• Aucun résultat trouvé

دور حوكمة الشركات في الحد من ممارسات المحاسبة الإبداعية دراسة ميدانية لشركة صيدال فرع فرمال الدار @ البيضاء الجزائر

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "دور حوكمة الشركات في الحد من ممارسات المحاسبة الإبداعية دراسة ميدانية لشركة صيدال فرع فرمال الدار @ البيضاء الجزائر"

Copied!
175
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

@ @ @ @ @ @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@@@@@ @ @@@@@@@@@ @@@ óïÝØ @ óî†b—nÔýa@ãíÝÉÜa @@ ì ïnÜa@ãíÝÈì@óîŠbvnÜa @áÔÛa @Z înÛa@âìÜÇ @ @ ˜—ƒnÛa Z ÕîÓ‡më@òjŽb« @ @

@åàš@ò߇Ôß@ñ‹×‰ß

Žb¾a@ñ†bè’@Ýîã@pbjÜİnß

LMD

@ @ @ @ çaíåÈ@o¥ @ @ @ @ @ @ İÛa@†a‡Çg@åß b òjÛ ZZZZ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@ @ˆbnŽþa@Òa‹’g@o¥ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Z @@ @ @ ﺧ ﻲﻧﺎﻀﻣر ﻳﺪ ﺔﺠ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﻴﻔﺳ óïÉàb§a@óåÜa óïÉàb§a@óåÜaóïÉàb§a@óåÜa óïÉàb§a@óåÜa @@@@ 2012 O 2013 @ @

تﺎﺳرﺎﻤﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻛﺮﺸﻟا ﺔﻤﻛﻮﺣ رود

ﺔﻴﻋاﺪﺑﻹا ﺔﺒﺳﺎﺤﻤﻟا

راﺪﻟا لﺎﻣﺮﻓ عﺮﻓ لاﺪﻴﺻ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟ ﺔﻴﻧاﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳارد

ﺮﺋاﺰﺠﻟا ءﺎﻀﻴﺒﻟا

@@@@

(2)

!"

#$%#&'(')

#.$('/'01+2'3

!

45&-6 078 09:6 ;- < =>5? 6@A 09:6 ;- < B5&C DE 09:6 ;- .FG-6

H

.GI < J>GK L6 BGM J-NO8 P60QR6 <

"

L6 &(S1 T U4V-6 &(S1 T *W

*W XY ZA &(S-6 X1[\ ]0OQV^

"

_

*W `56NQa6 X97-6 6bc 24d6 e JC6f4)?A < Jgh4iV8 4/0K4I jb-6 09k lmI n&Sa6 @4QI36

H

_

6bc 24d6 e 4/0K4I jb-6 X>K4oA pR2? @4QI36

P6[q6 lr L6 s6[t^ ugv-6

_

wx < U?4:6 ZA &10a6 *W &h6[q6 P4y>v-6 ?60-6 z4W&^ {&^ z60>M |Y&) z49K XY ZA

.F>-6 |F}Na6 |G,I36 BGK |84}~48 6N9FI *1b-6 |>-4a6 < |vI4€6 z49K &Yb-48

H

_

< l>Q-6 ]NGK < |1?4tQ-6 < |1f4iQRT6 ]NG7-6 |>GY ‚?6fA ZA

ph60Q8T6 ?Nƒ-6 *W ‚bC4I36 `>„

4>G7-6 …4I6?0-6 ZA

H

_

0>78 < †1&R *W X97-6 6bc 24d6 e .c4I *W 4Y ZA 4/&() .97/

H

$%&'( )

(3)

&'()*+#&,*-.*/0*123*4"'5*6789*4"#: %

! "#$%& ' ()* #+ ,-.' /012 342 56)+2 "678 9:;<+2 =)>? ' "@#AB CDE FG HI J

! K6LM ' ,NOK P#Q?R2 STUQM ' ,NMK 5#E'R2 /6&VM W12 HI /6XG YT. 9:Z#$ ' /6X[ 9)U\G HI

#]%7O ^ _K#M ' `2 a#bB 9U1#c12 3GB #dNUM %\O e3-U.T? J

! J

! fTg2 9)U\12 h%ij12 5'%. HI 9G2%:12 ' hkQ12 ' 9G#Xj12 a#)lB HI m

n ' /6d[ S#o /012 pU.T? 3gB

CU)12 ' 9QG#q2 rM 3D-s ^ #GT& 3DO tu)& J

u)& n /012 67v 3gB a<E 3gB e9U[2K612 fw>G ^ /6d[ wg S#o ' ()DbB x3l t:M #GT& #UDO t

K2Tj+2 ^ y#id1#M (1 f#Udz {G tUO#AI #$K wcL12 3gB h#U42 ^ 3G#>NM2 ' #d?%il |}%M ' 3DO e6UQ[ 3[2K612 J ! ~#GK 9D;#O to ' PK#€R2 ' t]R2 to HI J ! f#-&6 ‚Kƒ „#U-.K HI m &ƒ#s 9DUGKe9…U†Ze97b#.ehwLse9DU)s e9-&‡Ke9Uo‡ e97UD[ e9j;#O e9Uˆ e9 J

t7Q12 ^ „2‰#N[R2 „<UG‡ H2 m

WDUG‡ 3] SR2' W7DQG Cs#o W12 h6&%.

h6UQ[ eh6UlKeŠd&‡e9)U]'ehKTse9j;#Oe9)U?Ke97UDZ J ! ~#GK 9‹6g Œ%Q& FG to H2 J Œ'%Z V\? n FG ~K0Q& SB TEKB wgR2 ^ ' 9€KT12 "0] (A2  9‹6g  J

(4)

!"#$

(5)

%&'()*+,-&'()*+%&,-.(/

&'0%12$%&0

3

45

&6

'()*+%&,-.(/

3333333333333333333333333333333333

3333333333333333333333333333333

I

7

5

6

%&,-.(/

$

'0%12

3333333333333333333333333333333

3333333333333333333333333333333

89

,:(;&,:1<:

333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

4

,=;!#$%&,>?@+%

333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

3

333333333333333

4

A(=B!#$%

33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

3

333333

33333

7

&C%1D4

EFBF-$%

333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

3

333

3333333

7

,@%G1$%&,=-D4

33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

7

EFBF-$%&G(=HI%&JK%0L

3333333333333333

3333333333333333333333333333333

333333

M

,@%G1$%&A%0L4&0&L01N

333333333333333

3

333333333333333333333333333333

33333

M

JOH-$%&P"Q-$%

333333333333333333333

33333333333333333333333333333333

33333333

33

M

,<R(S$%&A(@%G1$%

33333333333333333333333333333

3333333333333333333333333

3

33

3

L

,@%G1$%&A(RFTU

33333333333333333333333333333333333333

3

33333333333333

33

3333

L

,@%G1$%&V=S<W

3333333333333

33333333333333333333333333333

3

33

33333333333

33

3

33

3

L

(6)

&XY#$%&1="-W

33333333333333333333333333333333333

3333

&333333333333333333333333333333333

3

'0+%&Z[O-$%

\

4"56' 7*89"/:' (!"#$%&'()*#+, ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; ;;;;;;; ;; ; ; <

'0+%&]>^-$%

\

(!"#$%&'()*#+=(>+?/@ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; ;;; ;; ;;;;;;;; ;; < ;;

_`(a$%&]>^-$%

\

(!"#$%&'()*#+=(4+?A&()8B"BC'(D"EBC' ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; ;;; ;;;; ;;;; ; F

Z$(a$%&]>^-$%

\

!"#$%&'(G+HI&(JK$@(7LMNO(4+PBQ(!"#$%&'()*#+= RR;RRRR ST

JR%!$%&]>^-$%

\

(!"#$%&'()*#+=(UV"WN(X(YQ"E@ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; ;;;; ;; (;; S3

b:(c$%&]>^-$%

\

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; ;;;;;;; ;; (; SZ

!"#$%& '()*%&

+

!"#$%&'()"*+',-./0'12'34-5678&'9&#:;&'<'(%<=78&'9&#:;& >>>>>>>>>> >> >> ?@

,-.& /01*%&

+

' !"#$%&'()"*+',-./0'1A'(%<=78&'9&#:;& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > >> '> ?@

!"#$%& /01*%&

+ ' !"#$%&'()"*+',-./0'12'34-5678&'9&#:;& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > >>>>>>>>>>>>> >> '> ?B

'%#$%& /01*%&

+

!"#$%&'()"*+'C*DE2'12',-F46%&'G!H'I-J$0'KL&*M >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > >>> >> > '> ?N

23&4%& /01*%&

+

'O<4%&'PQL'R' !"#$%&'()"*+'SC!T >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > >>>>>>>> > > ?U

56#7%& /01*%&

+

'<' !-%<=72 !F!5VW ' !"#$%&'()"*+ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > >>>>> '> ?X

'%#$%& '()*%&

+

'YZ[ 3C&\]& !"#$%&'()"*+'I^'R >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > BN

,-.& /01*%&

+

'YZ['_*`52 3C&\]& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >> >>>>>>>>>>>>> > BN

(7)

'%#$%& /01*%&

+

'YZ[',-./0'(-5-" 3C&\]& ' !"#$%&'()"*h >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > BX

23&4%& /01*%&

+

'YZ[' !-%<=72 3C&\]& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >> '>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> i@

89:%& ;<=>

+

?????????????????????????????????????????????

??

?????????????

i?

!"#$%& 89:%&

+

C!:]& '(.j!k)Z%'_!Q%& (-A&4L]& >

89:%& @AB*C

+

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??

??????????????

ii

'()*%&

,-.&

+

C!:]& '(.j!k)Z%'l)-m!58& (-A&4L]& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > >>> iN

,-.& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n&'_*`52 (-A&4L]& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>> iN

!"#$%& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n& -A&4L]& ( 'lFoV;&'C*DE8&'12 >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>> '> ip

'%#$%& /01*%&

+

(-%!8&'\&4A;&'(.Q% >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Nq

23&4%& /01*%&

+

(-%!8&'rs&*t%&'9&4mu >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >> '>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> NX

!"#$%& '()*%&

+

'(.j!n&'C*`^'vZA' 4A!j'w%&'I2&*Q%& (-A&4L]& '!`2&4x6j&'yz&<\'< >>>> >> '>>>>> U@

,-.& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n&'C*`^'vZA' 4A!j'w%&'I2&*Q%& (-A&4L]& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > >>> '> U@

!"#$%& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n&'{-%!ju'_&4x6j&'yz&<\ (-A&4L]& >>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > >>> U?

'%#$%& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n&'{-%!ju' !jC!| (-A&4L]& '(-%!8&'rs&*t%&'R >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > UU

23&4%& /01*%&

+

'(-%!8&'#}C!t6%&'R'~%&'(jC!|'{-%!ju >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >> > > gB

(8)

,-.& /01*%&

+

„&4L]& (-%<4%&'…}!Q8&'1)M'ƒj!n& >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >> > > gN

!"#$%& /01*%&

+

(-%!8&'rs&*t%&'vZA'(-.j!n&' &…-6%&' !j!JQ€& '>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> gg

'%#$%& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n&' !j!JQ€& (-A&4L]& 'vZA ‚!ez]& 'ƒj!n& '>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> X@

23&4%& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n& (-A&4L]& '< 3C&\W ;& '(-.j!n&'‚!LC >>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > >>>> Xi

89:%& ;<=>

+

?????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????

?????

XU

'%#$%& 89:%&

+

'(.j!n&' !jC!|'12'4kZ%'()"*h&'{-%!ju'<'†#: (-A&4L]& '„#z'O&4-‡'("#a'(%!+'(j&C\ O!2#z

89:%& @AB*C

+

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

XX

,-.& '()*%&

+

'(.j!n&' !jC!|'1A'ˆ$J%&'Is!j< (-A&4L]& '!`E2'4h&'< >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> Xp

,-.& /01*%&

+

'(-.j!n&' !jC!|'ˆ$J%'(‰}4h&'†#/%&'<' !m!TŠ& (-A&4L]& >>>>>>>>>>> >>>> Xp

!"#$%& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n&' !jC!|'12'4h&'R'(-%<4%&'(.j!n&'…}!Q2'YZ['C<\ (-A&4L]& >> >> > >>> pq

'%#$%& /01*%&

+

'(.j!n&' !jC!|'12',tk6%&'R'l‹C!Œ&',F48&'C<\ (-A&4L]& !`s!6€'< >> > >>> pB

23&4%& /01*%&

+

!"#$%&'()"*+'_*`52'I-Q50 >>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>> > pg

!"#$%& '()*%&

+

'(Z.t678&'("#$%&'1A'(2!A'3#D€ >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> q@@

,-.& /01*%&

+

("#$%&'C*`^ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>> >>> q@@

!"#$%& /01*%&

+

<'9&4mu ˆs!^< ("#$%& >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>> > >>> >>> q@q

(9)

23&4%& /01*%&

+

'O&4-‡'y) >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>> > >>>> q@g

'%#$%& '()*%&

+

'G!-.6jŠ&'s!6€'I-Z'<'(j&C\ >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> q@X

,-.& /01*%&

+

'‘s!eŒ& %'(-z&#’4%& Z (E-Q >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> q@X

!"#$%& /01*%&

+

',-t'<'~%&'12'4h&'R' !"#$%&'()"*+'“\!.2'…”•0 ‚!ez]& '< (-z!5$%& > >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > qqB

'%#$%& /01*%&

+

' !"#$%&'()"*+'“\!.–'O&4-‡'("#a'4-t0'—42 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >> qqg

23&4%& /01*%&

+

'ˆ-Ee0'<' !€<˜x8&'™ !6-.‰6%&'r--t0'†#:'(j&C\ &\&#}]& >>> >>>>>>>>>>>> qBq

89:%& ;<=>

šššš

>>>>>

šššššššššššš

qBg

;6#D ;*C#>

ššššššššššš

>>>

ššššššš

qBp

2E&4*%& ;*F#G

šš

>

ššš

>>>>>

ššššššššššš

'>

qii

HI=*%& ;*F#G

?

(10)

!"#$%& '()"*+

!,&-./&,

(11)

V !"#$ %$&'(#$ )*+,#$ ! -.-/01#.234 /0!0+56 -/07"8#$-)97&: "# " -)1#0;$-<0!=>$-)?(@#-)+@AB;$-C0DE>$-.-/0193;$ $! % )1?F0G$-<0!=>$-)?(#-/0HI0D4 $" ! J % -K9@(#$-LM2;$-N3:-)'1(#$-OPQ&R ! & " J % S,BA#$-N3:-)'1(#$-OPQ&R ! # % J % )1#0T$-)+1U&#$-N3:-)'1(#$-OPQ&R !! % J ' -VWX$-/$&'F-N3:-)'1(#$-OPQ&R !!! " J ! -/07"8#$-)97&T-C0(I-=0YZ-[0F>$-"I&R-\]?4-^1?_R-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ --)1#0;$- c$&d#$-.-/0e01?#$-`-fg#$-.-NhiA#$-` !!% " J " -.-j0+T$-\]?4-^1?_R-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ -`-kl03;$-m&d:-)P0n +8#$-o&A3;-b0dR=p$ 0 -.-)1I q0,IZ$ !!' " J % -\]?4-^1?_R-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ $.03;$ V @40(;$-`-kl03;$-kr -L1?dA#$-`-) -)1?F0G$-/0?hiR-s4$ !!$ " J ' -t@u-/01#.234-\]?4-^1?_R-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ V=$aZ$ -s4-L1@dA#$-` -)?F0G$-N1#0F\ )1h$]rZ$ !!( % J ! b$=\ v0,;$-w0*x>-)4]d;$-/04&@(;$-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\ !!) % J " -V=$aZ-/07"8#$-)97&:-ya0?4-<$]BAF$-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ \ -C&x -)7"8#$-a=$&4-. !!& % J % -^r03#$-C$23#0r-z0X$-C.>$-q${!p$-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ !!# % J ' ^r03#$-C$23#0r-z0X$-|0}#$-q${!p$-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ !"

(12)

V % J ) -s4-]*@#-)(€$";$-%0-0‚F=0ƒ-„#$-/0Y08'#$-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-b$=\ -)1h$]rZ$-)?F0G$-/0F=0… !"% % J & -†F0G$-fg#$-sh-‡8D#$-`-)(€$";$-%0-)1#.234-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-ˆ\= !"' % J # -t@u-/01:ix-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-ˆ\= V=$aZ$ - 1!-)(r0A4-.-)?!$"4-` -)?F0G$ !"$ % J ! -`-)1?F0G$-)+1U&#$-C0u-`-)'1(#$-a$"I\-ˆ\= 0F=6 b -)97&:-ya0?4 -/07"8#$ !"( % J !! -)€=]#-)1F0F\-/$a]*97-)1#0;$-.-)1?F0G$-/04&@(;0r-)'1(#$-a$"I\-ˆ\= --/07"8#$-)97&:-)1#0(I !") % J !" -)'1(#$-a$"I\- ha 0‚c$=\ -C.>$-q${!p$-^r03#$-C$23#$-S‰-091I !" # # !"#$%&'!(')*+!,-( ./0'1+ 2.3&'!4'567'!89.:&'!;'<:&'!=>!.?$* !$ # % !@'1+ (')*+ !"A1B&!"$C.C+!D'(BE?F!"$&.G'!H!"$IC.J'!D.KLM%G'!N!"#$%&' !D.F)O&'!"?FLP!"$&.%* #& % "F)O&'!QLRS!H!;LT+!,$$UV!N!"#$%&' # % ! !WXYZ7'![.:P!\B-.6 ;LT]& !;'B$T!"F)^!N!"_1.`'!ab #! % # !;'B$T!"F)^!N!D.cHdeG'!,$$UY&!"KBeY:G'!f)g&'!"C'1( ## % % #% % ' !hT+!"$M?-!h_L?Y9!"T.i'!4'56'!j$&.kV!N!"#$%&'!(')*+!@'1+ #' % ( !)_LgY&'!H!lEI&'!j_1.RK!"`.%K!N!(')*+!@'1+ #(

(13)

!"#$%&' ()*+,- ./01 2' 3 4)"56$ 789 :;<' 4)=%>5$ !*=/< ;?1@ 3 !"5)A$ %BC)0D5$ E FG5$ @ H+ID5$ 4)=%>5$ E !"-)JC @ K

4)LC)M NO ;P$ Q' RST1 U5$ 4)=%>5$ !*=/< )VW*XD1 U5$ YS)ZA$ [\+ ]%?D5$ Q' !L$C;5$ 789 ^#;9 E _"5)A$ @ _ZL)`$ NO S;+ [\+ ^+a@ !b)ZDL$ S$;+c- d<)Z5$ .)J ];e$ $89 f"0gD5 @ 3!"+$;-h$ !ZL)`$ A$ NO !+/*i j)W9 kl Q' !L$C;5$ ^m\n @ 3($;"o !=%& 4)LC)M NO ;P$ Q' RST1 !=%>5$ )9;*D?1 YS)Z

!W"?5$ S$%#l %pb !Vq@ NO !"+$;-h$ !ZL)`$ K

(14)

Après l'effondrement de grandes sociétés une attention accrue à fournir des mécanismes appropriés pour réduire les pratiques comptables créatives qui sont dans la manipulation et la fraude dans les rapports financiers et le gouvernement des entreprises est l'un de ces mécanismes, comme le travail de réglementation et de surveillance dans les entreprises.

Cette étude visait à identifier les principes contenus dans le gouvernement des entreprises qui mènent à une diminution de la pratique de comptabilité créative, et d'enquêter sur cet objectif, le chercheur prépare un questionnaire a été distribué à un certain nombre de comptables et financières à Saidal, et l'étude a conclu qu'il existe un ensemble de principes adoptée par la société conduire à une réduction des pratiques comptables créatives du point de vue des répondants.

(15)

After the collapse of large companies increased to provide appropriate mechanisms to reduce attention to creative accounting practices that are in the manipulation and fraud in financial reporting and corporate governance is one of these mechanisms, such as the work regulation and supervision in business.

This study aimed to identify the principles contained in the corporate governance leading to a decline in the practice of creative accounting, and investigate this objective, the researcher prepared a questionnaire was distributed to a number of accounting and finance to Saidal, and the study concluded that there is a set of principles adopted by the lead to a reduction in creative accounting practices from the perspective of respondents society.

(16)

!"#$"

!"%&

(17)

ﺃ !"#$ %!&'( )'*+,- ./ 0-1 23-4$ 5 678'#0- 9:;<0- 5 ='>!* ' ? @AB2C D):$ =:<E5 ='F0'G HC IJ70/ KL, 'M7N ='O'LP-?

='C:Q#8- 5 670'8- !3)'A+0- 5 IR-:A0'O 6A"0- .-2AN S/ TUV W0X Y>

'J;Z %)U'[0- 67<\']-X ^'"C 5 ^ 7;7$_0- '`3!CV 5 '7\V a!b 6 5 6CcV .5!,- 6>!b e WQ$ S/ '&)'A+N- 5 ='>!*0-67N'F*0- fA,5 ?6M7QL0- 670'8- 6\)'M8-5 ?g\']- %)-Ui- 6<j) kQZ -l';O 5 K\']- m7n+L3 o71

'JL`#$ p0- %):[0- Y7Mq 2[AO 67Z-2Oi- 6<\']'O r!#3 'C ^_s HC W0X 5 670'8- IR-:A0- t KZ_+3 .V Q$ t %U:u:8- v'B)w-6>!*0- ^'MZV 6x7+, kQZ IR-:A0- W &4>!C 5 ?y'8- ' t 5 Y( 6<\']- %!&'( @C';$ 67Z-2Oi-z .'>

6M>:1 v:JF{ v'M+&z- U-Uc- W0|0 6x7+,5 ?'J;Z }*`Q0 YR'\5 5 ='70~ 9';& .:`3 .V 2O

'>!0- HC €<V 5 ?='>!*0-7QZ v:A$ .V K‚ p0- 67\'\w- 4R kQZ !Cw- ![+A3 ƒ 5 ?63U'[+Bz- ='>!*0- 'J O ='„7…- 5 ='>!*0- HC d"`0- C'B YO W0X v:JF8- -|& '3-4C 27>†+ 5-='>!*0- 6N'> t ‡A7<n$ kQZ oP e Q> -|… ‡ ^'MZV t 'JLF, ˆ!F$ p0- 6MJ8- m7‰-:8- HC ='>!*0- 6M>:1 Š:‰:C ‹<V

HMŒ3 '{ 6>!*Q0 67B:L0- 6M7A0- I7#$ t '&)5U HZ _ŒN ?y'8- Y*F0- !Ž'G K;x+0 k#L$ p0- 67C:`P- 5 63)-!M+\z- 5 :M;0- '… e

t KZ_+0- =z'1 HZ }*`Q0 6Q7F`0- l-Uw- d3'#C dN:$ y'+0'O 5

670'8- IR-:A0

:\V t QC'#+8- 6AE KL> S/ U‘3 2B %)-Ui- l:\ 5 U'LF0- =z'1 5 ’|& )-!A+\- kQZ YM#0- 5 ? ^'8-

a- a-:\w-e H`“ ’!>X ”<\ '8 -U';+\- 5  670'+0- 670'`bi- 6j'7 • %()*%#! !%&+,-%./%0#123,-%"4156 !"#$%&'()&"#*+,-./&"0,+1,.2"3 "4#567&89/&"0,:6;/&

!"#$"%& !'()"%& *+,-%& .#!/&012&3!*'&4 &5 < 67#8(9"%& :8;<&=;>?&@#A,B&CD&#E < F=%GH%&I*J&7#!"4KLE&0:1M&#:!N &6 < !O;O#P&CD&QD&46& !'%RSH%& A,#T#S&G;UVW%&#E 6

(18)

#$/,=/&"0,$>6?/&" @*A",@5BA1&"#$%6?/&"#CD+E&"FC%"#(,GH/"I J K L < Q!/-%&cS&d#UW%&e=#fM&7#8(9"%& :8;<&=;>?&g*'&7R'#,&h"%& !,#,-%&@#A,-%&0E&ij

"#8;"%& [(kbS&l(fM&#E&4B&Q!8;"%&4 &m

M L < &QnB&0E&o"p&4&q 8(9"%&Z& !*r%R"%& S#P(*"& :stW%&ukb"%& fS#$E4& AP%(E&F=%GH%&I*J&7#!"4KLE&0E&ij

d#UW%&@#\/B&v;V<& [#w &m

N L < x;V[q !PtrB&y.&7#,=#z&CD& !'%RSH%& A,#T% & <#$W%& !A,#T%&7#,#!L"%&4&v({"%&=#!$r#S&|,#T%

j&Z&(U\bM& !'%RSH%& A,#T%&7#,=#z !O;O#P&C>N& !"4R"%&& !A,#T%&aG#AW%&4&y[#fW%&=#}

m O L < %R!/& 8(Y _=#`&~&X &,#T%&|'t$"%&4&]^"% m "PQ>Q./&"R&'ST J 5 < m < :8;€%&|!"#,B& N(fE !'%RSH%& A,#T%&7#,=#z&0E&R€%&Z& ER$LW%

m

< #>bE&R€%&4B&Q!*V$"%& "4#‚&4& !'%RSH%& A,#T%&@#A,B&0'&ƒ91"% m < [G#U$P~%&7#8(9"%&Z&7#8(9"%& :8;<&„P%4&…!9M& "4#‚ m PQ>Q./&"#+&1U"#$.ST J &4#‚&Z&†;‡;W%&%ˆD& !‰B&0:1M h"%& ^"#A"%& !‰-%&=#>?j& "

M & :8;<&#>AL$1 7#8(9"%

E#'& )US &0E&#DR<&4&q

&Q:Š& g*'& 8(9"%& F=%Gj& R'#L[& ‹#P=& Œ!‚& j& [G#U$P~%& 8(9"%& n#<& 4q /#r& )US& !'%RSH%& A,#T% m

(19)

T < "#$A&X"W!&IU "J < †;‡;W%&%ˆD&Z&Ž\A"%&4&†t}~%&|< #bUU&Z&u>E&†;‡;E&3O%&4& /#r m < &;\A"%&‘ˆD&Q’“& !fE#”%& A$1W%&•%(–j m

< &0E&R\*"&7#8(9"%& :8;<&—AM&iB&#b8%=Gj &7#,=#z

*'&#fN#O& !'%RSH%& A,#T% &0E&%R[˜E&#OG=™N&t:'&4&#: Ž\A"% &4 m Y < W!&IU #$%Q>Q2 "J < †;‡;W%& –%R< m < !"#W%&us%;V"%&Z&|'t$"%&4&]^"%&7~#<&R[%˜M m #+&1'/&"0&IUT"I"UI'Z J #+&1'/&"UI'Z J T < " [,\./&"'-/& J &•#š!A"%&=%R"%&X#E(N&†(N&X%R!/& 8(Y › (s%˜”% m Y < " [,28/&"'-/& J &0E œ &ž:N;O Ÿ œŸ &j œ &¡#E Ÿ œ¢ m #+&1'/&"0&IUT J F=;$8R"%&7#<4(}B&q &4 7#!V$*W% m W*=./&"]^@./& J

:8;<& F™9O& Z& C£=#$"%& ¤>bW%& g*'& #OR:$'% &ƒ/4& Z& C)/;"%& ¤>bW%& & q !'%RSH%& A,#T%& 4& 7#8(9"%&

&aG#AE &4& :8;€%&R'%;P&4 &|!"#,B

[&4&CV!A{$"%&|O#”%&Z&C*!*\$"%&¤>bW%&4& !'%RSH%&& A,#T% $

&Q!*Š&Z&Q’:

i#!A$,~% m

(20)

ﺩ & 8(Y & [G#U$P% Z& n=RE ¥#W%&v;L"% &m #+&1'/&"0,(Qab J ¦ & *P †;‡;W#S& /#§%&„n%(W% m ¦ QS#P&y.&†;‡;W% &#bS&„NG&#z& !V!A{$"%& ,%=R*" ~ $, i#!A$,~%&x%R m ¦ i#!A$,~%&Q!*Š& S;f/ m `_A #+&1'/&"c$ "J j&Ž\A"%&u!LV$S&#b:Pq7#!‡()"%&0E&¨V\$O&C1"&4&#><({S&#b:P&h"%& !"#1Y©"&Q<&G#ªH –t– &X;UN ¥#$"#8&CD4 5

& X4-%& QU)"%& X4#b$[ 7#8(9"%& :8;€& [(1)"%& |O%;”%

&«RVM& ¬& 0E& 4q#>E;>)E& j& v({$"%& Xtr& 0E

& *E#Y& #D%(O& h"%& ƒ[=#f$"%& 0E& ';:J :8;\*"

& q &l%(}-%& 4& #>V!A{M& 0'& "4KLW%& l%(}-%& gLbO& iB& i4G

8(9"%& :8;<&Q?&Z&F=%GH%&I*J&j& N#‡H#Sq#>V!A{M&0E&FR!)$LW% 7#

m

& ­#f!N& ®#’"%& QU)"%& #EB !'%RSH%& A,#\:*"& x#f"%& =#}H%

j& e(f$"#S& o"p4& q &h"%& QE%;f"%& 4& #>E;>)E

m

& ,%=R"&3!N&#bP({$N&Ž"#’"%&QU)"%&…£&#:!N4 E&R\*"& :8;€%&|!"#,B&4&v(}

RSH%& A,#T%&7#,=#z&0 !'%

&q#>bE&R€%&4& !'%RSH%& A,#T%&7#,=#z&0'&ƒ91"%&Qs#,4&0:šM&Ž!< %&„P%4&g*'& ¯#V,j & [(s%˜”%& 8(9"

& ,%=G&Xtr& 0E&o"p4 &=%R"#S&FRn%;$W%&X#E(N& †(N&X%R!/& 8(9"& !O%R!E

•#š!A"% &¦ (s%˜”% &¦ ,%=G&Xtr&0E&o"p4 &Q!*Š&4& i#!A$,~% 3°s#$O4 m

<±VW%&7#!/;$"%4&¤s#$b"%&0E& *²&ušM&q†;‡;:*"& E#'& `#³&Ž\A"%&%ˆD&x#$$r%&´&RP4 &&&m

(21)

!"#$

%&'$

(22)

!"#$%&'()*

%+ !"#$ %&'()* +',-. /"012 %3456 -07 89'52* :-;2* <= +',-02* %>,"? %9*@! @ABC D'#2* 'E A @* FE 'G;H ';?I J-#K LMNO PB2* D"GQ)* "R A ST@*!U* F7 %4VW)* XYH 8E Z1E*[$ \2* X,'0)* ]A-^

_W5` a4;b cW7 X>#2'^ +',-02* T@*!= D[W$ +'M4$-$ A d^*"e !'f= <= %C'g* +]-^ h4? S%2',"2* %WV0i '>j*! :"C'5k :"&'()* :l m2n A S%oWY)* p'oNO J*-ql* <=

^ +*r4,s$ :s

k /*@r)* cW7

t,*"42 @"u52'^ D"GQ)* *BR ->59* A %QW5v)* -q'v)* F7 r#M2* X, Tr4#^ A %>4W9 %;K-u^ wx*"EO @'>y59* z %QW5v)* +*@"u52* { !"#$%&' ( %)*+%, -. %/0/1%/2345%67"3%8%9:;<=$%$>? 8@ -. %ABC/D$%&$+C/E=$%,%&$:F4#$ G@ %)HI%JKL A!M:N$ %&/MOP#$%Q J0/? %9/F%Q%/RS.%TOU%V:WX%Y,C%Q%AR#/=$%A0Z[$%/\%,%]^=/"#$%C/_7`8$%a:7K0%bcF deef ] , %&8/5 %Q%g"`,%h#$%ijEk#$ :#$ (9 ( B%l>5%h#$%,%]. $ %-,OI Enron %AMOU Om+n %]-:S+4I. %Q%AR#/=$%T$:S[$%Q%o3O!27K=$%Apm%bcF%Om.%/0%$>?%,%]q/=$%rR`47#$%-,sU%Q%ijEt$ %]u/"#$%Y,C%vRw $># ^H5 %C/_7`8$%Y/x%Q%J25/E#$%,%V/7k#$%o0%434"#$%9/!7?/y%&/MOP#$%A!M:5%9:;<0 ( W77S %/?+:;z% V/ES.% ,% &/MOP#$% A!M:5% 9:;<0% Rc{7#$% ,% |}:#/y% _<#$% $>?% Q% AS$+4#$% Y,/

%/;_~/_%G@%AB/€/y /;~C/E0%]/?‚~/M+%, ] /;7R\. %A#,sK=$%l$Oƒ[$ % _<#$%$>?%Q%/„3.%TO…7I%,%]A!M:N$%Y/x%Q%Y,4#$%V+/†%G@%AB/€/y%]/;pRE…‡%oF %Q%i+$C$%ˆcx%G@ z &/MOP#$%A!M:5% %(

(23)

!"#$%&'()#

*

$+,-.#

#

$/(01,2()

3,456)#$7(48&)

%O…7I%-.%‰Š%A3$4y T &/MOP#$%A!M:5%9:;<0%C4‹%, /;<3+/"‡, %/?‚~/M+ %, /;7R\. (

!"#$9:;()#

*

3,456)#$7(48<$=8>2?

@%A!cM% G@%A!M:N$%Œ<#%C:"3 $%-/y+% i+4`%oF%6"‡%A4`%ARp3O* %AWR<K# %Q%Ž‡$+/;0%,%ARp3O*$ %iC/R` /M:cS%,%AcREI%T'.,%)R`%o0%Žkc7%/0,%]|}$:"#$%,%j}/F[$%,%$:0[$%S,%Q%AWR<K#$ A;3‚I%& %bcF%‘/<N$%Q%A<3OU%, #%Ž73/’%,%Ž73/F+%,%V/MO#$%&/kc7“%,%”$,+. Ž‡4;F%Q%h#$%AF/„E#$%,%&/I/0• @%, 3 %+/…[ –$%—/Wm.%/D%˜O"7‡%h#$ % },%/0%$™šB%]%+/ R $%—/WR0%G@%C/F%›%Y:}:#$%—/W – %-/yO#$%$>?%bcF%rcƒ.%]%œ/=/S%+/ good governance %"‡%h#$ %4Rž$%)k{7#$ %( /y%/?/W"0%—/X%/!M%]A!M:N$%A!cM%bcF%œ/0/1%rE…W‡%ARyOF%AwO‡%4X:‡%8%ŽI.%/!M # %AŸc %A3‚Rc 8$ governance vBC%/“ /RI/=.% 20%Y,4#$%¡"y %¢‚Rc 8$%£c…_=$%ˆ<I%9$4¤7S$%bcF%/KIOB%, jŸ7#$%v0%l,ON$%&$>y%, %9/F%Q%ŽI.%8@%]%/;H<#%,%/;p…I%Q ¥¦¦§ %ARyO"#$%AŸc#$%v!x%+4}. ¨C/!7F$ %$>D %Œ<c#$ %© %A!M:N$ %© Ž#%-/Ry%Q%4M.%ªR5 %© ARyO"#$%Aw«#$%-.%/W3.+%Q %© %:N$ %A!M %© # %AwO‡%¢‚Rc 8$%£c…_!c %A{R{} ,%¬E0 ¬"0 ­ d (® %ARyO"#$%A*/R_#$%rB%,%&—/X%8,.%^;B /;7HB/¯ /RI/m%,%-Z:#$%,%+>ž$%bcF %¢Cs‡ G@ %C:_p=$%¬"=$ %£c…_=/y $ ¢‚Rc 8 ] %,%AMOP#$%°/PI%AE`$O0%)RF4‡%:?%, /70 y A" —$C. %£c…_=$%$>?%C/!7F$%,%/;RcF%J!~/p#$ U%o0%±c‡%Ž‡+:_y ² %-.%ŽI |R„3 $434X G@ ª34N$%O_"#$%Q%ARyO"#$%AŸc#%AR{c…_=$%i,O2#$ ­ ¥ ® ( %£R{}% kPy%jK‡%/;c"X% X.%o0%AMOP#$%jS%¨/†/y%C:;ž$%vRw%‚RMO‡%,%a:p#$%vRw%³$«U$%^?%,. %, %,%&/…cK#$%o0% 0/M%9/HI%^;B%])RcS &$—$OX$ %A"y/7=%/RX+/%,%/Rc$C%²PW3%)k{7#$%,%] i+$C@ %&/MOP#$ ( ­ ´ ® ) ! ( -%]¢,‚*%Y.% Rcž$%4EF%JK5 AR#/=$%O3+/p7#$%iC:X%rRpL%Q%&/MOP#$%A!M:5%+,C %µ_¶%]j7KX/0%iC/;U% RI%&/Ec…70%o!€%iOM>0%] %ARcM%]AES/· %]³+/¸4#$%]C/_7`8$%,%i+$C$ "#!# ¹] º $ ( ­ " ® » -/k=$%ˆ<I ¹] º % ( ) ( -%]4R!N$%4EF%¼/RK5 AR#/=$%A0:c"=$%,%AES/{!c#%AR#,4#$%j3/"!c#%Y/p7I8$%AR\. &'()&*+( &/MOP#$%A!M:5% R"<7#%+/ƒšM %o!€%iOM>0%] %O~$‚ž$%A"0/X%]rR`4‡%,%AES/·%µ_¶%]A3+/½7#$%9:c"#$%Q%j7KX/0%iC/;U% RI%&/Ec…70 %] "#!# ¹%] %º !, %(

(24)

, @!A * BC5DE 7(48< 3,456)#

&/MOP#$% % A!M:N% 45:0% |3O"‡% C:X% ,% 94F% G@% A!M:N$% &/RyC.% )H"0% jP‡ Corporate --Gouvernance ¾¾ %,%J3C/_7`8$%AB/M%o0%ŽRcF%r<70%¢‚Rc 8$%£c…_=$%ok#%,%]ARyO"#$%AŸc#$%Q JRc¯$ %, %AF:S:0%¨4Ms‡%/0%$>? ¿EncyelopeloiÀ %+:0[$% $47#%|3O"7#$%C4"73%4`%, %,%AR!RHW7#$ %A3C/_7`8$ %, AR#/=$ &/MOPc#%ARF/!7X8$%, ( i4F%ŽRcF%rcƒ.%ªR5%ARyO"#$%AŸc#$%Q%ŽRcF%|c7$%£c…_=$%$>?%ok#%, 20%&/R!K‡ %º )kN$ %A!RkN$%i+$C$%,%&/MOP#$%A!M:5%]4RUO#$ ( OM™%bcF%Á²I%C4_#$%$>?%Q%, %º &$—$OX$ %T:p5%Q%-Z$:7#$%rRpL%-/!„#%&/MOP#/y%A!M/N$ V/{}. %Â/_=$ %4`%/!M%]A€+/"7=$ %);S[$%^c0/5%T:p5%A3/’%,%A#/M %, %T:p5 ES/¯$%j3/"=$% R"<‡%i+,O€%bcF%4M²7#$%,%]Â/_=$%V/{}. %q,4#$%,%^c¯$%a:7K=$%bcF%AR %, %A#$4"#$%rRpL B%q/7#/y%,%]T:K#$%C/_7`$%+:HW0%o0%A3C/_7`8$ ^; %©%º /ƒ@%67"‡ %4F$:p#$%o!„73%+ %, %h#$%T:K#$%&/S+/“ %Op#%&/MOP#$%™/¶$%AR<RM%C4L $%+ 9/"#$%V/77M8$%&/MOU%A}/%,%/ © ­ d ® ( %±c‡%—/SÃ+%,%¢O340%/D%v„Ä%h#$%A#—/K=$%a40%,%]/;RB%+$Op#$%™/¶$%ARc!F%)kL%h#$%ARB/<P#$%, %/;WF%-:{_<3%h#$%&/0:c"=$%,%/;R<z:0%,%&/MOP#$ %o3O!27 %A3/!N$%, [$%JI$:`%,%&/MOP#$%-:I/py%A}/%&/F:€:0%/„3.%o!„7‡%, %&/MOP#$%4R`%4F$:`%,%]AR#/=$%T$+, ¯$%j3/"=$%,%]A}+:E#/y %A}+:E#/y%i4Rp=$%&/MOP#$%bcF%rE…‡%h#$%ARES/ %, %JI$:`%,%+/k758$%A{B/k0%JI$:` Å'B$ ( y%¡"E#$%67F$%4`%, ² %^?%A!M:N$%-C$470$ %9/HW#$%^;B%]T:K#$%C/_7`$%,%A=:"#$%,%A_¤_t$%o0% k# %bcF%/;7E`$O0%,%AMOP#$%Y/!F.%ŽRX:‡%Ž#'%o0%)73%¢>#$ bcF. #$%,%/;B$4?.%rRpL% X.%o0%a:7K0 %: %—/B %,%A?$‚W#$%,%AR#,sK!c#%A0Z'#$%j3/"=/y ARB/<P#$ >M%,%] %±# &$—$OX$ A04¤7K=$ %V/{}.%^c2“%A…S$:y AMOP#$%Q%A{c_=$ `+%,%Oƒ/¤=$%bcF%l$OU@%jB:7# / ­ ! ® » %]/*[$%)RcS%C/!F ARF$4y$%AES/{!c#%ÆcK#$%jm²7#$%o0%4N$%Q%&/MOP#$%A!M:5%+,C %9:c"#$%ARcM%]j7KX/0%iC/;U%&/Ec…70%o!€%iOM>0%] ,%A3C/_7`8$ %]J…KcB%]i‚*%]O?Z[$%A"0/X%]A3+$C$ "#!# ] ¹ ¹ %º !. » !$ (

(25)

/

% ^?% ,% AMOP#$ %)RcK#$% ¢+$C$% kRD$% o!„‡% ±#>y% ,% ]/?>R<W‡% )73% h#$% l$4?[$% ,% &$,C[$% v„‡

&/MOPc# ­ d ® ( %/D/!F. -šB %A!M:N$ %ARS/S[$%l$4?[$%Jy%&/`'"#$%)kL%)HI%C:X%,%¢.%)HW#$%"‡ %Oms‡%h#$ [$%Q %A3:p‡% !P‡%/!M%]—$C %434L%,%4R"E#$%a4=$%bcF%AKSs=$ %,sK=$ Y AR#,sK=$%, ­ ¥ ® ( ,. A€+/"7=$%Â/_=$%V/{}.%T:p5%Q%-Z$:7#$%rRpL%-/!„#%&/MOP#/y%A!M/N$%&$—$OX8$%^? ( ­ ´ ® AR!W7#$%,%q,4#$%¢C/_7`8$%-,/"7#$%A!HW0%/0. ¿OECD À %4pB &C+,. %&/MOP#$%A!M:N%/;<3O"‡ bcF ©º %h#$%l$Oƒ[$%vRw%,%]³'=$%,%i+$C$%ˆcx%,%AMOP#$%i+$C@%Jy%&/`'"#$%,%4F$:p#$%o0%AF:!x $% +/ƒ$% ,.% kRD$% 94p3% ¢>#$% V:cS[$% :?% ,% ]AMOP#$% v0% A`'F% /D %434L% )73% Ž#'% o0% ¢>#$% )HW= [$ —$C[$%AE`$O0%,%/;pRpL%,%l$4? $%, %¢>#$%A…cK#$%AS+/!=%£X/W#$%V:cS[$%,%]Ç~/7W#$%,%rR`4#$%l$OU [$%rRp{7#%^"K#$%Q%/Rc"#$%i+$C %A04%AF:€:=$%l$4? = %,%AMOP#$%Â/_ /;R\/K0 %i4Rž$%AE`$O=$% R;K‡%, 8 9$4¤7S AR#/"B%,%i—/<ky%&/MOP#$%Y:}.%,%C+$:0 %( ­ § ® %|3+/"7#$%È4p‡%ok%rES%/0%Y'%o0%, AR‡É$ º ­ Ê ® F G H %)73%Žp3Oƒ%oF%¢>#$%,%AR#/=$%Ay/`Oc#% 0/k70%9/HI%^?%A!M:N$ i+$C@ /;RcF%Ay/`O#$%,%AMOP#$ ( I G H %rRpL%o0%-,O!27K=$%4M²73%-.%%/D'%o0%ok%h#$%,%TO…#$%o0%AF:!x%^?%A!M:N$ AR–+ %A#:p"0 ( J G H a AR–+ ]AMOP#$ %/;7!R`, J\/K=$%Â/_#%4R"E#$%a4=$%bcF ( ) ! ( -¹%]ry/K#$%vXO=$%]/*[$%)RcS%C/!F º !% ( ­ " ® » -/k=$%ˆ<I ( ­ ® » X+4=$%&/MOP#$%bcF%ARI$4R0%AS$+C%]AR#/=$%O3+/p7#$%iC:X%,%ÆS/¯$%”/_B$%bcF%A!M:N$%4F$:`%rRE…‡%Om.%]9/’%:y.% RF/Ë@%4X/0 %A %T:S%Q

%]i‚*%]AR0'S$%v0/ž$% 3:!7#$%,%AES/¯$%Q%j7KX/0%iC/;U% RI%&/Ec…70%o!€%iOM>0%]AR#/=$%T$+,•#%J…KcB "##% ¹%] º !/ ( ­ , ® » ¹%¹%]ry/K#$%vXO=$%]/*[$%)RcS%C/!F º !% » "! ) / ® » Wc#%AR"0/ž$%+$4#$%]l+/_0%,%¹/%,%9/F%Ì/…`%]&/MOP#$%A!M:5%]C/’%Y/"#$%4EF%T+/ƒ %OP %%]O_0%]A3+4WkS$%]v3Z:7#$%, "##. %¹ %¹ º / » 0 (

(26)

0 K G H %o0%AMOP#$%i+$C@%Jy%A`'"#$%C4L%h#$%j3/"=$%,%4F$:p#$%,%JI$:p#$%o0%AF:!x%^?%A!M:N$ %AR5/I %, %A…E‡O=$%l$Oƒ[$%,.%Â/_=$%V/{}.%,%);S[$%Ac’ AMOP#/y ( Ê Í %» %JcF/<#$%lOƒ%o0%A"c…„=$%ARck#$%&$+$Op#$%™/¶$%Q%ARc?[$%,.%i—/<k#$%oF%&/MOP#$%A!M:5%6"‡ AM+/P=$%bcF%4W7K3%Y/"B%iC/R`%9/HI%9$4¤7S$%bcF%i+4p=$%,%]i4p"0%AMOP# ( ­ d ® 20 ­º ]Y/!"#$ ]JW~$4#$ ((( ® %o0 aO.%AR5/I ( %AWS%A3OPE#$%AR!W7#$%O3Op‡%Q%A!M:N$%i4{7=$%)0[$%gBOF%4` ¥¦¦¥ 8$ .%o0%¢+$C$%,%^S/RK#$%,%¢C/_7` &/3:7K=$%AB/M%bcF%A#,4#$%Y/!F.%i+$C@% X ( ­ ¥ ® 7‡%Apy/K#$%|3+/"7#$%Y'%o0%, %&/MOP#$%A!M:N%ARS/S.%¼/"0%i4F%£„ /;\. º ­ ´ ® H &/MOP#$%—$C.%bcF%Ay/`O#/y%A}/t$%A!HI[$%o0%AF:!x ( H Â/_=$%V/{}.%,%J\/K=$%,%o3O34=$%,%i+$C$%ˆcx%Jy%&/`'"#$%)RHW‡ ( H %-.%V:X, +$4‡ o3O!27K=$%,%J\/K=$%Â/_#%&/MOP#$ ( H % kR?%rB%,%/;RcF%Ay/`O#$%,%AMOP#$%i+$C@%ok%/;EX:Î%h#$%4F$:p#$%o0%AF:!x %:#$%,%T:pN$%v3Z:‡%o!„73%)HW0%,%J"0 $ 20%AMOP#$%i+$C@%Q%AM+/P=$%Jy%&/EX %º >R<W7#$%o3O34=$%,%i+$C$%ˆcx ,%J3 %J\/K=$ ( H %,%)R?/<=$%o0%AF:!x l$4?[$ %, i+$C$ $%ˆc %i+$C %, i+$C$ ]/Rc"#$ % o0% g"€,% h#$% l$4?[$% vEW7# . #$% —/¸@% X AMOP =$% rRpL% ,% ]/?+:…‡% , %iO!7K=$% ,% A#/"<#$% A"y/7

%, %9$4¤7S8$%bcF%l$OU$ [$ AR#/F%A?$‚I%,%i—/<ky%/?C+$:=% 20 ( ok%rES%/0%Y'%o0, ,Ot$ &/MOP#$%A!M:N% 0/U%|3O"7y º ­ § ® %)RH"‡%o0%AMOP#$%i+$C@%ok1%h#$%&$—$OX$%,%£~$:c#$%,%JI$:p#$%o0%AF:!x%^?%&/MOP#$%A!M:5 /;7R–+ /;7!R`%, J\/K=$%Â/_#%4R"E#$%a4=$%Q ( (!

)- Dicionnaire des sciences Economique et spéciales,harchette livre 2002,Paris,P 173.

(2)- Brahim lakhlef, la Bone gouvernance-croissance et d'développement, Alger, ed

daralkhaldounia,2006,p 14. ) ( -¹%]ry/K#$%vXO=$%]C/’%Y/"#$%4EF%T+/ƒ %º . ( ) , ® » —$6%AF:!x %]AR!W7c#%ARyO"#$%A!HW=$%]ARyO"#$%Y/=$%T$:S.%,%&/MOP#$%A!M:5%] ]%&$O1s=$%Y/!F. %]O_0%A3+:;w "##. ¹%] º %. (

(27)

. ,0L,M $* $7(48&)#$NO#8P$Q#N1A !"#$%&' ()$*+, -./ 0!12"3&' 4$"$567' ) 89$:; ) 4'#$%<+"=' >?@ ABC DC$6,) 0DC'2EB7 !%5B67'

7$1 )F $:#'9G H$I J'2" 0K#2L MNO 9$6P7' !O#$Q ) !56/$*+7' 8#DE7' R'2"F #'3E+"' S5CD, ) 0$5T"$Q )F $5 ($&' $1 (UV W1 X7Y ) 9$Z+[=' \6] ) -B: ^ _ ` a

MI$5b 92@)) c$&' J'9d' !e@'31 H$%f ABC M%e7' ) H2g$E7' h$NijO h'k+7=' ABC D5Ij+7' !:#'9G

WNl

!T"$Q W1 8#'9m'

nBo J$pCF qr W1 !e@'31 !*s W:2N, t1 \u$6&' h$1F 8#'9m'

h$.1 $v H2N, 0

) 4$L$Z+V' ) 4$5iUL

!BE+61 !O$[# wE] 8D:DC x

) 4$I3y7' 4$5B%C ) 4U1$e1 !/$I z !5/$Py7' 3Z*C S5CD, 4'J'3@G !T"${' !57$&' !e@'3&' ) )F |Tf W1 WN} ~?7' MNy7$O !Bi31 ~F z 9$6P7' 3L$*C x

!5B{' M:2%+7' #9$Z1 >?@ ABC 8#DE7' ) 0R'2"d$O $.+%5[ S5e,) !I3y7' 9#'21 h'D€+"' 8J$PI \6] t"2+B7 !1;U7' !5&$e7' ) )

S5CD, ABC 3‚' t1 08D:D@ M%C 3/ 9$ƒG ABC 8#9$[ $.Beƒ „5… 02%*7'

5E] ABC nNe*: ~?7' R'2"d' #'3E+"' !5%*+7' ) 8J$PN7' w

x

†U/‡7 !I3y7' ˆ3e, !7$i z ‰$Z&' >$ŠLd !T6*7$O !79$C !E:3‹O M1$e+7' H$%f x

t/# ) 4'3VD&' !5%*, ABC Œ,#D[ 89$:; ) ($&' R2" #)9 w5%e,) 0-12E7' 9$Z+[=' z !E<7' 89$:; 9 ) #$%<+"=' 4=De1 !56/$*+7' 8#DE7' SC

x

!5T7' !1DV (UV W1 $.Ž$y*7 !T"$*1 4'J'3@G w:3Ž WC !I3yB7 !5C$%+@=' !57)6&' ABC '3‘m' x ($1 †F# !PBN, ’PV '

†F# >)3b W1 D‚' ABC !%I2‚' DC$6, „5i 0$.+:#'3%+"' H$%f ) !I3y7

' w:3Ž z 83<C H$PE: H'?B7' c$&' ) ~#'9m' 9$6P7' !Š/$N1 ) ($&' !5%*+7

x

!<:D‚' $5@272*N+7' “T, ) 3:2‹+B7 k/'2i wBV ”G ~9: '?b ) 0M:2‹7' M@d' z !6/$*&' !5g$N1G w5E] !:2E7' !6/$*&' h$1F 92%Z7' W1 !I3y7' WN%+, •i W:3%<+6&' D*C -C27' !@#9 ) x _ a –  0K3IY wT" t@31 0~)kr (' M5Bs' DTC \6i ^ ! .

(28)

"

—p+: wT" $˜) HF

) J'9d' !T['31 ) $.E5EŠ+7 ~2[ 8#'9G nBo ™B‹+, !C2f2&' 'Dbd' '3‘m'

!/$Eš w5%e, ) 0K#2L MNO 9$6P7' >#$› -N7 !‹B67' !"#$%& —@$*7' >2B"d' h'D€+"' ) 0w5[D7' $e&' ) œ9$T&$O h'k+7=' :

2&' q 2f !C 7' W1 tO$g -[UVF #$ŽG W%f !5,'?7' !O$[3B7 !%gF wBV) 0 M%e ) ) w5%e, x _ ` a !"#!$ %& %'!()*#+%,-(./%01+.2 z Sb$6, !€"'# DC'2[ 3/'2, W1 DO= !%I2‚' 'DbF w5EŠ+7 F

h$[ S5B" h$g $ž*7' 3/ ;ke: 0

) !5%*+7' ) ~9$Z+[=' H)$e+7' !%*1 Ÿef) DE/ 4$I3yB7 -%5*+7' ) ~9$Z+[=' ULm' W1 !C2%o 4'9$‘#m' S"$O Ÿ/3C q:$e&' )   4$I3y7' !%I2i DC'2[   4$%*&' ) !5*Ž27' 4$12N‚' t1 ¡'¢‘=$O 0

c$&' R267$O !@#D&' 4$I3y7' z !E<7' k:ke+7 !B5") DC'2E7' K?b w5T‹, —TLF ) 0![Ue7' ~Y !5&$e7' ŸBL) ~?7' £2+6&' ABC '3‘1 ) Œ57G 8#'9G 4$I3y7' DC'2EO “.1 h'k+7' W1 8#'9m' W6i W1 !%I2‚'

ABC 43šF c$+7$O ) 09$6P7' W1 D‚' 4'J'3@G 92@) ) 0!T"${' ) !5/$Py7' ) K2¤ ) 9$Z+[=' x _ ¥ a ) ( t@31 0~)kr (' M5Bs' DTC \6i   0K3IY wT" ^ # – " x _ $ a – H$N&' nPg x

(29)

%

34!"#+%567-#+

&

>$T"d' !5"$"d' 4$I3y7' !%I2i #2.7 4$I3y7' !%I2i h2.P1 |T,#' WC !5NB&' ($ZPg' h2.P¦ 8#'9m' z !%gF §7' ) !u$6&' 4$I3‘ , A%6 4$i2%Ž t1 \:?5P*+7' W:3:D&' ‰$Z1 ˆ#$e+O “e, §7' ) 0!7$I27' !:3*O \u$6&'

¨I ™T6O) 0

—TLF \O ![Ue7' M<1 !I3y7' z 89De+&' 4$[Ue7' W1 q<N7' ¡$*b

) W:3%<+6&' 8#'9m' &' ) W:3%<+6&' \O ) ) W:3%<+6&' \O ) 0 -@#$©' t@'3 \f3E&' \*ª'D7' ) ) Sbqr W1 >$ŠLF ) 0!I3y7' «#$V ) MV'9 4$[Ue7' d 3Ž MN7 H / 3V¬' 3‹7' WC !PB+­ !ŠBZ1  ® Ae6: Œg ”G $Z1 w5E] ) Œe/$*1 S5e, 4$P7' >$6i ABC 27) Œ‚ £3Vd' x !%I2‚' Ae6, $*b W1 ”G H$%f I2B" ¯$Tpg' 92@)

t5%s !PB+€&' ‰$Z&' w5EŠ+7 H;'2+1 '3Žd'

) !7$eP7' !O$[37' !5P5I w5E] ) 8#'9G

3Ž$€&' $%I

HF J$‹Vd' \5f$&' W:DEe7' (UV ŸšDi §7'

†U/m

M<1 £¨N7' !5&$e7' 4$I3y7' W1 D:De7'  ^ h2ID7#)) H)3g'   §7' |E/ -b Ÿ657 4;3OF !5uF %I2‚' MO 0! \O 8qTI 82ž/ ¡$*b H$I J'9F W1 H)3:D&' Œ5BC MZ› $1 ) 4$I3y7' 4°/$N1 0 !/$fG ”G 8J$"G h'D€+"' 4'#$5V S."d' J$pCF 8#'9m' W1 9DC J'3‘ z w‚' S."F 9DQ 3e6O !I3y7' 3e67' WC D:k: $1 89$C ) 0$ET61 R267' z S.67' ŒO ()'D+: ~?7' ) 'YG 2b 4'#$5©' XB, W1 Dv' H$I „i 8#'9m' \6Š+7 D.s' (?O ABC J'9d' S.67' 3e" tP,3: •i ”G #$5V z 9D{' 3e67' R2P: £2+61 S."d' W:3:D&' “ž57 $O#d' x =G HF D[ Dv' J-"F Œ1'D€+"' x 4kI# DE/ 8#'9m' W1 q<I z H$5id' ABC !‹ygd' wE] §7' $i$O#F " X7Y z !Bb$ž+1 !e:3 $bqšj, M:2‹7' £D&' z ±B67' x _ ` a ) ( - - 0K3IY wT" t@31 0$rd' S5B" 9$%C ^ $& – $$ x

(30)

&

8#!"#+%567-#+

&

%9.:;<%'!()*#+%,-(./

32=>?

'!()*#+%@.6A#%0B)C

qr 4$5I2B67' H$O (2E7' WN} !:'DO !5[UVd' #2+"9 (UV W1 $.+.@'21 WN} 4$I3yB7 4$5[UVd' WN} ) 0 HF WC #2+"D7' '?b #DZ: 3<IF $**N} 0!.@ W1 HF

O !Bª$E7' 3*7' !.@2O M%eg j

H

WN} 4$I3y7' !%I2i HF

4$I3y7' ¡2B67 D‘31 #2+"DI M%e, x

(2E7' WN} $12%C ) HF

W1 !C2%o ¡$*b

z ($<&' M5T" ABC 3I?g 4$5C'D+7' $N:31F -B: $%5/ M<%+, ) ^ _ ` a D E J$ygG !T"${' !*.1 S5*+7 D:D@ MN5b !/$fm$O ”G k/'2‚' 8#'9m MN‘ z ²³7' 4$O2EC !C9'# ¡2B67' 4'Y ´567' x F E 8D:Ds' \g'2E7' ABC -³T*: HF kP] 8#'9m' nBo ) 8#'9G 2µ Œ@2+7' 89$5E7 0!I3y7' ULG 4$I3y7' (UV W1 J$ygG )F 89$CG #2+"9 S55E, RUVd' y7$O $©' !I3 x G E œ9$T&' tf27 $.5BC 9$%+C=' S+: §7' 3L$*e7' Di' 8D5s' 4$I3y7' !%I2i ¨+e, !5[UVd' D‘3, §7' ) 4$5I2B" ¶'DiF 0!I3y7' $1G 8D:Ds' 4$ž+*%B7 !T6*7$O )F #2.· †F# S+: Œg$/ 0D:D@ ($1 J$ygG #$ŽG

†U+V' ) ²³7' t*1 ) 0Œ/$y+I' ) ($e/ MNyO 3‹©' S55E+7 (2Ld' W1 V !I3y7' MV'9 W:3:D&' (U x H E ABC -³T*: 8#'9m' !C$‘G ¡2B67' ) 3y7' !/$Eš -[UVd' H$/ c$+7$O ) 0 8#'9m' nBo ) 8#'9m' -³T*: HF tp, !B<1F !5[UVF MN7 !T"$*1 \P·2&' W1 ABCF !I3y7' 4$:2+61 ”G $b$g9F x I E M<1 !I3yB7 !5[UVd' S5E7' RUVd' #2+"9 9D› ) tp: HF ™ƒ ^

RUVd' #2+"9 ABC -³T*: = WN7 ) $.5BC ¸[2+7' n57 ) $%.5BC w5Be+7' ) 03y7' ) !57)6&' ) 89$5E7' !I3y7' z W:3:D&' ¡2B67 'D‘31 RUVd' K?b ¨+e, •i X7Y ) S5E7' DiF W1 c$V H2N: HF x

J E -³T*: ˆ#$e, ) ™:#D+7' ) ¸5·2+7' 3:2‹, ) !5%*, ) M%e7' )3· —f2: HF RUVd' #2+"9 ABC

9'3/d' (UV W1 !‹yg¹7 t"'27' £D&' ”G 8#$‘m' ”G !/$fm$O 0‰$Z&' \7)6&' !I3y7' z x K E C $Z/m' t1 !5BV'D7' 4'J'3@m' M1$e+, HF ™ƒ) 0z$I qr $Z/m' H2N: HF ™ƒ = ¸['21 W ) (

) !57)D7' ) !5O3e7' !e@'3&' q:$e& $E/) !<:D‚' !5@#$©' !e@'3&' !C2"21 0-BC 3Zg >$b27' DTC !:#D*N"m' 3y*B7 !5e1$s' #'D7' 0!5N:31d' 0tO'37' Jks' 03Z1 $&&%  0 ^ '$ x

(31)

x L E ™ƒ HF › #2+"D7' 9D -[UVd' ¯$Eg ABC ™ƒ 89DQ 9'3/F ¯$Eg ) £3VF ™ƒ S+: §7' ˆ)3E7' ) $:'Dv' M<1 $.T*º $b?VF M5T" z J'9F 4$1DV ”G 4$/3Z+7' K?b 3V» x M E z !I3y7' S"' ¸·2&' ) n5ª3B7 ) 3:D&' Œ5/ M%e+6: D[ §7' ¸['2&' RUVd' #2+"9 —f2: D[

‘ ABC t5[2+7' W%p+: D[ '?b ) 0!I3y7' ¼½ = ¸['21 5 !L$V !‹ygF !:$C# )F 4$N x _ ` a EDN \P·2&' ™:#D, MV'9 Œo9 S+: HF ™ƒ RUVd' #2+"9 H$/ !57$eP7' ) 8J$PN7' H$%p7

) Œ1'D€+"' 8'9jI

™ƒ Œg' $%I 0t[2+&' ¡2B6B7 ($%e7' !O$ž+"' „‚ HF $1 D:DŠ+7 4$:2+6&' MI ™['3: 'YG Ÿg$I œ9$T&' !I3y7' ¨C MeP7$O wT‹, hF = x DD E % ¾1'3O t1 4$I3y7' W1 D:De7' 3%+6, RUV¹7

¿iU&' W1 ) 0 HF

¸57$N+7' ¸57$N, ) !5g2g$E7'

¡2B67' ABC D%+e, -f$E+7' qr -[UVd' z 4'2žP7' ™T6O 0\P·2%B7 '3‘m' ) #$T@G 4$5I2B" #2+"9 RUVd' x _ ¥ a ) a –  0 wO$67' t@3&' 0-BC 3Zg >$b27' DTC ^ '( x _ $ a – H$N&' nPg x

(32)

$

OP+)#+%567-#+

&

Q<!RC

'!()*#+%,-(./%ST!U>%V

MV'9 !%I2‚' h$g w5T‹, D*C Œg' $*7 —p+: wO$67' 4$I3y7' !%I2i h2.P1 ˆ3C (UV W1 ~F ™ƒ !I3‘ =)F ?Vd' !:#'9m' £D7 J$pCF n7$o $¦ 0 HF 4$I3y7' !%I2‚ œ9$T1 ª$ZV ) !I3y7' h$g z $.ET‹, -B: ^ _ ` a WV? &^ '!()*#+%,-(./%Q<!RC ) ~9$Z+[=' H)$e+7' !%*1 ¢e, !5%*+7'   ÀÁÂà  

!%I2‚ D5@ ;ke1 «Y2¤ 92@) hDeO

) 4$I3y7' HF œ9$T&' (UV W1 q5³+7' ) #2‹+7' $.+e5T‹O Ä'DOm' !+" !Å ) 04$I3y7' z œ9$T1 !5"$"F z '?b #$Žm' -B: $%5/ $.Z5€B, WN} ^ D X YZ-[!A-#+%\.]/ ^ ™ƒ HF -%› #$ŽG \u$6&' R2Ei 4$I3y7' !%I2i x F X YZ-[!A-6#%,^_!`:-#+%,6C!a-#+ & ™ƒ HF W%p: #$ŽG \O !79$e7' !:)$6+&' !B1$e&' 4$I3y7' !%I2i

\u$6&' _ !5TBrF ) !5B[F ) \5BQ \u$61 0 ™g$@F xa G X %9V< b!cd? ,c6U-#+ & ™ƒ HF M%e: #$ŽG ABC 4$I3y7' !%I2i D5Ij,

R2Ei h'¢i' >$ŠLF

\‹T,3&' !PB+€&' !ŠBZ&' jO ($%C ) 0!I3y7' HF HF ) J'9d' \6] MPN: $¦ S.+I#$y& 4$57» 92@2O —%6: H2N: X7?O !BZ+&' 4$12Be&' ABC (2Z‚' !L3/ Sv x H X e!U_f+ ,Z_!g*#+%V & ™ƒ HF W%p: #$ŽG ÆDE, 4$I3y7' !%I2i ' !%ªU1 ) ![2š21 4$i$Z/ MN7 ™"$*1 Ÿ5[2, z ) #21d' yO !1$v' j

) c$&' tf27' U1$‘ 0 !I3y7' H J'9d' !5NB&' ) !O$[37' ) x $¦ ) !57$&' ¾ª$+*7' X7Y z !5B5³y+7' ) 'DbF !5NB1 ) 0!I3y7' S."d' nBo !:2pC ) Ÿ:2Z+7' ) 8#'9m' ) $5" ) !%I2‚' MI$5b ) !e[2+&' !:3b2s' 83Ž$€&' M1'2C )

$" (2VD7' )

\1D€+6&' ™g$@ W1 4$12Be&' ABC x ) ( - 0K3IY wT" t@31 09$Ç ($e7' DTC R#$Ž ^ $ x

(33)

( È X % AC %h %i6jC%'!Z#V k9+<f+ & ™ƒ HF W%p: #$ŽG !I3yB7 -ž5,'¢"=' Œ@2+7' 4$I3y7' !%I2i

($eP7' DL37' ) !eO$+&' ) 8#'9‡7 !‹"'2O nBo 8#'9m' 61 ) 0  h$1F

ABC ) 0\u$6&' ) !I3y7'

HF MI ABC (2Z‚' ABC 3› 4$12Be&' ) HF t1 !7'DeO M1$e+: !/$I ) 0\u$6&' F W%p: H !e@'31 ) 0!:#$67' \g'2E7' t1 w/'2+7' J'9d' ) H$%f X7?I ) 03Ž$€&' !"$5" HF !O$[3B7 !%ªU&' S*7' Sg !L$V ) !%ª$[ !5BV'D7' 8#'9G

) \g'2E7' t1 w/'2+7' ) !57$&' !O$[37' ) 3Ž$€&' !eO$+1 ) $Z/m' ) HF !e@'3&' !*s h'D€+"' K#$T+C' z tp: _ W1 J$pCF nBo 8#'9m' qr \:?5P*+7' xa _ ` a J X %)_.l 9!mn o!a_ & -³T*: #$Žm 4$I3y7' !%I2i HF !5/$P‘ ABC tžy: ) 8J$PI ) !57$e/ R'2"d' ) HF t1 $E/'2+1 H2N: h$NiF ) 0H2g$E7' HF 4'¨©' ¸B+­ \O 4$57)6&' t:;2, 2f2O 9D› !5/'3‘m' : -N7 ) !:?5P*+7' ) !5%5*+7' ) + '?b S Œg®/ tf) ~#)3p7' W1 †$"F 0($e/ É2g$[ ) -%5*, !"# $% &'()* + ,-./01* 2- 3456 789:; /0<= > ?@/A* ?;7B/:9)* CD9BE6 F G H I CJ; /K LM/6 N ./OP QRS N ?4:;T0S T@/R6 U/-T0)* ?8-'V W*X)* C4QR95) U/Y4STS N ?484 N U/K*Z9)[* ?\./] N ?;./49^[* _/86`*

/a74)/bS N /Dc./S N ?)N7)/d ?@/A* eNTQ)* f/9< ga h)* F !K N U*M/i.=* jk h)* 2K*':)* N /aX^% M'lN $/8J) m)n N ./Y96[* ,:d o/\% ./O= ?8-'p _/:q ga N U/-T0)* r G s I ! " gtYR; $% &/u< + vU/-T0)* ?8-'V ?\./] + TwxS h)* ?484QR9)* N ?4<'</b)* U/Y5u91* $'"S

yK ?bq*'9K g:;T0S z/{9^* |/"V% $'</b)* X4}R95) ?5d/B N ?4q/}i U*n N F # ! " y~N gtYR; ./OP $% *n $'"; w€S 56 >*M`* vg5")* N &'()* ?a*Z< 56 !K |/4B Z;Z:S &*'\% ?4)/:})* N ?4q/}0)/d Z489S ?4)/K F $ ! " gtYR; $% x(1* y;‚'S $'"; &/u< + U/Dƒ* „59… ,d U/4)N

* z/{9^ 2"0d M7† N ,:K g:;T0S ?K/:)* ?‡5{1* ?K7^ $/8~ yK ˆ~*N F ) I ‰ z z vŠT-n ‹Y\ ylTK vM/Œ _/:)* 7Y6 &./O r ! ‰ " F G ! I ‰ z z vŠT-n ‹Y\ ylTK v/`* C45\ M/86 r !# ‰ !$ F G " I ‰ $/"1* Ž}< F

(34)

% % ! " gtYR; $% U/Dƒ* 7) $'"; ?4q*Ti=* M.*'1* N ?a*ZR)* N ?u5()* ?484QR9)* N ?46'~'K N ?{{9K F &'(&) * U/-T0)* ?8-'V ‘’/{^ {R6 2") T W`* 2"0)* + U/-T0)* ?8-'V ‘’/{^ ‘5< m)X) T@/R:)* !K Š !6 ŠZ4“ ‘’/{^ r .7{1* r z v‹d/()* ylT1* vM/Œ _/:)* 7Y6 &./O r !# F ?4)Nx(1* ?46/89l[* ?4)Eb9\[* ?)*7:)* ?4)Nx(1* ?)>/(1* ?4q/}0)* •P TQR)* ?-T0)* !O*'8-74l 7l'S [  U*w€S ?–49< ?K‚[ ”'t~ jk |*—V* &'bV „59… U ˜/‡@% ?‡5{1* ?-T0)* + ?4)Nx(1* y4™ |/K% e*TO`* šNn ?‡5{1* ?-T0)* + $/"KP C44bS T;7bS N _/86% Ž5› L.*M=* L.*M=* N ?;X4}R9)* œ7bS L.'@ ?b4bV /K 2") 7ž

(35)

#

+,&-./01234./

0*

5'467

&89/:;<,0=0>&?@A./054?BC

j5u1* *Xa + &Tu9R\ •P ?4¡% T0)* ?8-'V U/ [N% /4</w U/-T0)* ?8-'V U*M7† N F D=7 0* 5'467 >&?@A./054?BC ?\*.7)* N  EO[* _E^ !K ˆJ9; $% Ÿ/Ra ?4¡% ?}{d U/-T05) ?Y(R)/d ?8-'‡5) ?K/6 N ?Y(R)/d /BE:5) U Ž5› N ?-T0)* šT;7K ,d L.*M=* N ,¡/(1* N ˜/‡@% ŠXa N v?@/^ ?}{d ¢/{1* ?4¡`* g5; /84q ‘59S r G £ I ! " U/-T0)* + ,5K/:)* ?q/") ?K/b9\[* N ?;M/4p* N ?a*ZR)* $/8~ ‹4b¤ * *>79d Ž5› !K L.*M=* N ¥V ,;X4}R9)* !;T;71* ¦M* /D4q ,5K/:)* !K '9(K F # ! " ŠM'l'd §/8()* |76 N U/-T0)* + g5^*7)* M/(})* ?d./† N% LTK 3S'6M T^% F $ ! " M'lN šM/}S ?;% >/u^% ?;786  N% ?;786 N% š% * e*T¨ 3wN7V yRK N N Š.*T89\* F % ! " ?456/q ‹4b¤ N v?45^*7)* ?d/BT)* N ?Y\/©* CQ< !K '{b)* LM/}9\[* ‹4b¤ &/}<=* 3ud. N f/9<=/d F E ! " ‹4b¤ 56% N v,4l./A* U/d/(p* ªB*T1 ?456/})* !K .7B 7-€9)* 56% !K ?l.M CD6'J^ |76 N ?4)Eb9\[* š` Ž5› !K ”'t~ L.*M=* N% ,;X4}R9)* !;T;71* N% Ca F « ¬ ‰ L.*MP + 789:S U/-T0)* ˜'5\% 56 N g856 vg586 šMx; •P ‹b¤ ?q/}i N ?)M/6 U/K'5:K N U/</4d |/Q< ‹4b¤ N v,¡/(1* _*'K% ?;/8p ?K/6 TO% q'S (<[* 4 ˜/ ?a*ZR)* q'S + &*'\­) ?4)/1* N Ž)/› >*M% 56 C"‡5) L74l L*M% q'S N ¢/{1* ˜/‡@% L.*MP U/-T0)* ?4<'</b)* TO`* ‹qN CD9Y\/† ® !K N F ¯ ¬ ‰ šMx; ?845()* ?8-'p* °M/YK ‹4YuS •P (¤ C4Q:S ±/9)/d N CD()* >*M% , ?4²T)* 7)'S !6 ³S/R)* /J;% šMx; N CD\`* ?5Œ N !;T8´9(1* 7) ?b´)* •P ?(q/R1* 56 U/8QR1* L.7B LM/;‚ + 2;'u)* 2l`* 99\ /1 *TQ< ?4Y\/©* F ) ( z vŠT-n ‹Y\ ylTK v/`* M/86 C45\ r "& F

(36)

$ µ ¬ ‰ C4Q:S N vCDRK ?45B`* ?@/^ N CD\`* ?5Œ &'bV 56 ?Qq/©* N ¢/{1* ˜/‡@` ?;/8p* q'S Ca7’*'6 F ¶ ¬ ‰ jR· * = U/B[Z< šM/{9B[* .*Tb9\[* N v?48R9)* N _/1* &*'\% .*Tb9\* ‹4b¤ + L76/(1* N v?45©* N ?41/:)* _/1* &*'\% N% |/6 2"0d F £¸ ¬ ‰ 74ƒ* ‹4Yu9)* U/4)¹ /D}4)/"S º4}» N v?)/-')* ?5"01 ?R"81* _'5p* 7V% ga U/-T0)* ?8-'V F ££ ¬ ‰ 0S N ?4YRl`* U*./8´9\[* ˜Xl ?4RO')* U/6NT01* + ./8´9\[* 56 g5©* _/1* o%. y4–

N ?4)N7)* N ?45©* _*'K`* ‹q7S $/8~ F £H ¬ ‰ ,5axK !;T;7K ./49^* 56 .M/B ¼DK N š'B Ž5› 56 _'{p* $/8~ N ?4)/6 L>/}- šNn !;.M/B + ?}591* ?-T0)* ?u0<% X4}RS N ‹4b¤ 56 ./OP ,<*'b)* N N vˆ’*'5)* ?4BE^% ?b;Tud F £s ¬ ‰ O f./^ N 2^*M e*T U/4Y5\ 56 j5t95) W€S N v?-T0)* šMxS v?4Y5\ U/\./] š% !K ³9RS $% !"# h)* U*7B/:9)* X4}RS

•P .*Tb)* N ,<*'b)* N% ?K½1* M'b:)* ¾4@ Ÿ/D9<* ?-T05) ?8QR1* ?4\/\`* CQR)* N U* F G £ I &'(&) 0* >&?@A./054?BC0>/:;<, !K U/-T0)* !"89S g") [ M/}9\ ?6'8› /¿ Tq'9S $% jk vU/-T0)* ?8-'V 76*'B ‹4YuS /;*ZK !K

W`* 2"0)* + /D{45S !"# N vU/-T0)* ?8-'V °M/Y1 C45()* ‹4Yu9)* !8JS h)* U*M7©* !K r ) ( z z vŠT-n ‹Y\ ylTK v/`* M/86 C45\ r "" ‰ "# F

(37)

' 0FGH0IJA./ K # 0*L >&?@A./054?BC0>/:;<, .7{1* r % 245ƒ* 7Y6 ,(V z vŠT-n ‹Y\ ylTK všNZ _ r Àµ F !"#$%&'()*&+!%& ! -',-.)/%& )0&12& " -ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺳﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﺟﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺣﻣﻟﺍ !"#$%&' ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺣﻣﻟﺍ ( !)%'*&' +!,-.&( !/$/0'(1'**23&' 3452&'(65783 -9:'5)&'(5(;!<'5=&' ! !,$>#&'(?@7"0'(5(1$:!7&'(?A$84 " -ﺕﺎﺳﺳﺅﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ #!B !3542&'

(38)

# ! " #$%&'()'*+',(-.)' */ ! " #$%&'(#)*+#,-./0#+#12%3456#$768#9:6;<56#+#=>6;?56#2'<76@56#A68@B6#$-40 2CD68E ##9*;0#2-'<F #A&'5+GHI6#)CJ;0#+#2%3456#$768#A6D63?56#K&L6#2'M'% #;56#+#A&N<H56#+ 6 #O'PN/Q#2'RSI6#T63UV6#=Q#A&PW #X8GC#XY56#$Z45&Q#[5K#+#1\&]I6#^&_`a#+#=b&HI6#+#2CY'MR/56#cD68d6#+#cD68d6#e<f#$gh#12-%;i6 1T63UV6#jY(#=Q#\&]I6#k#lD&S0#8;W+#m@n#oE #p@I6#q<n#,C3-g/HI6#\&]h#O'?r#oE#X8GC#$Q $C;N56 #s 0 ! " #$1234)'*+',(-.)' / 5 0 6 #t5u7#,h#$-S0#XY56#+#25+@<5#X8&]/vw6#x&4R<5#2-yRI6#=>6;?56#q<n#2'WD&z6#A68@B6#$-40 {(#+#p37V#25+8#,h#|</}#@v+#1A&%3456 #~ # V&Q#$-S56#€yR0#56#9:6;<56#+#=>6;?56 #$-S56#=>6;v#+#1A&%3456#=>6;v#$gh#‚6;F #+ #D&-g/Fw6#=>6;v #D#+ d&Q#2?<S/I6#=>6;?56#+#ƒ&I6#„a … u D&Z/†w6#)Rh#+#2H…&RI6#+#„ s  2H…&RI6#+#)F;/56#q<n#A&%3456#)‡4C#1@'W#ˆ&h#m&y>#8;W+#ƒu7#,h#‰+34-<5#mJu56#$C;-/56#Š…;0 s # #A&%3456#q<n#2Q&v356#m&Z†‹Q#[5K#+#1ƒ&I6#‚;F#A&Œ'(#$gh#2'Q&v356#cŽWV6#c&M% #+ #2v8#,h#O?_/56 #m@n#25&†#k#{<SM56#O'PN/56#+#2PF&RI6#A&Q;?S56#)*+#[5Y%#+#1cD;4RI6#A&h;<SI6#+#A&>&'P56#2huF#+ m6/5w6 s 56#D+8 #A&%34 #&-*#k#2'h;Zi6#Š‘ 6 m6/5 2'vu7V6#+#2'RŽI6#+#2'%;<H56#{†6;R5&Q#&Ž:&.na #+ #$-40 56#jY( A&%34 &B6#2'S’ ƒ&-S56#+#=h&B6#A&Q&?>#+#=PF =M“;I6#+ s

# ,-.0# 56# =>6;?56# Y'MR0# JSC# &(8;W+# a# oE# 2'WD&z6# A68@B6# 2'ba# )W30# + #2%3456# cD68E# ,H† #+ #2<-/B6#3U&”I6#$<?C#&•#&Ž-'yR0 s ) ( -#–#1j3%K#OPF#)W3h#1{<n#3]>#^&(;56##@Pn !$ s ! #" — &ZI6#eM> s

(39)

% #+ &h#;*#q<n ˜#™>&%#6;F#A68@B6#a#@š#OPF #2'WD&7#+a#2'<768#A68@ #$h6;n#2n;-‡›#3œ/0 5&Q# 2NP03h# p37a # m&yR X8&]/vw6 # + w6 {n&-/W P #2Œ' yR/56#+#2'>;>&?56#+#2'H…&R/56 $-S0#&S'’#{Ž…#2%3456#$768#2'-' c8&CJ#q<n #D+8#O'-S0#+#8&]/vw&Q#2?g56 #t0D@v#c8&CJ#+#ƒ&I6#‚;H56 6#Aw@Sh#)…D+##A637@I6#2ŒPS0#q<n <vV6#‚;?†#q<n#ž&Mi6#+#D&-g/Fw #2' ,C3-g/HI6#D&Ÿ`#+a i6#a#&-% %; 2'H…&R/56#t06D@v#+#€n8#+#–&z6#‰&N?56#; #q<n#)‡40#2-#@n&H0#+ #q<n#ƒ;]i6#k#A&n+34I6 $-n#–3…#O<7#+#¡&QDV6#@'5;0#+#$C;-/56 s ! " ( -(C(DE#4F(+,/(G"#3DH)I(#J<(K$L5&'(*,I : !$ . )

(40)

!&

7839)'* :-;.)'

* /

#$)<=>.)'* ?'@AB'

*#.CDE* F$;GH* IJ* K($LM>.)'* ?'@AB'<

*+3C@N)'

# ¢_PI6# 6Y(# k# ‚3N/RF oE

# T63UV6 2'5+GHI6

#oE# 2…&*d&Q# 1A&%3456# 2-%;†# O'PN0# ,h# c@'M/HI6# + ƒ #s

O<B'*P%G.)'

*/

+3C@N)'*#.CDE*F$;GH*IQ*#$)<=>.)'*?'@AB'

#T63Ua#£&R(#;ZC#a#$.MC#A&%3456#2-%;†#¤8&PI#€'<H56#O'PN/56#€/C#{Z5 h #GH 25+ #6Y(#,n {<C#&-'…#T63UV6#jY(#$g-/0#+#1O'PN/56 ~ ! " R<S / *F$T(M)'*#UV) Auditing Committe #A&%3456#2-%;†#ƒ&f#k#A&F6D@56#,h#@C@S56#Š40 oE O'v@/<5#&¥#8;W+#cD+3* A&%3456#k #&¥#8;W+#a#oE#AD&¦a#$Q#12-%;i6#O'PN0#oE#qSH0#56#2C8&]/vw6 O'v@/<5 #2'H':356#$h6;S56#@†a#$g§ #c8;W#2'v;œ;h#k#ŠP%#D+@Q#O'v@/56#&¥#m;?0#+#12C8&]/vw6#A6@†;5&Q#2?PNI6#2-%;i6#A&'5+GHh#€''?/5 A&h;<SI6# k# 2?g56# O'?r# +# 2'5&I6# 3CD&?/56 # ,h# tQ# m;?0# &I# 2‡'/># 2'PF&B6 T63¦E q<n #O'v@/56# A&'<-n #2'WD&z6#+#2'<76@56 ?h+ #Au7@0#+#x;Ÿ.56#2h+& cD68d6 #83f#‹…#[5K#q<n#c+un#1#O'v@/56#2'<-n#q<n 2%3†#q<n#3œa#&¨#;Z'F#O'v@/56#2R¥#$'Z40#,n#2C8&]/vw6#c@†;56#unE #2'5&I6#‚6D+V6#‚;HQ#&Ž-ŽFa cD68E ©?…# c3`&v# &Ž/C;.n# ;Z0# 1# 2%3456 #q<n &.nV6 /56#Š‘ =CY'MR + 6 Y5 #,h#2'5&n#2WD8#€ŽC@5#3…;/C#,C w6 2'5u?/F ##O'v@/56#+#2PF&B6#ƒ&f#k#cªz6#+ #2SW63h#+#1#2'WD&z6#+#2'<76@56#O'v@/56#A&'<-n#2SW63h#+#2'5&I6#3CD&?/56#86@nE#+ m6/5w6 #¤8&Ph#O'PN/Q #2%3456#$768#2%3456#2-%;† s ) ( -#1&-'<F#qMN]h#@-˜ #12SPU#+@Q#13]h#12CD@RZFd6#12'Sh&¥6#D6@56#1=CY'MR/56#,C3C@I6#+#cD68w6#e5&f#&.na#D+8+#A&%3456#2-%;† !&&# –#–#1 #~ ' # $ s

(41)

! *?'@AB'*IJ*F$T(M)'*#UV)*WDXMH*< #$HY' / 5 ! 6 ! " *Z%VJ K2',[' */ Board Of Directors # 2R¥# &4>E# E O'v@/56 # c@n&Hh# oE# X8GC# T;F &.na # e<f cD68d6 #€Žh&Žh# Y'MR0# ,h# =CY'MR/56

#+ #=Hr#ƒu7#,h#O'v@/56#+#2PF&B6#{†6;RQ#O<S/C#&-'…#2`&7+ ƒ&]0w6 #e<f#=Q cD68d6 #+ I6 Ov@ WD&z6 v@I&Q#‰&-/Ww6#ƒu7#,h#[5K#+#{ #O'v@/56#2'<-n + #e<f# oE#A&n&-/Ww6#jY(#2‡'/>#$'`;0 cD68d6 #k# c@n&HI6#+ #@v#56#$%&4I6#$† v@I6#&ŽŽW6;C #)h#1#{WD&z6#O cD68E '…#2CY'MR/56#2%3456 #2'5&I6#€:6;?56#86@n‹Q#O<S/C#&-s 0 ! " .)' T( *71234)'*F */ External Auditor ŠP%# D+@Q# O'v@/56# 2R¥# m;?0 v@I6# 2'5u?/F6# €'n@0# k {WD&z6# O 1

#©Ÿ*# +8# th&Ž›# th&'v# oE# X8GC# &•

+a #D+@%#&-ŽR'Q#2vuS56#2S'PNQ#™-/(6#56#ŠC&SI6#«SQ#£&R(#ƒ&gI6#$'PF#q<n#+#1#2%3456#cD68E#,h#$7@0 #ƒ&WD O'?_/56 I6#='S0#k v@ O I6#$n&M0#c8&CQ#m;?0#+#1#{WD&z6 v@ #{<76@56#O'v@/56#€Hv#)h#{WD&z6#O #2%34<5 s \ ! " *7%&'()'*F$T(M)' */ ]^_`a^bc*defg_g^h !"#$ % & ' ()*+,-. /&),0&1 23 41 56,78. 9&6,:;. < 4- =>?@-. A/."8. BC"D < EF0.+-. ()*+,-. G7* H)I/

J1 KLMD +* N-. 2O&L8. P/.AQ

=M% RQ S5$/&#D T&U/V1 EF0.+-. ()*+,-. G7* !&)* W*"-. HXY Z< [ =O5L-.

P&M* \,]D N-. < ()*+,-. T&^D.

HF_ J1 < G7#-. .`a J1 Q

P/.A RQ =$&bM-. Z cAd$ e"U .`a 2O =O5L-.

=)-@#,U;. PA&$? 2)]XD < $ c`-. /<+-. =O5LF- EF0.+-. ()*+,-. G7* 4f]F g ) ( -h [(1&7-. i:58. ['&6)FU EXj^> +6k l

! g

(42)

"" ! " #$%&'()*+,*-./*+0+12-34563)* 7 m n o

Investors And Excternal Parties

p&O5L-. &a/+^D

cAd$ c`-. < [=):/&q. e.5rs RQ

e.5rt. < u$56v,78. w+- =#v-. PA&$? =):/&q.

xfD N-. w50t. 5*

. yFz {-| u> 5vOt.< 21 [5$/&#,-. S`a Z p&O5L-. &a/+^D N-. =)-&8. p&>"F]8.

'VC }-&jD =)8&]-. =)-&8. p&~/"f-. u> +$+]-. '.

p&O5L-. =F€78.

!

-. =)-&8. GI."#-. u6 (C5$ [

5$5#D < *+8. E:/&q. ( p&)-<d78. 4)C ‚"D [

Z &b$ƒ/ < P„X-. T@0 &a`)XM,1 W>&* N-. …&^C†. uz p&>"F]8. < =)fU&‡. 5$/&#,-. g +8'$9': +7 +;<=> ?&*@A* 7 m ˆ o

=>?@-. p&)‰@^-. i)Š =)-Q i:5D c`-. =O5L-. Z =jFU yFzƒ "a |&‹; p./.5#-. < p.Œ.5:†. "M> u$`-. JŽ&78. =F^> ()#,- =>?@-. . HF_ P/.A†. $"X,-. [!?@-. HF_ \,]$ < P/.A†. 5vOƒ =)Žƒ =6O"3. p&)- 4- =)U&Ut. =X)‘"-&C [=6O"3. /&rQ =6* 2v’ 4Yt [

“)-&”,-. 2)F#D Ea =•–&M-. uz =)”F8. J1 2^X-. < =jFU |&‹. /.5#-. [ HF_ '"”$ < P/.A†. ;"•7> …&€M-. w",7> iC/ uz =)z&Š =X^1

=O5L-. Z g

) ( -h [S5O| (fU i:5> ['&6)FU yXj^> +6k l # g m " o — '&”8. HXY g

(43)

"$

B9'4)*+C<D3)*

+7

,*-./*

E'F-G)*+#3FHI+J$KDL+1>+?M$N563)*

O

=U./A T@0 u> ˜A&f> ‚™,$ p&O5L-. =6O"‰ 'ƒ š&Ma =]1/ƒ e.5rƒ ()fjD u> P+)X,7> =)7)I/ =6O"‰ Ga < p&O5L-. l m n o P0Q +7 RH3S'63)* 7 ›œžŸœ ¡¢Ÿž£ ¤+#,1 '">"#$ u> Ga < ¥ƒ/ Gb,)”F> ($5r uz T&8. yFz T"^3. 21&#> Z …&1/ƒ =fU&M> Œ&™zƒ HF_ P/.A†. Gb*"#‰ =$&63 g '$9': +7 +;<=> ?&*@A* 7 ¦ ž¢  § ¢¨žŸ©ª ž£ < JŽ&78. '"Fv’ u> Ga < e.5rt. w50t. 2v> «&~ƒ HF_ < ¬&^8. P/.A†. .`a !"#$ < [ Gb)-Q =jFU P/.A†. =)>")-. T&6zt -. =O5L [ =C&†&1 yFz GbI.Aƒ !"#$ < &™$ƒ JŽ&78. ­"#‰ yFz =®C&‡. ­5r < [=>&]-. p&U&)7-. GU51 =C&†&1 RQ =1&*5-. yFz GbI.Aƒ [ !"#$ < Œ&™zƒ HF_ P/.A†. F6]1 Gb>&)* +Mz p&f:."-. u> Jz"M1 &Ž < Gb l T ! " #>UV)*+#2'WX)*+C%*0 7 }Fj,$ < 'ƒ HF_ '"”$ P/.A†. < ./`‰ < &®#$ 'ƒ |&‹. Z =>?@-. =$&M]-. < h53. < +b%. T`f$ /.5#-. < 'ƒ =O5L-. Z 5C",$ p.Œ.5:Q < =6®Yƒ < =6)FU < =)C&O 'ƒ JY."#-&1 =>¯,F> =O5L-. '"”D < =6®Yt. =z""8. p&6)F],-. < g Y ° — +C%*0 ZV[A* \3X)*+B] 7

i> p@>&]8. < JŽ&76F- =$<&7,8. =F>&]8. {-| 26L$ < e.5rt.

p&U&)7-. i< < ¬&^8. p.|

8. < }D.<5F- =6I@ p±C&”8. {-| B² < g ) o — A&6z G)FU h h [S5O| (fU i:5> [&²t.

l $! — $# .

(44)

"% 4)': ' +7 ?&*@A* 7 m n o ³´µŸ¶Ÿ´ª \,]D P/.A†. <d78. =b%. Ea

=~&q. 5$/&#,-. ¤+#D uz =O5L-. Z = Œ.At&1 T&]X-. RQ HF_ P/.A†. &6O 'ƒ P/.A†. '"”D 7> d =-< G)®]D uz …&1/ƒ

[&b,6)* PA&$? < =O5L-. =C&†&1

RQ …&^C†.

< (D&z yFz i#$ < [JŽ&76F- &a5LMD N-. p&>"F]8. uz =)C&XL-. P/.A†. =)-<d7> e.5–†. =O5L-. yFz =C&”1 !&)#-. < T&6zt. ·-. ()#,- =>?@-. c`-. ¸5 W7UKD u> ƒ u> 4Y"5]$ &> T@0 u> {-| < [4F:

HF_ yFz =$/<A 5$/&#D P/.A†.

JŽ&78. =F^> ¹&,-&1 < [=O5L-. º&LM1 =#F],8. p&>"F]8. =C&O u6™,D

u$56v,78. < g 'X^*& 7 _'`aQ b)'c3)* 7 m ˆ o ›ª œŸœ ¡¢Ÿž£ u> =z"6_ Ga < e.5rt.

JX‘"8. < T&6]-. < u$A/"8. < JMI.+-. 2v> =O5L-. 20.A ¬&^> G» <

+*

S`a ¬&^> '"”D e.5rt.

]1 Z &bM)1 &6)C =XF,¼ < =/&],> '&)‰t. /+½ < [ P/&–†. RQ 'ƒ !"bX> p&O5L-. =6O"‰ 5¾K,$

S`a J1 p&*@]-&1 BfO 2”L1 e.5rt. S`a !"#D < [ e.5rt. P/.AV1 . !&b8. c $ =O5L-. +z&7 iF7-. ¤+#D yFz <ƒ !"#D N-. p&>+q. &b:&,YV1 P/.A†. ¿‰ ; < HF_ P/.A†. ()#À u> '"Ž&78. ; < e.+at. =z""8. p&)€)D.„U;. < g ) ( -h -h [S5O| (fU i:5> [&²t. A&6z G)FU l $& — %' g m " o — '&”8. HXD g

(45)

"(

d)'4)*+C<D3)*

+7

E'F-G)*+#3FHI+&HeW>+1>+J$fM5)*+R'=)+\$gGL+h^*Hi

}Á 'ƒ Â1."™-. u> =z"6_ 5C",D Z ()*+,-. =M% 2)”L,-cƒ cAdD ¿‰ =O5– =)-&]C < PŒ&X”1 &bF6z

2)]XD Z Ga&7D < p&)-

EF$ &6)C 2v6,D < p&O5L-. =6O"‰ l m n o P0Q 7 0+E'D<6)+bi*H)*+M2M`5)* #W=<)*+E'$)0j6> 7

()*+,-. =M% p&)-<d7> < p&jFU +$+À E·fM$ Ã)‰ =)1&,O < =.<< =)F)^XD P/"^1 S`a u”6,D ¿‰ !&)#-. u> =M€F-. &»&6zK1 PŒ&X”1 g '$9': +7 +1$^+?&'k3)*+0+?-K()*+\>'gL+0+-]*HL !"#$ % &' ()*+,%-./ 0 !" #$"%& '()*+ ,-./& 01 2'3+1 45 ,)67.8& 9:; 01 !" &$<$=> 2'3+%& '? @>A)-:.8& BC 8 9DEF !>A8& G H 45 01 IJK'? &$L.M.> 9L?'." N*+ I#7O8& G I#'(/& G G P))OQ 9MR<1 S&T.8U& V7" G 9)*W&78& 9?'6E8& X&2&EYZ? PR:8& [A\ ] !1%!2 .0 .3456%-.7+8%-.+9+:; !"#< ()*+,%-./&'% 0 ^ 0 _7L8& `a"%& bcd !" eG&f> ,)67.8& 0'g*8 h^ ij 2'3+1 45 k)l H 01 m-=> ,)On.8 _7L8& &A\

o>T" ,)Op !" 9:g*8& !=q r8& X&#7O8& G X&JK& !" '(s&7\1 ] !8=-> .0 ?->7@ A!BCD%-./6BEF.GH.!I>J+%.()*+,%-./&'% 0 #G_ P)+7Q tcW !" u8v G e'wsx& I7+'y" z {|'}& ~'n1

9€6&E" N*+ X'DEF8& z 9n*w/&

I#&_x& G H S&T.8& 0'M G H9(Y !" 9)8'/& P‚&$O8& z 9Oa8& 9Y#_ I_'>ƒ z X'?'y„& ,67" #G_ P)+7Q I#&_^

X&v …‚&$*8& G @<&$O8'? 9DEF8& 1 9(Y !" 9*w8& VEW ] !KL!M 0 !)6)N&;.()*+,%-./&'%.O5P,Q-0 9?'a† ,)67.8& 9:; J.LQ V7l^

i*‡ '(*=F> r8& 0'g*8& I#&_x& '\E>#'OQ S7OQ G H G o‚'.< 'ˆ'M+1 m\ G H‰8

@? t'wQ& 9O*l !+ I#'€+ I#&_U& i*‡ G 9>A)-:.8& I#&_x& z #$"%& 76 G H'('w.W& z `W7Q r8& & EO.| Š1E8& S')6 S7+ I#GE N*+ 2'3+1 ,)67.8& 9:; Š‹? !" `M+ t'M+1 I#&_x& :.8& ,)On.8 u8v G

G 9)+$$/& z tcO.|U& 2&_1 9:g*8& t'M+% ] ) ( -Œ -Œ H[EDv ,€| YE" HŠGTC t1 `)*;& 7€+ @yl Ž

!"  !# ]

Références

Documents relatifs

L'utilisation des voies d'eau a, bien sûr, été envisagée dans les deux cas, mais, pour le second, l'absence des produits de Portout à Lyon, malgré une liaison possible

and under 3-years-field agronomie conditions to compare i) the succession of the same R-genes every year, when introgressed in a partially resistant vs. a susceptible genetic

Figure 2: (a) Daily mean atmospheric water budget contributions for January 2014 averaged over southern UK, (b) Monthly-mean 850hPa horizontal winds and vertically-integrated

Turán, On some problems of the statistical theory of partitions with application to characters of the symmetric group II. Turán, On some problems of the statistical theory of

We substantially im- prove the numerical constants involved in existing statements for linear forms in two logarithms, obtained from Baker’s method or Schneider’s method

DC consists of the migration of lateral epidermal cells towards the mid- line covering this opening (the amnioserosa) in a couple of hours (see movie DC.mov). This process does

The increase of MYD88 level observed in PC1/3 KD macrophages (Figure 6 B,C) may compensate the decrease of TLR4 at the cell surface and maintain the activation of the

1) If mankind were to disappear tomorrow and no other con- scious species exists in the universe, present time as we con- ceive it would also disappear; what remains of nature and