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Broose: A Practical Distributed Hashtable Based on the De-Brujin Topology

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(1)Broose: A Practical Distributed Hashtable Based on the De-Brujin Topology Anh-Tuan Gai, Laurent Viennot. To cite this version: Anh-Tuan Gai, Laurent Viennot. Broose: A Practical Distributed Hashtable Based on the De-Brujin Topology. [Research Report] RR-5238, INRIA. 2004, pp.16. �inria-00070760�. HAL Id: inria-00070760 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00070760 Submitted on 19 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Broose: A Practical Distributed Hashtable Based on the De-Bruijn Topology Anh-Tuan Gai — Laurent Viennot. N° 5238 Mars 2004. N 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--5238--FR+ENG. Thème COM. apport de recherche.

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