

1 5 3

of the M v i s i o n of Building Researoh OTTAWA Deoember 1959

PREFACE

The circumstances t h a t l e d t o t h e c a r r y i n g o u t of f i r e t e s t s on e i g h t b u i l d i n g s i n t h e p r o j e c t known a s t h e S t . Lawrence B u r n s , and t h e o b j e c t i v e s and t h e ways i n which t h e s e were achieved a r e f u l l y d e s c r i b e d i n a g e n e r a l r e p o r t . It c o n s t i t u t e s t h e complete r e c o r d of t h e planning and execution of t h e experiments, t o g e t h e r with a l l g e n e r a l information, The d e t a i l s on each k i n d of measurement made, i n c l u d i n g t h e r e s u l t s obtained, a r e contained i n s e p a r a t e companion r e p o r t s of which t h i s i s one. A l l t h e r e s u l t s a r e combined and a r e d i s c u s s e d and f i n a l conclusions drawn i n a summary r e p o r t .

Duplication h a s been avoided a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e and it w i l l be necessary t o r e f e r t o t h e g e n e r a l r e p o r t i n reading any of t h e o t h e r r e p o r t s i n o l u d i n g t h i s one f o r any information which i s p e r t i n e n t t o more t h a n one of

them. A l i s t i n g of a l l r e p o r t s on t h e p r o j e c t f o l l o w s t h i s , preface.

m e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e B r i t i s h J o i n t F i r e Research Organization i n t h e experiment, t h e i n t e r e s t and support of t h e Federal C i v i l Defence a u t h o r i t i e s , t h e a s s i s t a n c e of t h e Ontario H r e Marshal and h i s s t a f f , and f i n a l l y t h e complete co-operation and v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e a s s i s t a h c e extended by t h e Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario a r e a l l g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. It i s a p l e a s u r e a l s o t o be a b l e t o r e c o r d t h e s p e c i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n made by members of t h e staff of t h e F i r e S e c t i o n who worked l o n g hours, of-ten under t r y i n g f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s and a t g r e a t personal inconvenience, t o meet t h e many d e a d l i n e s and t o oomplete t h e p r o j e c t i n a most s a t i s f a c t o r y manner,

Ilhe a u t h o r o f this r e p o r t i s M r .

J,

H. McGuire,

now r e s e a r c h o f f i c e r w i t h t h e F i r e Seotion o f t h i s D i v i s i o n , who a s a member of t h e s t a f f of t h e B r i t i s h J o i n t F i r e

Research Organization planned and s u p e r v i s e d t h e measure- ments made w i t h t h e radiometers, anemometers and r e s i s t a n c e thermometers.

Ottawa

No.

-

150

1 5 1

152 153 154

155

REPORTS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE BURNS Sub-Title

General Report

Smoke, and Sound Measurements Temperature Measurements Radiometer Measurements

V e n t i l a t i o n Rate Measurements Resistance Thermometer

Measurements

Radiant Temperature of Openings Gas Analysis Summary Report Author G.W. S h o r t e r G. V i l l i a m s - L e i r G. Williams-Leir ' J.H. McGuire J.H. McGuire J .Il. McGuire D. G. Stephenson

J.R.

J u t r a s G. W. S h o r t e r and J.H. McGuire

S T . LAWRENCE BURNS

RADIOMETER MEASUREMENTS

Early i n 1958 a number of c o n t r o l l e d burning experiments were c a r r i e d out a t A u l t s v i l l e , O n t a r i o , by t h e F i r e Section of t h e Division. of Building Research, E a t i o n a l Research Council. The g e n e r a l d e t a i l s of t h e s e

experiments, which involved t h e burning of s i x dwellings and tmro l a r g e r b u i l d i n g s , a r e described i n t h e f i r s t of a s e r i e s of r e p o r t s on t h e S t , Lawrence Burns (1).

One of t h e o b j e c t s of t h e t e s t s was t o provide information on t h e s p a t i a l s e p a r a t i o n s which should be e s t a b l i s h e d between b u i l d i n g s i n o r d e r t o reduce t h e likelihood of spread of f i r e by r a d i a t i v e h e a t t r a n s f e r ,

This r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n of t h e experiments from t h i s a s p e c t and l i s t s t h e r e s u l t s obtained.

INS TRUhIENTS

The type of radiometer used i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig.

9.

The s e n s i n g element c o n s i s t s of a t h i n blackened gold d i s c with a 40 swg chromel-constantan thermocouple a t t a c h e d . I t

i s mounted behind a t h i n mica window i n t h e body of t h e radiometer, which i s heavy b r a s s t o ensure t h a t t h e r a t e of

temperature r i s e of t h e body i s small compared w i t h t h e i n i t i a l r a t e of temperature r i s e of t h e d i s c . A second d i s c and thermocouple a r e mounted w i t h i n t h e enclosure t o c o n s t i t u t e a c o l d junction. A t y p i c a l c a l i b r a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Pig. 10. T h i s c a l i b r a t i o n h a s been found t o be almost independent of ambient temperature. A s t h e i n s t r u m e n t s were s p e c i a l l y made f o r use during t h e S t .

Lawrencz burns no time was a v a i l a b l e t o determine a c c u r a t e l y t h e e f f e c t of draughts. This work i s now i n hand, however, and w i l l be described i n a l a t e r r e p o r t , although a p r o v i s i o n a l e s t i m a t e of t h e e f f e c t i s t h a t it i s small

-

l e s s t h a n 1 0

per c e n t f o r t h e winds experienced during t h e f i r e t e s t s . The radiometers were connected by copper-cored

c a b l e s t o a 0- t o 5 - m i l l i v o l t , 16-channel r e c o r d e r p r i n t i n g

a t a r a t e of once every f o u r seconds. Fixed carbon r e s i s - t a n c e potentiometers were i n c l u d e d , mounted n e a r the.

r e c o r d e r , t o i n t r o d u c e s u i t a b l e s c a l e f a c t o r s . The nominal v a l u e of t h e r e s i s t o r connected a c r o s s t h e r e c o r d e r mas

always 100 ohms and t h e r e s i s t o r i n s e r i e s w i t h t h e

(nominal). Since t h e r e c o r d e r was of t h e s e r v o - p o t e n t i o m e t r i c type and t h e r e s i s t a n c e between t h e t e r m i n a l s of t h e r a d i o - meters was l e s s t h a n two ohms, t h e s c a l e f a c t o r i n t r o d u c e d by t h e r e s i s t a n c e potentiometers was purely a f u n c t i o n of t h e v a l u e s of t h e r e s i s t a n c e s involved.

FIELD DETAILS

Locations of t h e radiometers a r e shown i n Figs. 1 t o 8. For t h e f i r s t burn t h r e e were placed a t d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s from t h e same s i d e of Building No. 1 w i t h t h e

o b j e c t of d e r i v i n g t h e form of t h e r e l a t i o n between r a d i a t i o n l e v e l and d i s t a n c e from t h e s i d e of t h e b u i l d i n g . To a

c l o s e approximation i n t e r p o l a t i o n would g i v e t h e r a d i a t i o n l e v e l a t a n i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t between radiometers. During t h e course of t h e f i r e , i t was n o t i c e d t h a t t h e wind d i r e c - t i o n g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s ; t h o s e on t h e l e e - ward s i d e were f a r g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e on t h e windward s i d e because of t h e g r e a t e r volume of flame i s s u i n g from t h e windows on t h e leeward s i d e . It was t h e r e f o r e decided t h a t measurements should be t a k e n on both s i d e s of t h e b u i l d i n g s , and f o r subsequent experiments one radiometer was l o c a t e d on t h e windward s i d e and two a t d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s from t h e leeward s i d e .

It was a l s o observed during t h e course of t h e first burn t h a t while t h e r a d i a t i o n i n c i d e n t on t h e n e a r e s t

radiometer o r i g i n a t e d almost e n t i r e l y from t h e f i r e i n t h e main b u i l d i n g , t h e more d i s t a n t radiometers were a l s o

i r r a d i a t e d by a shed which i g n i t e d e a r l i e r t h a n was expected. I n subsequent t e s t s , i g n i t i o n of sheds was suppressed and t h e b u i l d i n g s were s t r i p p e d of porches, verandahs, e t c

.

,

which would have s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e d r a d i a t i o n measure- ments.

IIZle radiometers a d j a c e n t t o t h e houses were always mounted a t a h e i g h t of 1 5 f t , a t which i t mas e s t i m a t e d

t h e r a d i a t i o n l e v e l would be a maximum. In t h e c a s e of t h e l a r g e r b u i l d i n g s t h e n e a r e r radiometers were mounted a t a h e i g h t of 20 f t , t h e maximum p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e mounting

systems used, although i t was e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e i n t e n s i t y of r a d i a t i o n m i g h t have been s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r a t a l e v e l some

5

f t higher.

I n t h e c a s e of t h e most d i s t a n t radiometer t h e mounting h e i g h t w a s only 1 0 f t , a s a t t h i s range no g r e a t v a r i a t i o n o f i n t e n s i t y w i t h h e i g h t , up t o about 30 f t ,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n i n P i g s . 11 t o 18. To a l l o w comparison o f t h e v a r i o u s r e s u l t s t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n f a c t o r s of t h e window a n d o t h e r u n p r o t e c t e d o p e n i n g s h a v e been o a l c u l a t e d f o r e v e r y p o i n t a t which a r a d i o m e t e r w a s l o c a t e d . D i v i d i n g t h e r e s u l t s by t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n f i g u r a t i o n f a c t o r s g i v e s h y p o t h e t i c a l v a l u e s o f t h e r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s a t t h e o p e n i n g s . These v a l u e s s h o u l d n o t b e t a k e n a s t h e black-body e m i s s i o n s of t h e o p e n i n g s s i n c e t h e r e w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e volume o f f l a m e above t h e windows, p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e l e e w a r d s i d e , which made s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e measured l e v e l s

o f r a d i a t i o n remote from t h e b u i l d i n g s . To d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h i s a p p r o a c h as a means o f comparing r e s u l t s , F i g s . 1 9 t o 25 h a v e been p l o t t e d , e a c h f i g u r e r e - l a t i n g t o t h e two r a d i o m e t e r s l o c a t e d on t h e same s i d e o f a b u i l d i n g . T h i s c o n c e p t a p p e a r s t o be u s e f u l , f o r t h e r e i s a fhir measure o f agreement between t h e two c u r v e s i n e a c h f i g u r e . Agreement i n t h e c a s e s of b u m s No. 4 , 5 , a n d

6 _{( F i g s . 2 1 , 22 and 2 3 ) i s good, a n d f o r b u r n s No. 2 and 3}

( F i g s . 1 9 and 2 0 ) i t i s a c c e p t a b l e . I n t h e c a s e of t h e s c h o o l b u r n (No. 8 , F i g . 2 5 ) t h e agreement i s poor. This

r e s u l t s l a r g e l y from t h e f a c t t h a t t h e windows o f t h e s c h o o l annex made a s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n f a c t o r a t t h e more d i s t a n t r a d i o m e t e r , b u t n o t a t t h e

n e a r e r one. A t t h e t i m e when t h e r a d i a t i o n from t h e main

body o f t h e b u i l d i n g was a maximum t h e f i r e i n t h e annex was n o t f u l l y developed. Values o f t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l r a d i a t i o n l e v e l a t t h e windows, d e r i v e d from t h e r e s u l t s g i v e n by t h e more d i s t a n t r a d i o m e t e r , a r e t h u s much l o w e r t h a n t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o t h e n e a r e r one. Agreement f o r b u m No.

7

( P i g . 24) i s a l s o m a r r e d , t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , by a similar e f f e c t . No c u r v e s a r e g i v e n f o r t h e f i r s t b u r n , b e c a u s e a s s t a t e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n t h e more d i s t a n t r a d i o m e t e r s were a l s o i r r a d i a t e d by a s h e d which i g n i t e d e a r l i e r t h a n w a s e x p e c t e d , \ Most c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l s w i l l i g n i t e w i t h i n a m i n u t e when exposed t o a t h r e s h o l d l e v e l o f r a d i a t i o n , a n d

t h e maximum v a l u e s o f r a d i a t i o n measured a r e t h u s o f con- s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t . These a r e g i v e n i n Table I. C o n f i n i n g d i s c u s s i o n t o t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s a t window o p e n i n g s a n d u s i n g t h e t e r m r a d i a t i o n l e v e l o n l y i n t h i s c o n t e x t , t h e maximum v a l u e s f o r t h e f o u r t h and s e v e n t h b u r n s a r e a b o u t t h e same, a s a r e t h o s e f o r t h e t h i r d a n d f i f t h b u r n s . It would, t h e r e f o r e , seem t h a t t h e u s e o f c l a p b o a r d e x t e r i o r c l a d d i n g d o e s n o t a p p r e c i a b l y i n c r e a s e t h e maximum l e v e l s o f r a d i a t i o n from a d w e l l i n g . Where t h e d w e l l i n g s were l i n e d t h r o u g h o u t w i t h h i g h l y c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l , a s i n b u i l d i n g s No. 3 a n d

5,

v a l u e s o f u p t o

2

40 oal/cm /sec were o b t a i n e d . Where t h e l i n i n g s were noncombustible, as i n b u i l d i n g s No.

4

and 7 , t h e maximum l e v e l s of r a d i a t i o n were o n l y a b o u t h a l f t h i s v a l u e .

B u i l d i n g No. 2 gave a maximum v a l u e of o n l y 11 cal/cm2/sec9 a l t h o u g h it i n c l u d e d f i b r e b o a r d and plywood l i n i n g s down-

stairs. I t i s t h o u g h t t h a t t h i s was d u e ' p a r t l y t o t h e absenoe of combustible l i n i n g s u p s t a i r s and p a r t l y t o t h e low speed of t h e p r e v a i l i n g wind. T h e v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e measurements and some t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ( 2 ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n l e t a i r speeds i n v o l v e d i n a house f i r e do n o t u s u a l l y exceed 7 mph a s l o n g a s t h e r o o f remains i n t a c t . Ambient wind s p e e d s of a s much a s 1 0 t o 1 4 mph, a s p r e v a i l e d i n t h e t e s t s on t h e l a s t f o u r h o u s e s , c o u l d have had a sub- s t a n t i a l e f f e c t on t h e r a t e of burning.

Examination of Table I a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s on t h e leeward s i d e of a b u i l d i n g were o f t e n much h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e on t h e mindward s i d e , b u t a q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e e f f e c t would r e q u i r e f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . From p h y s i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

it

seems l i k e l y t h a t non-

l i n e a r i t i e s would be i n v o l v e d . For example, when a wind speed a t t a i n s a o r i t i c a l v a l u e

it

would be expeoted t h a t no f l a m e s would emanate from windows on t h e windward s i d e of a

b u i l d i n g . During c e r t a i n s t a g e s of s e v e r a l of t h e S i r e s t h i s e f f e c t was a p p a r e n t .

I t i s of i n t e r e s t t o compare t h e maximum v a l u e of t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l r a d i a t i o n l e v e l a t window o p e n i n g s , g i v e n above (40 cal/cm2/sec), w i t h t h e black-body t e m p e r a t u r e measurements g i v e n elsewhere

( 3 ) .

A t no time mas a b l a c k - body t e m p e r a t u r e h i g h e r t h a n 1000°C r e c o r d e d , a l t h o u g h

it

i s p o s s i b l e t h a t a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e might have developed i n t h e community hall. a b o u t 32 m i n u t e s a f t e r t h e

s t a r t of t h e f i r e . The r a d i a t i o n l e v e l c o r r e s p o n d i n t o

₉

a

black-body t e m p e r a t u r e of 1000°C i s a b o u t 3.6 cal/cm /sec s o t h a t it f o l l o w s t h a t t h e window openings t h e m s e l v e s o n l y made a small c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e peak l e v e l s of r a d i a t i o n r e c o r d e d by t h e r a d i o m e t e r s .

CONCLUSIONS

The f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s can be drawn from t h e r e s u l t s g i v e n above:

1. The r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s from b u i l d i n g s c o m p l e t e l y l i n e d , i n t e r n a l l y , w i t h combustible m a t e r i a l s may

be double t h o s e where noncombustible l i n i n g s a r e used. 2. If I i s t h e i n t e n s i t y of r a d i a t i o n a t a d i s t a n o e from a b u i l d i n g and

F

i s t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n f a c t o r f o r t h e window o p e n i n g s a t t h e p o i n t of measurement,

t h e n

ID

i s a convenient f a c t o r by which t h e r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s from d i f f e r e n t b u i l d i n g s may be compared. The maximum v a l u e s of I/F f o r b u i l d i n g s oompletely l i n e d w i t h combustible m a t e r i a l were of t h e o r d e r of 40 cal/cm2/sec.

3 .

!he c o n t r i b u t i o n of r a d i a t i o n from openings i n t h e e x t e r i o r walls was, a t t h e p e r i o d s of peak r a d i a t i o n , s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n t h a t from t h e f l a m e s above and s u r r o u n d i n g t h e windows.

4.

A p e r i o d of a t l e a s t 1 6 m i n u t e s e l a p s e d b e f o r e maximum r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s were a t t a i n e d .

5. R a d i a t i o n l e v e l s were a f f e c t e d by wind c o n d i t i o n s , b u t t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d were n o t a d e q u a t e t o a l l o w a q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s of t h e e f f e o t s .

Acknowledgement i s due t o Miss

M.

Law of t h e B r i t i s h

J o i n t F i r e Research O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r much of t h e a n a l y s i s o f

t h e r e s u l t s .

1. S h o r t e r , G.W. S t . Lawrenue Burns

-

General Report.

N.R.C., DBR I n t e r n a l Report No. 150, Nov. 1959.

2. MoGuire, J.H. S t . Lawrence B u m s

-

V e n t i l a t i o n Rate Measurements. N.R. C., DBR I n t e r n a l Report No. 1 5 4 , Dec. 1.959.

3.

Stephenson, D. S t . Lawrence Burns

-

Radiant Temperature of Openings. N.R.C., DBR I n t e r n a l Report No. 156, Dec. 1959.

MAXIMUM RADIATION IH!ENSITIES

9 Radiometer removed before peak l e v e l a t t a i n e d

7

_{Hot c a l c u l a t e d}

Burn

and Building Number 1 E x t e r i o r Cladding Brick I n t e r i o r Lining P l a s t e r 9 11 2 37

p 1 4

1 4 18

1 5

16 37 40 29 12 7 1 3 6 16 21 2 17 9 > 6 Downstairs

-

f i b r e - 0.05

board and plywood 4 0.18 0.016 0.04

3

4

5

6 ( Community H a l l ) 7 8 (School) Radiometer Numbers 1 2 4 .Brick Clapboard Clapboard Brick Brick Brick I/F ( cal/cm2/sec ) T 9

+

Max. I n t e n s i t y I (cal/cm2/sec ) 0.120 0.15 0.09 Mbreboard P l a s t e r Pressed paper P l a s t e r ; wooden c e i l i n g P l a s t e r P l a s t e r ; wooden c e i l i n g Config. f a c t o r of openings 'f f T 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 4 3

5

4 3

5

1.25 >0.18 0.46 0.56 0.17 0.46 1.05 0.32 0.35 0.9 >0.41 0.42 0.9 0.38 0.08 0.83 0.17 >0.5 0.034 0.013 0.034 0.032 0.011 0.028 0.027 0.008 0.012 0.075 0.031 0.075 0.058 0.018 0.044 0 049 0.019 0.088

GROUND FLOLR

4

=

NOTES :

I. ALL WALLS B CEILINGS OF PLASTFR PORCH

TAIL ING

I -

INS TRUMEN TA TION IN BASEMENT WEST CORNER LEGEND : 4 THERMOCOUPLES

0

RADIOME TERS @ THERMOPILE RADIOMETER GAS COLLECTORS SMOKE M E T E R S i P O ' - 3 " -- * i

a

A N E M O M E T E R FIRST FLOOR 0 5 10 t r -- d F E E T

GROUND f-LOCR -% BEDROOM BATHROOM l o ' - B " x / O r - 5 " 7'- 2 "x 10'- 0 "

0

1

CLOSED BEDROOM

A

/2'- O " x 8'.3'' 7 OPEN BEDROOM 10'- 6'OX 8'./ " P9 I L FIRST FLOOR NOTES.

I ALL WALLS B CEILINGS OF FI8REBOARD EXCEPT

- /N BEDROOMS, WALL S B CEILINGS OF PLASTER

- IN KITCHEN, WAINSCOT OF WOOD

-4, INS T R U M N TA TION L EGEND 0 THERMOCOUPLES % RESISTANCE THERMOME TE R

0

RADIOME TERS @ THERMOPILE RADIOMETER 1) GAS COLLECTORS A SMOKE M E T E R S

-- COVERED WITH PLASTERBOARD

GROUND FLOOR

NOTES :

I ALL WALLS 6 CEILINGS O f FIBREBOARD 2 6 ' - 0 " ---- -

.

F/RST FLOOR 2. INSTRUMENTATION IN BASEMENT WEST CORNER LEGEND .' 4 THERMOCOUPLES RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

0

RA DIOME TERS THERMOPILE RADIOMETER GAS COLLECTORS SMOKE METERS 0 k m c - L x 2 F E E T

\ COVERED WITH PLASTERBOARD

NOTES :

I. ALL WALLS 8 CEILINGS OF P L A S T E R FIRST FLOOR

I

2 INSTRUMENTATION

I I

IN BASEMENT SOUTH CORNER LEGEND.' -4 THERMOCOUPLES -% RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

0

RADIOME TERS @ THERMOPILE RADIOMETER GAS COLLECTORS O U F E E T

FIGURE 4

-

BUILDING NO. 4

-

TWO

-

STOREY WOOD FRAME DWELLING WITH

NOTES ;

I ALL WALLS CI CEILINGS OF PRESSED PA PERBOA RD _ 2 0 ' - 8 " FIRST FLOOR 2 . INSTRUMEN TA TION IN BASEMENT LEGEND . 4 THERMOCOUPLES RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

0

RADIOMETERS @ THERMOPILE RADIOMETER 0 GAS COLLECTORS SMOKE METERS O U F E E T

FIGURE 5 -BUILDING NO. 5 - TWO

-

STOREY WOOD FRAME DWELLING WlT'H CLAPBOARD EXTERIOR

NOTE :

CEILING d WAINSCOT OF WOOD WALLS OF PLASTER LEGEND : 4 THERMOCOUPLES % RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS ANEMOMETERS

0

RADIOMETERS @ THERMOPILE RA OIOMETER GROUND FLOOR 0

-

5 10 F E E T

F I G U R E 6

-

BUILDING NO. 6

-

T W O

-

S T O R E Y SOLID BRICK

I - L E F T OPEN

1

32'-2 "

FIRS r FLOOR

NOTES:

I ALL WALLS R CEILINGS

OF PLASTER

2.

INS TRUMEN TA T I O,V IN BASEMENT SOUTH CORNER LEGEND :

-

THERMOCOUPLES % RESISTANCE THERMOMETER

0

RADIOMETERS @ THERMOPILE RADIOMETER GAS COLLECTORS SMOKE M E T E R S 10 O -FEET

@ THERMOPILE RADIOMETER GROUND FLOOR

/

0

-

_{5 10} FEET

I

;;i

I

_{NO WIND} WALLS O f PLASTER CEILING OF WOOD LEGEND : --o THERMOCOUPLES % RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS ANEMOMETERS

0

RADIOMETERS

I

I

1

F I G U R E

8

-

BsWILDING

NO. 8

-

T W O

-

S T O R E Y SOLID BRICK

SCHOOL WITH ONE

-

STOREY EXTENSION AT REAR

-

_ .- -4-

.I 27

'-IY-

.~

I

0 I I 15 19 23 27 3 I 35 39 43 47 51 TIME ( M I N I

I

1

I

1

I

1 1 LEGEND I 0 RADIOMETER I RADIOMETER 2 0 RADIOMETER 4

F I G U R E I I R A D I A T I O N

LEVELS B U R N N o . I

1117. REPT. 153

1

I

1

1

I

LEGEND

-

0 RADIOMETER I RADIOMETER 2 RADIOMETER 4

I

TIME ( M I N I

FIGURE

12

R A D I A T I O N

LEVELS BURN

No.

2

0 5 9 13 17 2 1 25 29 33 37 41 45 TIME ( M I N I I I I LEGEND 0 RADIOMETER I RADIOMETER 2

I \

b

RADIOMETER 4

~t

n

V

F I G U R E 13

R A D I A T I O N

LEVELS

B U R N No. 3

INT. REPT. 153

10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 4 2 4 6 TIME ( M I N I

F I G U R E

14

R A D I A T I O N L E V E L S B U R N N o . 4

FIGURE

16

R A D I A T I O N LEVELS BURN No.

6

( C O M M U N I T Y H A L L

)

LEGEND I RADIOMETER 3 - 0 RADIOMETER 4 RADIOMETER 5 8 12 16 20 24 28 3 2 3 6 40 4 TIME ( M I N I

F I G U R E

17

R A D I A T I O N L E V E L S B U R N No.

7

FIGURE

19

HYPOTHETICAL INTENSITIES

AT

WINDOW OPENINGS

20 2 1

T I M E ( M I N )

L E G E N D

-

R A D I O M E T E R I

----

R A D I O M E T E R 4

FIGURE

20

HYPOTHETICAL I N T E N S I T I E S AT WINDOW OPENINGS

I

/ / /

/

/ /

BURN

No.

3

/ / / / / /' 0 0 I N T . REPT. 153

LEGEND

-

RADIOMETER I - - g o RADIOMETER 4 \ \

'.

\ A. 16 20 24 28

32

36

4 0 44 TIME ' ( M l N )

F I G U R E 21 H Y P O T H E T I C A L I N T E N S I T I E S AT WINDOW OPENINGS

BURN No.4

INT. REPT. 153

/I

I I / I I I I / / / /

I

LEGEND

I

I

-

-RADIOMETER i

----

RADIOMETER 4 d J / L.

FIGURE

2 2

HYPOTHETICAL INTENSITIES AT WINDOW

OPENINGS

BURN No.

5

0

7

_{9 I I 13 15 17 19} 2

INT. R E P T . 153

1 TIME ( M I N )