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Ressenti et bien-être suite à un traitement orthodontique chez les étudiants en odontologie : état des lieux et analyse des antécédents orthodontiques

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(1)Ressenti et bien-être suite à un traitement orthodontique chez les étudiants en odontologie : état des lieux et analyse des antécédents orthodontiques Souad Elkeurti. To cite this version: Souad Elkeurti. Ressenti et bien-être suite à un traitement orthodontique chez les étudiants en odontologie : état des lieux et analyse des antécédents orthodontiques . Médecine humaine et pathologie. 2016. �dumas-01467779�. HAL Id: dumas-01467779 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01467779 Submitted on 14 Feb 2017. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

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(15) Année universitaire 2016/2017. CORPS ENSEIGNANT 56ème section : DEVELOPPEMENT, CROISSANCE ET PREVENTION Sous-section 01 : ODONTOLOGIE PEDIATRIQUE Professeur des Universités : Mme MULLER-BOLLA Michèle Maître de Conférences des Universités : Mme JOSEPH Clara Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : Mme PIERRE Audrey Sous-section 02 : ORTHOPEDIE DENTO-FACIALE Professeur des Universités : Mme MANIERE-EZVAN Armelle Assistante Associée-Praticien Associée : Mme OUEISS Arlette Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. BUSSON Floriant Sous-section 03 : PREVENTION, EPIDEMIOLOGIE, ECONOMIE DE LA SANTE, ODONTOLOGIE LEGALE Professeur des Universités : Mme LUPI-PEGURIER Laurence Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : Mme SOSTHE Anne Laure Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : Mme BORSA Leslie 57ème section : SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES, MEDECINE ET CHIRURGIE BUCCALE Sous-section 01 : PARODONTOLOGIE Maître de Conférences des Universités : M. CHARBIT Yves Maître de Conférences des Universités : Mme VINCENT-BUGNAS Séverine Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. RATHELOT Benjamin Sous-section 02 : CHIRURGIE BUCCALE, PATHOLOGIE ET THERAPEUTIQUE, ANESTHESIE ET REANIMATION Professeur des Universités Associées : Mme MERIGO Elisabetta Maître de Conférences des Universités : M. COCHAIS Patrice Maître de Conférences des Universités : M. SAVOLDELLI Charles Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. PAUL Adrien Sous-section 03 : SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES Professeur des Universités : Mme PRECHEUR-SABLAYROLLES Isabelle Maître de Conférences des Universités : Mme RAYBAUD Hélène Maître de Conférences des Universités : Mme VOHA Christine 58ème section : SCIENCES PHYSIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ENDODONTIQUES ET PROTHETIQUES Sous-section 01 : ODONTOLOGIE CONSERVATRICE, ENDODONTIE Professeur des Universités : Mme BERTRAND Marie-France Professeur des Universités : M. MEDIONI Etienne Professeur Emérite : M. ROCCA Jean-Paul Maître de Conférences des Universités : Mme BRULAT-BOUCHARD Nathalie Maître de Conférences Associé des Université : M. CEINOS Romain Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. MORKOWSKI-GEMMI Thomas Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : Mme DUVERNEUIL Laura Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. GANDJIZADEH GHOUCHANI Mir-Payam Sous-section 02 : PROTHESES Professeur des Universités : Mme LASSAUZAY Claire Maître de Conférences des Universités : M. ALLARD Yves Maître de Conférences des Universités : M. LAPLANCHE Olivier Maître de Conférences des Universités : Mme POUYSSEGUR-ROUGIER Valérie Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : Mme CERETTI Léonor Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. OUDIN GENDREL Antoine Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. SABOT Jean-Guy Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : M. SAMMUT Arnaud Sous-section 03 : SCIENCES ANATOMIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES Professeur des Universités : M. BOLLA Marc Professeur des Universités : M. MAHLER Patrick Maître de Conférences des Universités : Mme EHRMANN Elodie Maître de Conférences des Universités : M. LEFORESTIER Eric Assistant Hospitalier Universitaire : Mme CANCEL Bénédicte.

(16) REMERCIEMENTS. A Madame le Professeur Armelle MANIERE-EZVAN Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire Spe´cialiste Qualifie´e en ODF Docteur de l Universite´ de Nice Sophia-Antipolis Professeur des Universite´s, Praticien Hospitalier. Responsable de la sous-section Orthope´die Dento-Faciale Doyenne de la Faculte´ de Chirurgie Dentaire de Nice. Je vous remercie de me faire l honneur de pre´sider mon jury de the`se. Je tiens a` vous. faire part de ma reconnaissance pour votre enseignement et votre bienveillance a` mon e´gard.. Veuillez trouver dans ce travail le te´moignage de mon plus profond respect.. A Madame le Professeur Laurence LUPI-PEGURIER Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire. Docteur de l Universite´ de Nice Sophia-Antipolis Professeur des Universite´s, Praticien Hospitalier. Responsable de la sous-section Pre´vention, Epide´miologie, Economie de la sante´, Odontologie le´gale. Je vous suis tre`s reconnaissante d avoir accepte´ de faire partie de mon jury de the`se.. Je vous remercie de votre aide pre´cieuse, votre disponibilite´ et votre bonne humeur. Veuillez trouver dans ce travail, l expression de ma since`re gratitude..

(17) A Madame le Docteur Clara JOSEPH Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire. Docteur de l Universite´ de Nice Sophia-Antipolis. Maitre de confe´rences des Universite´s, Praticien Hospitalier Responsable de la sous-section Odontologie Pe´diatrique. Je vous remercie d avoir accepte´ d eˆtre membre de mon jury. Je vous suis. reconnaissante de tout l enseignement que vous avez pu m apporter tout au long de mon cursus, ainsi que de vos conseils pre´cieux.. Veuillez trouver dans ce travail l expression de ma reconnaissance. A Madame le Docteur Arlette OUEISS. Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire Spe´cialiste Qualifie´e en ODF Assistante Associe´e Praticien Associe´e Sous-section Orthope´die Dento-Faciale. Je vous suis extreˆmement reconnaissante d avoir accepte´ de diriger ma the`se. Je vous. remercie pour votre enseignement, votre disponibilite´, votre implication et votre bonne. humeur tout au long de la re´alisation de ce travail. Vous avez e´te´ pour moi une directrice de the`se irre´prochable.. Veuillez trouver dans ce travail l expression de mes sentiments reconnaissants et de. ma plus profonde gratitude.. A Monsieur le Docteur Philippe OROSCO. Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire Spe´cialiste Qualifie´ en ODF Praticien Be´ne´vole. Sous-section Orthope´die Dento-Faciale Je vous remercie de me faire l honneur de votre pre´sence dans ce jury. Apre`s avoir vu. l e´laboration de notre travail au fil des semaines, veuillez trouver le re´sultat de ce labeur, ainsi que l expression de ma reconnaissance..

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