tha~:"aca~~Jrlc ~iainin"g

l ~

C~PTER"~."

INTROOQCT ION

,' , " ' .- ,

:" .

.:'Ilierat!'ion,,"~e-o~;thi~'i nt "ernlilhip,ae.withanyint.e r n ":,, 'Ship

·pro9r~e'.:

^is

tha~:"aca~~Jrlc ~iainin"g

^isbeat

ut:U~~ed if~t,

.;

'c:~~

^",be

/lPPl1lt~-.

^to

"l?r:a.Q~i:ca:i" ~ituaiio~8", ';~~nd

^-

'~h08e' a:~'~i iahl~'

^f

dl;lJ::ing

the :1J'C~~'e~'lC: 8ernest~i~:~~ t~e 'pr6<Ju~e . ,

^_

~ei:efor·~.

^as

-:'.

..

'.-,

~,.:" ,,~. --;,:;...;.;.;;;,,-~.-'-;.:-,-:.,':'~,:;

^...,.;

.. . .

^{- - ".}

~-"--'~..::..::.-( .. _{.:~: .: .}

,.

' :';'-"".

; "4:' :

': .-:

,:,1, "· '

^.:.:",".~.'.

',",:'.' 1..

.

,~~sDl~" of

^-t:h,e

:~~v~ent in·.·eritain.~ ~ lJr"in'~-

^the

l~.lIt

tobre akaway fro_"t h e eleven'pluB

el[_

It~ re su l t s frOfllthb "

.

~'i:'~ 'u~~a~ly' ~~~ide\d 'if

^a

e~.ll~·~ul~:be· eed :~~ ~n.aC~de.ie·

^:

~~8~.:'III~et,in9:e',

.th e·

~~~~ril '.~as il.i.~o. iiiclude~

..

i~ lIIe~t;i~:s~,wi~~ ~ll'

9~C!UP--'of:-Unde~qUdtillt.esPecilll~ucation ~t ud ent8 fro~'"e1IlOCial':: '

~n'i~'~~~Fy~ :~~~ .~Ul~· b~-~e~~i~~~~i~~

^a

·~pe.c.·~Pl '~~~ia~i_on .> .

t .in,~,:r,~sh~p'i~B~rlow'd,ur~n9,the"~~~'p~ri,CH!'

': : ." .'

. : h ei .. ~i.::::;::f!:: ; .":; :~::;:r~+:":t:,"::,.T:.~:;;:;::··~;e " . "

-c~nBlIlte,d,ory II;d a il y,bas is-.'In,te.nllq:}e~tly.,mo r e:,fo rm,al, orpracti~~~.:.~tr.eiUl. 11'lIua~ly.ln.!Iep..,rte. ,~ch09~II·. Th~'c~Pt"~-:-•. '

. .-' ",henein's c h oQlco~lne.both·:thea der..!c andpr act!cal.s t rea. s

.,.~ ;~j:::,~:-~;~jth::;.;:,:.:::::~n:~~;~~;j;or~~:~ e:::':;?~:.: .:, :: . .. .

'~';"

^{Do,otioo" " '.. •.;.':: ..}

: . : . ,« . . :,:<:; .; ','\ .. ., ..' -:

,,'.

'~/

^{. Th e}

int:rnll~ip

wa,s propose:dtoext;end overa t,birte en ; \

>;f~.'~>week

^{leriod.'

~Ho~ever"

_{, ,} ^{due'to some}_•

i~ltiAl

^{pro bl ems t}_'^{h i s'tillle}_: ^\_'.^{\. \"}_{r •}

. '."was reduced to justunder,twelve weeks,begi n n ingMa y 2, 1980,. ,

:. ~.:·and'.~onC~!I~.in'g~- Juiy 11, · tI9~O.;

^{....\ .'}

'.,~

^..

~

^{, -, " I,'.}

· s~per~is~Ori and , Ev ~lu"ation'· . "

^{v:'. , , ' _ . ,.,. \._:.}

SlIperv b i onof the internbeqilJlpriorto diestartof

l '

~th"

^...

i ,ntern~~i~ w~t~.

preplilnniuq

~eetiD9~ inv~lvin9

^the

inter;.~

^{.r _••-•}

...andthe'univeraityauper vi aor . 'l'be lle covered Buc tb t opicsas the~ •

placealent;the

re.ea~ch pr(ne~,

^{and :ra.:'el: In}addit l o n to . •'.

-'

;'.

Chapter II ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this chapter is to report on the intern's involvement and experiences during the period of the internship. This will be done in relation to the objectives for the internship as outlined in chapter I and will follow the general headings of Orientation, Community Pupil Personal Ser- vices and Community Resources, Individual and Group Counselling, Student Evaluation, Staff Consultation, and Professional Growth.

As was expected, many of the objectives outlined in the proposal required various degrees of modification. The internship, due to planned flexibility, allowed for change. As a result, the intern was able to adapt quite suitably to the setting. Some of the Lrrt.e r nta experiences did not fit under any one particular objective and will be discussed under several objectives. Due to the wide range of activities, space does not permit a report on all of the experiences which fulfilled a particular objective, however the most useful ones will be identified.

I. ORIENTATION

All of the intern's experiences were, in various ways, useful in helping him to develop a broader view of guidance and counselling. There were two main components to the or ientation experience. The first was to become accustomed to the work and responsibility associated with full-time placement in a school.

1,1

n"ot.opfy in theongar_ ,Com'~ieh~n8iveSc h o ol , but in dth'er 8c~ools i~~heregion. (see Sec ti on.n . )' :

.' .

~The-

^internhad initial lyhoped.tome et

Wit~

^Mr.

~ugh

al~86't.h~AreaEOub~tionOff1cer. I t

-« .

~hat_heco~~d .'\

provide'the"Lnt.er-nwi t h adee~er'in si g h t 'i~to-thQ:.Brf:ti s hEd'~ca- ^'.

~::nj:::::;~r;:: ::r::::::: :::::n:::u:e::p:to::::::nZ st-

therewas.n t-tle opportunity fot-(iiscus~ ion^of'the'·i~te'rn81'1iip·.

"- "" :-',, . . .."., ,: : , .' "':. ,', ' ' ,-

""- .'~' ,.;"' .

'-'," -.": <, ',-. . ,.-. - . :.;,., " :"" ',,"

I I.",!COMMU N1TY':PUPIL""'PERSONE'L"SERVICES AND·COMMi.JNIT'Y -RESOORCES

~:. irripo;~~~~ :co~~on~~~ . ~f" -'th'e-" i~~~~n~'~ii:; - ~as '. ~" b~~J~e' ,

':"~ ~~~il'i~~ '~'~;h _;~th~:~··- ~c.~~_i,~,, ~;~~·" i~ f~ria1·''~9'~~~~'~a ~:.~n·

^..

~~e.' E,~~~~: '.' ~

Area:. '~es'~:,mae.tJ:~'js^....e'r~"g~n~~~.llY.k~r"an~~'^by.~he.·fi el.d 8~pervi80t'8'.'ti.owever,others'....ee e arranged

' b¥

the:' !ntero:"or universit"y.8up~rvi8or: ^{':As'thesemeet'ing8....}er~^{a··majorpartOf,}

t~e' int~r~B~~p. .

^{', , '':'the y}

. a~e '~'eported

^"

~l~W

^in"

~~me de~;;:ii.·. ^.

^';

. , .: ~~~t '~,fter

^t.h

^y .st~~.\Of, t.h~

^..

~~~~rn~h~:p-,: ",~

^-,

An.t~Ony

A~f isonr the?,reaEduca tiona.l,Psycholo gIst ,.invited Or.Gar11e 'a'n(l'·:t.li~·:interl~~~to'vi'~it'~'o~e:.~~hPols'in,,~lle'~~se'xar-e a,·,'~hS"

, , : '

:

,p'~i~~e " ~f-p~~ '-'~j:~'~~

^{wa s}

-'~o' b~~~me' ~~~j\1a·r::"~i~~:·.~i~8~,·pre?~~.:~ici~~--'-'-+e."-",,,-

. .•. _~u:{:~=~ -::~:::~:::o:t~::::::::~~~:.s~::~:2rw::: : _~r"';

ganiZed·.s'Choo!.~~·,t~e'~hild.ren:'lll.'~·~i~.ld~~.i n t ogr"c~I?~,ba.se~:~.

ag e).nd:me'~talablllty,...The,",Educa tiona i i

y '

SUbn~rmal"'(ESNlchi l -

'~ren' a~e ·,tau~~~~~~·· '~~~i. S~~~ol.· ~U~~i~U~um'

^to·..

·tha·~'~~.: ~f'

^'.

"',,-".-" ','J',:.',,..-- ,' " .- -' ." <.j',' ;' , ".,'.'-

< : " '- " '"'- ':" , , '..'

i~II<,.,~_' :'".. ~Zi g~~~ J~;""., ou,," '"

".. . ,.. ....>::~:

· " . ' ,:

r,qU'ghton. Asthe Stllt'ish"-equiva"l ent~f'a'Can~di anpdmary

·S~J:l991 ·. ·" it::'

^.i's

h~re that.··lIlany;~f .t,'he ~hhdr"enS I prob~e~s a~e fir~~"

child " n,, ...•.. ..~ \~.'

1-c~-,-'-~--,-'--,-'----:~'A9-'t~e'.,in~ern,!hip prog,re~se'~ . t&e,"int er n,v is i t ed;"tlUI'll-'

~er ', of,o~her"s·choole .

^The'

fi r~~'

^of

t~e~.e

^{wa s}

sheil~~

·S;~OOl. ~t ~~ 'a .~f~'eder~.' 1J~'hool"to

'. '

...

;'

..

,

,~,.

~~~11·'·7~- .'<\~:- . '

¹³

h: ~P;~oi~,on tO.

^{theint e,n's}

p,eo~noept1D;'

^{: , the}

~';t1Sh

I

,s ta-te',s c h o ol'system. . ' ....

" _\ _{I " ~ · . :~e ·i~tern :ma~·e .twC? 'ViS~t:S}

to

ChiP~ing On9a~ ~unior ^'<

SChOP1'\,~,con~ec~ion

^\Withthere sea r c h'.

com~nen::.

^{.Bc:'t h•.of-t h e s,e}

-: visAspro vid ed.an

~,pportuility:to

^"eng'a ge,'!," activi Ues

beyond~ ' ~i

.the

tt~earc.~. ." "".

first

\Vi~~t, . th~ .i~t~rn .:a , 1f ;l~~n a his~ :

^{. _("}

;O.~.i.:eacc:o~nt ~,oft,~ ~o,wr ,

^\£:,.0.09 ar,-,

~~- th~. 8e~o~~_ .Vi:_S.~t,'

^{Un ;}

some,OftJ.le.BcIiOo+.clas se-S-rt he lnt,ernspoke'about.".8t:ld,ans wered I

~~_~~9\~,n~s.- ..on .: ,~:~~~~f~:i~n~.: !~n~i,,-.ca~ad~.:·. · ^{Th e} '--i'n~e~n, :~.b.s·~.r·~'~1-:t~"t~-~ 7 , . :_

the"ch ild ~en..we,~~_qu.tt_~·,~d~.-~ nf_~~med',~~l!,:~a~~r,~o,,7e arn.

',".' "\:,. ; ,>~n,e ,',.o:~ '~~~, .~~:~t,!~n:t~re~~ing:" SCh~~~'.~'i"~,:~~,,~~~', to'::,,:_.:,:,'.':~: ^'/_

~~r~~~-r,~I~~ ~~r:SC~:o~l:.in~~,~,~:~ot'r,,~~otlah~.^{, .}~i~,1l,~S,i1;Pt:~-"' ⁾ vIde d'a n exc ell entoppor1elhity:forth e,int ern to'ga in.fur ther' , k,no_,,

' w~e~~

_\

,'~ '~bo~t

_{. ,,,,}^.rur,_.

~i" Scjtt1'~h'-

_{I ,}

~~~OOl,~ ~,'

_" ^.ThlS'''SCh OOl,_.·;n con-

II

_'

<",t r M t,

tf',O~h~r ,B tit,~8h

...

~bhC:)Ol? V~'Bite:d '-,~~~ r SlO~ :P~¢:~

and'

j

.;

seem~~, \o'

^fit

W~ll,,~into

^{/th e}

, ·co~unity. .~~~ h~~d~~,ste~', ~ ·.~ec ~l~t

p,sych~lo9Y9"r'ad~at,ey..,ar.able tounderstan~the lnter n' s ..1 .:

;esea~e~:"'and _{." " 'T}

_~',~".,

~ffe~ed _{' .. ' "} ~d~e

_I.'-

wort~"'hile

_{", .:}

'lCrltieis~'

_{,"," '"}^of_'^·_,"^{th e}_{" ,'}

re~ear'ch

_~i

p~~n.:.:

M tn:,

,o~" .~~e.,,~~:,00 1'~,~aU In,v:ue~:he ~.n~~r,n'.-i.n~o~~~~':..

•elasse~,~C?,s,~eak'Wi~h ,the:~hi1d,r,en. ,I~fact,s~lll,eOf,:t,~e ,.c~lil,~:

~ren~tar:d ~a.ft~r

^SC

,~.~l .

^to

:diSC~ ~S t~~ ' ~'ntern: s -j~~ ~,~.d ~if~:'

^in,

, canada;'~ Th"'~t t e na1,o h~d~he ~p~~~u.i~y

^to·o= I,. , : the acre m a1,<tt1n of

0" "

Comp eeheos 1vesc h e e f. ' ththat of

' ,B~_~y~.:, G~+'e co~p~ "he~,~i';~.~,S~.hO~'l:·:~o~'a~~d .·~~ . t~~:".'~r,~~n ,~~~t,~ng:',~f:'

., ,10 '. They .d ' ffe , e . o e 'seemed toheths t theohUd'.nat

l . ,

·.,dl

"B\o!I.y8Grov eScho"olwere more'

Hkely '

to.

be

inv?lv~d

in

th~fads

~ftheday'a ndsuc h'prOblems.\4s drinkingan~.gi~~.s~,i~fing .

Two ofthe,la s t school v LaLt amad~byEh e tritern"were to Li tt.1eParn8:ori·Juni o r School and Li ttl e"pa rn d on"In f a nt

$chool,in'

Ue

't own of 8llelow.' meee

'v~sits

were

~lso-' connected

'.. . .; .",

..

' .

'. "

^{-.'. ~"}

withthe intern's.research~wever"theypl'ovidedmany ',of.t h e-

sa~e ,:learn in~ -~pp.~rt~niti~

^as

t~~ O,~her' S~h~Ol~ ,v~site~

^.":.':

:_~

^..

': ~

.'

'i6~ .~d ·.::;::::'.::,::~::o: ;:~::~::::n:::.:~·:,:2.~;;~~ :

~,int .o~·_, :~isltiri~:~ ~'t;her" ~g~n~ie~,· i'il th'~" Es~'~~·:. ar~.

^-

~ll: 'qf ',,·~_

\~···.::::\t;:£;;E::!:~~T:~:~~n:::: ::~i:~:::: ':::~m~:: " :;~'

sc.h~Ql. ^was,tot,heHa~l..~Wca.re~fs^{Of Hee•.,Thi s}'ia:st~q.^{..,two :n<l.}

one -half,days andpro v i dedth~,internwith aeomprehensheview of

t'h~ c~r~er' :pt~~n i,~g

^.

;~Cil.i~ie8 f~,rEs~e.J[

stud,ents..

.

^' .

YOl]n~

person

~~" f~'n~ln9 ' ~~pioyment

"':he'n.

h~

leaves sc ho o·l.:

~t

deafs~ithev~iy.s t ude n twho is,com~ieti'~g~~:fifth'f or m~it'h'the"

" 'e~eeP7ion

^{,9 f}

t~~'~e' ~t~d~nts who : Ph~s.e, ~?90

^--o.n

,~o

^the,

' six'~b

·~or-;.

^(t'orlii

.r~ff;s '

^toth e',ye a:r'.,or'

'l~vel.:.i~<.8eCond.arY:

se'h oo'il •

,

~ ·stude~~s.'1Uay ~~1'aC~~aint~d, ""~h ~he

.ca ce,er·s·..

~:f~i~e as" ,;~~~iY

^as

,~~et~~rd:form\ ,,:oweve r,: _a,ctu~}..can~a.c~.~su~~;tY,<lo:ea.:?ot,.~tar.t .untilab!)ut'fO,cm,fiv e•.To,.a.lilllited;~exten.t,.the ~ncY,alSo"

~" /

"

-'~,...:,;;po.

1 1~-:

"'\ ,

"

. ,

in 20 compr e h e n si v e schoo ls. Dueto the. 1ncreasing"ly ,dlffi-

.

' . ~ .

.

"',cult ta sk of findingelllploy.en t._n y~t~~entsreceivegov er n- me nt·ben~.fit8.when theyte a c h 16. Othera IlJl.PlaC edin You th OpportunitlCenter~ ~nt.il^suitableelilploY-ento....canbe'foun~ .

. . ';.be~l.S~,t '^{to the./Pi-e u·}~ffice^was d,lVid~^{hito se c-} tions. Each.s e c t i o nwa~·desi gn ed.toac q ua i n t the·i nt ern·with a

~~tiOP'l:r a~pect

of the"'

:erV:i~~" '~'-Th.~ fi ~8t

^deait

"'i~~ tll~

^-."

. worB.n'g5

1

of

th~ .ai~·' o~fice

^{an d}

'ho~

'y o u ng peoph

~r.e 'plac~d

^{in'.. '/}

~'·~Il·rio.~·! ~cc~~t·~~?,. l'~ c~~pu~e,~";r~~aDl

¹⁵

u8ed~ " ~f';iiar~:~o

^{.t h.er ..'}

~;o9'tam ~.~~O,IC~S~:,' {.COIIiP~teri,z,":d,.He.~r iB-~ic ~cupat:io.nal' In~e~t~ry

,

~~d ~ c~·r~.er

^','

,~xp'ioc~t, ~or,.sJstem~

^J':in.

~~~ilda,

^{•,..:' -':... ..','}

;~.,

^'

: Th e,

~~.~~

's e ct ion

'i~vol';ed' a visi~ ~o

'the yout:h'Oppoc- ._..tunitie s_..

·pcoq ra~e otf.i~~ .. ....

^' •.'^'

This' ., Offi"c'~ '

wa s setup

to .;co~·ide

,

,~~un9.p~opleWth.'e IllPloYlD e n t,f Qf",a perIcd ofupt.o sixmont h s . It',sll:lai~goali~top't~v!de',t h e·.-i ndh i d ua l wi i h the experience

'

..

^"

\ ;

\

RmpiOym~~,t 'and'I~i9tation'9if.i~e'.~.~,d~.a~i1lIlai~l,Yw-ith."th e • .non :Pto~e'S8"i o:nai.wOrker"'h oha;'few.jo b,~k ill! :.:It'&main func- tionsarejob',c~unBelUnqand,awar d ingune~Ployment ben.efit."·

. '. , .. ," ;.. \ '.. ,.i " . '.. ,

Ot.herdutie s.i ~ c.lu~I!!,irid uB t.~ i a l t.elat ~ on B .'jobre seeren,a,:,d, emplo yme n t·Btat la tic ••.

- \

.,-.:,.".

ca na d a.

...

. .

^,

Ano t \ errp'le of th eCa r ee r s Of~ i?e^is-thea&n1nistra - ,/t i o n.o f theDi sabledPe rsonaAct-asit. relate'sto-youngpeo~-le.

The care,,:rs-offic ear rll h g ed

.

forthe

.

In t ern toIlt~en'". ^amee~ing.

inwhi ch"this wil edi~cussed'~..The'actatat~st.}1at'fo~every'

thi rt¥wor kers whi ch anemployer.hires ,

he

m.uathir.e one handi ";

capp ed worke r. ..Th~c~reftrs^{.s eevr}ce ";orks wit~:Bocialworker'~

.. :.::::2

_{. t, 'c'" ..}

:;~E;~:;:;;;~S5

_{-. - _. .... - ..' ., " .}

(~//

.

"_. - ". ' . '. . '. " ,_. '..

Compreh ensive Soh ool ,_to'in tr odu c e the.care e rsseevfee to BOUle' .

~O~;th"

^{f; rin}

';t~~enta-; 'Dur~n9

.

the p~e8~~tadon. t.~e-_;

int entwas

\~l~en the':-~pp~~~iiitY- tQ~ 8pe~k

^{abo u t}

the" :'~c~'reerl;s

service'" in

. .

.

^{- -.:' " . .. ,'}

on t ....oocc asi ons , the inter nvi-sit edth eOn g a r cceseu- ,nity_C::l1n{ c.·This

\:l~~iC'

^{'i sse,tup to'}

d"eal' Wi~ ~~e. me~iAl~nd

peychologi c alne e ds -.of'the yo ut h of Ongar.",Onthe fi~8t,';iai t ,

, ,-. .f .' ._ . ' ' . ~ ..- _'-.. ..- '"'.

th e inte rn had the opportu ni, tytoparticipate,in. a-·d iscussion'on

..; : ::" b:n~::,i::,;~: , :: _. :::::r~::;iC:·~:~C:~:;::~;(::.::~:.l::':

ch ildabuseea ae, The internWllS,only~,.ob !ler.v e r:in,

this

'lIIe e t_-

. 'I

^ing. 'Anot h e r'day..

lon~· vi~:'t: ~~s~ -t.~':

^t.}l.e

,Il~par-;ment'

^.Of·:

s~~~al

:'. ~"erv-icesinlLou9hto~, Thi s'Vi~it_ w~s the'~esl;iltofa-c:b nta c< .

. ..'

V.~d~: ~~, -th~, C:hll~a~~ae : meet~.~q.;.,~. at. ~1).~,'~:~.r .~~~U~i~y: <;iinic

^•.•

/.Whilevl si-tinq_the'Department.the,inte_rn-aqc:ompa n ied-one:!ofthe

' J': .' - ,:" ,', ', .';.'

soCial....Ork. er~·on hie~ot:n i nground s•.:

/ /

/,

theChi~wellR~sidenti~lCe nte r, which_, is-.a faci lityfor~aduit9';:

" ,. -" . " '.

~ith"~~

^{The intern,wa s,.}

'a:TiG~'^ableto obser vet.tresocial wo rke rin

-his'

tr eatme {ltd£a

'.

: ''femsie \,sUffe~in9. from A,9~:.~PhObia . ,

^{'\' . , , : ' - ,_:' .,"}

~

e

In the' af t'i! cn oo n,the

~tern'

'wa s gi'en.an

'!!;ten~iv~

^..::'

-..?sse,s~udyto'revi6w ~:'concernin9aloc a l Chine~e.lad ywho>jq'~~ ..~

refusingherdialysis'

' ttes.t~ents. ,'~te'r,,~

^.the'

inte·~ri:ilc~oinpani~(1-.

^{.'' .,;.}

~no~~er s~~ i:al w -"o~:! ,~l Vi;Iil~-·~.~ \:h~~:· £~d~~S~~~~~;~~~~7":'~:~7

^,."

" ~-,- ' . , . . •' " ;';i::~"

-- ;;;.~:1:~~~~1~~~~f~:~f#~; _usU~li.y ~'/2;1,

're f e rre d,

'b y

,il

c~~prehen'~iv~ ' ,86hOO~""

^'The..

uni~:'~,im~ "'~~ :, ::' ._

p'r o;' ide'sDI~re ~t;uctured's'nd disciplIned'ieil'r~·i:'n~.e~vir~~ment

- .

^{;.', '} ,'~' ,. '

.

^" :'-'

'f ort~~se" stud e~ts:.'~,:n,this':af~,i9~ .fulfilled" t~e'y"a~~"

r~tu r~ed

ee

theC~:;lIIp~E;hen.si~eSchool.

O~e ~f,^the,more I.mpor~ar;~ViSits~'was,.to:,'thE; ",,,ea·

Educ~tion ~.o,ff~ce·. "

^The.

,'o'f~ice:D~nction s

^{to ove,re,e;'}

:.the ~e~l..:'

^....

b~ing

^of'

~hiid'r:en"in .BCh~~-~·.

^{one,of it's}

,~ai~" :fU~c~io~~

^{'i !3'tb',.....}

19 St ud e nt

nwnb~~

:t wo

~a8 '1l thirte~n";Y,,~r~Old

ma l e.

W~B " otHllirv~ed d~rin9"lhe '~riitial ln't,erv i'ew' ~h~t

^he

~a.B

e,xpe ri e n c - .

l~g

'a: '

,l c't ?£.t·rO~b~e-.~lthhis 8lJlf-im~gein:ihe'n e w ec nc or •.:The.

intern"att empt e denumber.o eeppc o achee'wi th the:1Soy ~..The s e t,i~cludedro le pl a y i n g "?ounee'lling.,.,a n d, f~nllily ; adiacuuio n

::i.h·, w~i~h

^h18

'hO~U~~' head

^{wa s}

ii1.\\Ol~ed . "f~ei::, ~the. f.~urt~

^.session;

the'Ii't udent'see ineato'lOBe"l n t.eres t and'began tom-isa~ppoint":·

:'_me~ts.

^-:

S~~" a~terward·s-; -.

^bJ.a

'a~~enda'~~~ a~ ' SChool:b~cain~ . ir~'egu~

:l~·i. ~~'d-hi~ ·-ca~·e·.;"a~': ~ef~~~'~i ~<'the" Edu~at(o~ '~~~~ar~' of·i·iri~·r'~-· :.;.;':

{':" ".-». ·\" A;·:i.:,~h~i~' ~tu~~'h'<7~~:~~'~'~:;'t~,,':~~:~~:'~·~.~~/

^'.

~~,it~;:~-~p~~:~ ,,:~,t~:

^':

.~~;

~lll late~,llgue,d;by,;h e,,.1':Jte;I\.~n?;,~o.u&e.:ll~~d,th.att~i,s,6.itua~

. ".ti on~ou ldha,v~ ::^to'Ch~Jlge,'be£o're':the' ~~hopl"co u'l ci'~^:0£,a:~y"-rea1:^.:

.,.. ~~.~e'~·lt; ,;::'.~~:~;~" '~elt"ith~t "~~:'~~~er p~~ti~:~:~i~~'~i~' .~~;:~ :6b.i~

c.

~,

. . '

^.

i~t~'~v~n~'~ta~'~ari iei-','dat e,',the,~eiul~mi ght''h~ve 'bee~'~or~

:"""',',:...'

.

favo l,1.rllble'. ".'

l

^St.udent numb e r threewa s a thirteen- year-oldgirl.

Sheh~dapent mo stofher lifetrave l li nginaGy ps yc.ar~ va n.

degreeof prog r ess,bo t h inher re ad ing an d.inher feelings

. .

.

about the situat ion.

,'"Vi .; ' '

S~udentnumberfo ur,was-:'li.fift ~eh-year -oldmale who,

;" , . . .. . .!

forvarious.r eae c ns ,'did not.likehi sDewschoo~l,ortown. Be disli bd theide a of h~ving,'^toieevehis'ol d frl'ends,andhi~^, gi rlfrIendiR-crd ertomove to.'asma lltown whi chhe Perc;ei ved

.

,',,,",-"-': , '":'

- .

^{',' --,'}

unde~~.chi.e~lhg. ,t~. ~rug- , ~8~ , " dth~9h t~:' . latter

^{wasveri!,ar:.in}

t~Oncnr-,are a. _ _ . . '

A

b ,as:'

^in'

wh i~h

^the

intEmi becam~' ·v~r~'.:invOlve~·'-~~~- , A"I

" '.~,~,r:~d .~:fo_~;t~e~-y~~,r~oid~'~o~-:'~~o ~a~bec:~~,

^'a

~.ll~t, ',:o~ .~~·e ~~' .

^".-

the.-'c~rr~n:.<~r_~;,~8~..•fa,d e:(~ k,inhe';d8--',inwRic h.·the.'in d ivid ua l; .sh~ve8:,'hi ~he~d".o.ft.e~,'~e,ai,8.;m~ii.~ar y co:mb.itdress;·,.;and"adop ts

:ve rY,~i9ht,wi ng'attitude] ; He-,;appare'ntlyjoi ne d'a ·Youth'g~ng

:!:,.il~d:" ~a8. inv~i~ed~ ' ~n ^{:,'drU 9} -:~~e , 'a'~d ~ad ',~eV~'~~'i' ~ri'~s~s .::, 'When', ~he ..

',';:

i:n'~:ern.:~;'~ ~'~ll~d , ~~',: 'th~"

^bO;':

hll~' ,~h8~d .ab~~t': t~;ee

^{'we: ke:,}

~f :

schoo l"and;,was,"~los~

to ,

beingezpe'iled.,'.:,The,itit e rn,: 'i nitia;ny',-

-.:,-'

b~~~'~'" ~o;--~~~:, .~i't~,.·~~'i!l '~~'~.d~,~~, ·:6ut~~~~~, ~~ : ~-~h~~_l~_.\i ~;,~' : < ,

^II

.',~~l~

th~OU~hj;own }.•,~.}t:~as^{felt"th e},boy,~U~d~~t~i.~CUSB^his'co,n~.

,picture of,t~ eboy 's sit ua,ti on; !-hein t ern'felti tbest tba,t a ,t e a m approa ch:be.e.mp.loY~d. Th e team, which' 'inc l udedthe houee

.

.

h? &.d't!..n.d,theEducat~~~,Welfare Of fice r allowed'.elmult an e ou econ- ' \ ta ct'with 'bh e. h ome, thestud e nt , abdmo r e di r ectl y,thesca o oj ,

ChangeiOhia'behavi orwas con t inu ing at

th e'

^{t.ime that.the}

-".ir1.t er ris h.ipended.

In'all'of:,~e s'a ca8~.~~ ~eachera^werecone ui.ee d. a,n<j,

,t~e'ir -i.nfom~

^tidn

, a~, a,dvi~e', p~ov.ed ',V~!Uable . H~'~ver

^,.with

~"','.r ",,:-. ,,',,' ,".,,' •'. .' ",__. ':',," ' ,':' ,,'.',. .:. ,:.

,~~qut"Be~en~y,teach,ers:,on8\a:f~ ,. ,the 7,~ckofdir,ect,.c~ll:tll.C,t;o-it h'

.

. .. ::t: ;·j;:£::,:::::~~:ZE:: ·· ;::~~~:~:1tfi~::n~t::?:~!t . .

. I~, ~~~i~'to'~ ,~t~' ~rkirig'.~~~h '~~ndivi~~ti:.'·~:~'~de'nt~ :' '~h~

^.

~'~'~er~

_,

"~ad ,'~a~y:

" ,

:c~~nCe8'

^{'t o}

'~eet', ~it~:'9'~~~~~

.

..

^{" ' ..}

d'~ri~g

^.,

:the ·.·i~~e~n-

ship... Foreiarnple ,~

t;wo

physi~~,l~~~~t'ion.Ch.88.8S'.were, lI.8signed

. " , - , '- , ",' . '

to th e,;inte r n ea ch.we ejc• .Acti,v.i"ties,'conducted.with t'heseetu-' • dents iOQlude,d'i:swi l'l'llning ,,t r ack:.lind'field,-~ild"".eight traln1.n~.

:' ;~~Ei in~o~~eine~tPr·~~.i,d~d t~~-, ~ain ,advan~~~; .

Fir&.tlY;i t ':.

a~iowed'" t~'~:, f~~ern

^-.

f·~e~u~~~.

^{ac.oe. d O}

.tudent"

^{wb Lch, in}

^tur~

~,.elP.~~ o~e~~e t~~.d'is~~~a~~ageOf".not-.bei~g" ? ".~.th;' "

.s~hoo~•.,Secondly , it'.en "!-bledt'he,l~~ern meet st udent s othe r

t~~~.\~os'~ .r.!J~r;ed .for·' i??un8eil'i~~'.·

^{'. . .}

' The- i~te'r,n:~,rti~~p,a'ted'

^{."i n}

a

·va l.UE;,e: .educ at:o n 15i;'o.g;am cal~ed^"Ms~art.i,~? ~ii'~",~8.~~'APp.~ndl~.~~ . _"I~,i~'bas~ed'~n ~

·:.~~·n-,~ rt vi,~eota:p~,:;,ae~,i~l ., ~h~h .d~~CU8ses:: ~OC1al;, ~~ra~,'

^.

a~~

^,"

..

~.r~ct·~ca,l:.,'~~s~~~,:

^..

o,~

^..

~~~e~~,~~' ~O '!'1i l~. '

^.·..

~tu_de;;ts:: v'~e~~ 'l1"

^.:

v.id ~ ota~~.at ttlebeg inn ~ ~g.o~-eech._~~,ss.ionand,·t h.en.di !!,c UU ed__

."

thequeetrLone ra ised on the tape. Many of

the

the me s-ca r r i e d ov er_.'fromss.sion·'to

seB~i~~.

^The_.inOte"rn'e_{. "}

eCh~dule ~id ,

^not

permi'thim to become in:volv~dinever yeeaeLon •.'ho....ever,"ther e

we~e ·am.p~~·

opporbinities

t~ e~ploy

^various'

~ounlell ln9

s'k i lls in

tho~e'-~e~lIi~nq~hicb'~edid"le ad.

In.order todemonstrate some of.bh e skills'usedin .:p~ychodrllma,and6ociodcama;-·.th eint ern alsoa"rr an 9 edto spend

th~ee

^{to''f our',}

ses~'i6n8'~it~ th~.·-fo~it~:-re~r ~r'a~' C~~~8 '" . , n!,·

···.: ~aa

^.

at \.~~, re~ue~,t' ?f.:-:t.h~. ,t.e'~~~~_~ ·~on~~r_~~~ }~~ :~ll:~ c\~', f~~_~ ' :---

..,"".'pl~~e.·~~i-in9'r·e9~l,llar.-c l,iaa8'tlni~';_"HC;...e~er:-',d us" ':6"~c~'dulin9::I?ro~

i;~8';":th~,:i~ter~_.~.~li, '~o;:'giv~:'Jhe,"l~~~~~'iOri,i~

', , : the

'~~~~~er^..8~~e

.'

~ii

_other.'

^t."

--'Ne",:,~oundland

^.

.

al::,P:::h~:·::~::::t::;:,,:i:;::~t:5:::o~:~

.',. "', ,atu~enta

....

:.". .':&tu~yin9:' , ,1n

. ..

Har^':'.'l~w~,:^{". :'}Th~·9r.oup: .?On-^{. ..,'. ' ...}

·

-.

siatedof&tude~tBwho'had b~en dete~inedby'indepen~entjudg e s

~o

^{:b e,?h Y';:}

,.~e

^aim

~as ' ~o, p~t "th;;~"~ro~~h

^a,

Bt:u~t~~~a~·~~Ogram.:

wh i c hWo~'ld^{gi\i:eth e aepeople}c'e~tain6Kil1~'^{60th a t} ~hey~outd

~~:tte~ ':coP~ with th!'ii~'~hyn~B~ . .

^{I t'}

inv~~~~d pr~~ll:~atio~,~ ,'.~ '

^the,'"'

'. . ..' .'

- .

^{. , .-} '

.~r tof';t;.he.leade~a" aI;ld.homewoJ1c.,f o r the'part i c i pant ,lI. Pretellt,:",'

1n9'and

po~~t'e8~i~g '~nd. c6~par180~

^{:t o.a cont r ol'gr o up',}

~howed ' r~ "

~

. , be'

p~rti'~l'lY 'lIU~ce;r'$f'~l

,r.e'hi.

'·l~~~)

•. ., . ... ",..I

. .

^{' . .'}

',. ,..

IV•. .S'1'U.oENT"EV¥.UATI 9 N

. ..

and th,ea:h~~e·al r e ady.beenrepo~ted. Therewas,howe.ver. li t tle opp o r t u nityfor the inte rntoadminill ter s t.ande r-d Laed testato

~tudents.;

^{Ini t iali;•.this}"",a s'b eca u s'enO ,$u ch

~aterlals

^{ex is t ed}

" 'the,

8C.~OOl...

^.-rh.e'

inte;~

^{la t er fOUnd,cuf f;om"a}

:e~tin9 Wi~h.

Mr."An t hony Al lison (t h e EducationalPsychologist )thatdistrict

~Oli.C~.~~i.C . tat~ .,;d :' tJ:l~t

^h.

~ '.be .:t~E!oniy per.a~n ~.

^und"¥t""ak,e-

P.SY~hO­

l.og l cal te s t i ng inthe'.scho or s-. Thus, Mr.All is~,wa8only,able'

··~ ~~~1~:~tS~~ ~i;~2~~;; ~}· ;

... . ...• .• ~;t::::~·:p::~i:;~:o~Mt~:;t:~~:.~h:!;i::S~:~::'::2:r · .

~"b?unSell~r:,-(.•

ee-

~~e~dix:

c;'

_f~;-,~.~i,!!l_il~'i::~~a,mplel:~hlc,ha:sk~the'

.C~i.l:d·_~Oc:omPlet£!;-v~ric'-~s se'nti'~Ctl& i~order~.tit.~h-fa^{atti :-:}

- '\ ..

....P?r_'t~e aa~e r"eaa~ria·"th~r~'was;li t tl eoppo~ t.un~tffor'

',;ti1e.'l~~~'rn ~ a~ln1at~r:"

any-

9ro"uP:"te~t.liI. ^'C,ne~ccasi~n,"·^the

: ",l n te J;nrdid'~ain~8r;ni'~'sio~frp~thereadi~g:conaUl~an t·~?-dm"ln-•

. " :~:::n'~::O::k::·:~~~:::L~::~:t·:' c::.t::n::~:::~~~:·:d t:: . .

.''bot~:O~.tll.~~_i.ng i.li for~a~ionabo~t'spe c ifi c student s'I,.and se rv i rig

:,'..a~·a':~o;,;~u.itar1t.;t o

other.

staffand8choo l affilia t es.

Co_n~a:c.f:,'·r&m:lfed'.fromf~nnv.{~'eetfn:9s

..

¹ⁿwhicha nUJl'lberof

. ..,

^"

... ..

,.'

.

~. . .

. :

indiv id~a.ls.~ere'.~n_vo-l.v;ea••tg?hancemeeting .ort~leJ;>hon"e

~all~.-:~8~b; J.nt·;.rJf~,~ir.p.ro~.reB8ed.thh cccpe ree Lve rel'ation-

. ~h~P:~~~:~:":~:;i::~:~~>th.:n"<n W~'~"Vit'd to .n umb"

'

. . '::t;~~.:"::,::;::.;:;::;:~:~::~itt::p:~:b::dO::'~i:;:: :.n~ .

'.who',fr l1l<{ue hj:ly;<:;amein',c ont act;withthe.ec bccr, Coht l"a q ,to·the

'::;' .; ',~_~~~,~~'::~.: i.~.-i.~~~~'~:~:~'i~~:,:·L;~~:~/;~~~~· :~~o~i~ '~~~~~ ~~':' ^.. ~~.~::.o~ ': ^"

':the: .

~ch~i^'i..~f<!.ff'.,..·;~'n·Bt.·~ad ,:.,:ma~;i::.w,~r~-,~o~~lng.:.for'.:~:''n~b"e1j;, ~f. · ',schaof~:6'r'":'orkin~:'i~depe'ild~rit ly'~f,t~s",:SChool ;-,

>

&,~~,,~f,,:the~e

~~p~~.'~Jt<!~~.en:,tefe:l"~ed·,~_:,~ab;"~'...Cth'er'a:inc::i'iJd~'~.hO~Pi~ai

.:.;~.

;."

. . . . . tr:~~t::~7i~::: .:::.~:;::\::::~:t::::;.::u::o:::;::P:::- .

.~

' t· . '

;'"

.

.'..'.'

25

"\.

comp et e nc eas a gu id a ncecbunlJel.. ~or . Whi le the ex per ie n c e itaelfserved thispu r pose'. theirftern~1.60^-accompl ~6hed^thi8 goa}oby readin gfur t h e r

in

th ear e a:',?ecomin'~ familiar~wij;ha relat edfield --<apec1al edu.cati~nll:"a nd , seek i ng feedb~ckon hi s per forman"ce.

The intern re ad': t tm rec en tart i cle sand-th re e'rece nt. boo ks'

to

_f;1"

_~UPP1~~ent

_{. " ,.} other'_{'" ; .}

a,~t~Vi€ie"

^during_"

'~he i~~~~nll~ip,

_{.' , ',}

".

_"

,~e.Be.-.~e.r~~_,~~,e.v~~~",~?.:~:. ~.Uid_~nc~,a~~..,couns e.l1i~.g.:.£1 e1d,:(4'8e .App~ndix::PL_a~_-.c<:,'l,l;!~ed,0..:var,1.e,tyo£'top i<;s:_,"M~8t,..of_the "-

a'~:H~·l:e.a:-':we,r,e'.::r'ea~_.^,in'_or.d~'r^·to;..~dPPl!,~en:~·:a_~p~~.i~ic ~dti~ity,'~~:.

. _·· ~~:::::;::::E:}::::~:'~::::~i~::Itn:~::~l7=:::::rin

EdUC4H~n.al Pi;YCh0109·i~t . ^Other-~rti6le~'aiscu8~ed..-the:~:i"'tiah

hOU~~ S:(lItern~' '~~~t'iel' 'IlPPr~~~h~8 to"c~urI8eno'-r~_~~uc£~uon;

. . '. - "., "; " • -f- ": '," -"

~.Ul~~nc e._a\ld ~t~lkr",~onl fo~th e low.BUC?~,":_SSrat eamon,!.'.

sCh OO1,":,"children'....ho··ar e·Gy ps ies •.'" " " -

," ,~-,'.~ ~,e'. ~~~, relll<~rOVidQd

^the_

1Jlt~,rn. ~~,~~

^..

~~tr~ ' kDO~~-

ed g eon var-ioli8,coun se l l i ng"s'kilJ.s. T}1e-relevan ce ofmate r ial

. " , '.. " ,' " .

'Le~ Uei(;arag i a n iB . , Thecour~e~

' w ll e

':d88ign~,fo f: sp e c ial:edu~a-

.-. ' -;' -:.,'

~·t

-. ":-: ' . : " " " .'.'.

~'

,", ". " . .: - ': _ _ " " , . ;.- " ','"

tionstu dent s,howe v e r :.,~'he-:""~!iI~ lY_c_~a88.es",e~:,.a~ BO_,q~i~: use- .

' T~~ ' cdur;~~" w~s, ~~PP1~ent'~ '~ yi~l~~ . ~~..'

.'.elfie'm'~tter.

26

.

. .

.A t

.t.he end.,Of,,'t h e'internsh.i;P~..t~e'ln~ern"met''''i th,th~";

. ~upervis~r~, ~~~, ~~adlnall~~~ ':

ea.

~epa~ate ' O~CllB~'~~ll'

,','£a;h gave an,' inoic~ti~.~:as.,~:how'~he'y,~elt h~'ha'd:co~pleted',hi p'aI8'~9~~d'

ta~~s

ⁱⁿ

t~esCh~l. The~e

^finai

:d~8CU~'~i~~a; alon~ ' ~~th t~e ~

special educationfac'ilit,les'(r e p o r t ed ear lie rintlle ch/!-p1O.er the

c~aPter)

^andfur t here d.the inter n.'sknowledge-..

~nd

'c OJlc Jrn.

.

. Thec~ur~e^{.a l s o}'prov i~ef^theoppor~u~ity^to(iiscus~'the field of sp~c1a l ed~cation""l.th/the aleVen·uoder9r~duat.e^{sp !!cla l ee u c a-} .to tiOD

. lriter~e

' (who

",e+ ~i'takin9

^the eoue ee-, The cons'e nsu e,among

~~

.

gro up seemed~o indic~te_a fe e1,logth a t.;t he.Bri~iBh,8cho<?1llwe r e,~f';

.:mo~:e, ,e~_tabl~Bhe~~l~._~cce·~B·~.~^..be~~e·~~ndmore 8P~ci8.1iZed

':fa..ciliH'~~3h~ri~,~,S:h,~.~llO~\-,.~, ,,!ll1pha~i~appe~red,to,;b: :~n._..

· ·· ~E~:If;~~·@±j:,I .$;;~

.

~e~-db~Ck'-"on'~he_-int:r~;8 ~~f';r~;~ce-in: -~he~'Ch~l;';~e:

p~ovided t~roU~h' '~~.e~uent ~~'ei:~n~'s -

^,

·w~~:."~~.: ^.

^{.. Malf Olnl,}

";~rd~'·~,M;;

^-

^. ..

PollyLowe, t.ho.ti~n4_supervis~rs. ~l th~ugh,t hos e meetingswere', ,t ooi~cu,ssth e.~eneI>~~'pro gresso~the.,it.te'rn sh ip . ~here wai

"u 8 u ail

y a

comment

on

the iritem"s"perf~rmance's'o~,s~e'cifictasks .'

.' :

" .' .',, ' ,~,-,,: .- ." ,.

.Tho u,in c l uoe d q ua l i ty,of report writ.f:.~g, e~unBEi ll i ngskU.l

.

", ^{' , ,' . .":-' '"~}

.- ,, '

^.-,

oevelop ment;and othe r.r el at edfeedba ck. Thelnter n....

a ..,

'a bl eto

~;a~~~

^-lli's'

'p~'r£~~~an~~ t.~t'b~9-h ~h~8e ~eeting ~. ',··,

^On'other'

'o~c'~­

~'6n8, :~h'~ i~f'ern, ~~l,d ,~sk fO~'

^e,

·s~per'(i~'~~'~ .opini~n on·'·;,~pe-

" ·1

t:

2-7

,

", lneighteconce~nln9the intern ' arole..a _ceun. e llor (s e e Appen-

..

c!.i~

E

fo r an'e xa lllpleoftheguidelinesUBed )"

'. ' ". ." .The

in~ern

^{....1..:..i.o}

~~e~

^{help in.improvinghis.':a:un-}

••1lI ng.l<;·i~l .bytheschoolstaff. Thb 0(t80occurr ed incon- -\

.~P ^"'.

ve r e a t i o n~~11QWin9'.. c1a ••".However. Banehelp'~;".'also"

re c e i v ed athou~e."00,c1epart.aen~mee ting 8 . ~internn~tlceda

.-feeling

among

80m.t. ach er.·th at beeeueethey'had notrain i ngin

.. .- '. .' -: !.' '.

.counseillng".they ·.boule!not:colllltlent oncoun••ll,ing 8t tua tione.· ~

"

,.:."

.:

...

.;~ ^.0"·

VII ".'SUMMARY' •'"

Thb ch&pt.er

·h•.

a~erved:^{a'. a}.reYi~'Of

tho:

_ jor

:

. ~~i.v~i.~B. ~n~eruk~'n

^{.b Y}

,t~e ,

^{ipterz:'d':l'd,ng}

u:'~

inte rn"shiP,:

it

oattemptedto'd e PlOfl8t r e teth e personal.and'prof e Bsi o n a lgTowtJ\

' .

';~i~'h:' too~

^;lilCV.

~Ch acti~ity

^.haa

~~~.d

^to'

~r~ad~n .~e

·int.er~:a··k~l.dge i~ hb cru;Be~ ~~eld: p urtt lel ~~~~.··u t~

~ theeffectiv~ne~a'of the'i ntern shl p ",il lbep'rnent~dat.th~ell~^••

Qfth l Brepor t•.

"'. ' " ,- . . , " r ' , ' .. , ,' , .

The follO'W'i ngchap te r willd'!i'al'vith'a re sea rch.pr o-·, je c,t

bY' _{'tb~, 'intel:~ ~n}

·t h'e:.

8ubje~~

^ot':,,,'iffe renCelJ

in·'-IlIO~al ,

de ;"81,-':'

~" ~~~e~t.-.~ng·. B.rltf~~ .~t~de~t.:

^.:'

...

~.

:~.""

- .

^~

This chapterrep'orts ona rese a rc hproj ec t conducted,b Y the; internWhile'!n1lr it a in. The initialailll of this research,

CHAPTER ~I I

ACOMPARISONOF,RlJ~ANDlJRB~BR~TI SH SCHOOLCHI LDREN USI,NGTWO MEASURES

--'---.

OF MORALJUDGE MENT

" , " . ',,; ,.. "

,Ccllnpo~e:twa s,t:o

""? "

t~.e d~~~ee to"Whic~8t~dent8',scores,.on .~',\oral.' j udg~m,ent qU~8 donriai r e8 w~ r~,a~fect.ed~Y:the'areain whi,ch

t!hey"iiVeo.,. s~eClfi~ally{th~9~1l~wlUl,'a ctiinpAdllon'o f ru ral·

'-~. ,.~~,d :: Urb~~,"IB~~~~:S!t_~~,~hooic.h~i.qren,~ , wi th:'rur~i',,:~nd" ~rbil:n

^.

Ne,w:i?U~~;a.!ld' , 8ChOb,ich~ ld~.e~.: :, '~p~·: :returnln~J~o' NeWf?~~~Il'nd, i~t~~n ',ha~, l1t'~le" ~~';;~bl~ :'~t;t,a,infn,~,' a,' r'~~l 8~fn~1~,; , b~~ ~~\.lid '

^nOt.

'lai n

perlllilu;i~~ : (fr~ t!J-e':!Ch6~1_,bOa~~8: 'c~n~er~~d) 'to" ~~'~p~~

^:an

urba,n'popu'la t l on: Whim_an'opp~r~u nl ty,f"o,rthis,finally"arose :

, , -' -. '" . ', ' ' ., ,', '

approximately twoand-one:-half yeez-e had passed: sincethe ccjjec-c. doriof'theBrit iahdata ."an,i oneand,on e':'ila ii

year~ '~~nce :'t~tl','

Newfo,undla ndrural' sample:wa &'obtained." C~mbe'lland.Stan l ey ,

"(19,6 3)

, 8Ug~e,st,. ~at,. s~~~'~ de.~ay b~t~een ':'aaJDPle&

^im

^p

"al'r:s·

c~mpar{­

bil1ty(p. U- 14). re W~8', therefo~e~',de~ided'bY !;he^{int e r n·in}

etcn, e.i t osn."ou1d ,0nt r i M.·tothe

,, )~.,~.'U~dont<On::ng

of

the .~/e8ear?h

^{.pr.o,ject . . • • .}

" '~~f ) ,; . .

j . :\

^{I. Reee a rch}

_prOble~ r . .

I t11generally pre s u me durbonpo~~atl0nBareexpoaed

to'aJh i gh e r degreeof pluralism

~an

^rural

POP~l~tionB:

Re sear{rt-.

'byPr e s t on.(1960 ) detion8t;rat~dthat a1a : '9 I r"degr eeof plur a liBm .c ause s one 'B moral'bel i e fsto be ch a ll e ng e dmoreof t e n.".Hi e

. . .... , . '. ', . . .. _ " J...

rellear c bagre eing withthetheery of Garb a r inoan dBr offen b r e nrier

.

'.,. ...• " - - " ," ". ',', .

~1,~7~ ) '<i~8:.BU~PO~t::d,~Y~II:,t,a:f~omK~ny_a',~~~ica. and..th'eCanad ian

~rovlnce8~£:.Ontario.a~~.Newfoundla~d ;

;-Th e

:.~·~j()r'-Purp08~.C;;f: :t'i~:stUdyW~8:

to

d~t~~~ine'."if

the

'hi gher

d~g~ee'-^ofp1'~;~'li~m"i~a'Britl ~h ~rbanen'vi rO:nmen t

. '

.

ofth'e'liter~ bUrerela t e d to mo r aldevelopment.led toth e follnw-

i~9

"Yroth•• • •_. : • . _. . _.

f> .

.Hypothes ~e 'l...,Br i t i !!lhe~,)hoo~C~ ildren liViftg ~nan ur ban e~viromnent.a dvan c e .rsocerapi dl yfn II1Qra l'dev elopment th a n.'

'.' ' . ,

.

do 'th e ir·pe e rs l i·v ingin./!Irural en vi r onmen t •

. . " ' :,' , " , '

. Hypothe s is2~ .-R~ral.ancl_.u~~an.B.rit isl'isch,OOlchild r e n ..ill·d ell1Ons t ra te tn,epa r a nel deve~opme ~ta lpatte r ne~C::'ro~eage

. f ^~.rOuPB ~nde~endent'l;--?i .HYPO'th~.,~ie' .i

^•.

)II Li mitat i o n s'of,'the 'S tudy::.... o . .

1.

ThEl·.'B';itiSb."U raland

B~it.i~h·~~~~ri

^areas

w'e~~

,ea ch repre-

-, . . . ':' .

se n ts dby'a..ju n.i,or (elemeri.~~ry) school anda,co~rehenlil i ve

"" " ':'. ,'1, , "

. .

-

. ' , .' '.

developme nt i:sch~racterized

bi

,thre e'suc ce eaI vestages',which'

le~~

^{\ 0"}

t~e ~~~elopmen~ ' ~f ,'a .:~e~se;

^{o'f '}

:j~~tige ,

^1P.'

t~e ~hilci.

thr~~' ,8~~9~~_' ~,r~ d'isculI~~ ~i;;"';;' , .... . - , ,

'Th e;Pe d Od.ofAdul t·Au,th~rit.y:.'The'aeterorio~u!,'Stage•

.

Piaget'~·U9ge8~,S

^..

~i.s - peri~ ., li~~e '

up·to

about; ,age"7 ;~~

^8.:-'

Duringthis time;ju~i"ce'1'8 8u~r_dinatedto·adul~ a~thor':':.'

~: -un~::::::d':h::':b~:.:u:,:i.::;::: . ~:: ~:::d~:"

'lI.g;"Wit.h'peer.)~,:

30

" -

(hi g h )school. mu e ,agiven ru r a lor urban agesa~~....a8 dr a wnfro moni y one school. .

-

. -

, . ."

..2",ThePll f i n ing Issues Te llt.is a.f a i r l ycomPlica t e d measureand ma yh,,~~been

too

^{diffic Ul t.for-}ao~esUbj e cts."

~e.-olde r stud e n tswer etaste d~~an unstructured'lIIettl~9';: I.

'rxe cercre ,-H.was not possibleto have/allstUdents complete

~~~h .~e' Definin9'-IS~~,es

^{Te s t'ane:\.}

tJie.'SQC'i~'1 ·pro,~le~8 ,T.~B-t.

JIlt. .

Many

complet~d

only

_,?n~. ~f ~~

two

meaaure~-

'.

~

- ,,

. .. . , .:J' (: II~_ : :'Vi;' ~fR~l.t:~ . L~~";,"~" ^{' i -; ,. .} ,~ _ .. ^.'

":- .',Th el:n~_~_rl'l-rQV~,S""e4_,thelit~r?Ur~-01l~-'~"lIUb.'Iil C,t c,f.:

:: .' . i· · . tt,::V:: . " ;.? : : t. a : .; : l:'::::i::::::. _{t:,:;t;:: :-t~:.~~} ^jar

theorie~

_," ^Of"^',.^ora;

deve~opinent

-- and" hC::W' ,

:th~Y ~relate

.'^{-t o th e}

'pre~en~

.

etudy: " _,~_~.":' . .,

Thear'issofMor,il'Dev'eIopmen t .

!';uch cur x.entthinki~9on moral'developmen,tste ms'~rom th ew~rk'a~d ideas:of'J~a~.piage~.·(1 9'ij'S,j . HeS~99eBtea l.mb,r~1

,

31 2. The Pe r iodof Prog r e s siveEqual itar ian ism. Moral behavior

becomes desirable for it '5 own sake and is no t dueto a threatof puni s hment. This stage usuallyoccurs fromages 8 - 11. Rules ar e the re su l t of mutual co n s ent and justice evol ves wi th in the child '5 contact s withfriend s . 3. The Per iod of Eq u i ty . Thi s pe rio d begins atabou t ag e 11

12. The ch ild now considers the ne e ds of othe rs and the ci r cumstances of a behavio r . Jus t ice is not based on st r ict equal ity , and involve s a conside rat ionof the context of an action.

Piaget believed th i s sta g e sequence to be uni v e r s a l culture s.

Preston's (1962A) Socia l ProblemsTest (the main in s tr ume nt in this st udy) uses Pi ag e t 's theor y as a ba sis for construct ion. In this regard, most child r en in the present study would be expected, according to age, to fal l under Pi a g e t 's stages two or thre e.

Since its pr o posa l , LawrenceKohl berg 's (1963) theory of moraldevelopment has also re c eived a vas t amount of atten- tion. Kohlbergdr a ws he a v i l y on th e work of Piaget for his th eory, and, like Piage t, bel ieves the stages of mora l deve lop- mentin thi s theory to beun i v e r s a l across cultures. As canbe seen in Figu re I, Kohl be rgdivideshi s theo r y into three le v e l s. Each level is then fur therdivided in t o two stages.

InsertFigure I abouthe r e

J3 Jamea

J:<es~ (~974~ ~"1HI

^hisDefining'

IUU~~

^{'Test o'n}

KOhlberg's.theo"ry . Aa usedin.t h il study . TheDefin i n g Isaues' Te st co u ldbe'expe~ted:to'1dElnt i£Y'su b j e c tsth:oughou t_-

I~.c o nt r ut.,t;;~th.eabovetl;'lil"ries., Brqnfenbrenne r (1962) anaiYl'.ed-dlOrialjUdg~men~andbeh a v i or in,~descript!on of fivetyp es of"inora l beh a vl or .,:H~'concentr;ue~ le'ss'on~e .

, d~~~~op.~ental " ~sP'~~t1( ^of. ~~a~~ty: :'b~~lng '.in~;~ ~~ ·'for '.~ '~la8-~1~ '

ficd~i~n"ee:"~B,of-~ha'vio;~_:.~Bro~fe.ribr'enn"er·';"de8~~lption self;od:~~~~d

';.

,·t h e'-iri~i';idiIal:

,i a'

PIOt'{;;~~e~:~y" 'i~u"18e~ ~f:

" ., .- ' , -. . '. . .. ',' <--; - ..-_ . . "

~elf-9r'at1fi:cation.· .Hej:las -li ttle.'r e g ard'io~

the -

,dBa'lres

o r ' ,

A~th;~:~ty~rie~te~ :_- the indt~ldual' a~~~PtEl .'pare~~a~:·, 'struc.­

t~"reEl 'an~

^{·Va lUeS. 'a a.}

i~tabl~

^,and

.ge~~rali'ze~

^this..ttl·

.ft.C;U.de: mo~~ l st~nd,ardB '~S'~::1

other-adul tS...·

'\

" ~"

~.

"

( ' Al t h o ugh Bronfenbrenner'lIapproach has certain lIimi;ar ., hiea to

Kohlbe~9·a.

it eeesvee from a social.perspective, in ' contrast ·to·.thedevelopmentalapp,roachesdescribed above.

,Ne i t h e r approa~hseems able'toaccount~ompletelyfor'c u l t u r a l

.~hd envir~nment.al

^fact.ora

1~

the study of

~ral developm~nt 'l

Thus,~achappears less t::han~dequateas a f?undat,ion for this ,"study. Atl"~tative801ution\othis prOblem'has eee»: proposed

" .:

. .

^' .

in9'~h~.e'~d'ev~lo~entalle~elll'l

Prilllary'

h~donic :orien'~atiO~ :

^{- the}

·l~d1vi~ua:,-

^..iS

gc;Ne~ne:~,

^by.

, . . .. .

ilel..f-interestandse l f-s a t i s f a c t i o n,.".He'is, almos:t totally

~~~Oc:iali:;edand'act~;pa::irnarily , on a pleasure-P'!:in00,&111•

.Thill stage'i llnormal'~nlyamon'i" very young children.

AHe9i~~:e'to'~Q'Ci~l'~g"ents.;:h e~inoiividual'eI\1Ora~ judge- men~.':-nd beha:io.risd~~ected'~y'g r o up sor'per~oris^th.at.·are.

salient.forh"is.af.f~c~iveand.~od.alneeds. ,Hi s bl:l:'avior

',."' .:

gene,r.ally,confer.msto,th~·~roup 'iI })ehav lor .: .. ..

3.,

Hi~he~t .:i~~~~i·

^{'a n d'}

dev~1.OP~~n~,~7

orlen.tatiori'

~.jhe Indivi~- ~

u~i_apPl1e~'~~telleC~u8l,'~.~hi~~i attUld'~~dS'to.go v e rn " ".

.:condu·ct. .These .may have deve.lopedthrough'socialb;atio.n, but•.

be~ri~~; i~cie-pendeni" 'o~ sO~,~~'l" t,t;rc~~';

. '^{.. " . , . '.} ,.

Garbarino and.Bronfenbrenne r,s u gg e s t .there ar;;e a

-3S

::

between'each le v llll. They say th at atta ch me nt i. a pri me forc e ':', ',fo ,:,II\Ove ment bet-ween lev el oneand level-two . The individual

has a ne e dt~~10~9...ith, and to, socialaq ent.. lnitia ll;,. thi s lIIe a ns hispa re n ta,'bu t as the childenters"l eyel two,..•

-At t a chnient.11 redirected towardhill peer qro up , Atthie Iever ,

·he inco r por ate. a ayetalllof norali,.t ydefinedbythe pee r group ,

l .

~v~~ent.tothethi~dl~~. Lco_aabo utWhe~thechi ld finds,hi llls!'lf atts ch a d'to a.nUJl\berof .~ialag a ntewho~llhim ,in'alte rn a t edi~ct ion.. Thla.'f o r c e •.~.cl'lild

to

c:hOOB~and

rec~ndi~

'h.l,-s:

va>riou~''~Pt.~0·n8 '

'I n'

o~h~r, 'W~.~d8 ,

·'tf.e

~h'~~d··."is·'

..,

'f~,rceri ,

^to

:mak'e. ',~ndep8nd~ilt:- jUdqe~i1'. · . I~

^{do i rig}

, ~i,,;' th'~ ,'~hi,~~

''devel o P s anOrientatio~,'t~,'prln~iptea.

Garbll.rino and Bron fenbrenn.r(l 976) de.cribe the-' set ti nq wh i ch is capabls,of br in91ng.about level thre,emoral ity aePlural ~8t·\C. Thiy ;'efi,ne ~h4>s^all'.~.Bettinq in which 80<:i a1 agents,andent i t ie . r~pre.e n:,sO~h,at^{dif fere nt}~xpectations^•

•anc~lonB';andre....ard. for~mbersof the.,tsocie ty · (p.75-).

,\

-

--

They sugg estt1i.~^degreeof pl urai 18al114yva'ry wi th i n cultu res ,

a n~ co.,u~~ties. ~t '~y

^{a\ lIo}

~

^a

func~ion

^of

~ocial

^{cl an•}

•Oeioec~noinc,st atu s"ex~~ure ~lAul t iple~llegia,~ceB,or , t~

diff e ren t points of'view.Lned uc atio n.. '. "

p~,~'~'ton," '~l;80) ~as .dem~.n.trated Pl~r.a1.iam

^tobe

~ri

ope~ant'factbr inflis,rese~rcli".of.ru ra l,a'nd'urba nenvir0!1~nt~..

·He

st~te~ .~hat '~·ur~~·,po~u'ill.ti~ns

^••

> ~hlch'

^'are

preliluma~ly

^{'e xpos ed}

~l;)':\~';

^higher

deg~e~"

^Of;

Pl~~aii:mth!ln' ~'ra ~; :~il ~' no~: d1ff8r;~g

· " , ' • ,",' "," .. : , " r-; "

.'::,Dlu c h fr om count ry"toc~untry.,d o surpass'rura l p~p~lationsin',7

·~f'·dev~i.'opm~'."t.·:~P:, 3 ;' : , . i'r,~aton' ·\~.980l 'B~ppor~~ :~il\ .~n~

^.

\ ' .

'.

" . '

'.

. \'

-.

--':.

.,...

,/ ,

~' '-'

'.":::.~".. ^{" .~.}

'.',,",&',,~'.

.' -.:"

-- - -'

_. ---'_ .

^,

.'- ( .,~~

36 t.ent1on....

lth ·re.ear·~h

on rural and urbanpopulations

ii

^{Kenya; '}

.

. / '.' ' ; "

. .

;";AfriC&1'"""and ont.a'x:io/andNe....foundla.nd,can~da.,

Themodel of.Garbarinoan d Bronfenbrenner (1976) and

I - , '"

~here s e a r ch by l?:ceston'( Hi e o)forlll aJ:heoret,icalframeworkfor .

I . -.

the.intern:&cei!archo, •

. , . ' . .~.

"__.. ".,Th e

fol~~_~_~~9 . ar~ :ex~mPle ! ~f

.'the,t.yp u,

~'~ :cr~~8-CUl- -:

tural),tudle:0.£mora~.d e v e 19pme n t w'hlch'ha:y ebeen~carri "dout•

. · :t'd:o;,rj.::~;1 .:::::::0'f::d~::~::r:::::;:.; ^{<;',76) . ...} h~~'Y

'.~ I~

a "

'6tudy~it'en'~er'ica'n"'-I~'Ha~-,~rou~ .~Vighurat'·

,an d

NeUgl\'rte~":( 19'55) ~9U~ ~h~~ dUl)~r~

^ean

re.~a~d or~:eveh

'reve r~ eaepect.eof moral develO:pment •.'Their.re8'ear~hwaa.'~8e~

on a Piaget.ian'fra mewo r k.

Wi1~on (l~76 ) .in· 'a~parent. agreelD.ent 'w.~th·' ~arb'a:r:ino,

^and

Bronfenorenner,' Bug~eBtBmorlllldeV~lo~mentmightbebet.ter

'~ under:'tood,

^{by a}

c~reful

^{anely.sisof the}

ie~rnin9'enVironm~nt;

^of

c

! par-e Icu Ie r9'roup~.i':lcl~din9'^:taml1?(tr ai ni n g, formal·.~ducaHon;^.

peer.

~nte.~ac~i~~,

^.

andwo~k., a~~.ial~tation .

^He'

s~ 9,9'e;at.s.

^{i t}

~~

^.

necessary to account.f or affective,and motivat!.onal fact:or s,as

,.. ,

^{" "} :',-'.-"..^"

.

^{.-~ ,, "}

.

^{,', ' . '}

we: l,ae forc09n;L-#ve-dev~lopmental'ones inan y,discullsion,of

~!lI6r~i.jUdge;en~..

',' : , " .', ', ',

",

.

Melde~(1967),lIu9gestil:'one~u~~.1l1wa

Y

^s·

' , . ?teep

,C?nt~x>,il'l'.

·~ind··

^when

di8cu~si"u.a )I'Io~al,; b~haVio~ '~C~&al

^cultures.

, H~ ' st~te~.

^'

th~t ' '~~here '~s , ~~ilrc.e~.y on~ : rio~m ~r, st3nda.~d , O~-':~OOd .cond~C~_;:

.- th~t

^i,n

~n~thert.i~e

^"and

' ~~a,~~~ do.~ 'n6t· ~·~r~~

^-.

~~.~~~k'·~ c~~~

,. ,".

,,: , ':

.., "

--'--~---_

..

^{- ) .}

.

,.' du c t- (p•.'J. Fo r exa raple. theconcept of,cri ~.·d.pe~dson the, paa-isingof

ce!"ta ~n,

^{la.... . To} f u!"ther-

cl'a~ifr thia~ Jon~. (l9~5J ':

.a y. it woul dbeha!"dfo!"on'!,:tlo!"n 1na.t!"aditio nal E~k'i~'

.

-'

^"

.

envi ronment....bic h 1.,basi c a lly colnllaJni. tic . toceeetote ~.

",ith privat e·prope rty1.",••

il .

H~gsuo (1977) fou nd tha t

c:a"tt.p re

great i

y

affe.ctedthe ' IIlOra.l !"eas'Oni ng of_{:'1- ,}

~iger1an

_I ^and

~~.t~n1

_{,..,.' '.}

ado'le.~.nta·.

_{' . "' •}

lLri.e"'1Be;

_{. . . '.}

I8mail-(l9771 fou~d. in,a at.u dy of.Aa.e!"icanandSaudi,Arab i an· .

1Jn:~,,:r~it'y^{",s tUd ;;"t s.;that.rnorai}'judg"lIlen~~".~e·i.ndepe~dent,^of,:

ed·uc~~ib~

^ievel.·but·,dep·e nd e.n t·.o n

c~ltu!"~:'

^{. .r.}

, ".':'.',"'.:

~. F~J:ideh:et ,. ,a( '~ i~ 7.B). :i~ }~~t~.~~!: ~f'.;:J;~~~a\8.ch~1,,,

^-;

~, :

^.I;,;;·

child renfo und t.hatcu l tu re is 'a very.,1mp or'tllnt,fa.c t;,or in thei!":

. .. '. '"'.' ,, ~" , . ' .' .;',.'^" , '

. '.JD?ra l develop llMl n t. Kh ha an d'Hay ~1 9 79)'~leofou nd...!:t111tthe totalcu ltunlenvi!"onlll&'ntc~)Qt!"lbut~stofIIOu.l development.

Whil eg-e~era llyag re.i ng·...it hKohl~er9' the)' 8!1gg eetthat hi . the o!"y-f al lI down· innotal lowin9the effect .of6ocio-cul~ur- (,

al.f a c tor ••·

" .; '

.:"Zivet',aI'e';' ,re. Ul t s,WOUld't.~nd·^to'.upp~rt:th08~·;()f.

.

pop~.

^{(197 5):' ,}

~e ~fo~nd i~div~~ua~~8·. ~,i.ving

^{:i n}

~r·e .adv~ri

^..

~·ed

^" , , ' -. ',: : .:

1l:~.tt~~~·8: (~~ti~~~~~tU.~~I.; ~~,~~ent ~di:~;I'

^.V..

,, ~~h~~Cll ~l~·"h~~e~ou

^•.

,':~,:' ~

.

V~11~g~grOuP8.

ⁱⁿ

~eny~?

.." "

f~rthe~. d.~.loplld rnorallY,.~~n , lln~.I/" :,

^:':/.,

th~a. ^{., '.a.'} ,~vari'~d. a~.'.~1a.. ~h;aa;a;.;: t~at '~~d~. ; ^{. :. : ;}

"arv,Sh~l_n,andSCh l'i efe !"(1 9 79) in.th~irstudy'~

•f

par~nq ~I.r~~li chi~d~en liv1~q

ⁱⁿ

~ k:~~~Z

^..nd..

~~~e

^{.liv i n g}

.~

.• city.fpu'i'"~oaicPa1flca~tdiffe:en~ⁱⁿ ihei~'';;a~_ .judge~n~. 'I n~.ar~^of ~Dt~rna i^{reactions"t o.}t;ran.9~~.a.~OQ-^•.b~tu~;y.^did

fin d a significant,~i.ffe!"enceinthei~ellt~·r~~l.re4ction.~.·.

36.

"in.more.a d Vlln C'edaocietiesdi s p l a y Koh1berg'.stages four,fiv e .

and

'~iX", mur::h ~r~

^often

th~n t~o8e

^{inIeeecomple xsocieties. \.}

~ci~~:~~~ge8ts t~at ind~v}d~~"i~

^....nohave

.~~oppor~~'f\,lty

^,tomeet

·p e.op l e wY.hdifferent va l u e systems (as ',inII.plural~liIticenvi -. ronme~tl. ~~~ mo'~e~~iOklY^{.s t imu 1ate dfro mthe.ear ly}.l e ve l s· of'

The~e:r~'su~ts^{'in t.heabove'}~~i~arch^{(Pope,1975)tend'}

to~ ',~u~~r't:'Simpsci~ ·:e .~~~"ii~~~·'c~'l~f~ia~ ~fK~~'l~~;g . . S'i~p's~n

'(1974 : ):' ';~.~:,!.~.~_~~",~~~~~~r'9 " ~

^-

, 0~~FY ^. cllnn6t ~e~~on~~~~ ~,'9~~~ral~.:· '

'iZ~~_,:to'a rf'"C1ol1f~.r:Il" ~~_;e~,:on',he"t-"'elve~e:reporb in'.'

: tl-tf!'.:·

.'>~~i~'~'at~r~,;-:-': F~~.therroor'~,;·.~h&~·~ugge~ t.8'th euppe'r~stages.'~fmcmi.'l

·devetopmb·nt.:-aie;'p,Qt.·~:fo\lnd~·inaU;"c ultu resand·...Ond ershow

~?~.lb~·r~ ~ ~~~:,ac'~·uai.l~~ ~~~y~ ~~;)"

^{ex'l st.·}

The.st~d:res:r'~ported"{l-l~strate^{t.})etypeof research'} :

-"'h~C~

^{' :}

'O~90;~,~_9

^..

~;~~~:.:~~~~.y~ "~f'~~al .de~elop ~n~:

^_l.t

~s

diff\i.cu~~to:t: i l}d~tudi,es'of,a'cross..:.cl.l~ turalnature wllich'are

·no t ;"i n"-~·o;e',,!A~;':-criticalof:7h e'maj~r't~e.oriell .(e-;9' •

KO~lber'g'");:l:0..get); Of,n\o~'a\

^deveiopme nt',

"~M~~i

^{of:these.cdti'"}

"' cisms

~re,'~'c9ou:nted·'~or:.bt ?llCJ::'.a_~i!'l9 lI.rid",I)rQnfenbrenn~r~s

·t~~orY;'...

ith

i~s'in~eg'tlltion'

of

the'dev~ l6pment'lI.~d:"

y ::::::~::::~::~~::t:P~::::::·:~":::,;:::::::u:::,::· ':::::: ·.i~

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