T ren d o f the B irth R ates in Countries and Large Cities of Europe during the Present W a r.

— S5 —

E v o lu tio n de la n a ta lité dans les pays et grandes villes de l ’Europe au cours

de la guerre actuelle.

S ans c o n s titu e r u n v é rita b le in d e x de l 'é t a t de santé des p o p u la tio n s, le u rs ta u x de n a t a li té o n t n éa n m o in s u n e sig n ific atio n tr è s réelle à c e t ég a rd , é t a n t l ’e x p re ssio n de le u r v ita lité .

S ans d o u te , la n a ta lité d ép en d -elle de fa c te u rs p u re m e n t n u m é riq u e s et- p lu s sp é c ia le m e n t du n o m b re de fem m es de 15 à 45 an s, m a is elle d é p e n d encore de fa c te u rs d ’o rd re p a th o lo g iq u e e t s u r to u t p sy c h o lo g iq u e q u i re flè te n t la sa iïté p h y siq u e e t m o rale des p o p u la tio n s. Q u a n t a u x fa c te u rs éco-

T re n d o f the B irth R ates in Countries and Large Cities of E urope during the

Present W a r.

T h e b ir th r a te , th o u g h it does n o t c o n s titu te a tr u e in d e x of th e s ta te of h e a lth of a p o p u la tio n , n e v e rth e le ss h a s a d e fin ite significance in th is re s p e c t — ex p re ssin g as i t does its v ita lity .

N o d o u b t th e b ir th r a te d ep e n d s u p o n p u re ly n u m e ric a l fa c to rs a n d m o re p a r tic u la rly o n th e n u m b e r of w om en b e tw e e n 15 a n d 45 y e a rs of age in th e p o p u la tio n co n sid ered , b u t i t d ep e n d s also u p o n p a th o lo g ic a l a n d a b o v e a ll p sychological fa c to rs w h ich reflec t th e p h y sic a l a n d m o ra l h e a lth

Na t a l i t é, p a r

1.000

h a b i t a n t s, e n d i v e r s p a y s d’ Eu r o p e. Bi r t h r a t e, p e r

1,000

i n h a b i t a n t s, i n v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s o f Eu r o p e.

1911 - 1943

n o m iq u e s (po ssib ilités d e tr a v a il, sa laire s, lo g e m en t, a lim e n ta tio n , etc.), q u o iq u e d ’im p o rta n c e ca p ita le , ils n ’a g issen t q u e d e façon in d ire c te , s o it en con d i­

tio n n a n t c e rta in s fa c te u rs p ath o lo g iq u e s to u c h a n t la fé c o n d ité, com m e l’é t a t d e n u tr itio n , so it en in flu a n t su r la v o lo n té d e re p ro d u c tio n des couples g én é ra te u rs. T o u tefo is, le u r a c tio n d a n s le d o m ain e p sy c h iq u e p e u t, d a n s c e rta in s cas, ê tre c o n tre ­ b a lan c ée d e faço n p lu s o u m o in s co m p lète p a r des idées-forces a g issa n t en sens c o n tra ire .

I l se m b le ra it b ie n difficile d ’in te r p ré te r le m o u v e­

m e n t d e la n a ta lité d an s les d iv e rs p a y s , s o it a u cours des an n ées d ’a v a n t-g u e rre , so it s u r to u t a u cours de la g u erre a c tu e lle , sa n s re c o n n a ître a u x fa c te u rs p sychologiques e t m o ra u x u n e in fluence p ré p o n d é ra n te p a r r a p p o r t à to u s les a u tre s.

*

* ♦

o f t h a t p o p u la tio n . A s to econom ic fa c to rs (e m p lo y m e n t, sa larie s, h o u sin g , food, etc.), a lth o u g h o f c a p ita l im p o rta n c e , th e y a c t o n ly in d ire c tly b y in fluencing e ith e r c e rta in p a th o lo g ic a l fa c to rs b e a rin g on f e r tility , such as th e s ta le of n u tr itio n , o r th e w ill to re p ro d u c e of th o s e of a n ag e to do so.

T h e ir p sy ch o lo g ical rep e rc u ssio n s, h o w ev e r, m a y b e c o u n te rb a la n c e d m o re o r less c o m p le te ly b y th e th e in fluence of som e m o tiv e force o p e ra tin g in an o p p o site d ire c tio n .

I t w o u ld seem difficult to in te r p r e t th e tr e n d of th e b ir th r a t e in th e v a rio u s c o u n trie s d u rin g th e p re -w a r p erio d , o r ev e n m o re d u rin g th e p re s e n t w ar, w ith o u t reco g n isin g t h a t p sy c h o lo g ic al a n d m o ra l fa c to rs o u tw eig h all o th e rs.

* ■* ijc

— 56 — L e g ra p h iq u e ci-dessus, q u i ré su m e p o u r 16 p a y s d ’E u ro p e l’é v o lu tio n d e la n a ta lité d e 1911 à 1943 c o m p o rte 4 p ério d e s c la ire m e n t m a rq u é e s:

1) P é rio d e précédant la p re m iè re guerre m o n d ia le : n a ta lité en b aisse d a n s la p lu p a r t des p a y s , av ec ta u x s’é ta g e a n t e n tre 25 e t 40®/oo — la F ra n c e senle a y a n t u n ta u x in fé rie u r à 20 °joo-

2) P é rio d e de la p re m iè re g u e rre m o n d ia le : c h u te m assiv e de la n a ta lité d e 1915 ^ à 1919 d a n s les p a y s b e llig é ra n ts, c h u te m o in d re m a is n e t te d an s les p a y s n e u tre s m obilisés (Suisse e t P ay s-B a s).

3) P é rio d e de V e n tre -d e u x -g u e rre s : a p rè s u n e é lé v a tio n te m p o ra ire en 1920 e t 1921, d u e s u r to u t à la co n s o m m a tio n des m a ria g e s différés p e n d a n t la g u e rre , e t q u i r a m e n a le n iv e a u d e l a n a ta lité à celui d ’a v a n t 1914 o u m ê m e u n p e u au -d e ssu s, l a n a ta lité se r e m e t à b a isse r d e fa ç o n rég u lière d a n s to u s les p a y s européens. D ’u n e faç o n g énérale, les é c a rts e n tre p a y s te n d e n t à s’a tté n u e r e t, en 1938, en d e h o rs d e l ’E u ro p e o rie n ta le , les t a u x des d iv e rs p a y s s ’in sc riv e n t e n tre 14 e t 23 ®/oo-

A p a r ti r de 1934, la b aisse cesse c e p e n d a n t en p lu sie u rs p a y s ; la c o u rb e d e v ie n t h o riz o n ta le p u is m o n tr e m ê m e u n e te n d a n c e à s’élever le n te ­ m e n t. C’e s t le cas en A n g le te rre e t en E cosse, a u D a n e m a rk , en N orvège, en S uède. A p a r ti r d e 1938, il en e s t de m êm e a u x P a y s-B a s e t en Suisse.

V ers la m ê m e é p o q u e s ’o b se rv e n t des m o u v e ­ m e n ts p lu s v io le n ts, co n séq u en ce n o n d ’u n e le n te é v o lu tio n , m a is d ’a c tio n s p o litiq u e s ou m ilita ire s b r u ta le s :

en A llem agne, u n e é lé v a tio n co n sid é ra b le d e la n a ta lité en 1934, à la su ite d e la p rise d u p o u ­ v o ir p a r le p a r ti n a tio n a l-so c ia liste ;

en E sp a g n e , u n e c h u te d e la n a ta lité d u e à la

g u erre civile de 1937 à 1939; i

en Ita lie , u n e b aisse en 1936, d u e à la m o b ili­

s a tio n p o u r la c a m p a g n e d ’E th io p ie , av ec é lé v a tio n c o m p e n sa tric e en 1938;

en A u tric h e , u n e é lé v a tio n co n sid érab le s’am orce en 1939, a p rè s q u e !’« A nschluss » a it m is fin à u n e p ério d e d ’in c e r titu d e p a ra ly s a n te . 4) A u cours de la deuxièm e guerre m o n d ia le , la te n d a n c e à la h au sse q u i e x is ta it d a n s les p a y s S candinaves, a u x P a y s-B a s e t en Suisse s ’e s t accé­

lérée trè s se n sib le m e n t; en A n g leterre , en E cosse, en I rla n d e (E ire e t I rla n d e d u N o rd ), a p rè s u n lé g er fléch issem en t en 1940, la n a ta lité e s t f o rte ­ m e n t r e m o n té e ; en B elg iq u e e t en F ra n c e , le fléch issem en t de 1940 e t 1941 a é té p lu s m a rq u é , m a is la re m o n té e de 1942 e t 1943 p lu s aig u ë encore, e t p lu s f ra p p a n te , si l’on t i e n t co m p te des c o n d itio n s de vie d an s ces p a y s sous l’o c c u p a tio n , d u n o m b re des h o m m e s a b s e n ts de le u rs fo y ers com m e p r i­

sonniers de g u erre ou d ép o rté s e t en fin de l’a u g m en ­ ta tio n d u n o m b re des a v o rte m e n ts e t des acco u ch e­

m e n ts p ré m a tu ré s s u r v e n a n t d an s les villes p a r su ite de la m a ln u tr itio n chez les fem m es enceintes.

E n Ita lie , en A llem agne, en A u tric h e , la n a ta lité a fléchi de faç o n im p o r ta n te en 1941 e t 1942. Il est v r a i q u e, d a n s ces d e u x d e rn ie rs p a y s , ce fléchisse­

m e n t fa is a it su ite à u n e p é rio d e d ’é lé v a tio n to u t- à -fa it a n o rm a le de la c o u rb e des n aissan c es sous l ’in fluence des m esures éd ictées p a r le régim e n atio n a l-so c ia liste . Ces m esu res o n t é té é v id e m m e n t co n tre -b a la n cée s p a r les effets d ’u n e m o b ilisa tio n de p lu s en p lu s é te n d u e e t en fin « to ta le ».

E n B u lg arie, en H o n g rie, en R o u m a n ie , la te n d a n c e d éc ro issa n te de la n a ta lité e x is ta n t a v a n t la g u erre a c o n tin u é à se m a n ife ste r. Il en a é té de m êm e a u P o rtu g a l, e t en E sp a g n e a p rè s u n e b rè v e poussée à l ’issue de la g u e rre civile, en 1940.

T h e a b o v e g ra p h , w h ich gives fo r 16 E u ro p e a n c o u n trie s t h e m o v e m e n t of t h e b ir th r a te fro m 1911 t o 1943 e m b ra ce s 4 q u ite d is tin c t p e rio d s;

1. T he p e rio d w h ic h preceded the f ir s t W o rld W a r : T h e b i r t h r a te s w ere declin in g in m o s t c o u n trie s, w ith r a te s ra n g in g b e tw e e n 25 a n d 40 “/oo — F ra n c e

alo n e h a v in g a r a t e low er t h a n 20 “ /oo.

2. T he p e rio d o f the f ir s t W o rld W a r : A n a b r u p t a n d c o n sid erab le d ro p in th e b i r t h r a te s o c c u rre d fro m 1915 ® to 1919 in t h e b e llig e re n t c o u n trie s;

a le sser b u t d e fin ite d ro p in th e n e u tr a l co u n trie s w h ere m o b ilisa tio n to o k p la c e (S w itz e rla n d a n d t h e N e th e rla n d s).

3. The p e rio d between the tw o W o rld W a r s : A fte r a te m p o r a r y rise in 1920 a n d 1921, w h ich w as d u e chiefly to t h e c o n s u m m a tio n of m a rria g e s d e fe rre d d u rin g th e w a r a n d w h ich b r o u g h t b a c k t h e b i r t h r a te s to t h e le v el re a c h e d b efo re 1914 o r e v e n to a slig h tly h ig h e r lev el, th e b i r t h r a te s re su m e d th e ir re g u la r d o w n w a rd tr e n d in all E u ro p e a n c o u n trie s. G en e ra lly sp e a k in g , differences e x istin g b e tw e e n t h e v a rio u s n a tio n a l r a te s te n d e d to d im in ish a n d , in 1938, th e r a te s fo r th e v a rio u s c o ü n trie s o u tsid e E a s te r n E u ro p e ra n g e d b etw e en 14 a n d 23 “ /oo.

A s fro m 1934, h o w ev e r, th e d ecline ceased in se v e ra l c o u n trie s ; th e c u rv e follow ed a h o riz o n ta l co u rse a n d th e n even sho w ed a slig h t u p w a rd te n d e n c y . S u ch w as t h e case in E n g la n d , S c o tla n d , D e n m a rk , N o rw a y a n d S w eden. F ro m 1938 o n w a rd s t h e sa m e th in g h a p p e n e d in th e N e th e rla n d s a n d

S w itz e rla n d .

A b o u t t h e sa m e tim e , m o re v io le n t m o v e m e n ts in th e r a t e to o k p la c e in o th e r c o u n trie s, as a r e s u lt n o t o f slow e v o lu tio n , b u t of a b r u p t p o litic a l o r

m ilita ry e v e n ts :

in G erm a n y a c o n sid erab le rise in th e b ir th r a te o c c u rre d in 1934 a f te r th e accession to p o w er of t h e n a tio n a l-so c ia list p a r t y ;

in S p ain , th e b ir th r a te fell fro m 1937 t o 1939 ow ing t o t h e civil w a r ;

in I ta ly , a fa ll in 1936, d u e t o t h e m o b ilisa tio n fo r t h e E th io p ia n c a m p a ig n , w as follow ed b y

a c o m p e n sa tin g rise in 1938;

in A u s tria , a co n sid e ra b le ris e b e g a n in 1939 a f te r t h e “ A n sch lu ss ’’ h a d e n d e d a p e rio d o f p a r a ­ ly sin g u n c e r ta in ty .

4. The Second W o rld W a r : T h e u p w a rd te n d e n c y of th e b ir th r a t e w h ich p re v a ile d in th e S c a n d in a v ia n c o u n trie s, th e N e th e rla n d s a n d S w itz e rla n d , d ev el­

o p e d v e ry m a rk e d ly ; in E n g la n d , S c o tla n d , Ire la n d (E ire a n d N o rth e r n Ire la n d ), a f te r a slig h t fall in 1940, th e r a te s also ro se a p p re c ia b ly ; in B elg iu m a n d F ra n c e , w h ere t h e fa ll in 1940 a n d 1941 h a d b ee n g re a te r, t h e re c o v e ry in 1942 a n d 1943 w as ev e n sh a rp e r a n d in d e e d m o re s trik in g if one ta k e s in to a c c o u n t t h e liv in g c o n d itio n s in th o s e c o u n trie s u n d e r en e m y o c c u p a tio n , t h e n u m b e r of m e n a w a y fro m th e ir fam ilies as p riso n e rs of w a r o r d e p o rte d w o rk e rs a n d th e in c re ase in th e n u m b e r of a b o rtio n s o r p r e m a tu r e la b o u rs, w hich to o k p la c e in th e cities as t h e r e s u lt of m a ln u tr itio n am o n g p r e g n a n t w om en.

In I ta ly , G erm a n y a n d A u s tria , th e b ir th r a t e fell c o n sid erab ly in 1941 a n d 1942; i t is tr u e t h a t in th e tw o l a t t e r c o u n trie s th is fa ll follow ed a p e rio d in w h ich th e r a t e a tta in e d a n a b n o rm a lly h ig h le v el u n d e r t h e influ en ce of t h e m e a su re s a p p lie d b y th e n a tio n a l-so c ia list regim e. O b v io u sly th e s e m e asu res w ere offset b y th e effects of a n ever- e x te n d in g a n d finally to ta l m o b ilisa tio n .

I n B u lg a ria , H u n g a ry , R o u m a n la , th e d o w n w ard t r e n d of t h e b ir th r a te w h ich e x is te d b efo re th e w a r c o n tin u e d to m a n ife st itself. T h is w as also t h e case in P o rtu g a l a n d in S p a in a f te r a b rie f rise a t t h e e n d of th e civil w a r in 1940. *

• O n tr o u v e r a d a n s les R a p p o rts E p id é m io lo g iq u e s A n n u e ls des t a u x a n n u e ls de n a t a lit é p o u r les d iv e rs p a y s d u m o n d e , a in s i q u e des t a u x a n n u e ls e t m e n s u e ls c o n c e rn a n t les g ra n d e s v ilie s . D a n s le R a p p o r t E p id é m io lo g iq u e A n n u e l p o u r 1 9 3 8 ( E .I . 2 3 ) , o n tr o u v e r a les d o n n ées p o u r les p a y s (p p . 6 3 -6 4 ) c o n c e rn a n t les p é rio d e s 1 9 1 1 -1 9 1 3 e t 1 9 2 5 -1 9 4 0 e t celles p o u r les v ille s (p p . 8 5 -8 7 ) c o n c e rn a n t le s années 1 9 3 5 -1 9 3 8 .

D e s ta b le a u x e t g ra p h iq u e s c o n c e rn a n t la n a t a lit é d e 1 9 0 0 à 1 9 4 3 d a n s u n g ra n d n o m b re de p a y s o n t p a r u au s s i d a n s u n e n o te s p é c ia le in t it u lé e « U n d c m i-s ié c lc d ’ é v o lu tio n d é m o ­ g ra p h iq u e X d u B u l l e t i n M e n s u e l de S ta tis tiq u e d u S e rv ic e d ’ Ë tu d e s E c o n o m iq u e s , V o l. 2 3 , N o . 1 1 , 1 9 4 4 , p p . 3 2 3 -3 3 6 .

* D e p u is 1 9 1 6 e n I t a l ie , e n tré e e n g u e rre e n 1 9 1 5 s e u le m e n t.

^ A n n u a l b i r t h ra te s t o r th e v a rio u s c o u n trie s o t th e w o r ld a n d a n n u a l a n d m o n t h ly ra te s c o n c e rn in g t h e la r g e c itie s w i l l b e f o u n d i n t h e A n n u a l E p id e m io lo g ic a l R e p o rts . I n t h e A n n u a l R e p o r t f o r 1 9 3 8 ( E .1 .2 3 ) , fig u re s f o r c o u n trie s ( p p . 6 3 -6 4 ) c o v e r t h e p e rio d s 1 9 1 1 -1 9 1 3 a n d 1 9 2 5 -1 9 4 0 , th o s e f o r c itie s ( p p . 8 5 - 8 7 ) , t h e y e a rs 1 9 3 5 -1 9 3 8 .

T a b le s a n d g ra p h s o f b i r t h ra te s f o r a n u m b e r o f c o u n trie s f r o m 1 9 0 0 t o 1 9 4 3 a re a lso g iv e n in a s p e c ia l n o te o n " H a l f - a - C e n t u r y o t P o p u la t io n M o v e m e n t ” i n t h e M o n t h ly B u l l e t i n o f S ta tis tic s o f t h e E c o n o m ic In te llig e n c e S e rv ic e , V o l . £ 5 , N o . 1 1 , 1 9 4 4 , p p . 3 2 3 -3 3 6 .

* From 1916 in Italy, which country entered the war in 1915

only.

— 57 — E n P ologne, les ren se ig n e m e n ts — tr è s in ­ com plets — d isponibles m o n tr e n t u n e d im in u tio n im p o r ta n te de la n a ta lité d a n s les villes. O n s a it q u ’o u tre les d é p o rta tio n s m a ssiv es d ’h o m m e s et de fem m es, les a u to rité s d ’o c c u p a tio n o n t éd icté des in te rd ic tio n s de m a riag e p o u r la p o p u la tio n polonaise.

N ous ne disposons m a lh e u re u s e m e n t p a s de chiffres re la tifs a u x p a y s q u i, com m e la G rèce, la Y ougoslavie, l ’U .R .S .S ., o n t souffert de la guerre d ’u ne façon p a rtic u liè re m e n t cruelle.

L ’év o lu tio n réc en te de la n a ta lité p e u t ê tre b riè v e m e n t résu m ée p a r l’é lé v a tio n o u l’a b a isse­

m e n t de son ta u x e n tre 1937, d ern iè re an n é e de p a ix euro p éen n e (E sp a g n e ex cep tée), e t 1943, d ern iè re an n ée p o u r la q u elle des chiffres so n t disponibles p o u r la m a jo rité des p ay s.

In P o la n d , th e v e ry in c o m p le te d a t a av a ila b le shov/ a co n sid erab le fall in th e b ir th r a t e in th e cities. I t w ill b e rem e m b e re d t h a t , a p a r t fro m m ass d e p o rta tio n of m e n a n d w om en, th e o c c u p a tio n a u th o ritie s im p o sed s tr in g e n t re stric tio n s u p o n m a rria g e s am ong th e P o lish p o p u la tio n .

U n fo rtu n a te ly , we are n o t in a p o sitio n to give figures re la tin g to c o u n trie s su c h as G reece, Y u g o sla v ia a n d th e U .S .S .R . w hich h a v e suffered m o s t a c u te ly fro m th e w ar.

T h e re c e n t tr e n d of th e b ir th r a te m a y be a p p ro x im a te ly in d ic a te d b y a co m p a riso n b e tw e e n th e r a te s fo r 1937, th e la s t y e a r of E u ro p e a n p ea ce (S p a in e x c e p te d ), a n d th o s e fo r 1943, th e la s t y e a r for w h ich figures a rc a v a ila b le for m o st c o u n tries.

P a y s T a u x E x c é d e n t D im in u t io n C o u n trie s

V ille s R a te s E xcess

Fall

T o w n s

1937 19 43

% %

A llem agne (A ltreicli) 18.8 16.0 — 13 G erm a n y (A ltre ic h )

Villes 15.4 12.5 — 19 T ow ns

A n g leterre e t Galles 14.9 16.5 -H I I E n g la n d a n d W ales

V illes 14.9 15.4

_{+ 5}

T o w n s

A u trich e 12.9 18.0

- i -

40 A u s tria

V ienne 5.6 14.6

-1-

161 V ien n a

B elgique 15.3 14.7 — 4 B elg iu m

B ruxelles 9.8 11.8

-1-

20 B russels

B ulgarie (®) 24.3 22.2 — 9 B u lg a ria (®)

97 villqs(3) 17.9 20.0

+

13 97 to w n s

( ^ )

D a n e m a rk 18.0 21.4

- h

i s D e n m a rk

C openhague 17.6 19.8

- f

12 C openhagen

Ecosse 17.6 18.9

_{- h f}

S c o tla n d

16 villes 18.5 18.6

_{+ ^}

16 to w n s

E ire (Irla n d e ) 19.2 22.3

- f

16 E ire

D u b lin 24.9 25.3

+

2 D u b lin

E sp a g n e (i) 25.7 20.1 — 22 S p ain (1)

M ad rid

(^ )

21.1 17.5 — 17 M a d rid (i)

F ra n ce 14.7 15.9 + S F ra n c e

P aris 11.1 13.3 + 20 P a r is

H o n g rie (^) (^) 20.2 19.5 — 3 H u n g a r y (=) (s)

B u d a p e st 10.3 13.9 + 35 B u d a p e s t

Irla n d e du N o rd 19.8 24.2 + 22 N o rth e rn Ire la n d

B e lfast 20.8 25.3 + 22 B e lfast

Ita lie (=) 22.9 20.2 — 12 I ta ly (3)

R o m e (®) 21.9 20.2 — 8 R o m e (=•)

N orvège 15.1 . . . ^{N o rw a y}

Oslo 8.9 13.0 + 46 Oslo

P ay s-B as 19.8 23.0 + 16 N e th e rla n d s

A m ste rd a m 14.5 17.7 + 22 A m ste rd a m

P o rtu g a l 26.7 24.8 — 7 P o rtu g a l

L isbonne 16.6 13.3 — 20 L isb o n

R o u m a n ie (®) 30.8 24.4 — 21 R o u m a n ia ( “)

B u c a re s t (®) 22.4 13.8 — 38 (=) B u c h a re s t ( ’)

Suède 14.4 19.2 -1- 33 Sw eden

S tockholm 11.4 20.0 H- 73 S to ck h o lm

Suisse 15.0 19.2 + 28 S w itz e rla n d

10 villes 11.0 16.2 _{+ 47} 10 tow ns

T chécoslovaquie 17.2 C zechoslovakia

!( B ohêm e e t M oravie » 20.8 + 2 1 { * ) “ B o h e m ia a n d M o rav ia”

P ra g u e lÔ.O 20.7 + 107 P ra g u e

( ') 1 9 4 2 c o m p a ré à 1 9 3 5 . — Ô ) T e rrito ire de T r ia n o n . — (3) 1 9 1 2 c o m p a ré 1 9 3 7 . —

1 9 4 2 as c o m p a re d w it h 1 9 3 5 ,

■ T r ia n o n t e r r it o r y .

• 1 9 4 2 as c o m p a re d w ith 1937.

( ') C o m p a ra is o n a v e c la T c îié c o s lo v a c iu ic — C ze c h o s lo va k ia .

(®) Cf. note

m m

p. 64.

C o m p a re d w it h

D es fa its résum és d an s ce ta b le a u e t d an s le g rap h iq u e de la pag e 55, il resso rt q u e;

a) d an s les p a y s p eu to u c h é s p a r la guerre, lo rsq u e la n a ta lité é ta it élevée, c e tte n a ta lité a suivi la te n d a n c e de baisse grad u elle m a n i­

feste a v a n t la guerre (E sp ag n e , P o rtu g a l, B ulgarie, R o u m an ie) ; lo rsq u e la n a ta lité é ta it b asse, le p la te a u ou la d escen te de la courbe a f a it p lace à u n e re m o n té e tr è s n e tte , d ’a u t a n t p lu s fo rte que le n iv e a u a t te i n t é ta it p lu s b as (D a n e m a rk , S uède, Suisse). C e tte ascension

« réa ctio n n e lle n en q u elq u e so rte a é té p a rtic u liè re m e n t m a rq u é e d an s les villes, où la n a ta lité a v a it a t te i n t l’étiag e le p lu s bas.

F ro m th e d a ta su m m arise d iu th is ta b le a n d th e g ra p h on pag e 55, th e follow ing fa c ts are a p p a r e n t;

a) In c o u n tries c o m p a ra tiv e ly little affected b y th e w a r a n d in w hich th e b ir th r a le w as h ig h , th is b ir th r a te c o n tin u e d its p re -w a r g ra d u a l d o w n w ard m o v e m e n t (S p ain , I’o rtu g a l, B u l­

g aria, R o u m a n ia ) ; in th o se c o u n trie s w here th e b ir th r a te w as low , th e h o riz o n ta l o r des­

cending cu rv e sh o w ed a m a rk e d rise — p a r t i ­ cu larly in co u n trie s w here th e level p rev io u sly rea ch ed h a d b ee n low est (D e n m a rk , Sw eden, S w itzerlan d ). T h is “ re a c tio n ’’ w as p a r t i ­ c u la rly n o tic e a b le in th e to w n s, w here Llie b ir th r a te h a d re a c h e d th e lo w est ebb.

*

*

^*

E

x c é d e n t

( + ) o u

d i m i n u t i o n

(— )

e n

%

d e s t a u x d e n a t a l i t é d e

1943

p a r r a p p o r t a c e u x d e

1937.

E

x c e s s

( + )

o r

F

a l l

(— )

o f t h e

1943 B

i r t h

R

a t e s a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e o f

1937.

— B8 —

6)

d a n s les p a y s b e llig é ra n ts, l a m o b ilisa tio n a e n tra în é u n e d im in u tio n im m é d ia te de la n a ta lité , su iv ie d ’u n e é lé v a tio n « ré a c tio n n e lle » (A n g le te rre , B e lg iq u e , F ra n c e , T chécoslo­

v a q u ie ). L e p h é n o m è n e e s t d’a u t a n t p lu s r e m a rq u a b le q u ’il s’e s t p r o d u it m a lg ré la m o b ilisa tio n o u la d é p o r ta tio n d ’u n tr è s g ra n d n o m b re d ’hom m es.

E n A lle m ag n e e t en A u tric h e , a p rè s u n e p h a s e d ’é lé v a tio n s y s té m a tiq u e m e n t p r o ­ v o q u é e d e l a n a ta lité , l a m o b ilisa tio n to ta le a e n tra în é u n m o u v e m e n t d ’a b a isse m e n t tr è s se n sib le d e celle-ci.

b )

I n b e llig e re n t c o u n trie s, m o b ilisa tio n re s u lte d in a n im m e d ia te fall in t h e b ir th r a te , follow ed b y a “ r e a c tio n " (E n g la n d , B e lg iu m , F ra n c e , C z echoslovakia). T h e p h e n o m e n o n is t h e m o re re m a rk a b le sin ce i t o c c u rre d in s p ite of th e m ob iU satio n o r d e p o r ta tio n o f a v e ry la rg e n u m b e r of m en .

I n G e rm a n y a n d A u s tr ia , a f te r a p h a s e of s y s te m a tic a lly in d u c e d rise, th e b i r t h r a te fell co n s id e ra b ly ow ing t o t o t a l m o b ilisa tio n .

T

q u x

de D atalitéy

p a b

looo

h a b i t a n t s.

B irth Bates»

PER 1000 IN HABITAN TS.

T a u x

P a y s — C o u n trie s A n n é e s a n n u e ls J . F . M . A . M . J . ^—

V ille s — T o w n s Y e a rs A n n u a l 1 I I I I I I V V V I V I I

ra te s

A lle m a g n e — G e rm a n y 1 9.6

YsV? is'.'s

1 8 .0

( A lt r e ic h ) h e 1 4 .7 1 5 .2 1 4 .9

1 9 3 7 1 8 .8 2 0 .0 1 9 ,8

1 9 3 8 1 9 .6 1 9 .8 1 9 .9

1 9 3 9 2 0 .4 2 1 .2 2 0 .9

1 9 4 0 2 0 .0 2 2 .7 2 0 .0

19 41 1 8 .6 1 6 .8 1 9 .8

1 9 4 2 1 4 .9 1 5 .7 1 5 .2

1 9 4 3 1 6 .0 1 6 .4 1 5 .8

1 9 4 4 1 8 .0 1 6 .5

V ille s a lle m a n d e s —

m

S ;

^{1 6 .1 1 6 .1 1 6 .8 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 7 .0 1 6 .3 1 5 .9}

G e rm a n to w n s 1 3 .6 1 2 .0 1 3 .9 1 4 .3 1 4 .2 1 3 .9 1 3 .9 1 3 .5

f ( M i n . 1 0 .8 1 0 .8 1 1 .4 1 1 .1 1 1 .1 11.1 1 0 .9 1 0 .8

19 37 1 5 .4 1 5 .9 1 6 .0 1 5 .9 1 6 .0 1 6 .2 1 6 .0 1 5 ,5

1 9 3 8 16.1 16 .1 1 6 .8 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 7 .6 1 6 .1 1 5 .9

1 9 3 9 1 7 .0 1 6 .4 1 7 .3 1 8 .0 1 8 .0 1 7 .6 17.1 1 7 .1

1 9 4 0 1 7 .3 1 8 .7 1 9 .3 1 9 .6 1 9 .5 1 8 .8 1 5 .8 1 5 .2

19 41 1 6 .8 1 6 .5 1 5 .8 1 4 .9 1 5 .2 1 7 .6 1 7 .5 1 6 .7

1 9 4 2 1 3 .9 1 5 .4 15.1 1 4 .5 1 4 .0 1 4 .2 1 4 .3 1 3 .8

1 9 4 3 g 1 2 .5 1 4 .8 1 5 .8 1 6 .0 1 4 .4 1 3 .6 1 3 .1 1 2 .6

1 9 4 4 g 11 .1 1 1 .4 1 1 .9 1 1 .9

A n g le te r r e et P a y s de 19 3 8 1

1 6 .7 - 1 7 .2

G a lle s — 1 5 .1 1 5.2 1 6 .0

E n g la n d a n d W a le s 1 4 .4 1 4 .4 1 5 .3

19 37 1 4 .9 1 4 ,4 1 6 .0

1 9 3 8 15 .1 1 5 .3 1 6 .0

1 9 3 9 1 4 .9 1 5 .0 1 5 .9

1 9 4 0 h 1 4 .6 1 5 .0 1 6 .2

19 41 h 1 4 .2 1 4 .4 1 4 ,3

1 9 4 2 h 1 5 .8 1 5 .5 1 6 .2

1 9 4 3 h 1 6 .5 1 6 .9 1 7 ,5

1 9 4 4 h 1 7 .9 1 9 .3

V ille s a n g la is e s e t

g a llo is e s — 1 9 2 8 - ( 1 6 .9 1 8.0 1 8 .2 1 8.3 1 7 .9 1 8 .9 1 8 .4 1 8 .6

1 5 ,0 1 6 .5 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 6 .9 2 7 .2 1 7 .3 1 7 .0

S n g lis h a n d W e ls h 1 4 .4 1 5 .3 1 5 .1 1 5 .4 1 5 .2 1 6.3 1 6,1 1 5 .9

to w n s i

1937 1 4 .9 1 5 .3 1 6 .0 1 5 .7 1 6 .9 1 6 .3 1 8 .0 1 6 .8

1 9 3 8 1 5 .0 1 6 .6 1 6 .2 1 6 .9 16-1 1 7 .6 1 7 .2 1 7 .2

1 9 3 9 1 4 .9 1 5 .4 1 5 .3 15 .1 15 .1 1 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 5 .9

1 9 4 0 1 4 .4 1 4 .7 1 4 .8 1 5 .4 1 6 .0 1 6 .8 1 6 .9 1 5 .4

1941 1 2 .3 1 2 .3 1 2 .8 1 2 .9 1 1 .9 1 2 .7 1 2 .3 1 1 .7

1 9 4 2 1 4 .2 1 2 .5 1 3 ,8 1 4 .8 1 4 .5 1 5 .3 1 4 .2 1 4 ,8

1 9 4 3 1 5 .4 1 5 .6 1 5 .9 1 5 .8 1 6 .0 1 6 .7 1 6 .0 1 6 .3

1 9 4 4 1 6 .9 1 6 .3 1 6 .3 1 8 .0 1 8 .0 1 8 .5 1 8 .2 1 8 .3

A u t r ic h e A u s t r i a

19 45

1 9 2 8 - ( 1 9 3 8

}

1 7 .5 16 .S

a

^{1 2 .91 4 .3}

1 9 3 7 1 2 .9 1 3 .3 1 2 .9

19 38 1 4 .1 1 4 .2 1 3 .9

1 9 3 9 2 0 .9 1 9 .8 2 0 .1

1 9 4 0 2 1 .8 2 4 ,7 2 1 .9

J 1 9 4 0 2 1 .9 2 4 .7 2 5 .8 2 4 .7 2 3 .6 2 3 .0 1 9 .8

1941 2 0 .2 1 9 ,8 2 0 .0 1 9 .4 1 9 .4 2 2 .4 2 0 .1

1 0 4 2 1 7 .2 1 7 .9 1 8 .7 1 7 .8 1 6 .9 18 -7 1 6 .7

1 9 4 3 1 8 .0 1 6 .2 1 8 .8 1 7 .7 1 7 .2 1 9 ,4 1 6 .8

1 9 4 4

20.0

2 1 .3 2 0 .3 1 9 .6 1 8 .3 1 7 .9

V ie n n e — V ie n n a

’" « i S

9 .5 8.7 9.7 10.0 9 .7 1 0 .0 1 0 .3

7.0 6 .8 7.3 6.8 7.5 7.2 7.0

5.6 5.7 5.8 5.7 5 .8 6.0 5.5

19 37 5 .6

6.0

5 .8 5 .7 5 .8

6.0

5 .7

1 9 3 8 k 7 .0 6 .4

6.6 6.6

7 .0 6.7 7 .0

1 4 .7 j 1 2 .8 1 4 .0 1 4 .2 1 3 .7

1 3 .3 15 .1 1 5 .6 1 5 .6

1 9 4 0 1 5 .4 1 7 .4 1 7 .8 17.1 1 6 .2 1 5 .6 1 3 .5

1941 1 5 .0 1 3 .5 1 3 .0 1 3 .1 1 5 .5 1 6 .9 1 5 .8

1 9 4 2 13.1 1 3 .1 1 3 .9 1 3 .7 1 2 .5 1 4 ,3 1 3 .0

1 4 .6 t 1 3 .5 15 .0 1 4 .9 1 4 .8 1 4 .4

\ 1 4 .4 1 4 .2 1 5 .5 1 5 .7 1 4 .9 14 .7 1 4 .5

1 9 4 4 m 1 5 .2 16 .1 1G.5 1 5 .4

J . V I I I

1 6 .0 1 3.7 1 0 .3

1 5 .0 1 6 .0 1 7 .4 1 6 .5 1 6 .5 1 3 .2 12.2

1 7 .4 1 6 .4 15.1

1 6 .5 1 6 .3 1 5 .0 1 4 .3 11.0 1 4 .7 1 5 .4 1 6 .0

A . I X

1 2 .3 1 3 .2 21.2 21.0 1 9.2 1 8 .0 1 4 .6

1 8 .0 1 9 .2 2 0 .3 1 9 .4 2 0 .4 1 5 .1 1 6 .2

1 5 .1 1 3 .0 1 0 .2

1 4 .4 15 .1 16..5 1 6 .7 1 6 .6 1 3 .6 1 0 .3

--- 1 6.7 1 5 .3 1 4 .5

1 5 .3 15 .2 1 5 .4 1 4 .3 1 4 .1 1 6 .1 1 6 .2 1 7 .6

1 7 .8 1 6 .3 1 5.7

1 6 .4 1 6 .3 1 6 .3 1 3 .5 1 2 .4 1 4 .7 1 4 .5 1 5 .0

1 6 .9 1 5 .6 1 5 .9

à

1 3 .5 Î3 .1 1 3 .3

'à

1 0 .4 io . o 9 .9

15 .5 14 .5 > 15 .2 i l 16 .9 " 15.5 15 .9 S

1 7 .3 15 .8 1 6 .1 i3

18 ,7 16 .3 16 .0 1»

19 .8 1 7 .1 15 .8 n lS

15,0 12 .6 12 .5

1 1 . 0 9.4 9.3

\ JC/» n

14.0

1 2 .8 ₁

13 .8 f.

13 .8

i

13 .5

i

1 3 .113 .9 §1

15 .3 ir

15 .4

2 0 .4 2 0 .7 2 2 .4 1 9 .9 1 8 .6 19I

2 0 .5 2 0 .5 2 2 .2 2 0 .2 1 8 .6 ir t

1 6 .6 1 6 .3 1 8 .3 16 .1 1 5 .0

1 7 .7 1 7 .2 2 0 .7 1 7 .0 1 7 .6 w

10.1 0 .2 S . 7 9 .0 S . 7 n

6 . 7 6 . 6 6.9 6.1 S.9 Ss\

5.4 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.7 i,\

5 .4 5 .0 5 .6 5.3 5.1 5.)

6,7 6 .6 7 .0 7 .0 7 .3

1 7 ,0 16.1 lë ".! 14! 3 lé lo

1 4 ,4 14 .1 1 6 .3 14 .1 1 3 .8 w

1 5 .3 1 4 .9 1 8 .4 1 5 .3 1 4 .4 13^

12 ,6 1 2 .8 1 4 .8 1 2 .5 1 3 .2 m

1 4 ,0 1*3,7 lê lo Î 5 . 2 ié ! o w

1 6 .6 1 6 .9 1 6 .7

1 5 .4 1 5 .6 1 5 .1

1 4.6 14.1 13.2

1 5 .8 1 5 .6 1 4 .5

1 5 .4 1 6 .0 15.1

1 4 .5 1 3 .6 1 3 .8

1 4 .6 1 3 .5 1 1 .4

12.3 1 2 .5 1 2 .0

1 4 .9 1 3 .9 14 -0

1 5 .2 1 4 ,7 1 4 .0

1 5 .7 1 6 .3 1 6 .2

n -

S . O . N . Dl

X X I X I I Xlf

1 9.5 17.6 1 4 .0

1 8 .3 1 9 .5 1 9 .2 1 7 .9 1 7 .4 1 3 .6 1 5 .4

ifj),

'4 i

n ll^

Ilf.

m ,

1

12.6 1 5 .2 2 2 .4 1 9 .4

Cf. N o tes p p . 63-0)4.

* *

* ♦ +

^ ^ ^ --- J

■<--- ---2 0 .5 ---J

T a u x de n a ta lité ,

PAR 1 0 0 0 HABITANTS (S U U e ).

B irth R a te s,

PER 1 0 0 0 IN H A B ITA N TS ( c o n ii n u e d ) .

— B9 —

P a y s — C o u n trie s V ille s — T o w n s

A n n é e s Y e a rs

T a u x a n n u e ls A n n u a l ra te s

J .

I F .

I l M .

I I I A . I V

M . V

J .

V I V I T

J . V i n I X^{A .}

S.

X O , X I

N . X l l

D . X I I I

B e lg iq u e — B e lg iu m 102S ^ 18.7 1 8.7 2 0 .0 1 9 .9 1 9 .8 19.5 1 9.2 1 8 .s 18.6 18.2 17.8 1 7 .G 1 7.7

1 6 .5 17.0 18.1 1 7.9 17.1 17.5 16.4 1 6 .7 16.5 15.9 15.1 1 5.3 1 5 .3

Q M i n . 15.2 1 4.9 1 5.9 1 5 .9 1 5.6 1 6 .2 1 5 .3 15.3 15.1 14.9 14.1 1 3.5 1 3.7

19 37 15 .3 1 5 .0 16 .1 1 5 .9 1 5 .6 1 6 .3 1 5 .3 1 5 .4 1 5 .2 1 4 .9 1 4 .6 1 4 .3 1 4 .8

19 38 1 5 .8 1 5 .9 1 6 .2 16 .1 16 .1 1 6 .5 16 .1 16 ,1 1 5 .0 1 5 .4 14 .7 1 5 .3 1 5 .3

1 9 3 9 1 5 .3 1 5 .8 1 6 .8 1 6 .5 16 ,4 1 6 .0 1 5 .6 1 5 .8 1 5 .3 15 .0 14 .3 1 3 .3 1 3 .6

19 40 1 3 .4 15 .1 1 6 .6 1 6 .0 15 .7 1 3 .7 10 -4 1 1 .4 1 1 .6 1 2 .7 1 1 ,9 1 2 .4 1 3 .2

1941 12.1 1 2 .5 8 .4 1 2 .0 1 3 .2 1 3 .0 1 3 .4 13.1 12 .1 1 2 .4 1 1 .3 1 1 .0 1 1 .4

19 42 13 .1 1 2 .2 1 2 .9 1 3 ,6 1 2 .9 1 3 .0 1 3 .5 1 2 .9 1 3 .3 1 3 .2 1 2 .6 1 O O 1 2 .8

19 43 r 14 .7 13 .7 1 5 .0 15 .3 15.1 1 5 .3 1 4 .4 1 4 .2 1 4 .5 1 4 .8 1 4 .G 1 4 .8 1 4 .8

19 44 r 1 4 .7 15 .8 16 .0

B ru x e lle s tn n o ( IM aX. 1 2.2 12.3 1 3.2 1 3.9 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 2 .4 1 2 .9 1 2 .8 1 2.0 1 1.6 1 1 .7 1 1.3

( A g g lo m é ra tio n ) 193S 5 ^{1 1.0 11,1 1 1 .9 11.9 1 0 .0 1 1 .3 1 1 .2 1 1 .6 1 1.1 10.5 1 0.2 1 0 .2 1 0 .3}

— B russels 9 .8 9 .7 1 0 .5 9 .9 9 .8 1 0 .0 9.6 8 .9 9,7 9.2 9 .4 8 .8 8 .8

( a n d s u b u rb s )

1937 9 .8 1 0 .0 1 0 .5 1 0 .5 9 .8 1 0 .0 9.6 8 .9 1 0 .6 9 .5 0.7 1 0 .2 8 .8

19 38 1 0 .5 1 0 .5 1 0 .6 1 0 .4 1 0 .6 1 0 .9 lO .S 1 0 .4 11.1 10.1 0 .9 1 0 .2 1 0 .3

19 39 1 0 .5 1 0 .3 1 0 .6 1 1 .2 1 1 .8 1 0 .7 1 1 .0 1 1 .4 1 0 .4 1 0 .4 1 0 .0 9 .6 9 .0

19 40 9 .6 9.7 1 1 .9 1 0 ,7 1 0 .9 10 .1 7 .2 8 .4 8.7 8 .8 8 .8 9 .7 1 0 .4

1941 8 .9 9 .6 5.5 8 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .7 9.7 1 0 .0 8 .8 9 .0 8.1 8 .3 8 .7

19 42 9 .9 9.1 1 0 .3 9 .9 9.1 9 .4 1 0 .0 9,7 9 .8 1 0 .4 9.7 1 0 .6 1 0 .9

19 43 1 1 .8 1 0 .8 1 2 .0 12 .7 1 1 .6 1 2 .4 1 1 .9 1 1 .4 1 1 .0 1 1 .9 1 1 .7 l ‘^1 1 1 .9

19 44 1 2 .2 1 2 .3 1 2 .2

B u lg a r ie — B u l g a r i a 3 3 .1 3 3 .4 4 3.1 3 9 .2 3 7 .8 3 1 .2 3 0 .7 3 2 .0 3 4 .2 3 3 .0 3 7 .0 3 0 .3 2 5.2

1 9 3 8 > 2 9 .5 2 8 .8 3 4 .6 3 4 .1 3 2 .5 2 8 .8 2 7 .7 2 8 .6 3 0 .2 2 8 .6 3 2 .6 2 6 .5 1 9.1

s 2 2 .8 2 1 .2 2 6 .7 26.3 2 3 .9 2 1 .7 2 0 .8 2 2 .7 2 4 .2 2 3 .6 2 4 .6 2 0 .5 1 6 .0

19 37 2 4 .3 2 5 .5 2 8 .4 2 6 .3 2 3 .9 2 2 .2 2 3 .8 04- O 2 5 .7 2 4 .1 2 0 .7 2 2 .7 1 7 .9

1 9 3 8 2 2 .8 2 1 .2 2 6 .7 27 .1 2 4 .8 2 1 .7 2 0 .8 2 2 .7 0/1 0 2 3 .6 2 4 .6 2 0 .5 1 6 .0

19 39 2 1 .4 1 9 .9 2 4 .6 2 4 .3 2 1 .3 1 9 .4 1 9 .8 9 0 O 2 3 .2 2 3 .4 2 4 .9 1 9 .3 15 .1

' 1 9 4 0 2 2 .2 2 2 .8 2 6 .2 2 6 .3 2 3 .3 1 9 .6 2 1 .0 2 1 .5 2 2 .7 2 3 .1 2 3 .7 20 .1 15 .7

1941 2 1 .4

1 9 4 2 2 2 .2 2 1 .4 2 2 .7 2 5 .3 1 9 .5

19 43 2 2 .7 2 0 .5

97 v ille s b u lg a re s — 2à.O 2 7 .2 3 0 .9 2 9.1 2 6 .1 24.1 2 3 .2 2 4.3 2 5 .3 2 3 .8 2 2 .7 21.1 1 9.8

97 B u lg a ria n 2 1 .7 2 2 .2 2 5 .2 2 4 .9 2 3 .1 2 1 .0 21.1 2 1 .4 2 1 .9 2 1 .0 2 1 .0 1 7 .8 1 7.0

to w n s s ( M i n . 17.1 17.2 1 8 .8 1 9 .2 1 6 .5 1 6 .2 1 6 .3 1 7 .0 1 8 .6 . 1 8.1 1 6.7 1 4 .9 1 4.7

1 9 3 7 1 7 .9 2 0 .1 2 0 .0 1 9 .3 1 6 .5 1 7 .4 1 7 .4 1 8 .6 1 8 .9 18 .1 1 7 .7 1 5 .7 1 4 .9

1 9 3 8 17.1 1 7 .2 1 8 .8 1 9 .2 18 .1 1 6 .2 1 6 .3 1 7 .0 1 8 .6 1 8 ,2 16 .7 1 4 .9 14 .7

19 39 1 7 .2 1 6 .8 1 9 .0 1 9 .6 1 6 .9 1 6 .3 1 6 .9 1 8 .0 1 8 .3 1 7 .6 1 7 .4 1 5 .5 13.S

1 9 4 0 1 7 .2 1 7 .8 1 9 .6 1 9 .7 1 7 .9 1 5 .6 1 6 .3 1 6 .5 17.1 1 8 .0 17 .1 1 5 .2 1 4 .6

1941 1 7 .7 1 7 .3 1 9 .7 2 0 .0 1 9 .2 1 8 .8 1 8 .7 1 8 .4 1 8 .0 1 7 .0 17 .1 1 4 .8 1 3 .7

1 9 4 2 2 0 .0 15 .1 1 8 .8 2 0 .4 2 0 .1 2 1 .0 1 9 .8 2 0 .9 23 .7 2 3 .8 2 0 .3 1S.7 1 6 .8

19 13 1 9 .6 1 9 .9 2 0 .8 1 9 .9 1 8 .9 1 9 .4 1 9 .4

D a n e m a r k — D e n m a rk 1 9 2 8 - ( M a x . 1 9.6 1 9 .5 2 0 .5 2 1 .5 2 1 .5 2 0 .4 1 9.5 1 8.9 19.2 1 8 .9 1 8 .4 1 8 .5 1 8.2

1 9 2 8 \ M e d . 1 8 .0 17.5 1 9 .3 1 9 .7 1 9 .6 1 9 .4 1 8 .2 1 7 .6 1 7 .6 1 7 .8 1 6 .4 1 6 .8 1 7 .0

U ( M i n . 17.3 1 6 .5 1 8.2 1 9.1 1 8 .6 1 7 .9 1 6 .8 1 7 .1 1 7.1 1 6 .8 1 6 .0 1 5 .7 1 5 .7

19 37 1 8 .0 1 6 .8 1 8 .4 1 9 .5 2 0 .2 1 9 .7 1 8 .3 1 8 .4 1 7 .4 1G.8 1 6 .0 1 6 .8 17.G

1 9 3 8 I S . l 1 7 .7 1 9 .3 2 0 .0 1 9 .6 1 9 .4 18 .1 1 7 .6 1 7 .8 1 8 .0 1G.4 IG .S 1 7 .0

1 9 3 9 t 1 7 .8 1 7 .2 1 7 .9 1 9 .4 1 9 .8 1 9 .0 1 8 .2 1 7 .8 17 .1 1 7 .8 1G.9 1 6 .5 1 6 .8

1 9 4 0 t 1 8 .3 1 8 .1 20.1 20 .1 1 9 .9 1 8 .9 1 7 .6 1 7 .9 1 8 .2 1 8 .2 1 7 .2 17 .1 1 5 .9

1941 18 .5 1 6 .2 1 8 .9 1 9 .9 1 9 ,9 1 9 .7 1 8 .6 1 8 .8 1 8 .6 1 8 .9 1 7 .8 1 7 .4 1 6 .8

1 9 4 2 2 0 .4 1 7 .8 2 0 .4 2 1 .5 2 1 .7 2 1 .8 2 1 .0 2 0 .3 f». 2 1 .3 1 9 .4 19 .1 19 .1

19 43 2 1 .4

1 9 4 4 2 3 .1

C op e n h a gu e — 18.2 18.7 19.6 2 0 .5 1 9 .0 2 0 .3 1 9 .0 2 0.1 18.6 18.7 16.9 1 7 .4 1 9 .8

C op en h agen 15.5 1 5 .9 1 5.9 1 6 .3 1 6.5 1 6.1 1 6 .0 1 5 .5 1 5 .8 1 5 .5 14.6 1 5 .0 1 5 .0

( M i n . 14.7 14.2 1 5.2 1 5.0 1 5.4 1 3 .9 1 3.7 1 4 .8 1 3 .7 1 2.5 1 2 .0 1 3 .2 14.1

1037 1 7 .6 16.1 1 5 .5 1 8 .7 1 8 .8 1 8 .6 1 9 .0 2 0 .1 1 7 .5 1 7 .8 1G.8 1 6 .8 1 9 .8

1 9 3 8 1 8 .2 1 8 .7 1 9 .6 2 0 .5 19 .0 2 0 .3 1 8 .4 17 .0 18.G 18 .7 1G.9 1 7 .4 1 7 .4

19 39 1 7 .8 1 8 .6 1 7 .7 2 0 .3 2 0 .2 1 7 .8 1 8 .5 1 7 .3 1 7 .2 1 8 .4 1 7 .3 17.1 1 7 .2

19 40 1 8 .9 1 9 .6 2 1 .4 2 0 .3 1 8 .9 1 8 .9 1 8 .8 1 7 .7 1 8 .8 19.1 1 9 .2 1 8 .8 1 7 .5

1941 1 6 .4 1 7 .0 1 8 .5 2 0 .0 1 7 .7 1 6 .7 1 6 .6 1 6 .0 1 5 .3 1 7 .0 15.1 1 4 .2 1 3 .9

1 9 4 2 1 8 .2 1 5 .7 1 7 .4 1 8 .6 1 9 .4 1 9 .3 1 8 .8 18 .7 1 8 .9 1 9 .7 1 7 .8 16.G 1 8 .2

1 9 4 3 1 9 .8 2 0 .0 1 9 .8 2 0 .3 2 0 .5 2 1 .2 1 9 .7 2U.0 1 8 .8 2 0 .7 1 8 .0 18.1 1 9 .4

1 9 4 4 2 0 .8 2 0 .0 2 0 .4 2 3 .8 2 3 .2 2 0 .8 1 9 .5 2 2 .3 2 0 .2 21.1 1 8 .5 19.G 2 0 .0

19 45

Ecosse — S c o tla n d ro c » ( M a x . 2 0 .0 2 0 .0 1 9 .9 20.7 2 1 .5 2 1 .5 2 0 .9 2 0 .0 19.5 1 8.7 2 0 .1 1 8 .8 1 9 .7

18.0 1 8 .4 1 8.4 18.8 19.9 1 9 .6 1 9.0 18.1 1 7 .4 1 6.7 1 7 .7 1 7 .2 1 7 .2

M i n . 1 7.6 1 7.2 1 7 .7 1 7 .9 1 8 .5 1 8 .S 1 7 .8 1 7 .2 1 6 .8 1 6 ,0 16.1 16.1 1 6 .7

1937 17.G 1 7 .2 1 7 .7 1 7 .9 1 9 .9 1 9 .0 1 8 .8 1 7 .9 1 7 .4 1 6 .7 1 6 .3 18 .1 1 6 .9

1 9 3 8 17 .7 1 7 .4 18 .3 18 .5 1 9 .4 1 9 .6 1 8 .8 1 7 .2 1 7 .3 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 6 .7

19 39 1 7 .4 1 7 .2 1 7 .0 1 7 .8 1 7 .9 1 9 ,6 1 9 .3 1 7 .5 1 6 .7 1 7 .0 16 .7 1 5 .7 1 5 .0

1 9 4 0 U 17.1 1 7 .7 1 7 .8 1 7 .4 19,1 1 0 .3 1 7 .3 1 7 .5 1 6 .4 16.1 1 6 .7 1 4 .6 1 5 .7

19 41 U 1 7 .9 1 8 .2 1 7 .9 1 8 .0 1 8 .3 1 9 .2 18 .7 1 8 .0 1 7 .6 3 8 .2 1 8 .5 1 5 .9 1 6 .5

194 2 U 18.1 1 7 .3 1 7 .4 1 8 .5 1 9 .6 19,1 1 9 .4 IS .S 1 7 .9 1 7 .0

---

— 1 7 .5 -

19 43 U 18.9 1 8 .2 1 8 .9 1 9 .5 2 0 .9 20.1 20 .1 19 .7 1 8 .0 1 7 .7 1 8 .4 17..5 1 7 .9

1 9 4 4 U 1 8 .2 18.1 1 9 .5 1 9 .5 2 1 .4 2 0 .6 1 9 .5 1 7 .9 1 8 .2

1 6 v ille s écossaises 2 0 .9 2 1 .4 2 1.1 2 1 .5 2 1 .6 2 3 .4 2 1 .6 21.3 2 0 .4 1 9 .9 1 9 .9 2 0 .4 1 0 .3 1 0 .7

— 1 0 S c o ttis h 18.7 19.8 10.0 19.8 20,6 2 0.8 2 0 .0 19.4 J S .4 17.6 1 7 .8 1 7.7 1 7.4 IS .û

to w n s V 18.1 18.1 15.6 17.9 18.9 1 9.0 1 8.3 18.7 17.9 17.2 1 6.0 1 6.? 16.G 1 7.0

1937 ' 1 8 .5 1 9 .8 1 8 .5 1 7 .9 2 0 .6 2 0 .4 2 0 .0 1 8 .0 1 8 .5 1 7 .8 17.4 1 6 .9 16 .6 17.1

19 38 1 8 .4 1 8 .9 18 .7 1 9 .2 19 .6 2 0 .8 1 9 .9 1 9 .0 1 7 .0 1 7 .2 1 6 .6 1 7 .4 1 7 .3 1 7 .2

19 39 1 7 .9 18.1 1 7 .3 1 7 .8 19 .5 20 .7 1 9 .5 18 .7 1 8 .6 16 .9 16.7 1 7 .3 1 5 .0 1 6 .1

1940 1 7 .8 18 .1 1 8 .7 18.1 1 9 .7 2 0 .0 1 0 .6 IS .4 1 6 .9 1 6 .8 1 7 .2 1 6 .4 1 4 .8 1 6 .2

1941 17.3 1 7 .8 18 .1 1 8 .4 1 7 .6 1 8 .6 1 8 .5 1 7 .9 1 6 .6 1 6 .6 1 7 .5 1 7 .3 1 5 .9 n 15.1

1 9 4 2 1 7 .8 1 6 .5 1 7 .3 1 8 .6 1 9 .0 1 9 .7 1 8 .7 1 8 .3 1 7 .7 1 7 .2 17 .5 1 8 .0 1 6 .3 16 .4

1943 1 8 .6 19.1 1 8 .2 1 8 .5 1 9 .9 20 .7 1 9 .9 1 9 .7 1 8 .7 1 7 .0 1 8 .0 18.1 1 6 .5 1 6 .8

1944 19 .0 1 8 .7 1 7 .8 19 .0 1 9 .6 2 0 .7 1 0 .5 19 .7 18 .5 1 7 .5 19 .0 19 .7 1 8 .2 1 8 .3

1945 17.1

1 C r. N o te s p p , 6 3 - 6 ! .

— 6 0 —

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par

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h a b i t a n t s ( s u i t e ) . S i r t h R a t e S j p e r lOOO i n h a b i t a n t s ( c o n t i n u e d ) .

P a y s — C o u n tr ie s V ille s — T o w n s

F /ir e ( I r l a n d e I r e la n d )

Dublin

A n n é e s Y e a rs

T a u x 1 a n n u e ls A n n u a l r a te s

1 9 2 S - { 193 S \

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1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1913 1944

1 9 2 8 - 19 3 8

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1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1043 1944

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A th è n e s — A t h e n s 1 9 2 9 -

19 3 5 M a x . M e d . M i n .

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943

1938 1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943

1 0 2 8 - 193 8

M a x . M e d . M i n .

1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943

J 9 2 8 -

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1937 1939 1938

y

1940

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1941 1942 1943 1944

1 9 2 8 -1 M a x .

1 9 3 8 \ M e d . f t ( M i n .

1937 1938

1 9 2 8 - C M a x .

19 3 8

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M e d . g g ( M i n .

1937 1938 1939 1940

2 0 . 1 1 9 .5 1 9 .1

19.2 19.4 19.1 19.1 19.0 22.3 22.3

2 4 .9 2 4 .3 2 3 .7

24.9 24.2 23.6 22.7 23.2 25.3 25.3 SS 26.7

2 8 .2 2 7.7 2 5 .7

22.620.0

16.5 24.4 19.5

20.1

2 4 .3 23.1 2 1 . 1

16.0 15.4

12.0

24.8 18.4 17.5

1 8.3 1 6.2 1 4 .6

14.7 14.6 14.6 13.5 13.1 14.5 15.9

1 5.0 1 2 .7 1 0 .9

11.1

10.9

10.0

11.4

11.0 12.2

13.3

3 1 .4 2 8 .8 26.1

26.4 26.1

2 8 .2 25.6 2 4 .2

24.2 24.4 25.5

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18.6 20.5

19.4 20.1

19.7 19.8

19.1 20.5

18.5 20.0

19.7 24.6

22.9 23.4

23,6

2 6 .4 2 6 .6

2 4 .5 2 5 .7

2 2 .9 2 5 .2

22.9 26.6

24,1 25.5

24.8 24.8

23.5 26.0

22.9 25.5

22.0 27.3

25.3 26.4

26.4 PP 33.6

3 2 .0 3 3 .1 3 1 .5 3 0 .0 2 9 .1 2 6 .9 2 6 .3

3 0 .3 3 2 .1 3 0 .7 2 9 .4 2 8 .4 2 6 .6 2 5 .6

2 4 .6 3 0 .0 2 8 .9 2 7 .2 2 6.3 2 4.7 2 3 .6

19.7

2 0 .6 2 0 .4

19.3 1S.2 16.8 17.0

19.7 19.4 18.1 16.7 16.4 15,4 14.7

24.4 29.8 31.3 30.0 26.9 22.9 21.9

22.4 22.5 22.3 21.7 20.4 19.4 18.6

17.6 19.1 20.8 20.5 19.8 19.8 19.5

22.S 24.5 24.9 23.0 22..3 21.3 21.6

16.7 17.4 18.2 16.7 17.7 17.9 15.5

13.7 14.6 14.1 10.9 11.2 11.1 9.8

27.8 34.4 31.4 29.8 27.8 24.4 22.2

21.4 21.3 22.2 21.0 18.4 18.6 17.4

16.5 18.7 20.5 17.9 17.2 17.4 16.7

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10.7 14.0

14.4 14.6

15.9 16.0

1 6 .3 1 5.9 1 5 .8 2 5 .6 1 5 .3 1 6 .0 1 5.6

1 3.3 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 3 .1 1 3.1 1 2 .7 1 3.0

1 0 .6 1 1 .8 1 1 .3 1 1 .3 1 1 .5 1 0.7 1 0 .7

11.4 12.0 11.4 11.4 11.5 10.7 10.7

10.6 12.6 11.3 11.3 lo .o 11.1 11.4

10.9 11.4 11.7 11.3 10.7 11.2 11.3

9.9 11.8 11.6 12.3 11.1 9.0 10.2

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11.9 11.7 1 2.2 12.1 13.0 12.6 12.7

12.9 13.0 13.4 14.4 14.4 13.3 13.6

14.0 15.3

4 0 .0 44.1 3 7 .9 3 4 .5 2 9 .3 2 8 .8 2 8 .6

3 7 .1 3 8 .2 3 3 .9 2 9 .0 2 5 .3 2 4 .6 2 4 .8

2 7 .9 3 5 .2 3 0 .4 2 5 .2 21.6 2 2 .0 23.5

37.1 35.2 30.4 25.2 21.6 22.0 23.0

3 4 .5 3 2 .9 3 1 .6 2 8 .1 2 8 .4 2 6 .0 2 6 .7

3 0 .6 3 0 .9 2 5 .7 2 6 .6 2 3 .1 2 3 .4 2 5 .2

2 5 .9 2 6 .7 2 4 .5 2 1 .7 2 0 .6 16.0 2 1 .3

28.1 26.7 25.7 25.9 21.6 23.4 25.2

28.5 25.6 24.5 21.7 20.0 24.4 25.6

26.5 28.5 26.8 24.0 22.4 21.2

29.0 26.0

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27.5

2 5 .5 2 6.1 2 5 .6 2 4 .6 251

2 3 .2 2 4 .0 2 4 .0 2 3 .4 24.i

17.0 16.0 15.0 16.5 17,8

14.7 14.5 14.2 15.0 17.3 '

21.0 21.5 20.7 20.2 21.2;

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19.7 21.6 21.1 20.5 21-2,1

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16.9 17.3 15.9 15.2 15.4^

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19.5 20.8

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1 6 .5 1 5.2

1 4.1 1 3 .7

14.6 13.8

14.4 13.7

14.5 13.9

11.7 12.8

14.1 13.1

14.7 14.0

15.9 15.9

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11.1 10.6 10.5 10.8 11.1 ’

10,3 10.4 10.1 10.3 10.1

11.1 6.9 5.4 6.2 7.4

11.4 12.4 11.5 11.1 13.2 i

11.6 11.3 10.6 10.7 10.7

12.3 12.4 11.9 11.5 11.7

12.4 12.8 12.9 12.9 13.1

2 7 .6 2 7 .8 30.1 3 0 .6 2S.9

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2 5 .5 2 6 .0 2 9 .3 2 8 .9 25.2

23.1 2 2 .9 2 6 .3 24.8

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2 6 .4 2 4 .9 3 0 .9 3 0 .1 27.3

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22.3 2 1 .0 2 3 .4 2 1 ,9 22.2

25.1 21.0 23.4 24.8 24.0

24.7 22.7 24.3 2C.7 24.5

24.5 26.3 26.2 25.1

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