WABEF - Western Africa Bio-wastes for Energy and Fertilizer. Final narrative report

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ACP – EU Co-operation Programme in Science and Technology II

ACP – EU S&T II

W A B E F

Western Africa Biowastes for Energy and Fertilizer

Final Narrative Report

Feb. 2014 – Jul. 2017

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This project is funded by the European Union. The ACP Science & Technology Programme is implemented by the ACP Group of States.

This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

Médoc J.-M., S. Niang, M. Ba, M. Kamaté, J. Lekoto, R. van Veenhuizen 2017. WABEF final narrative report. Report, Dakar, Sénégal, November 2017, 61 p.

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T

ABLE OF CONTENTS

1 DESCRIPTION 5

1.1 NAME OF BENEFICIARY OF GRANT CONTRACT 5

1.2 NAME AND TITLE OF THE CONTACT PERSON 5

1.3 NAME OF PARTNERS IN THE ACTION 5

1.4 TITLE OF THE ACTION 5

1.5 CONTRACT NUMBER 5

1.6 START DATE AND END DATE OF THE ACTION 5

1.7 TARGET COUNTRY(IES) OR REGION(S) 5

1.8 FINAL BENEFICIARIES &/OR TARGET GROUPS (IF DIFFERENT)(INCLUDING NUMBERS OF WOMEN AND MEN) 6 1.9 COUNTRY(IES) IN WHICH THE ACTIVITIES TAKE PLACE (IF DIFFERENT FROM 1.7) 9

2 ASSESSMENT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTION ACTIVITIES 10

2.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ACTION 10

2.2 ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS 12

2.3 ACTIVITIES THAT HAVE NOT TAKEN PLACE 45

2.4 WHAT IS YOUR ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF THE ACTION SO FAR? 46 2.5 OUTCOME ON BOTH THE FINAL BENEFICIARIES &/OR TARGET GROUP (IF DIFFERENT) AND THE SITUATION IN THE

TARGET COUNTRY OR TARGET REGION 47

2.6 PLEASE LIST ALL MATERIALS (AND NO. OF COPIES) PRODUCED DURING THE ACTION ON WHATEVER FORMAT (PLEASE ENCLOSE A COPY OF EACH ITEM, EXCEPT IF YOU HAVE ALREADY DONE SO IN THE PAST). 48 2.7 PLEASE LIST ALL CONTRACTS (WORKS, SUPPLIES, SERVICES) ABOVE 10.000€ AWARDED FOR THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACTION SINCE THE LAST INTERIM REPORT IF ANY OR DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD, GIVING FOR EACH CONTRACT THE AMOUNT, THE AWARD PROCEDURE FOLLOWED AND THE NAME OF THE

CONTRACTOR. 50

2.8 DESCRIBE IF THE ACTION WILL CONTINUE AFTER THE SUPPORT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS ENDED.ARE THERE ANY FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES ENVISAGED?WHAT WILL ENSURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE ACTION? 51 2.9 EXPLAIN HOW THE ACTION HAS MAINSTREAMED CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES SUCH AS PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, GENDER EQUALITY, DEMOCRACY, GOOD GOVERNANCE, CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY AND COMBATING HIV/AIDS(IF THERE IS A STRONG PREVALENCE IN THE TARGET

COUNTRY/REGION). 51

2.10 HOW AND BY WHOM HAVE THE ACTIVITIES BEEN MONITORED/EVALUATED?PLEASE SUMMARISE THE RESULTS

OF THE FEEDBACK RECEIVED, INCLUDING FROM THE BENEFICIARIES. 54

2.11 WHAT HAS YOUR ORGANISATION/PARTNER LEARNED FROM THE ACTION AND HOW HAS THIS LEARNING BEEN

UTILISED AND DISSEMINATED? 55

3 PARTNERS AND OTHER CO-OPERATION 56

3.1 HOW DO YOU ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FORMAL PARTNERS OF THIS ACTION (I.E. THOSE PARTNERS WHICH HAVE SIGNED A PARTNERSHIP STATEMENT)?PLEASE PROVIDE SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR EACH

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3.2 IS THE PARTNERSHIP TO CONTINUE?IF SO, HOW?IF NOT, WHY? 57 3.3 HOW WOULD YOU ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YOUR ORGANISATION AND STATE AUTHORITIES IN THE ACTION COUNTRIES?HOW HAS THIS RELATIONSHIP AFFECTED THE ACTION? 57 3.4 WHERE APPLICABLE, DESCRIBE YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH ANY OTHER ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN

IMPLEMENTING THE ACTION 57

3.5 WHERE APPLICABLE, OUTLINE ANY LINKS AND SYNERGIES YOU HAVE DEVELOPED WITH OTHER ACTIONS. 58 3.6 IF YOUR ORGANISATION HAS RECEIVED PREVIOUS EU GRANTS IN VIEW OF STRENGTHENING THE SAME TARGET GROUP, IN HOW FAR HAS THIS ACTION BEEN ABLE TO BUILD UPON/COMPLEMENT THE PREVIOUS ONE(S)?(LIST ALL

PREVIOUS RELEVANT EU GRANTS). 60

3.7 HOW DO YOU EVALUATE CO-OPERATION WITH THE SERVICES OF THE CONTRACTING AUTHORITY? 60

4 VISIBILITY 60

4.1 HOW IS THE VISIBILITY OF THE EU CONTRIBUTION BEING ENSURED IN THE ACTION? 60 4.2 THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION MAY WISH TO PUBLICISE THE RESULTS OF ACTIONS.DO YOU HAVE ANY

OBJECTION TO THIS REPORT BEING PUBLISHED ON THE EUROPEAID WEBSITE?IF SO, PLEASE STATE YOUR OBJECTIONS HERE. 60

NAME OF THE CONTACT PERSON FOR THE ACTION: 61

SIGNATURE: 61

LOCATION: 61

DATE REPORT DUE: 61

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ANNEX VI

WABEF – FINAL NARRATIVE REPORT

This final narrative report presents all the activities carried out and the deliverables obtained during the WABEF period from 1 Feb. 2014 to 31 Jul. 2017. Some outcomes obtained beyond this period until the date of submission of this final report (17 Nov. 2017) are also displayed. Results obtained during Year 3 (1 Feb. 2016 to 31 Jul. 2017) are highlighted as Year 1 and Year 2

results have already been reported previously.

1 Description

1.1 Name of beneficiary of grant contract

CIRAD – Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - The French agricultural research and international cooperation organization

working for the sustainable development of tropical and Mediterranean regions

1.2 Name and title of the Contact person

Jean-Michel Médoc, Engineer, Researcher in the research unit Recyclage et Risque

1.3 Name of partners in the Action

UCAD – Université Cheikh Anta Diop IAGU – Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine

AEDR – Association d’Entraide pour le Développement Rural – Teriya Bugu SONGHAI – Songhaï Regional Centre

RUAF Foundation – Stichting International Network of Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security

1.4 Title of the Action

WABEF – Western Africa Biowastes for Energy and Fertilizer

1.5 Contract number

FED/2013/330-225

1.6 Start date and end date of the action

1 February 2014 – 31 July 2017

1.7 Target country(ies) or region(s)

Sénégal, Mali, Bénin

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1.8 Final beneficiaries &/or target groups (if different) (including numbers of

women and men)

The target groups and final beneficiaries presented in this paragraph have been described in the interim report #1. This description, subject to a collective exercise, was accurate. It is reproduced in extenso in this final report.

WABEF works directly with (i.e. target groups):

− Public decision makers and executives (i.e. institutionals), − Researchers and teachers,

− NGO’s trainers,

− Engineers and technicians in agriculture, municipalities and agro-industries.

These 4 generic target groups are described in details in section “Identification of the target groups and their level of involvement in the project and its activities” and for each target country in tables 1 to 3.

… To reach the following beneficiaries (i.e. final beneficiaries): − Communities,

− Students and young entrepreneurs,

− Industrial parks and agro-industries’ managers, − Farmers

For industry and public bodies (government, municipalities, etc.), engineers and technicians provide policy makers with technical options for managing biowastes and uptake policies. In the agricultural sector, key decision makers are engineers and technicians of ministries and agricultural extension staff. Their constraints are: a lack of data on technologies and on comparative benefits of biogas compare to the use of fossils fuels and chemical fertilizers, and available time for training. They require ad hoc training and tools tailored to their needs (e.g. evaluation guides, comparison tools, bottom-up approach with the final beneficiaries). Moreover, government officials will have to play a key role in creating an enabling policy environment, for example providing grants or tax breaks and drawing up standards. To set up a sustainable bio-waste management, they also need young technical executives with skills relevant to the market need. Researchers/teachers need a strategy for the development of biowaste streams treatment. Benefits of anaerobic digestion to produce biogas and fertilizer to prospective users will be demonstrated through operational demonstration sites which will support high level and applied knowledge offered to practitioners and university training. The final beneficiaries of the project are communities, students and young entrepreneurs, industrial parks and agro-industries’ managers, farmers. Beneficiaries’ constraints are possibilities/hesitations for investment in biogas technologies. They need ready-to-use information dedicated to raising their awareness, encourage behavioural change and support their decisions that necessarily must be cost-effective and viable. The target groups and the final beneficiaries are seen as the audiences of WABEF results.

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Identification of the target groups and their level of involvement in the project and its activities

All relevant participants spread into the 4 generic target groups (potential users of WABEF’s results, financials, technology providers, policy makers, research and development, consultants, etc.) at international, regional, national and local scale have been identified, characterized and invited to participate in WABEF’s activities. A gradual involvement will be sought for the participants in the working groups of the project (e.g. general, associate, participant) and specific tools, based on the level of implication of the stakeholder, should be designed and made available to the stakeholder to follow the project.

A participant identification exercise was carried out for the 3 targeted countries of WABEF (Table 1 for Sénégal, Table 2 for Bénin, Table 3 for Mali).

Table 1: Result of the participants identification exercise carried out on the case of Sénégal

Implication level in WABEF

General Associate Participant Relevant participants Public decision makers and executives (i.e. institutionals)

Policy makers Ministry Health Ministry Environment Ministry Agriculture Ministry Energy

Agence Nationale pour les Energies Renouvelables du Sénégal Agence Sénégalaise d’Electrification Rurale Entente CADAK'CAR Researchers and teachers Research &

Development Ministry of Education and Research Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agronomique UCAD-Lateu UGB NGO’s trainers, Engineers and technicians in agriculture, municipalities and agro-industries. Informed consultants Cabinet EDE International

Pape Abdoulaye Fall

Potential Users Public NGOs (i.e. IAGU, etc.)

Programme National Biogaz Office National Assainissement du Sénégal Chambres consulaires (commerce et industrie, agriculture, artisanat)

Financials African Development Bank Group

Bill & Mélinda Gates Foundation Agence Française de Développement Banque Ouest-Africaine de Développement Crédit Agricole du Sénégal Crédit Mutuel du Sénégal Technology

suppliers Local artisans Technology suppliers companies (Bioeco, Thécogas, etc.)

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Table 2: Result of the participants identification exercise carried out on the case of Bénin

Policy makers Ministry Health Ministry Environment Ministry Agriculture Ministry Energy Agence Béninoise d’Electrification Rurale et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie Researchers and teachers Research & Development Ministry Education and Research Centre Béninois de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Université d’Abomey Calavi (Faculté des sciences et techniques, sciences agronomiques, collège polytechnique, IUT) Université de Parakou NGO’s trainers, Engineers and technicians in agriculture, municipalities and agro-industries. Informed consultants

Potential Users Public NGOs (i.e. Bethesda

Bénin, CIPCRE Bénin, Emmaüs) PeaceCorps Chambres consulaires (commerce et industrie, agriculture, artisanat)

Financials African Development

Bank Group Bill & Mélinda Gates Foundation Agence Française de Développement Banque Ouest-Africaine de Développement Banque Nationale de Développement Agricole Technology suppliers Local artisans Technology suppliers companies (Bioeco, Thécogas, etc.)

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Table 3: Result of the participants identification exercise carried out on the case of Mali

Policy makers Ministry Health Ministry Environment Ministry Agriculture Ministry Energy Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Secteur Eau Environnement Urbanisme et Domaine de l`Etat Direction Nationale de l'Assainissement du Contrôle des Pollutions et des Nuisances (DNACPN) Agence Nationale de Gestion des stations d'Epuration du Mali (ANGESEM) Agence de l'Environnement et du Développement Durable (AEDD) Researchers and teachers Research &

Development Ministry Education and Research Institut d’Economie Rurale (IER) Institut Supérieur de Formation et de Recherche Appliquée (ISFRA) Institut Polytechnique Rural (IPR/IFRA) Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs (ENI) NGO’s trainers, Engineers and technicians in agriculture, municipalities and agro-industries. Informed consultants

Potential Users Public NGOs (PS Eau,

GERES, etc.)

ETC-Terra Biogaz Mali Chambre de

Commerce et d’Industrie

Financials African Development

Bank Group Bill & Mélinda Gates Foundation Agence Française de Développement Banque Ouest-Africaine de Développement Banque Nationale de Développement Agricole Banque de Développement du Mali Technology suppliers Local artisans Technology suppliers companies (Bioeco, Thécogas, etc.)

1.9 Country(ies) in which the activities take place (if different from 1.7)

Not different from §1.7

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2 Assessment of implementation of Action activities

2.1 Executive summary of the Action

WABEF – Western Africa Bio-wastes for Energy and Fertiliser is a 42-months research-development and capacity-building intervention of the ACP-EU cooperation Programme for Science and Technology financed by the European Development Fund. WABEF was initiated and coordinated by Cirad, the French agricultural research and international cooperation organization working for the sustainable development of tropical and Mediterranean regions in efficient partnership with UCAD – Université Cheikh Anta Diop and IAGU – Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine in Sénégal, with AEDR – Association d’Entraide pour le Développement Rural – Teriya Bugu in Mali, with Songhaï Regional Centre in Bénin and RUAF Foundation in The Netherlands. Its aim was to recycle organic residues issuing from agriculture, agro-industries and municipalities into energy and fertiliser. WABEF worked with various target groups, like decision makers, researchers, NGOs and technicians in agriculture, municipalities and agro-industries. Collectively WABEF reached out to communities, students, entrepreneurs, and farmers. The key output of WABEF is a decision-support toolkit on anaerobic digestion of bio-wastes in West Africa.

It was necessary to improve the knowledge on the resources of bio-wastes and the existing technologies, to have tools adapted to support reasoned choices of techniques of methanisation, to offer ready-to-use knowledge for decision-makers and practitioners. And for this, WABEF implemented a 3-step approach.

The first step allowed analyzing and learning from biogas experiments in Europe and in Africa to remove the constraints linked to the development of biogas in West Africa.

In the second step, relying on the operation of the value chain we have by reusing, adapting existing tools tried to provide a toolkit composed of a specific tool to characterize or evaluate each step of the value chain and its feasibility. Thus, for each step of the value chain, WABEF proposes an operational tool allowing answering the questions: What availability of bio-wastes? What supply for which biogas system? What valorisation for biogas? What agronomic management for bioslurries? And What feasibility for the whole value chain?

It is important that the reader considers that the tools are of different levels and for different users: some tools demand basic knowledge of biogas and the use of worksheets, others do not. Some tools are for practitioners, others for policy makers and strategists, or for financial officers. Table 4 guides the user through all the tools.

In the third step WABEF targeted the involvement of local actors for the appropriation of the results, in particular through the dissemination of knowledge, know-how and awareness raising. The results were disseminated in July 2017 in a regional school at Songhaï (Bénin) gathering selected high-level actors from Bénin, Cape Verde, Mali and Sénégal. They have been trained in the use of the WABEF toolkit and are responsible for further uptake and dissemination. One policy brief describing and illustrating why the use of bio-waste in anaerobic digestion should be promoted, how and what policy and financial incentives are needed to promote wider use of biogas was disseminated to local executives. A curriculum

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scenario for practitioners and university training is proposed for dissemination in specific Master programs in West Africa.

These results fullfilled the overall objectives and the specific objective displayed in the logical framework of WABEF. WABEF is a success. http://wabef.cirad.fr/en

Table 4: Breakdown of WABEF deliverables by target group based on the knowledge and skills needed to use them

Knowledge + skills needed to use WABEF deliverables

No specific knowledge or skills Basic knowledge on biogas and fertilizer + skills on worksheets Specific knowledge on biogas and fertilizer + skills in computing Relevant participants Public decision makers and executives (i.e. institutionals)

Policy makers Compendium to promote biogas techs in West Africa (WA) Policy Brief

Article WABEF in UA Magazine #32

Website

Posters, audio, video, slideshows

Product Market Cluster Tool Databases to quantify and manage data on bio-wastes

Instructional scenario for intitial and professional training

Researchers and teachers

Research &

Development Compendium Policy Brief

Website

All business model canvas

Cashflow tool Databases to quantify and manage data on bio-wastes Ferti-Mbaay to manage nutrients Methasim-WA Biogas supply assessment tool Instructional scenario for intitial and professional training NGO’s trainers, Engineers and technicians in agriculture, municipalities and agro-industries. Informed

consultants Compendium Policy Brief

Website

Cashflow tool Databases to quantify and manage data on bio-wastes Ferti-Mbaay

Methasim-WA Biogas supply assessment tool

Potential Users Compendium Policy Brief

Website

Instructional scenario for intitial and professional training

Financials Compendium Policy Brief

Website

General business model canvas on Bio-wastes for Energy and Fertilizer Cashflow tool Technology suppliers Compendium Policy Brief

Website

Methasim-WA Biogas supply assessment tool

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2.2 Activities and results

WABEF aims to contribute to the sustainable development of Africa through the promotion of anaerobic digestion to recycle bio-wastes issued from agricultural, agro-industrial and municipal activities. Biogas technology is unique compare to other renewable energy sources and promoting its development in West Africa will support the environmental, energy and agricultural sectors (Figure 1). How?

− By reducing the pressure of bio-wastes on the environment while recycling them into biogas plants to produce energy for cities and by reducing the deforestation while breaking the supply of wood and coal from rural areas.

− By contributing to the satisfaction of energy needs in a complementary mix with other sources of conventional and renewable energies.

− By closing the organic matter loop through the production of bioslurries, as fertilizers returned to the agricultural production areas, to address agricultural productivity and food security issues.

Figure 1: Anaerobic digestion as an opportunity for closing the loop in the food, energy and agricultural systems

In the industrialized countries and in many countries of the South, a methanisation boom has been observed since 10 years, or even more for some, so why not in the countries of the Sudano-Sahelian area where the climate is favourable?

To address the above objective, it was necessary to improve the knowledge on the resources of bio-wastes and the existing technologies, to have tools adapted to support reasoned choices of techniques of methanisation, to offer ready-to-use knowledge for decision-makers and practitioners. And for this, WABEF implemented a 3-step approach (Figure 2):

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Figure 2: WABEF’s 3-step approach

WP 1 – Anaerobic digestion experiences and technology comparison

Activity 1.1:

Inventory of experiences employing anaerobic digestion of biowastes adapted to the Sudano-Sahelian context

Topics/activities covered <please elaborate>:

For this activity during Year 3, it was expected to finalize the experience visits to Ghana in the first half of the Year 2. Distance preparation of these visits was implemented throughout the Year 2. Despite the care and perseverance of the leader of WP 1, S. Niang, it was impossible to keep the schedule. Our recurring requests towards local biogas focal points in Accra, Ghana, to provide support for us in the identification of experiences and making appointments resulted in negative replies. Finally, the visits there were achieved in May 2016 (Year 3).

Reason for modification for the planned activity <please elaborate on the problems -including delay, cancellation, postponement of activities- which have arisen and how they have been addressed> (if applicable):

N/A

Results of this activity <please quantify these results, where possible; refer to the various assumptions of the Logframe>:

The first step allowed analysing and learning from methanisation experiments in Europe and in Africa to remove the constraints linked to the development of methanisation in West Africa. Thirty-four visits of anaerobic digestion experiences in Europe (14) and Africa (20) have been carried out to learn about technological and managerial successes and failures, but also political and regulatory incentives and disincentives.

Several technical indicators are used to categorize biogas technologies, depending on: 1. The nature of the bio-wastes intake (agricultural, agro-industrial, municipal)

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2. The annual processing capacity of the biogas unit and the electric power delivered (less than 3,000 T/year and 50 kW; between 3,000 and 10,000 T/year and between 100 and 500 kW, above 10,000 T/year and 500 kW)

3. The size of the biogas reactor (less than 20 m3_{= domestic or on-farm biogas, between}

20 and 499 m3_{= semi-industrial biogas, above 500 m}3_{= industrial biogas)}

4. The physical state of the bio-waste intake (liquid, paste, solid, i.e. function of the dry matter content)

5. Type of anaerobic digestion process (continuous, discontinuous or batch, semi-continuous).

For WABEF we worked with typologies according to the scheme below, where we used the technical indicator relating to the nature of the bio-waste intake and the annual quantity processed in the biogas unit and the electric power delivered as key indicators. Thus for each nature of bio-waste we were able to visit biogas experiments of each of the 3 sizes and power in order to learn lessons (Table 5).

Table 5:Typology of the 34 visited anaerobic digestion experiences

All the experiences of methanisation visited are presented in the form of interactive sheets annexed to the compendium. At the time of submission of this report, we can consider the

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completion of this compendium at 90%. It will be delivered in French (See USB Stick folder WP1 Compendium).

Three main lessons have emerged. The first lesson is the need to secure the bio-wastes supply of the technology to ensure its smooth operation and durability. The second is to have policy and regulatory frameworks that provide incentives for attractive tariffs for the purchase of by-products, in particular biogas and electricity, and that promotes technologies consuming these by-products. The third lesson, symmetrical to the first one, is to secure the flow and recovery of bioslurries produced in order to minimize the risks of environmental pollution, to avoid loss of income for the unit and to maintain a good reputation.

Challenges to overcome for the development and appropriation of biogas as a solution for the management of bio-wastes in West Africa require a favourable political climate and strong government support that includes proper financial support for businesses and households’ investment. An integrated approach must also enable proper management of the information, the adapted technology chain, the bio-waste resources (where, when, how much, with which energy and agronomic potential, competition, etc.), and the recycling of bio-slurries (Figure 3). The compendium guides the reader (practitioner, project promoter, policy maker) into these constraints and challenges and towards the appropriate tools that have been adapted by WABEF to support the assessment of each step of the biogas value chain.

Figure 3: Constraints of biogas development in West Africa and challenges to overcome Activity 1.2

Devise a tool to compare and choose the most relevant technology for a specific situation

See §… For which biogas technology (page 20) for logical narrative informations and see USB Stick folder WP1 Techno comparison tool.

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WP2 – Demonstration plants and business model

Identify and evaluate the elements necessary for the development of a "business model" supported by the demand for biogas and fertilizer. These elements will include scenarios for supplying biowastes and for distributing the coproduct (use of existing simulation models), market assessments for the distribution of fertilizers and biogas (GIS), financial feasibility, etc. In addition, two operational anaerobic digestion sites in Bénin and Mali will be used to get data for further references, as well as demonstration site for the decision makers and practitioners and practical training site for students.

Activity 2.1:

Defining the conditions for a feasible business model for energy access using biogas and fertilizer access using bioslurry

As a second step, and relying on the operation of the value chain, the project adapted a variety of existing items to develop a toolbox. This made it possible to characterise or evaluate each step of the value chain and its feasibility (Figure 4). For each of these steps WABEF proposes an operational tool allowing answers to the questions: Availability of bio-wastes? For which biogas system? What valorisation for biogas? Use of bio-slurry or digestate? Is the whole value chain feasible? And what knowledge and know-how are needed for decision makers and practitioners?

Figure 4: Questions to be answered to support decision-making and a viable business plan

N/A

What availability of bio-wastes?

In West Africa, little information on bio-waste deposits and their quality are available. Their appropriateness raises questions. A method to identify, quantify and assess their potentialities

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in term of fertilization and production of biogas has been developed in the form of three databases. These estimate the deposit of bio-wastes from agricultural activities (crops and livestock), the deposit of bio-wastes from municipal activities and the deposit of bio-wastes from agro-industrial activities (see USB Stick folder WP2 Resources availability).

The frame of the database for agricultural bio-wastes is organized around the livestock and the cultivated areas censuses at the District level. Animal dejections or crop residues production ratios are included according to the literature. Combining these two informations allow reaching the raw or theoretical deposit. And those data on raw deposits are those often found in the literature, which are not relevant enough for securing the supply of a biogas project. Applying on the raw deposit the agricultural practices, like the duration of production cycle, the number of cycles per year, the time of presence of animals, allows reaching the controllable deposit of a bio-waste. Then applying on this controllable deposit the valorization rate of the controllable bio-wastes, constituted by the quantities of bio-waste directly applied on soil, sold, used for construction or combustion, etc. to avoid competition, allows calculating the mobilisable deposit for biogas (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Estimate the mobilisable deposit for biogas production

The frame of the database for the municipal bio-wastes is organized around the national census of the population at the District level divided into urban population and rural population and projections. Production ratio of organic fraction of household solid wastes (from the Municipal Solid Wastes Management National Programme in Sénégal, for instance), of faecal sludge are obtained from literature. Combining population distribution with the production ratios allows reaching the deposits of organic fraction of household solid wastes. And the same combination with the estimates on use of sanitation facilities (data from the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water supply and Sanitation of the WHO and UNICEF) allows calculating the faecal sludge deposits from piped sewer systems, from septic tanks, from dry latrines and also from unimproved sanitation facilities that are not controllable.

In Sénégal, WABEF calculated the potential availability of agricultural and municipal bio-wastes based on the national census of 2013 (Table 6).

• Structural source data • Production Ratio Raw deposit • Deposit of bio-waste • Existing • Accessible Controllable

deposit • Deposit of controllable

bio-waste • Not used

• Transfer accepted by the producer

Mobilizable deposit for biogas Producers’

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Table 6: Agricultural and municipal deposits of bio-wastes in Sénégal

Sénégal (mio tonnes DM/year)

Controllable animal dejections 2.311

Production of crop residues (cereals and legumes

only) 2.426 billion

Production of biowastes (organic fraction of

household wastes) 0.216

Controllable faecal sludge 8.713

The biogas production depends on the quantity and quality (biochemical methane potential) of the bio-wastes (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Biochemical Methane Potential for some bio-wastes (*Ndiaye et al, 2017; *Faye, 2013; **Farinet et al, 2015; www.biogaz-planet.fr)

As an example, this methodology is currently applied on the field to assess the valorisation ratio to reach the agricultural bio-wastes deposits available for biogas in Sénégal, in synergy with the Biogas National Programme (BNP) of Sénégal and Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA). In Sénégal, bovine manure represents a potential deposit of 1,691,135 tons of DM/year. The importance of the quantities emitted and the control of this raw production at 50% are the two important criteria which have guided the choice of the BNP to consider this resource as the main substrate for the operation of domestic biodigesters. However, due to its irregular distribution, the high demand for substrates for operating year-round and the distribution of these devices, bovine manure is insufficient. In the second phase of its program development, the BNP of Sénégal has embarked on a multi-stakeholder partnership. ISRA and CIRAD will research alternative substrates for bovine manure, to ensure efficient and continuous use of household biodigesters subsidised by the programme.

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The data necessary for such calculations are dispersed, often difficult to access, and generally poorly organized. The re-use of bio-wastes as agricultural fertilizers and energy using biogas technologies requires proper management of these resources. Governments should introduce a systematic approach to the collection and dissemination of statistics on bio-wastes at various levels and sectors, with an identified focal point.

What supply?...

To answer the question "what supply for a unit of collective biogas?” simulation tools exist (designed by CIRAD, Research Unit Recyclage et Risque) and can be used in West African conditions. The objective for a biogas operator is to be able to coordinate the quantity and quality of bio-waste supply to the biogas unit in order to allow its nominal operation: Who should supply? How much? When? Different supply strategies (planned or reactive) and logistic options (truck number and capacity, route, working time, etc.) can be tested, depending on the characteristics of the biogas unit, including hazards. These strategies and options can be compared using indicators of the amount of residues actually delivered to avoid bio-waste stock shortages at the biogas unit, working time, kilometres travelled). These tools can be used to inform preliminary projects.

The hybrid dynamic system Approzut simulates different supply policies/options of a collective treatment plant by multiple biowastes producing units (Guerrin, 2004) (Figure 7). This treatment plant could be an anaerobic digestion process (see USB Stick folder WP2 Supply).

Figure 7: Supply configuration of material flows at the territory level in the Approzut simulation model; PU: bio-wastes production unit; TU: bio-wastes treatment unit i.e. biodigester (after Guerrin, 2008) More recently, another logistic model, entitled UPUTUC, was designed by the team using the simulation plateform AnyLogic®. As Approzut, entities of interest of a territory are represented (bio-wastes production units, treatment units and consumption units). Its interface allows use by the practitioners (if you make it independent of the AnyLogic® platform). In Reunion, the tool has confirmed the proper functioning of both, the supply of the treatment units and the distribution of the by-product issued from the treatment plant, which is, for this latter, a gain compare to Approzut and that join the tool for the Agronomic management of the nutrients (Wassenaar et al, 2014).

PU

₁

PU

i

PU

n

TU

Biodigester

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… For which biogas technology?

A literature study census 9 existing models for the design of a biogas which 3 Excel® spreadsheets, 1 designed with Access®, two in HTML format on the internet and 3 other executable softwares. Among these models, 3 were selected because open enough to compare the results. These models are:

1. Gaz de ferme v1 (Gdf), Excel® spreadsheet, ADEME France, 2007 2. BioGas Calculator v1 (BGC), executable, WFG Germany, 2009 3. Methasim (MTS), website methasim.ifip.asso.fr, IFIP France, 2012

Figure 8: Methodology applied for the choice of biogas technology comparison tools and adaptations needed for a use in WABEF

The model of technical-economic analysis of biogas: Methasim©_{developed by IFIP (French}

Institut du Porc) is being adapted for use in West Africa through the integration of a local bio-wastes features database and a recent biogas plant features database (Figure 8, see USB Stick folder WP1 Techno comparison tool). This operation is in progress. It is provided by our colleague J.L. Farinet, technologist, who tries to finalize it when his health allows him. The model will be posted on the WABEF website as soon as it is adapted. A biogas project owner needs to make a reasoned choice of which technology to implement for a specific context. This tool will allow one to test different intake ratios and technical options to calculate mass balances and economic balances for different biogas technologies. The user can then compare them. This tool can support actors in the development of their preliminary project.

How to use the biogas?

The biogas issued from the methanisation process is composed of 50 to 80% of methane (CH4), 20 to 40% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 0 to 3% other gases such as hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO). This composition is closely related to the

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composition of the bio-waste intake of the digester. The methane content of the biogas allows the production of energy.

The valorization of the biogas produced by a biogas unit depends on the purpose for which the unit was installed, the volume of biogas produced, the energy needs of the site and the project holder, possible outlets, etc. The seven recovery routes introduced below require all a preliminary stage of biogas purification: dehydration to remove condensates and retain the calorific value of the gas, desulfurization to eliminate the risk of corrosion of pipelines and engines, decarbonation also to eliminate the risk of engines corrosion if the gas is liquefied. Similarly, the silica-based compounds (i.e. siloxanes) must be removed. Heated at high temperatures, they can cause irreversible breakdowns to engines due to the deposits they generate.

Heat production

Heat production is the natural and most direct way of using biogas. By combustion the biogas produces heat with 90 % efficiency. This approach is used in small-scale situations, particularly in the context of national biogas programs in the South, allowing access to a clean cooking method. It is also used in large-scale agro-industrial units to supply boilers.

Electricity production

This recovery route is suitable for installations producing a large volume of biogas and having no need for heat. A motor or a biogas turbine allows the production of electricity by an alternator. Low electrical efficiency (20 to 40 %) is a disadvantage and electricity purchase rates, if injected into the national power grid, must be incentives.

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

This recovery route combines the production of electricity and the production of heat. Electricity is produced and valued according to the same principle as for a standalone electricity production. Heat is recovered from the engine cooling and exhausts systems for internal use or external proximity use; allowing to increase the efficiency.

Injection of biomethane into the city gas grid

This recovery route approaches the 100% of efficiency since the gas produced is not transformed. The biomethane must contain a minimum of 97% methane. As for electricity injected into the national grid, biomethane procurement tariffs must be attractive given the high levels of investment for biogas purification, biomethane odoring and grid connection. In France this recovery route is possible since 2011 and all biomethanes are not injectable. Thus, biomethanes derived from the methanisation of sludge from urban sewage treatment plants and special industrial waste (e.g. paper sludge, etc.), are not injectable.

Injection of electricity and biomethane into grids

This dual recovery route allows a biogas unit to simultaneously inject the electricity produced in the national electricity network and the biomethane produced in the city gas grid. The biogas unit combines the benefit of the two incentive schemes for the purchase of electricity and biomethane.

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Page | 22 Biomethane fuel or Natural Gas Vehicle

The cleaned biogas containing at least 97% methane is compressed to be liquefied. It can then be used as fuel for vehicles whose engines have been adapted to biomethane. This system is well developed in some urban communities where public transport operates with this fuel; the garages being equipped with Gas Natural Vehicle stations. It is also well developed and used in Sweden, Austria, Germany and Switzerland where many personal vehicles run on biomethane. However, this recovery route requires the development of a suitable technological chain. In France, it is envisaged on a smaller scale in mountain areas.

Tri-generation (heat, cold, electricity)

This recovery route, still undeveloped today, allows producing simultaneously electricity, heat and cold. It is not very profitable for small units. However, several manufacturers are interested. A simple calculation tool to assess the use of the biogas through direct use or electricity generation, available as a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet in English and in French was designed by WABEF (Figure 9). The part of the Business plan on the financial parameters was more easily placed in a separate sheet that could immediately render the financial results (see USB Stick folder WP2 Biogas use). This exercise was found to be highly interesting for the practitioners interviewed on the systems. They had never obtained such insight in their social business of biogas.

Figure 9: Extract from the cash flow tool used to evaluate the valuation through direct use of biogas and electricity generation illustrated by the results of the two demonstration centres

What agronomic management for bioslurries and their nutrients?

After the anaerobic digestion process and its storage, the bio-slurry is sanitised and deodorized. The germination power of weed seeds is also annihilated. The fertilizing and soil-conditioning properties of the bio-waste intake are preserved or even optimized in the sense that its major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium or NPK) can be used.

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− Raw bioslurry for direct application to agricultural soils. This is the general practice in Europe

− Compost. The raw bio-slurry is composted with a carbonaceous support (straw, wood chips, green waste, etc.) Composting eliminates pathogens that would not have been eliminated during biogas production. And this is the only way, especially in France, to obtain a standardised product that escapes the status of waste regarding regulation − Liquid fertilizing material. The liquid fraction obtained after phase separation can be

evaporated or filtered to reduce the water content and produce less bulky solutions rich in nutrients that can serve as liquid fertilizer. This liquid fraction also allows recovery, by stripping nitrogen, of a concentrated solution of ammonium sulphate; and by precipitation of the phosphate and ammonium ions, struvite crystals

− Inoculum. The liquid fraction is reintroduced into the anaerobic digestion reactor to catalyse and stabilise the methanisation process.

The utilisation of bioslurries as a fertilizer benefits both farmers and the environment. By applying bioslurries on soils, the nutrients contained in the bio-waste intake are brought back into nature to be incorporated into new organisms and to continue their cycle. By replacing mineral fertilizer with local fertilizer, farmers will enjoy financial gains. The clear picture of the advantages regarding the application of bioslurries as a fertilizer stays, however, in the shadow of regulations – at least for now.

As part of her Certificate of Individual Professionalizing Course in Agronomy, Audrey N'Diaye, engineering student at Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie, Toulouse, France, supervised by CIRAD, designed a user-friendly Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet, Ferti-Mbaay, a calculator to support farmers fertilizing with organic residues including bioslurries (Figure 10). This tool guides the fertilization of market garden crops, but can be developed to include new crops and new organic residues. The development of this tool raised questions about the availability of the data necessary to implement this simple calculation (see USB Stick folder WP2 Nutrients agronomic management > Fert-Mbaay).

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Biogas technologies cannot be developed without institutional support at national and local level. Subsidies for installation of biogas units are needed to support further development and its sustainability, but also mixes of finances for equipment and recovery of by-products (fertilizers and biogas).

As part of his Master's thesis on Quality-Safety-Environment management, Sala Diouf, engineering student at Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Dakar, Sénégal, supervised by UCAD, implemented an agronomic test in the peri-urban market gardening area of Pikine. The objective of this trial was to compare the agronomic values and the health impact of different bio-wastes. This test was implemented on a lettuce crop comparing various fertilization methods including the bioslurry issued from the Thecogas biogas unit of Dakar abattoir, a compost issued from Earth Auger toilets, a compost of dried sludge issued from the WWTP of Cambérène, a market garden compost (see USB Stick folder WP2 Nutrients agronomic management > Agronomic test bioslurry).

The corrected lettuce yields per fertilization method are displayed in figure 11.

Figure 11: Corrected lettuce yields per fertilization method in tons per year. T0 = Witness; T1 = Compost of dried sludge issued from the WWTP of Cambérène; T2 = Market garden compost, current practice; T3 = Compost issued from Earth Auger toilets; T4 = Bioslurry issued from the Thecogas biogas unit of Dakar

abattoir

Depending on their tolerance to salinity, lettuce is likely to have limited growth and yields. The conductivity of the bioslurry from Thecogas, on average 6237 μS/cm, is very high. This salinity combined with an irrigation water supply with high salinity and with an acidic soil explains the low yield obtained by the T4 treatment; despite efficient nutrient levels (NH4+ and NO3-) much

higher than the levels assessed in the other treatments.

What feasibility of the whole value chain?

A business model is a specific descriptive framework enabling an organization to demonstrate the feasibility of its project, to show that its business objectives are in line with its operational practices, and also a tool for collaborative work and a communication medium. A business model canvas for the biogas system should have the following features:

− Comprehensive in terms of looking at the whole biogas value chain; − Easy to fill in for the practitioners;

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− To fit both commercial as non-commercially operated systems;

− Providing insight to the practitioners and operators on where there is scope to improvement, cost reduction as well as income enhancement;

− Fitting to a canvas standard backbone.

WABEF’s spreadsheet format (Microsoft Excel®) in French and in English proposes a business model to address the feasibility of the value chain (see USB Stick folder WP2 Value chain feasibility):

Bio-wastes for Energy and Fertilizer (BEF) business canvas

We started from the business model framework for social enterprises, developed to support entrepreneurs, visionaries and stakeholders, to identify how an organization could create economic, social and environmental value (after Osterwalder, 2004 - https://www.blankcanvas.io/canvases/social-enterprise-canvas). Next, we turned the generic questions into biogas system specific ones as into simple blocks. The resulting canvas was then converted into the MS Excel spreadsheet that allows easy manipulation and also the addition of evaluative numbers. It can then be used to value the information in the reply to the question. The business canvas was tested on the two demonstration biogas systems at AEDR-Teriya Bugu in Mali and at Songhai Regional Centre in Bénin that are partners of the WABEF project. Two other qualitative models are suggested to analyse sustainability and maturity.

The FIETS model has been developed in the Dutch WASH alliance project

(www.washalliance.nl), and adapted by RUAF. This model aims to assess the progress and sustainability of a project or programme, looking at financial, institutional, environmental, technical and social aspects (Figure 12). This exercise is therefore based on the evaluator’s knowledge of the project and should follow a number of suggested recommendations (stand-alone project evaluation, comparison of a range of projects, monitoring and evaluation or post evaluation).

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The other tool was developed by the FACT Foundation for larger biogas programs in Africa. The

Product Market Cluster tool for policy makers and strategists was adapted for WABEF. It looks

at the potential for the development of a biogas value chain; i.e. knowledge available to decision-makers or policy-makers, to enable them to develop appropriate policies. Such a new activity for a given sector of activity (for instance energy and fertilizer) can only be successfully introduced if this sector is stable and growing; This affects the willingness and ability of entrepreneurs to invest in biogas projects. Policy makers need to take a number of steps to establish a good basis for developing policies and strategies development: defining potential renewable forms of energy and fertilizer; selection of priority forms; selection of criteria to be used; features of the selected forms.

Biogas can contribute to the energy needs of West African countries as part of a locally-appropriate (renewable) energy mix, while addressing a number of other sectoral challenges. It is therefore important to stimulate integrated planning and coordination processes to overcome sectoral approaches.

Activity 3.1:

Make operational two plants: Instrumentation for demonstration purposes

In order to make more operational Songhaï Regional Centre and AEDR-Teriya Bugu for demonstration purposes, instruments to better monitor the biogas plant implemented on-site were purchased in Europe (purchase done by CIRAD for the account of AEDR-Teriya Bugu; due to trading difficulties with Europe; Refusal to sell because of the customer Malian origin and banking difficulties mainly). The different types of materials acquired are:

− Laboratory equipment and analysis − Biogas measurement equipment − Safety equipment

The equipment acquired are presented in Table 7.

Table 7: List of the machines, tools, flask set, sampling and personal protective equipments for the monitoring lab at Songhaï Regional Centre and at AEDR-Teriya Bugu

Machine, tools for monitoring lab @ Songhaï Regional _Centre @ AEDR-Teriya _Bugu

− Biogas generator 1 --

− Nénuphar Tarpaulin 1 --

− Electronic portable biogas analyzer 1 1

− Small desiccator 1 1

− Portable thermometer 3 1

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− Stainless steel thermocouple probe 4 1

− Low Pressure Gas Meter G4 DN20 2 --

− Low Pressure Gas counter type G6 DN32 2 --

− 15 kg/16 kg Precision balance 1 1

− 0.5kg Precision balance -- 1

− Asher/Calciner 35 liters/15 liters (1100°C) 1 1

− Drying oven 1 1

Laboratory flask set @ Songhaï Regional Centre

@ AEDR-Teriya Bugu

− Laboratory Test Tubes 50ml 4 4

− Flat bottom Ballon 4 4

− Erlenmeyer 250ml 4 4

− Tube abductor 2 bends and 1 hook 4 4

− Tube abductor 2 bends 4 4

− Pyrex Erlenmeyer narrow opening 200 mL 2 --

− Pyrex Erlenmeyer narrow opening 1000 mL (lot of 10) 2 1

− Graduated cylinders polypropylene 500ml 4 4

− Glass filtration flasks 500ml 4 4

− Stop 2 way valve 2 4

− PVC tube crystal, flexible 4x6 2 4

− Tapered Polyethylene caps DIN [Réf.BOUCHPETS] Lelaborantin

2 4

− Means rubber caps (set of 50) [Réf.703523TS] Lelaborantin 2 4 − Perce cap 12 sizes from 4 to 18 mm [Réf.703677TS]

Lelaborantin

4 4

− Burettes pyrex 50ml PTFE 4 4

− Clamp Mohr 4 4

− Porcelain mortar with pestle 500ml 4 4

− Thermo regulator 4 --

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Sampling equipments @ Songhaï Regional _Centre @ AEDR-Teriya _Bugu

− Plastic zip bags for sampling (different sizes, lots of 1000 and 250)

-- 5

− Sampling bottles HDPE 1000ml (lot of 50) -- 3

− Sampling telescopic tube 1.15/3.0m -- 3

− Stainless steel sample beaker 1000ml -- 3

− Variable angle sampling beaker 2000ml -- 3

Personal protective equipments @ Songhaï Regional _Centre @ AEDR-Teriya _Bugu

− Laboratory coat L -- 6

− Disposable protection suit L/XL (lots of 50) -- 2 − Pairs of nitrile gloves S8/S9 (lots of 12) -- 6

− Crusader flex heat-resistant gloves -- 15

− Protective face masks FFP2 (lot of 20) -- 15

− Colorless crystal protection glasses 30

N/A

At Songhaï, the new generator acquired during year 1 is installed and operational as well as the monitoring laboratory (Figures 13 and 14).

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2016

Songhaï as part of its contribution to WABEF project has also undertaken improvements on his site and built a slurry pit of a capacity of 525 m3_{for the production of biogas. On the top of this}

slurry pit a capture and recovery tarpaulin of biogas, commercial brand: Couverture Nénuphar,

i.e. in English water lily coverage/tarpaulin) is being installed, bringing the total capacity to 735

m3_{(Figures 15).}

Figure 15: Improvements of the bioenergy area dedicated to biogas at Songhaï Regional Centre, Porto-Novo, Bénin

Currently, Songhai Centre in Porto-Novo produces an average of 1,300 m3 of gas per month, supplying two generators with a total power capacity of 75 kW for the production of electricity. This off-grid electricity production satisfies 10% of the energy needs of the Centre at an average price of 111 FCFA/kWh. Bioslurries (11 tons/week), by-products of methanisation, are used for

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the fertilization of 5 ha of crops (market gardening and fruit production) and 2 ha of fish ponds. This helps to avoid the use of 1.4 tons of chemical fertilizer per year.

The interactions between the sectors of the Center, some being sources of bio-wastes or energy generation and others being sinks allow generating in a distributed way the energy necessary for a broad and inclusive socio-economic growth in rural and urban areas. Based on this nexus food – wastes –energy enhanced by information and communication technologies, Songhaï proposes this model of African rural green city in Bénin, Nigeria, 15 other African countries and to the world.

At AEDR-Teriya Bugu, the bioenergy mix supporting its operation is based on the production of 8,000 liters of Jatropha pure vegetable oil per year, the seeds of which are bought at 100 FCFA/kg from 55 producer cooperatives (25 to 30 members each). The electricity produced by two 25 kW and 33 kW bicarburation motors supplies the independent grid of the platform and the village of employees (500 people). Photovoltaic solar power allows water to be pumped into the Bani River and crop irrigation, while solar thermal allows hot water to be supplied to community activities. The methanisation of Jatropha cakes in a Transpaille® with a capacity of 50 m3 completes this mix by producing biogas (12,000 m3_{/year) for the kitchens of the centre}

and bioslurries (7 tons/year) for the crops (Figures 16 and 17). This production of electricity and biogas allows Teriya Bugu to reach its energy autonomy and save more than 35,000 liters of diesel per year, i.e. around 1,400 Euros/month. The activities of this platform thus benefit nearly 7,000 people in the community of Korodougou.

Figure 17: Two biogasholders of 50 m3_{capacity each} at AEDR-Teriya Bugu, Mali. © M. Kamaté, 2015 The Transpaille® and the biogasholders have been upgraded and revised as part of a previous project funded by the French Global Environment Facility (FFEM) and the French Development Agency (AFD) on the development of the Jatropha sector in Mali and Burkina Faso.

WABEF has provided equipments for monitoring the technology itself and the anaerobic digestion process to support the viability of the model and the promotion of anaerobic digestion of bio-wastes in Mali (Figures 18 and Figure 19).

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Figure 18: Renovated room at AEDR-Teriya Bugu ready for the implementation of the laboratory

Kamaté, 2017

In order to operationalize the monitoring materials acquired and to support the training of practitioners and students, Songhaï and AEDR-Teriya Bugu have drafted protocols for the use of equipment and acquisition of references, including biogas production potentials (see USB Stick folder WP2 (Educational Pack_Posters > Lab monitoring procedures).

Activity 3.2:

Make operational two plants: Educational package for demonstration purposes

On each centre in Bénin and in Mali, in order to make them operational as demonstrators, signs have been designed to allow the visitor to clearly identify the material. Permanent educational posters describing the technical features of the equipement and the way they are running. Videos were produced for a dynamic display of the process operations.

In Bénin at Songhaï, the posters (4 posters and 3 kakemonos) are positioned along Songhaï biogas value chain and are perceived as a real attraction giving an added-value to the technical tour (Figures 20 and 21). They serve as supports for questions and discussions held by visitors who ultimately seek to learn more.

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The 3 posters displayed in Figure 19 are also displayed in AEDR-Teriya Bugu in Mali and in one of the experimental station of ISRA in Sangalkam near Dakar where 2 biodigesters are operating.

Two videos (PORTO-NOVO.mp4, 3’26” and BIOGAZ_SONGHAÏ.mp4, 23’20”) were produced by Songhaï. The first video presents in an aerial view the Songhai centre with a zoom on the bioenergy zone and the new biodigester with the Nénuphar coverage funded by WABEF. The second video, which is longer, presents in detail the value chain of biogas at Songhaï from the collection of bio-wastes to the valorization of biogas and digestates. This second video is a real educational support with the testimonials it contains (see USB Stick folder WP2 Educational Pack_Posters > Posters&Handbook + Vidéo biogas Songhai).

In Mali at AEDR-Teriya Bugu, the 2 posters constitutive of the educational package were edited and two hand-made signs were designed to indicate the way to AEDR-Teriya Bugu’s place and the possibility of visiting a green tourism centre based on an integrated system equipped with an anerobic digestion process (Figure 22, see USB Stick folder WP2 Educational Pack_Posters > Posters&Handbook).

Figure 22: Diagram of a Transpaille digester;The whole biogas value chain operating in Teriya Bugu, from the bio-wastes to the byproducts energy and fertilizers; Model of the roadsign to indicate AEDR-Teriya Bugu and the educational package displayed on-site and a member of AEDR explaining integration and operation of the

biogas inTeriya Bugu

During this last period of the project (Year 3), AEDR-Teriya Bugu received many visitors nearly 450 in 2016 and 700 in 2017. Nearly 300 high school students and students were received on educational visits in 2016 and 400 in 2017.

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WP3 – Stakeholders involvement, knowledge transfer and awareness raising

Activity 4.1:

Involve relevant stakeholders for policy development from the action's results and targeted outreach to end-users

A combinaison of tools and means were planned to ensure that the main results of the action will be communicated to the relevant decision makers and end-users:

1. Dissemination to decision makers through a policy brief designed in a participatory way for policy uptake of the results by decision makers and institutional executives. 2. Dissemination to a world-wide audience of the results has been realized through an

article in the Urban Agriculture Magazine edited by RUAF Foundation. This article replaces the practical toolkit and the marketing and promotional material and targets the practitioners and the end-users on political framework and experiences.

3. Multi-stakeholders’ events for engagement and targeted outreach to end-users in the target countries.

A policy brief (4-pages booklet, 150 hardcopies in French and 50 hardcopies in English and pdf for printing on demand downloadable on the WABEF website) has been published to enable advocacy on the integrated development of biogas in West Africa for all target groups and final beneficiaries. It describes and illustrates why use of bio-wastes in biogas should be promoted, how and what policy and financial incentives are needed to promote a wider use of biogas. Five articles (16 pages, 300 harcopies in French and 200 hardcopies in English) of the Urban Agriculture Magazine n°32 entitled “Urban food-wastes-energy nexus and the private sector” edited by RUAF Foundation are devoted to WABEF results presentation and to the presentation of the engagement of Bénin, Mali and Sénégal in the development of the renewable energies and biogas. The full magazine and the WABEF sections are downloadable on: http://www.ruaf.org/ua-magazine-no-32-urban-food-waste-energy-nexus-and-private-sector. WABEF co-edited this issue n°32 of the Urban Agriculture Magazine (see USB Stick folder WP3 Policy Brief&UAM also in hardcopy).

The multi-stakeholder events were largely conducted in the direction of a broad organization and opening in Bénin and Mali in 2015. A radio interview was realized at the end of these events by Songhaï radio (cf. Invite WABEF 2015.mp3, 12’38”). We were able to reproduce this event only in Mali on July 21, 2017. Organized in Bamako in a tense security context, we were able to gather 19 institutional, NGO, school/university and independent participants (including 5 members of the WABEF team; Figure 19). At this meeting 4 major points were discussed:

1. The team presented the key concepts and results of WABEF

2. The Ministry of Energy and Water and ANADEB have made a regulatory point and presented the vision for the "Energy Sector, renewable energy and the place of anaerobic digestion in Mali" in the light of the sharing and discussions held at WABEF Regional School which ended 2 days earlier in Bénin.

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3. AEDR presented the feasibility of the biogas value chain at Teriya Bugu and in response AVSF discussed its vision on the necessary continuation of the development of domestic biogas in Mali.

4. This multi-stakeholder event ended with the presentation of WABEF advocacy and recommendations. A general discussion including the availability and sharing of data and the need for private sector involvement. However, the context remains very restrictive despite the wishes expressed by the institutionals. WABEF results, available at this time, were distributed to participants on USB sticks.

Multi-stakeholders event in Mali

This second meeting in Mali, however, created a modest community of practices around WABEF recommendations and available tools. This meeting served also as closing meeting of WABEF in Mali.

In Bénin, the WABEF multi-stakeholders event was largely opened in 2015, with a very small community working on biogas (see USB Stick folder WP3 Stakeholder_involvement > Multistakeholers event). Our partner Songhai felt that the organization of a second multi-stakeholders event was redundant with the organization of the WABEF Regional School which brought together the majority of actors in the Béninese biogas landscape (cf. § Activity 5.2 below).

Activity 5.1:

Upgrade an existing ODL module with the action’s resultsfor students’ graduation

A curriculum for practitioners and university training will be further developed for dissemination in specific Master programs in West Africa. The objective is to train technical executives able to: master the fundamental concepts, methods and tools for biowastes management and anaerobic digestion using the UVED e-learning curriculum (i.e. “knowledge”);