HAL Id: hal-01601579
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01601579
Submitted on 3 Jun 2020
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Systèmes de culture innovants : vers une réintroduction de biodiversité dans les exploitations bananières des
Antilles Françaises
Murielle Mantran, Jérôme Tirolien, Jean-Louis Diman
To cite this version:
Murielle Mantran, Jérôme Tirolien, Jean-Louis Diman. Systèmes de culture innovants : vers une réintroduction de biodiversité dans les exploitations bananières des Antilles Françaises. Biodiversité insulaire : la flore, la faune et l’homme dans les Petites Antilles, 2010, Montpellier, France. �hal- 01601579�
Systèmes de culture innovants :
vers une réintroduction de biodiver- sité dans les exploitations bananières des Antilles françaises
Murielle MANTRAN, Jérôme TIROLIEN, Jean-Louis DIMAN
LD ELRGLYHUVLWp HVW XQH FRPSRVDQWH GX PLOLHX TXH OHV DJULFXOWHXUV GH WRXWHV OHV pSRTXHV RQW G SUHQGUH HQ FRPSWH SRXU SDUYHQLU DX[ QLYHDX[ GH SURGXFWLRQ VXVFHSWLEOHV GH VDWLVIDLUH OHXUV DVSLUDWLRQV /DVHFRQGHPRLWLpGXHVLqFOHDpWpOHWKpkWUHGHFH TXLO HVW DXMRXUGKXL FRQYHQX GDSSHOHU OD UpYROXWLRQ YHUWHROHPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpDpWpFRQVLGpUp FRPPHDQWLQRPLTXHGXQHSURGXFWLRQDJULFROHGRQWOD PD[LPLVDWLRQ GHV YROXPHV HW VXUWRXW GHV UHQGHPHQWV pWDLW V\QRQ\PH GH VpFXULWp DOLPHQWDLUH GH UHQWDELOLWp pFRQRPLTXH HW GRQF JDJH GH SpUHQQLWp GH ODFWLYLWp DJULFROH$OLQVWDUGHFHTXLVHSDVVDLWGDQVODSOXSDUW GHV JUDQGV SD\V DJULFROHV GX PRQGH GDQV OD &DUDwEH RULHQWDOHHWHQSDUWLFXOLHUDX[$QWLOOHVIUDQoDLVHVFHVW OD SUpYDOHQFH GH FHWWH ORJLTXH TXL D FRQGXLW j XQH DUWL¿FLDOLVDWLRQ WRXMRXUV SOXV LPSRUWDQWH GX PLOLHX DX GpWULPHQWGHVpTXLOLEUHVpFRORJLTXHVGDQVOHVV\VWqPHV GHSURGXFWLRQDJULFROHGRPLQDQWV'DQVFHVDJULFXOWXUHV SRVWFRORQLDOHVFH VRQW OHV SURGXFWLRQV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHV GHVWLQpHVjODPpWURSROHTXLRQWIDLWOREMHWGXQHIIRUWGH JDLQGHSURGXFWLYLWpFRQVpTXHQW
/pYROXWLRQ GHV V\VWqPHV GH FXOWXUH EDQDQLHUV TXL GHPHXUHQWIRUWHPHQWSUpVHQWVGDQVOHVSD\VDJHVDJULFROHV GH *XDGHORXSH HW GH 0DUWLQLTXH HVW OLOOXVWUDWLRQ GH FHWWH WHQGDQFH JpQpUDOH$XMRXUGKXL R FHWWH ORJLTXH SURGXFWLYLVWHDFRQGXLWGHQRPEUHX[DJULFXOWHXUVGDQV OLPSDVVHHWTXHOHVHQMHX[GXQGpYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOH JDJQHQWGXWHUUDLQGDQVOHVHVSULWVIDLVDQWGHODVRFLpWp FLYLOHXQSXLVVDQWOREE\ODUpLQWURGXFWLRQGHELRGLYHUVLWp GDQVOHVV\VWqPHVVHPEOHLQpOXFWDEOHSRXUSpUHQQLVHUXQH DFWLYLWpDJULFROHTXLPDQLIHVWHPHQWQHSHXWVDQVSpULO LJQRUHU OHV pTXLOLEUHV pFRORJLTXHV SRXU VH VRXPHWWUH j OD VHXOH ORL GX PDUFKp /D UHFKHUFKH DJURQRPLTXH QRWDPPHQWFRQoRLWHWSURSRVHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFXOWXUH LQQRYDQWVVXVFHSWLEOHVGHUpGXLUHOLPSDFWQpJDWLIGHOD SURGXFWLRQDJULFROHPDUFKDQGHVXUOHQYLURQQHPHQW
0DLVFRPPHQWVRQWUHoXHVFHVLQQRYDWLRQVGXQQRXYHDX JHQUH SDU OHV H[SORLWDQWV TXL DX FRXUV GHV GHUQLqUHV GpFHQQLHVQRQWFRQQXTXXQHpYROXWLRQSURGXFWLYLVWHHW WHFKQLFLVWHXQLODWpUDOHV\QRQ\PHGHPRGHUQLWp"4XHOOH pYDOXDWLRQSHXWRQIDLUHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFXOWXUHDFWXHOV HWGHFHX[SURSRVpVGXSRLQWGHYXHGXPDLQWLHQYRLUHGH ODPpOLRUDWLRQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpGDQVOHVEDQDQHUDLHV"
&HFKDQJHPHQWGHSDUDGLJPHUHWRXURXSURJUqV YHUV GHV V\VWqPHV GH FXOWXUH VDSSX\DQW VXU GHV DVVRFLDWLRQV GHV URWDWLRQV GHV FXOWXUHV LQWHUFDODLUHVGHSODQWHVjVHUYLFHVpFRV\VWpPLTXHV GHODUXVWLFLWpDWLOOHVIDYHXUVGHVSODQWHXUV"3HUPHWLO GHQYLVDJHUXQHpYROXWLRQSURFKDLQHGHODSK\VLRQRPLH GHV SD\VDJHV EDQDQLHUV HW SDU H[WHQVLRQ GX SD\VDJH DJULFROH DX[ $QWLOOHV IUDQoDLVHV " 'DQV FH TXL VXLW QRXVDOORQVDSSRUWHUTXHOTXHVpOpPHQWVGHUpSRQVHDX[
TXHVWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHV
Matériels et méthodes
Une typologie des exploitations bananières des Antilles françaises.
/HVSURGXFWHXUVH[SRUWDWHXUVGHEDQDQHVDX[$QWLOOHV )UDQoDLVHV pWDLHQW HQYLURQ HQ VHORQ O¶8QLRQ GHV*URXSHPHQWVGH3URGXFWHXUVGH%DQDQH8*3%$1 &HWWH PrPH DQQpH XQH HQTXrWH D pWp UpDOLVpH DXSUqV GH GH FHWWH SRSXODWLRQ HW D SHUPLV GH GLVWLQJXHU VL[ W\SHV GH SODQWHXUV tableau 1 G¶DSUqV OHXU GLIIpUHQFH GH FDGUH GpFLVLRQQHO HW IRQFWLRQQHO HW GHV\VWqPHGHFXOWXUHEDQDQLHUPLVHQ°XYUHHWGHVHV SHUIRUPDQFHV%OD]\et al
N° Type Nom des types
1 Petites exploitations familiales de plaine 2 Exploitations de plaine de taille moyenne 3 Sociétés bananières
4 Grandes exploitations de plaine et piémont 5 ([SORLWDWLRQVIDPLOLDOHVGLYHUVL¿pHVGHKDXWH
montagne
6 Exploitation en banane pérenne de montagne Tableau 17\SRORJLHGHVH[SORLWDWLRQVEDQDQLqUHVDX[
$QWLOOHV)UDQoDLVHV
/HVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVHVVHQWLHOOHVGH FKDFXQGHVW\SHVVRQWGpFULWHVDXtableau 2.
Un géoréférencement des parcelles cultivées
&KDTXH H[SORLWDWLRQ EDQDQLqUH GpFODUpH HVW LGHQWL¿pHjOD'LUHFWLRQGHO¶$JULFXOWXUHHWGHOD)RUrW '$) SDU XQ QXPpUR 3$&$*( &HV GpFODUDWLRQV GH VXUIDFH DJULFROH VRQW HIIHFWXpHV DQQXHOOHPHQW SDU OHV H[SORLWDQWV SRXU FKDTXH SDUFHOOH DJULFROH DXSUqV GHV VHUYLFHV GH OD '$) HW VRQW JpRORFDOLVpHV (Beguyot et al HQ *XDGHORXSH SDU$*5,*8$
$VVRFLDWLRQ*XDGHORXSpHQQHGH5HFXHLOG¶,QIRUPDWLRQV
*pRJUDSKLTXHV j 8WLOLWp $JULFROH HQ 0DUWLQLTXH SDU OHV GHX[ JURXSHPHQWV GH SODQWHXUV %$1$0$57 HW
%$1$//,$1&(
Des innovations proposées par la Recherche DJURQRPLTXH
/HV LQQRYDWLRQV SRXU OHV V\VWqPHV GH SURGXFWLRQ EDQDQLHUVDX[$QWLOOHVIUDQoDLVHVWDEOHDXYLVHQWGHX[
REMHFWLIV SULQFLSDX[ L OD UpGXFWLRQ GH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GH SHVWLFLGHV HW LL OH UHFRXUV j GHV SURFpGpV QDWXUHOV SRXUFRQWU{OHUOHVUDYDJHXUVHWRXODQXWULWLRQPLQpUDOH
%OD]\et al /HV SODQWHV SURSRVpHV HQ URWDWLRQ (Crotalaria juncea, Brachiaria decumbens ou Ananas) et ODMDFKqUHSHUPHWWHQWG¶DVVDLQLUODSDUFHOOHHQQpPDWRGHV SDU OD VXSSUHVVLRQ GHV SODQWHV K{WHV /HV QpPDWRGHV DWWDTXHQWOHVUDFLQHVIUDJLOLVDQWOHEDQDQLHUTXLYHUVH/D OXWWHDFWXHOOHUHFRXUWjGHVQpPDWLFLGHVQRFLIVHWQpIDVWHV SRXU O¶HQYLURQQHPHQW /D MDFKqUH GRLW rWUH FRQWU{OpH FKLPLTXHPHQWFDUFHUWDLQHVHVSqFHVDGYHQWLFHVVRQWGHV SODQWHVK{WHVSRXUOHQpPDWRGH/H&junceaFRQMXJXH GHX[LQWpUrWVL¿[DWLRQGHO¶D]RWHHWLLDXUDLWXQHDFWLRQ QpPDWRUpJXODWULFHSDUODVpFUpWLRQG¶H[VXGDWVUDFLQDLUHV
/HVFXOWXUHVDVVRFLpHVVRQWGHVFXOWXUHVjLPSODQWHUVXU OD SDUFHOOH HQ FRPELQDLVRQ DYHF OD FXOWXUH SULQFLSDOH ODEDQDQH(OOHVSHUPHWWHQWXQFRQWU{OHGHVDGYHQWLFHV SDU HIIHW PXOFK HW DLQVL XQH UpGXFWLRQ GH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ G¶KHUELFLGHV/HCanavalia ensiformisHVWXQHOpJXPLQHXVH HWFRPELQHSOXVLHXUVDYDQWDJHV7RXWFRPPH le C. junceaFHWWHOpJXPLQHXVHVHFUqWHUDLW GHVWR[LQHVUDFLQDLUHVQpPDWRUpJXODWULFHV HIIHWTXLDpWpYpUL¿pSRXUGHX[HVSqFHVGH QpPDWRGHV DXWUHV TXHRadopholus similis
'HVDHJHU DQG 5DR :DQJet al &HWWH SODQWHSHUPHWXQERQFRQWU{OHGHVDGYHQWLFHVHWDXQHIIHW GH SODQWH GH FRXYHUWXUH /¶Impatiens sp. est une petite SODQWHjÀHXUVURVHVRXYLROHWWHVSRXVVDQWjO¶pWDWVDXYDJH TXLSHXWVHUYLUjOLPLWHUO¶pURVLRQHWTXLDSHXWrWUHGHV SURSULpWpVQpPDWRUpJXODWULFHV PDLV FHFL Q¶HVW SDV HQFRUH GpPRQWUpVFLHQWL¿TXHPHQW
Type1 Type2 Type3 Type4 Type5 Type6
Effectif enquêté 299 116 58 58 7 69
SAU totale moyenne (ha) 3,6 10 90 30 6 8
Altitude moyenne (m) 90 100 110 150 575 285
SAU bananière (% SAU totale) 85% 66% 63% 73% 84% 61%
Type d’innovation N° Description
Suspension de l’utilisation de
pesticides
1 Arrêt des traitements nématicides 2 Arrêt des traitements herbicides
(désherbage manuel ou mécanique) 3 Arrêt des nématicides et des
herbicides (désherbage manuel ou mécanique)
Adoption de rotations
4 Rotation avec Crotalaria juncea (8 mois)
5 Rotation avec Jachère Spontanée contrôlée chimiquement (12 mois) 6 Rotation avec Ananas (24 mois)
Adoption de systèmes intégrés
7 Système intégré 1 (plaine) : rotation avec Brachiaria decumbens (12 mois) + Semis sous Couvert Végétal Vivant + culture associée B. decumbens
8 Système intégré 2 (montagne) : rotation avec jachère contrôlée chimiquement (12 mois) + culture associéeImpatiens sp.
9 Système biologique : rotation avecC. juncea + culture associée Canavalia ensiformis + apport en fertilisation organique
Adoption de cultures associées
10 Culture associée C. ensiformis 11 Culture associée B. decumbens 12 Culture associée Impatiens sp.
Raisonnement des apports
13 Traitement de nématicides en fonction d’un monitoring de nématodes
14 Traitement herbicide fonction d’un seuil de couverture du sol en adventices
15 Apports de fertilisants chimiques en fonction des besoins
Adoption de nouvelles variétés
16 Variété 91X 17 Variété 91Y 18
Variété 91Y en système biologique : rotation avec C. juncea + culture associée Canavalia ensiformis + apport fertilisation organique Tableau 2&DUDFWpULVWLTXHVVWUXFWXUHOOHVHVVHQWLHOOHVGHV
GLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGH[SORLWDWLRQ
Tableau 3,QQRYDWLRQVSURSRVpHVSRXUOHVV\VWqPHVEDQDQLHUV DX[$QWLOOHV)UDQoDLVHV%OD]\et al
/HVQRXYHOOHVYDULpWpVSURSRVpHVVRQWUpVLVWDQWHVjGHX[
PDODGLHVGXEDQDQLHUODFHUFRVSRULRVHMDXQHFDXVpH parMycosphaerella musicolaHWODFHUFRVSRULRVHQRLUH FDXVpHSDU0\FRVSKDHUHOOD¿MLHQVLV(Q*XDGHORXSH VHXOHODFHUFRVSRULRVHMDXQHHVWSUpVHQWH&HVYDULpWpV SUpVHQWHQW XQH UpVLVWDQFH SDUWLHOOH DX[ QpPDWRGHV 4XpQpKHUYpet al /HV LQQRYDWLRQV HW FRUUHVSRQGHQW j GHV FRPELQDLVRQV GH GLIIpUHQWHV innovations.
Une méthode pour évaluer l’impact des systèmes innovants sur la biodiversité.
&KDTXH LQQRYDWLRQ HVW VLPXOpH SRXU FKDTXH W\SH G¶H[SORLWDWLRQjO¶DLGHGHVPRGqOHV6,0%$HW%$1$' VXUXQHGXUpHGHDQV/HPRGqOHGHFXOWXUH6,0%$
7L[LHUet al VLPXOH OHV V\VWqPHV GH FXOWXUH j EDVHGHEDQDQLHUjO¶pFKHOOHGHODSDUFHOOHVXUSOXVLHXUV F\FOHV j XQ SDV GH WHPSV KHEGRPDGDLUH ,O SHUPHW DXVVLGHSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHXQODUJHSDQHOG¶RSpUDWLRQV FXOWXUDOHVHWGHVFXOWXUHVDXWUHVTXHOHEDQDQLHUscenarii GHURWDWLRQVHWGHFXOWXUHVDVVRFLpHV6,0%$VLPXOHOHV SHUIRUPDQFHVDJURQRPLTXHVGHVEDQDQLHUVUHQGHPHQW SRSXODWLRQ GHV EDQDQLHUV HW O¶LPSDFW GHV V\VWqPHV GH FXOWXUH GH EDQDQLHUV VXU O¶HQYLURQQHPHQW D]RWH OHVVLYp VWUXFWXUH GX VRO QRWH TXDOLWDWLYH GH SROOXWLRQ GHVHDX[SRSXODWLRQGHQpPDWRGHVGDQVOHVRO«/H PRGqOH %$1$' %OD]\et al HVW XQ PRGqOH ELRpFRQRPLTXH TXL D SHUPLV GH VLPXOHU O¶LPSDFW GHV LQQRYDWLRQV VXU OD SURGXFWLRQ OHV SHUIRUPDQFHV pFRQRPLTXHV OD FKDUJH GH WUDYDLO HW O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV SHVWLFLGHVHQWHQDQWFRPSWHGHODGLYHUVLWpGHVV\VWqPHV GHFXOWXUH%$1$'XWLOLVHOHVGRQQpHVELRSK\VLTXHVGH VRUWLHGXPRGqOH6,0%$HWFRPPHFHGHUQLHULOV¶H[pFXWH VXUSOXVLHXUVF\FOHVDXSDVGHWHPSVKHEGRPDGDLUHPDLV jO¶pFKHOOHGHO¶H[SORLWDWLRQ
/HV GRQQpHV G¶HQWUpH HW GH VRUWLH GHV GHX[ PRGqOHV SUpFpGHQWV VRQW XWLOLVpHV SRXU pYDOXHU OD GXUDELOLWp GHV V\VWqPHV GH FXOWXUHV EDQDQLHUV SDU OD PpWKRGH 0$6&%DQDQH 7LUROLHQ 0$6&%DQDQH HVW XQH PpWKRGH G¶pYDOXDWLRQ PXOWLFULWqUH H[ante de la GXUDELOLWpGHVV\VWqPHVGHFXOWXUHEDQDQLHUV
DX[ $QWLOOHV IUDQoDLVHV *XDGHORXSH HW 0DUWLQLTXH &HWWH PpWKRGH LQWqJUH GHV LQGLFDWHXUVpFRQRPLTXHVHQYLURQQHPHQWDX[
HW G¶DFFHSWDELOLWp VRFLDOH (OOH FRUUHVSRQG
j O¶DGDSWDWLRQ GH OD PpWKRGH 0$6& 6DGRN et al DX FRQWH[WH GH OD FXOWXUH GH OD EDQDQH DX[
$QWLOOHV/¶LQGLFDWHXU0DLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpGH ODPpWKRGHMASC%DQDQHDpWpXWLOLVpSRXU
pYDOXHUO¶LPSDFWGHVGLIIpUHQWHVLQQRYDWLRQV VXU OD ELRGLYHUVLWp ,O VDJLW GXQ LQGLFDWHXU FRPSRVLWH FRUUHVSRQGDQW j O¶DJUpJDWLRQ GH FLQT LQGLFDWHXUV pOpPHQWDLUHV L GLYHUVLWp GHV FXOWXUHV FRQWULEXWLRQ GX V\VWqPH GH
FXOWXUHjODELRGLYHUVLWpORFDOHYLDODSULVHHQFRPSWHGH ODGLYHUVLWpGHVSODQWHVFXOWLYpHVLLSURSRUWLRQWUDLWpH GXV\VWqPHSULVHHQFRPSWHGHODSURSRUWLRQGHVFXOWXUHV
GHODVXFFHVVLRQTXLUHoRLWGHVWUDLWHPHQWV SK\WRVDQLWDLUHVLLLLQGLFHGHIUpTXHQFHGH WUDLWHPHQW LQVHFWLFLGH LQWHQVLWp G¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV LQVHFWLFLGHV GDQV OH V\VWqPH GH FXOWXUH SUHVVLRQH[HUFpHVXUO¶HQWRPRIDXQHLYLQGLFH GH IUpTXHQFH GH WUDLWHPHQW IRQJLFLGH LQWHQVLWp G¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV IRQJLFLGHV GDQV OH V\VWqPH GH FXOWXUH SUHVVLRQ H[HUFpH VXU OD SRSXODWLRQ GH FKDPSLJQRQVHWYLQGLFHGHIUpTXHQFHGHWUDLWHPHQW KHUELFLGH LQWHQVLWp G¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV KHUELFLGHV GDQV OH V\VWqPH GH FXOWXUH SUHVVLRQ H[HUFpH VXU OD ÀRUH DGYHQWLFH/HVUpVXOWDWVGHO¶LQGLFDWHXU0DLQWLHQGH OD ELRGLYHUVLWp VRQW SUpVHQWpV VRXV OD IRUPH G¶XQH QRWH TXDOLWDWLYH QRPLQDOH j TXDWUH PRGDOLWpV WUqV IDLEOH IDLEOH j PR\HQQH PR\HQQH j pOHYpH WUqV élevée.
Résultats
5pSDUWLWLRQ JpRJUDSKLTXH GHV W\SHV d’exploitations
(QOHQTXrWHUpDOLVpHDSHUPLVGHUHFHQVHUSOXV GHKDGHEDQDQHUDLHVSRXUSODQWHXUVOHVWURLV TXDUWVVHVLWXDQWHQ0DUWLQLTXH/HVW\SHVG¶H[SORLWDWLRQV QH VRQW SDV UHSUpVHQWpV pTXLWDEOHPHQW VXU OHV GHX[
vOHVHWGLIIpUHPPHQWVHORQODVXSHU¿FLHWDEOHDX) et le QRPEUHG¶H[SORLWDQWVtableau 5/D*XDGHORXSHD GHVDVXUIDFHEDQDQLqUHHQJUDQGHVH[SORLWDWLRQVW\SHV HW DORUV TXH OD PRLWLp HQ 0DUWLQLTXH HVW GpWHQXH H[FOXVLYHPHQWSDUGHVVRFLpWpVEDQDQLqUHVW\SH(QFH TXLFRQFHUQHOHQRPEUHGHSODQWHXUVODUpSDUWLWLRQGLIIqUH pJDOHPHQW/HVW\SHVSHWLWHVH[SORLWDWLRQVGHSODLQHHW GH PRQWDJQH FRQVWLWXHQW OHVVHQWLHO GHV H[SORLWDWLRQV HQ*XDGHORXSHDORUVTXHOHVSHWLWHVH[SORLWDWLRQV GHSODLQHVRQWVHXOHVPDMRULWDLUHVHQ0DUWLQLTXH /D*XDGHORXSHSRVVqGHHQFRUHTXHOTXHVH[SORLWDWLRQV IDPLOLDOHVGHPRQWDJQHKDSRXUH[SORLWDQWVW\SH TXHQRXVQDYRQVSXLGHQWL¿HUHQ0DUWLQLTXH
Tableau 55pSDUWLWLRQGHVH[SORLWDWLRQVHQTXrWpHVSDUW\SH GH[SORLWDWLRQV Type1 Type2 Type3 Type4 Type5 Type6 Total
Guadeloupe 183 334 793 575 42 350 2 794
Martinique 895 827 4 431 1 168 0 208 7 529 Tableau 45pSDUWLWLRQGHVVXUIDFHVEDQDQLqUHV
HQTXrWpHVSDUW\SHGH[SORLWDWLRQV
Type1 Type2 Type3 Type4 Type5 Type6 Total
Guadeloupe 47 34 8 22 22 50 168
Martinique 252 82 50 36 36 19 439
Comparaison des types pour le maintien de la biodiversité selon l'innovation
/HVUpVXOWDWVSRXUO¶LQGLFDWHXUGHFRQWULEXWLRQ DXPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpVRQWSUpVHQWpVSRXU FKDFXQHGHVLQQRYDWLRQVSURSRVpHVDX[W\SHV G¶H[SORLWDWLRQV HQ FRPSDUDLVRQ GH OHXU VLWXDWLRQ VDQVLQQRYDWLRQ8QHQRWHWUqVpOHYpHHWPR\HQQH jpOHYpHHVWFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHVDWLVIDLVDQWHSRXUOH PDLQWLHQ GH OD ELRGLYHUVLWpWDEOHDX 6DQV DXFXQH LQQRYDWLRQ OD QRWH HVW VDWLVIDLVDQWH XQLTXHPHQW SRXUOHW\SHGHVSHWLWHVH[SORLWDWLRQVIDPLOLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV GH PRQWDJQH &KH] OHV SHWLWHV HW PR\HQQHV H[SORLWDWLRQV GH SODLQH W\SHV HW OHV LQQRYDWLRQV SURPHWWHXVHV VRQW OHV V\VWqPHV LQWpJUpVHWODYDULpWp<FRQGXLWHHQDJULFXOWXUH ELRORJLTXH&KH]OHVVRFLpWpVEDQDQLqUHVW\SH VHUDMRXWHDX[LQQRYDWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVO¶DUUrWGH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GHV QpPDWLFLGHV HW GHV KHUELFLGHV 3RXU OHVJUDQGHVH[SORLWDWLRQVHWOHVH[SORLWDWLRQVHQEDQDQH SpUHQQH W\SHV HW UHVSHFWLYHPHQW HQ SOXV GHV LQQRYDWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVOHVFXOWXUHVDVVRFLpHVVDYqUHQW pJDOHPHQWSURPHWWHXVHV
3RXU OHV H[SORLWDWLRQV GLYHUVL¿pHV W\SH WRXWHV OHV LQQRYDWLRQVVRQWSURPHWWHXVHVHQWHUPHGHPDLQWLHQGHOD ELRGLYHUVLWpWRXWHIRLVFHVH[SORLWDWLRQVEpQp¿FLDQWGpMj GXQHQRWDWLRQVDWLVIDLVDQWHVDQVLQQRYDWLRQOHXUPDUJH GH SURJUHVVLRQ HVW pWURLWH 'DLOOHXUV OHXU SURJUHVVLRQ QHVW PDQLIHVWH TXH SRXU OHV V\VWqPHV LQWpJUpV HW XQH QRXYHOOHYDULpWpSURSRVpHHQV\VWqPHELRORJLTXH
TYPES N° T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Situation sans Innovation 0 Suppression des
pesticides
Nématicides 1
Herbicides 2
Nématicides + Herbicides 3
Rotations
Crotalaria juncea 4
Jachère 5
Ananas 6
Systèmes intégrés
Système intégré 1 (plaine) 7 Système intégré 2 (montagne) 8
Système biologique 9
Cultures associées
Canavalia ensiformis 10 Brachiaria decumbens 11
Impatiens sp. 12
Raisonnements des apports
Nématicides 13
Herbicides 14
Fertilisants 15
Nouvelles variétés
91X 16
91Y 17
91Y en système biologique 18
Tableau 61RWDWLRQGHVLQQRYDWLRQVSURSRVpHVSRXUFKDFXQGHVW\SHVG¶H[SORLWDWLRQV
Très faible Très élevée
Faible à moyenne
Moyenne à élevée
Innovations sur les herbicides
&HUWDLQHV LQQRYDWLRQV QH SUpVHQWHQW SDV GH GLIIpUHQWLDWLRQ VSDWLDOH VLJQL¿FDWLYH OHV URWDWLRQV LQQRYDWLRQV HW VRQW PDO QRWpHV SRXU WRXV OHV W\SHVVDXIOHVTXHOTXHVSHWLWHVH[SORLWDWLRQVIDPLOLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV GH PRQWDJQH WDEOHDX présentes sur le WHUULWRLUHJXDGHORXSpHQXQLTXHPHQWHWVXUXQHVXSHU¿FLH UHODWLYHPHQW OLPLWpHWDEOHDX OHV V\VWqPHV LQWpJUpV LQQRYDWLRQVHWREWLHQQHQWXQHQRWHWUqVpOHYpH SRXUWRXVOHVW\SHVG¶H[SORLWDWLRQVOHVFXOWXUHVDVVRFLpHV LQQRYDWLRQV HW SDUWDJHQW O¶HVSDFH HQ GHX[
]RQHVGLVWLQFWHVODSODLQHGXQF{WpODPRQWDJQHHWOH SLpPRQWGHODXWUH
&RPSWHWHQXGHODUpSDUWLWLRQJpRJUDSKLTXHGHVW\SHV G¶H[SORLWDWLRQV HQWUH OD *XDGHORXSH HW OD 0DUWLQLTXH LO VDYqUH SDU FRQWUH SHUWLQHQW GH V¶LQWpUHVVHU DX[
LQQRYDWLRQVFRQFHUQDQWO¶XVDJHGHVKHUELFLGHV,OV¶DJLW SOXVSUpFLVpPHQWGHODVXSSUHVVLRQGHVSHVWLFLGHVQ
DUUrW GHV KHUELFLGHV HW Q DUUrW GHV QpPDWLFLGHV HW GHV KHUELFLGHV GXQH SDUW HW GX UDLVRQQHPHQW GHV DSSRUWV Q PRQLWRULQJ GHV KHUELFLGHV GDXWUH SDUW /HV LQQRYDWLRQV Q HW REWLHQQHQW GHV QRWHV FRQVLGpUpHV FRPPH VDWLVIDLVDQWHV VHXOHPHQW SRXU OHV SHWLWHVH[SORLWDWLRQVGHPRQWDJQHW\SH/DQDGH PDXYDLVHVQRWHVXQLTXHPHQWSRXUOHVSHWLWHVHWPR\HQQHV H[SORLWDWLRQVGHSODLQHW\SHHWWDEOHDX&HVWURLV LQQRYDWLRQVVRQWFRPSDUpHVjODVLWXDWLRQVDQVLQQRYDWLRQ HWpYDOXpHVSDUVXSHU¿FLHFRQFHUQpHtableau 7) pour la
*XDGHORXSHHWOD0DUWLQLTXHUHVSHFWLYHPHQW
VXSHU¿FLHV
Sans Innovation
Innovation n°2
Innovation n°3
Innovation n°14
971 972 971 972 971 972 971 972
Très faible 1 585 7 530 518 1 723 0 0 1 140 7 322
Faible à moyenne 0 0 1718 5807 1720 1723 1092 208
Moyenne à élevée 693 0 42 0 558 5807 46 0
Elevée 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tableau 76XSHU¿FLHVFRQFHUQpHVHQKDSDUOHVLQQRYDWLRQVSRUWDQWVXUOXVDJHGHVKHUELFLGHVVHORQODQRWDWLRQGH O¶LQGLFDWHXU0DLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpHQ*XDGHORXSHHWHQ0DUWLQLTXH
Tableau. 81RPEUHGHSODQWHXUVFRQFHUQpVSDUOHVLQQRYDWLRQVSRUWDQWVXUOXVDJHGHVKHUELFLGHVVHORQODQRWDWLRQGH O¶LQGLFDWHXU0DLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpHQ*XDGHORXSHHWHQ0DUWLQLTXH
VXSHU¿FLHV
Sans Innovation
Innovation n°2
Innovation n°3
Innovation n°14
971 972 971 972 971 972 971 972
Très faible 161 439 81 334 0 0 111 420
Faible à moyenne 0 0 80 105 81 334 50 19
Moyenne à élevée 7 0 7 0 87 105 7 0
Elevée 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(Q*XDGHORXSHGHVVXUIDFHV KDREWLHQQHQWXQHQRWHVDWLVIDLVDQWHVDQV DXFXQHLQQRYDWLRQSURSRVpHDORUVTX¶HQ0DU WLQLTXHGHVVXUIDFHVKDRQWXQH PDXYDLVH QRWH WUqV IDLEOH GDQV OHXU V\VWqPH DFWXHO/¶DUUrWFRQMRLQWGHVQpPDWLFLGHVHWGHVKHU ELFLGHVDPqQHjXQHDPpOLRUDWLRQGHODQRWHSRXU GHV VXUIDFHV HQ
*XDGHORXSHFRQWUH HQ 0DUWLQLTXH /¶DUUrW HW OH PRQLWRULQJ GHV KHUEL
FLGHV DXJPHQWHQW WUqV SHX OHV VXUIDFHV j QRWH VDWLVIDLVDQWH HQ *XDGH
ORXSHKDDXWRWDOHW GHPHXUHQW VDQV HIIHW en Martinique. Les VXUIDFHV HQ EDQDQH VRQW SULQFLSDOHPHQW réparties en Guadeloupe VXU OH FURLVVDQW EDQDQLHU FRPPXQHV GH *R\DYH j
%DLOOLIHWHQ0DUWLQLTXHVXU OD IDoDGH DWODQWLTXH FRP PXQHVGX0DFRXEDDX9DX FOLQ&KDFXQHGHVSDUFHOOHV GH FKDTXH H[SORLWDWLRQ HVW FDUWRJUDSKLpH HW QRWpH VH ORQO¶pFKHOOHGHQRWDWLRQGH MASC6DGRNet al HW OHV FKDUWHV JUDSKLTXHV HQ FDUWRJUDSKLH %HUWLQ
%HJXLQet al
FHFL SRXU OHV LQQRYDWLRQV FRQFHUQDQWOHVKHUELFLGHV
0DOJUp O¶DUUrW GHV KHUEL FLGHV ¿JXUH O¶HQVHPEOH GXWHUULWRLUHPDUWLQLTXDLVHW OD F{WHDXYHQW GH OD *XD GHORXSH FRQVHUYHQW XQH PDXYDLVHQRWH6XUODF{WH VRXVYHQW GH *XDGHORXSH RQ DSHUoRLW OHV TXHOTXHV SHWLWHV H[SORLWDWLRQV IDPL OLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV HQ DOWL WXGH W\SH TXL VHXOHV obtiennent une note satis IDLVDQWHTXDQWDX0DLQWLHQ de la biodiversité".
/¶LQQRYDWLRQ$UUrWGHVQpPDWLFLGHVHWGHVKHUELFLGHV (¿JXUH SDU FRQWUH DPpOLRUH WUqV QHWWHPHQW OD QRWH GHELRGLYHUVLWpVXUODSOXVJUDQGHSDUWLHGHVGHX[vOHV j O¶H[FHSWLRQ GHV ]RQHV GH SODLQH R VH VLWXHQW GH QRPEUHXVHVSHWLWHVHWPR\HQQHVH[SORLWDWLRQVW\SHV HW
Figure 16SDWLDOLVDWLRQGXPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpDYHFO¶LQQRYDWLRQ DUUrWGHVKHUELFLGHV,15$
Figure 26SDWLDOLVDWLRQGXPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpDYHFO¶LQQRYDWLRQ DUUrWQpPDWLFLGHVHWKHUELFLGHV,15$
/HV]RQHVFRQFHUQpHVVRQWOHVSODLQHVGH&DSHVWHUUH
%HOOH(DXHWGH*R\DYHHQ*XDGHORXSH(Q0DUWLQLTXH FHVRQWOHVSODLQHVGX/RUUDLQDX1RUG$WODQWLTXHGXQH SDUWGH'XFRVGX)UDQoRLVHWGX6DLQW(VSULWDX&HQWUH GDXWUHSDUW/¶LQQRYDWLRQ0RQLWRULQJGHVKHUELFLGHV (¿JXUH TXDQW j HOOH QDPpOLRUH OD QRWH TXH SRXU OHV H[SORLWDWLRQV IDPLOLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV GH PRQWDJQH W\SH SUpVHQWHV XQLTXHPHQW HQ *XDGHORXSH GDQV OHVKDXWHXUVGHVFRPPXQHVGH%DLOOLI6DLQW&ODXGHHW 7URLV5LYLqUHV &HOOHVFL UHSUpVHQWHQW PRLQV GH KD (tableau 7).
Discussion
/D PpWKRGHMASC%DQDQH 7LUROLHQ QRXV D SHUPLVGHVpOHFWLRQQHUa priori une ou plusieurs inno YDWLRQVSURPHWWHXVHVSDUW\SHG¶H[SORLWDWLRQ/HVV\V WqPHVLQWpJUpVDSSDUDLVVHQWFRPPHOHVLQQRYDWLRQVOHV SOXVSURPHWWHXVHVSXLVTX¶LOVSHUPHWWHQWG¶DERXWLUjXQH QRWHGHPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpWUqVpOHYpHFKH]WRXV OHVW\SHVG¶H[SORLWDWLRQ&HVV\VWqPHVGHFXOWXUHVSHU PHWWHQWGHUpGXLUHGHIDoRQFRPELQpHODTXDQWLWpG¶KHU ELFLGHVHWGHQpPDWLFLGHVXWLOLVpVDLQVLTXHG¶LQWURGXLUH XQHGLYHUVLWpYpJpWDOHSDUOHVFXOWXUHVLQWURGXLWHVGDQV ODURWDWLRQHWO¶XWLOLVDWLRQGHFXOWXUHVDVVRFLpHV/HVV\V WqPHVLQWpJUpVFRUUHVSRQGHQWjODFRPELQDLVRQG¶LQQR YDWLRQVVLPSOHVHWPRQWUHQWTXHO¶pYROXWLRQG¶XQHVHXOH SUDWLTXHDJULFROHQHVXI¿WSDV,OIDXWDPpOLRUHUXQHQ VHPEOHGHSUDWLTXHVSRXUIDYRULVHUOHPDLQWLHQGHODELR GLYHUVLWp&HFLV¶LOOXVWUHpJDOHPHQWSDUOHFDVGHO¶DUUrWGH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQGHQpPDWLFLGHVLQQRYDWLRQSXLVO¶DUUrWGH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQG¶KHUELFLGHVLQQRYDWLRQTXLSHUPHWWHQW
G¶DERXWLU j XQH QRWH VDWLVIDLVDQWH FKH]
XQW\SHG¶H[SORLWDWLRQVXUVL[HWO¶DUUrWGH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ j OD IRLV GHV QpPDWLFLGHV HW GHV KHUELFLGHVLQQRYDWLRQTXLREWLHQWXQHQRWH VDWLVIDLVDQWHFKH]TXDWUHW\SHVG¶H[SORLWDWLRQVXU VL[3RXUOHVDXWUHVLQQRYDWLRQVOHVGLIIpUHQFHVGH QRWDWLRQ6DGRNet alHQWUHW\SHVG¶H[SORLWD tions (WDEOHDXWURXYHQWOHXURULJLQHGDQVODFRQGXLWH GHODEDQDQHUDLHVSpFL¿TXHDX[GLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGX V\VWqPHLQWHQVLIGHVVRFLpWpVEDQDQLqUHVjODSURGXF WLRQ H[WHQVLYH HQ EDQDQHUDLH SpUHQQH GH PRQWDJQH
/HV SHWLWHV H[SORLWDWLRQV IDPLOLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV GH PRQWDJQH W\SH FRQVWLWXHQWXQFDVSDU WLFXOLHU SXLVTX¶DXFXQ WUDLWHPHQW SK\WRVD QLWDLUH Q¶\ HVW IDLW j ORULJLQH HW TXHOOHV REWLHQQHQW SDU FRQVp TXHQWWRXMRXUVXQHQRWH VDWLVIDLVDQWH3UpVHQWHVXQL TXHPHQWHQ*XDGHORXSHVH ORQQRWUHHQTXrWHHOOHVVRQW H[WUrPHPHQW PDUJLQDOHV par rapport à la population des planteurs de bananes
*OREDOHPHQW LO UHVVRUW GRQF TXH OHV LQQRYDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV FRQVLVWDQW j VXSSULPHU FHUWDLQV WUDLWH PHQWV GH IDoRQ LVROpH QH VXI¿VHQW SDV j DPpOLRUHU OD QRWDWLRQ GHV GLIIpUHQWV W\SHV GH SURGXFWHXUV GH bananes au regard de notre LQGLFDWHXUGHPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpWDEOHDX[HW. 4XDQG RQ FRPELQH VLPXOWDQpPHQW O¶DUUrW GHV QpPDWL FLGHVHWGHVKHUELFLGHVDORUVOpYROXWLRQGHYLHQWVLJQL
¿FDWLYHVDXISRXUFHUWDLQVW\SHVGHSHWLWHVHWPR\HQQHV H[SORLWDWLRQV (Q PRQWDJQH W\SH FHOD VH[SOLTXH SDUFHTXHOHVWUDLWHPHQWVHQTXHVWLRQpWDLHQWGpMjSHX RXSDVSUDWLTXpVOLQQRYDWLRQHVWGRQFVDQVREMHW3RXU FH TXL FRQFHUQH OHV SHWLWHV HW PR\HQQHV H[SORLWDWLRQV GHSODLQHQRXVVRPPHVWHQWpVGHIRUPXOHUXQHK\SR WKqVHDSSURFKDQWH&HVH[SORLWDWLRQVQpWDQWSDVOHVSOXV LQWHQVLYHVSDUOHVYROXPHVGLQWUDQWVXWLOLVpVjORULJLQH OHXU PDXYDLVH QRWDWLRQ TXDQW DX PDLQWLHQ GH OD ELR GLYHUVLWp VHUDLW GXH j GDXWUHV SUDWLTXHV TXH OHV WUDLWH PHQWVQpPDWLFLGHVHWRXKHUELFLGHVFHTXLH[SOLTXHUDLW OH SHX GHIIHW TXHQWUDvQH OD VXSSUHVVLRQ GH OXVDJH GH FHV VXEVWDQFHV ELRFLGHV VXU OpYROXWLRQ GH OHXU QRWD tion (WDEOHDX(Q¿QOHVV\VWqPHVFRP
ELQDQW GH IDoRQ FRPSOH[H SOXV GH GHX[
LQQRYDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV VH UpYqOHQW OHV SOXVSURPHWWHXUV0rPHOHVH[SORLWDWLRQV IDPLOLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV GH PRQWDJQH GpMj
Figure 36SDWLDOLVDWLRQGXPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpDYHFO¶LQQRYDWLRQPRQLWRULQJGHVKHUELFLGHV ,15$
ELHQQRWpHVJDJQHUDLHQWPDQLIHVWHPHQW j PHWWUH HQ °XYUH FHV V\VWqPHV LQWpJUpV SRXUDFFURvWUHOHXUQRWDWLRQHQWHUPHGHPDLQ tien de la biodiversité.
$XGHOjGXIDLWTXXQHLQQRYDWLRQIDYRULVHRXQRQ OHPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpGDSUqVOLQGLFDWHXUGH MASC%DQDQHLOVHPEOHLPSRUWDQWGDOOHUSOXVORLQ GDQVODQDO\VH(QHIIHWO¶DJULFXOWHXUGHPHXUHPDvWUH GHVHVFKRL[HWO¶DGRSWLRQRXODQRQDGRSWLRQGXQH LQQRYDWLRQ UHSRVH YUDLVHPEODEOHPHQW VXU GDXWUHV FULWqUHV TXH OH VHXO PDLQWLHQ GH OD ELRGLYHUVLWp WHO TXpYDOXpSDUOLQGLFDWHXUTXHQRXVDYRQVXWLOLVp,O HVWGRQFHVVHQWLHOGHVLQWpUHVVHUDX[SUpIpUHQFHVGHV
DJULFXOWHXUVH[SULPpHVex-ante.
Le tableau 9 QRXV UpYqOH OHV WDX[ GDGRSWLRQ a priori GH FHUWDLQHV FDWpJRULHV GLQQRYDWLRQV SURSRVpHVDX[SODQWHXUVSRXUFKDFXQGHVW\SHVLGHQWL¿pV DLQVL TXH SRXU FHUWDLQHV FDWpJRULHV GLQQRYDWLRQV OD SUpIpUHQFHH[SULPpHjOpJDUGGXV\VWqPHGHFXOWXUHHQ YLJXHXU 1RXV QDYRQV SDV GpYDOXDWLRQ GH ODGRSWLRQ SRXUODVXSSUHVVLRQGHVSHVWLFLGHVLQQRYDWLRQVHW QL SRXU OH UDLVRQQHPHQW GHV DSSRUWV GLQWUDQWV GH V\QWKqVHLQQRYDWLRQVHW
(QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVURWDWLRQVVLHOOHVQHSUpVHQWHQW SDV EHDXFRXS GLQWpUrW GH IDoRQ LVROpH OHV SODQWHXUV VHPEOHQW JOREDOHPHQW SOXW{W HQFOLQV j OHV DGRSWHU HQ GHKRUV GHV SHWLWHV H[SORLWDWLRQV IDPLOLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV GHPRQWDJQHW\SH&HW\SHpWDQWOHVHXOSRXUOHTXHO ODQRWDWLRQGHVURWDWLRQVSULVHVJOREDOHPHQWWDEOHDX) HVW SOXW{W VDWLVIDLVDQWH QRXV SRXYRQV HQ FRQFOXUH TXH OHV URWDWLRQV QRQW GLQWpUrW SRXU DXFXQ GHV W\SHV GH SURGXFWHXUV GH EDQDQHV GHV $QWLOOHV IUDQoDLVHV SRXU HQYLVDJHU XQ pYHQWXHO PDLQWLHQ a fortiori un DFFURLVVHPHQW GH OD ELRGLYHUVLWp GDQV OHV ]RQHV GH SURGXFWLRQEDQDQLqUH
(Q FH TXL FRQFHUQH OHV FXOWXUHV DVVRFLpHV OH WDX[
GDGRSWLRQ HVW JOREDOHPHQW VXSpULHXU j SRXU DWWHLQGUH SRXU OHV H[SORLWDWLRQV HQ EDQDQH SpUHQQH GH PRQWDJQH tableau 9).
(Q GHKRUV GX W\SH FHV LQQRYDWLRQV DPpOLRUHQW OD VLWXDWLRQ DX UHJDUG GX PDLQWLHQ GH OD ELRGLYHUVLWp SDU UDSSRUW
j OD SUDWLTXH DFWXHOOH PDLV HOOHV QH GpERXFKHQW VXU XQH VLWXDWLRQ VDWLVIDLVDQWH TXH SRXU OHV H[SORLWDWLRQV VLWXpHV HQ SLpPRQW HW HQ PRQWDJQH WDEOHDX &HOOHV FLQHUHSUpVHQWDQWTXHGHODSRSXODWLRQHQTXrWpH OH SRWHQWLHO GH UHJDLQ GH ELRGLYHUVLWp GDQV OHV ]RQHV EDQDQLqUHVJUkFHjFHVLQQRYDWLRQVTXRLTXDSSUpFLDEOH GHPHXUH UHODWLYHPHQW OLPLWp HW VXUWRXW SULQFLSDOHPHQW FDQWRQQpDX[]RQHVpOHYpHV
/HV H[SORLWDWLRQV IDPLOLDOHV VRQW FHOOHV TXL VRQW OHV PRLQVIDYRUDEOHVjODGRSWLRQGHQRXYHOOHVYDULpWpVGH EDQDQLHU HQ SODLQH FRPPH HQ PRQWDJQH /HV DXWUHV SURGXFWHXUV\VHPEOHQWSOXW{WIDYRUDEOHVFHSHQGDQWFHV QRXYHOOHVYDULpWpVLQWURGXLWHVLVROpPHQWLQQRYDWLRQV HWUHYDORULVHQWSHXYRLUHSDVGXWRXWODQRWDWLRQLPSXWpH DXV\VWqPHHQSODFHGXSRLQWGHYXHGXPDLQWLHQGHOD ELRGLYHUVLWp6HXOHODYDULpWp<LQWURGXLWHHQV\VWqPH ELRORJLTXH SURGXLW XQH QRWH VDWLVIDLVDQWH &HSHQGDQW LO VDYqUH TXH FHWWH SURSRVLWLRQ GH EDQDQH ELRORJLTXH HVWOLQQRYDWLRQTXLVHUDLWODPRLQVDGRSWpHa priori par WRXVOHVW\SHVGHSURGXFWHXUVtableau 9,OVHPEOHGRQF GLI¿FLOHGHVDSSX\HUVXUOHVQRXYHOOHVYDULpWpVDLQVLTXH VXUXQHSURGXFWLRQGHEDQDQHELRORJLTXHWUqVELHQQRWpH SDUQRWUHLQGLFDWHXUSRXUVDVVXUHUXQPDLQWLHQGHOD biodiversité au sein des paysages bananiers des Antilles IUDQoDLVHV
(Q¿QOHVV\VWqPHVLQWp JUpVTXLRQWODPHLOOHXUH notation de toutes les in QRYDWLRQVSURSRVpHVSUp VHQWHQW ODYDQWDJH GrWUH SRWHQWLHOOHPHQW DGRSWpV PDMRULWDLUHPHQW SDU W\SHVVXU/HVHXOW\SH de planteurs de bananiers jIDLUHGpIDXWHVWOHW\SH GHV SHWLWHV H[SORLWDWLRQV IDPLOLDOHVGHSODLQH GDGRSWDQWVSRWHQWLHOV,OVHPEOHGRQFELHQTXHFHVRLW SULRULWDLUHPHQWDXWUDYHUVGHV\VWqPHVLQWpJUpVTXHORQ SXLVVH HQYLVDJHU OH PDLQWLHQ GXQH ELRGLYHUVLWp VDWLV IDLVDQWHGDQVXQPD[LPXPGH[SORLWDWLRQVEDQDQLqUHV
3OXVLHXUV LQQRYDWLRQV WHFKQLTXHV VXVFHSWLEOHV GDPRLQGULU OLPSDFW GHV V\VWqPHV GH FXOWXUH VXU OHQYLURQQHPHQW RQW pWp SURSRVpHV DX[ SURGXFWHXUV GH EDQDQHVSDUOD5HFKHUFKHDJURQRPLTXHDXPR\HQGXQH HQTXrWHUpDOLVpHDXFRXUVGHODQQpH&HWUDYDLOD SHUPLVGDSSUpFLHUH[anteODGRSWLRQSDUFHVSODQWHXUV GHV GLIIpUHQWHV SURSRVLWLRQV HIIHFWXpHV /D SOXSDUW aura a priori XQWDX[GDGRSWLRQVXSpULHXUjTXHO TXH VRLW OH W\SH GH[SORLWDWLRQ DXTXHO OHV LQQRYDWLRQV VHURQWSURSRVpHV/DSURGXFWLRQGHEDQDQHHQV\VWqPH ELRORJLTXHTXLSUpVHQWHXQHWUqVERQQHpYDOXDWLRQTXDQW DX PDLQWLHQ GH OD ELRGLYHUVLWp HVW OD VHXOH TXL QDLW SDV FRQYDLQFX OHV SURGXFWHXUV A contrario FHX[FL j OH[FHSWLRQGHVTXHOTXHVSHWLWHVH[SORLWDWLRQVIDPLOLDOHV GLYHUVL¿pHV GH PRQWDJQH SOpELVFLWHQW OHV URWDWLRQV
Catégories d'innovation Type1 Type2 Type3 Type4 Type5 Type6 Cultures associées
(% préférence système actuel)
55%
(49%)
65%
(9%)
57%
(48%)
65%
(41%)
71%
(71%)
77%
(43%)
Nouvelles variétés 45% 59% 60% 71% 43% 54%
Rotations
(% préférence système actuel)
59%
(46%)
80%
(13 % ) 67%
(48%)
76%
(41%)
29%
(71%)
71%
(56%)
Systèmes intégrés 49% 65% 67% 72% 57% 71%
Banane biologique 42% 36% 38% 38% 43% 30%
Tableau 97DX[GDGRSWLRQSRWHQWLHOOHFKRL[H[DQWHIDFHDX[SURSRVLWLRQVGLQQRYDWLRQWHFKQLTXH
SURSRVpHVOHVTXHOOHVQHSHUPHWWHQWSDVVHORQOLQGLFDWHXU FKRLVLSRXUpYDOXHUOHPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpGREWHQLU GHVUpVXOWDWVSUREDQWV&HVWGRQFDXPR\HQGHFXOWXUHV DVVRFLpHVTXHORQSRXUUDpYHQWXHOOHPHQWPDLQWHQLUXQ QLYHDXVDWLVIDLVDQWGHELRGLYHUVLWpGDQVOHVH[SORLWDWLRQV EDQDQLqUHVPDLVFHSULQFLSDOHPHQWHQ]RQHGDOWLWXGH (Q¿QOHVV\VWqPHVLQWpJUpVSOXVFRPSOH[HVFRPSWHWHQX GHVQLYHDX[GDGRSWLRQDI¿FKpVHWGHOHXUSHUIRUPDQFH GXSRLQWGHYXHGHOLQGLFDWHXUUHWHQXVHPEOHQWOHVSOXVj PrPHGHIDYRULVHUXQPDLQWLHQGXQQLYHDXVDWLVIDLVDQWGH ELRGLYHUVLWpHQH[SORLWDWLRQEDQDQLqUH$XMRXUGKXLFHV WUDYDX[ODLVVHQWHQWUHYRLUGHX[W\SHVGHGpYHORSSHPHQW QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU PLHX[ DFFRPSDJQHU OD SURIHVVLRQ EDQDQLqUH DQWLOODLVH GDQV VD TXrWH GH FRQWULEXWLRQ DX GpYHORSSHPHQW GXUDEOH GH QRV WHUULWRLUHV 'XQH SDUW GDQVQRWUHpWXGHOLPSDFWGHVV\VWqPHVDJULFROHVVXUOD GXUDELOLWpQ¶HVWpYDOXpTX¶LQGLUHFWHPHQWSDUXQXQLTXH LQGLFDWHXU GH SUHVVLRQ 6HORQ O¶,QVWLWXW )UDQoDLV SRXU OD %LRGLYHUVLWp /HYUHO O¶LPSDFW GHV SUDWLTXHV DJULFROHV VXU OD ELRGLYHUVLWp GRLW QpFHVVDLUHPHQW rWUH pYDOXp SDU GDXWUHV LQGLFDWHXUV GRUGUH VWUXFWXUHO DPpQDJHPHQWV GHV SDUFHOOHV HW DXVVL SDU GHV LQGLFDWHXUVWD[RQRPLTXHVHVSqFHVELRLQGLFDWULFHV/D PpWKRGHJDJQHUDLWGRQFjrWUHDPpOLRUpHHQVDSSX\DQW VXU GHV PRGqOHV GH SRSXODWLRQ SUpGLFWLIV SRXU OHV HVSqFHVUHWHQXHVFRPPHELRLQGLFDWHXUVSXLVTXLOVDJLW GXQH PpWKRGH G¶pYDOXDWLRQex-ante 'DXWUH SDUW OHV V\VWqPHVLQWpJUpVTXLVHPEOHQWFRQYHQLUWDQWGXSRLQW GHYXHGHOpYDOXDWLRQGXPDLQWLHQGHODELRGLYHUVLWpTXH GHOpYDOXDWLRQex-anteGHVDJULFXOWHXUVFRQFHUQpVVRQW SDU FRQVWUXFWLRQ UHODWLYHPHQW FRPSOH[HV j PHWWUH HQ RHXYUH1RXVQHVDXURQVVLOVFRQYLHQQHQWUpHOOHPHQWDX[
GLIIpUHQWV W\SHV GH[SORLWDWLRQ EDQDQLqUHV TXH ORUVTXH GHVHVVDLVRQIDUPDXURQWpWpFRQGXLWVHWpYDOXpVWDQW GXSRLQWGHOHXULPSDFWPHVXUpVXUODELRGLYHUVLWpTXH GHVUpVXOWDWVREWHQXVSDUOHVH[SORLWDWLRQVDVVRFLpHVDX[
WHVWVHQWHUPHGHFRQWULEXWLRQDXGpYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOH HWHQSDUWLFXOLHUGHUHSURGXFWLELOLWpGXV\VWqPH
5pIpUHQFHVELEOLRJUDSKLTXHV
%(*8,10380$,1'/DUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GHVGRQQpHVJpRJUDSKLTXHV6WDWLVWLTXHHWFDUWRJUDSKLH qPHpGLWLRQS
%(*8<27 3 &+(9$/,(5 % /H *36 HQ DJULFXOWXUH3ULQFLSHVDSSOLFDWLRQVHWHVVDLVFRPSDUDWLIV 'LMRQS
%(57,1-6pPLRORJLH*UDSKLTXH/HVGLDJUDP PHVOHVUpVHDX[OHVFDUWHV3DULVqPHpGLWLRQS
%/$=< -0 3(5(*5,1( ' ',0$1 -/
&$86(5(7 ) $VVHVVPHQW RI EDQDQD IDUPHUV ÀH[LELOLW\ IRU DGRSWLQJ DJURHFRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQV LQ
*XDGHORXSH D W\SRORJLFDO DSSURDFK ,Q 'HGLHX %
=DVVHU%HGR\D 6 (GV &'520 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKHWK(XURSHDQ,)6$6\PSRVLXP-XO\
&OHUPRQW)HUUDQG)UDQFH
%/$=<-02=,(5 /$)217$,1(+'25e7 7+20$6$:(5<-$
PHWKRGRORJLFDOIUDPHZRUNWKDWDFFRXQWV IRUIDUPGLYHUVLW\LQWKHSURWRW\SLQJRIFURS PDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPV$SSOLFDWLRQWREDQDQD EDVHGV\VWHPVLQ*XDGHORXSHAgricultural
Systems
%/$=<-07,;,(537+20$6$2=,(5 /$)217$,1( + 6$/021 ) :(5< -
%$1$'DIDUPPRGHOIRUH[DQWHDVVHVVPHQWRIDJUR HFRORJLFDOLQQRYDWLRQVDQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQWREDQDQD IDUPVLQ*XDGHORXSHAgricultural Systems
'(6$(*(5-DQG5$2057KHURRW NQRW QHPDWRGH Meloidogyne spp. SUREOHP LQ 6HVEDQLD IDOORZV DQG VFRSH IRU PDQDJLQJ LW LQ ZHVWHUQ.HQ\DAgrofor. Syst±
/(95(/+4XHOVLQGLFDWHXUVSRXUODJHVWLRQ GHODELRGLYHUVLWp/HVFDKLHUVGHO¶,)%,QVWLWXW)UDQoDLV GHOD%LRGLYHUVLWpS
48e1e+(59e 3 6$/021 ) 723$57 3 +255<-31HPDWRGH5HVLVWDQFHLQ%DQDQDV VFUHHQLQJUHVXOWVRQVRPHQHZ0\FRVSKDHUHOODUHVLVWDQW EDQDQDK\EULGVEuphytica1XPEHU
6$'2. : $1*(9,1 ) %(5*(= -(
%2&.67$//(5&&2/20%%*8,&+$5'/
5($850(66e$1$'25e70$6&
DTXDOLWDWLYHPXOWLDWWULEXWHGHFLVLRQPRGHOIRUex-ante DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI FURSSLQJ V\VWHPV Agronomy for Sustainable Development
7,52/,(1 - (YDOXDWLRQ PXOWLFULWqUH GH OD GXUDELOLWpGHV\VWqPHVGHFXOWXUHEDQDQLHUVLQQRYDQWVHQ
*XDGHORXSH$GDSWDWLRQHWXWLOLVDWLRQGHO¶RXWLOMASC.
0pPRLUHGH¿QG¶pWXGHV(1,7$GH&OHUPRQW)HUUDQG )UDQFHS
7,;,(530$/e=,(8;('25(/0:(5<
- 6,0%$ D PRGHO IRU GHVLJQLQJ VXVWDLQDEOH EDQDQDEDVHG FURSSLQJ V\VWHPVAgricultural Systems
8*3%$1/¶,QVWLWXW7HFKQLTXHGHODEDQDQHHW OH3ODQ%DQDQH'XUDEOHO¶HQJDJHPHQWGHVSODQWHXUVGH
*XDGHORXSHHW0DUWLQLTXH/DOHWWUHGHO8QLRQGX MDQYLHUS
:$1*.+6,3(6%66&+0,77'3 6XSSUHVVLRQ RI 5RW\OHQFKXOXV UHQLIRUPLV E\ SUHYLRXV WHUP&URWDODULD MXQFHDQH[W WHUP %UDVVLFD QDSXV DQG 7DJHWHVHUHFWDNematropica±
