ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDU S
Glossaria Latina, iussu
Academiae I3ritannicae edita, vol . IV-V . Paris, e Les BellesLettres
a, 1930-1931 .Some years ago, by request, I reviewed in this journal (III 95, 1927 ) the first three volumes of my Glossaria Latina . I now review the tw o concluding volumes .
The greater part of vol . IV is occupied by my large annotated editio n of Festus De Verborum Signi ficatu (mostly preserved in an Epitome o f the time of Charlemagne), the edition promised in vol . III, p . 95 . It i s meant to supersede the large annotated Festus of I . . 0 . Mueller (Leip-zig, 1839 ; re-printed Leip(Leip-zig, 1880), and its characteristic is the use o f medieval glossaries to restore the text of Festus . Mueller had not bee n unaware of the help available in glossaries, but rightly decided that h e could not appeal to their evidence until they had been edited . Festus-material formed a part of only two glossaries, Philoxenus (Latin-Greek ) and Abolita, and our defective MSS . of these two must be eked out b y the borrowings from the pair in other glossaries . Thanks to the editi o
princeps of Latin medieval glossaries in Glossaria Latina, it is now
pos-sible to sift the evidence satisfactorily and to replace vague surmise b y confident assertion . Philoxenus was a collection of Greek glosses of' La -tin texts and was designed as a Greek dictionary for the use of monas-tery-students . One of these texts was Festus, another was Charisius, ano-ther was the Bible, and so on . I guess (but it is not much more than a guess) that it was a Bobbio compilation, and that the material came fro m the library of a South Italian monastery (where Greek glossing of Lati n texts was necessary for the Greek-speaking monks), and I recall Beer's conjecture that Columban acquired for Bobbio Cassiodore's Vivarium-li-brary . Abolita found material in glosses in a MS . of Virgil, a MS . of Te-rence, a MS . of Apuleius (í0), a MS . of Festus, and was probably compi -led in Spain in the same (seventh) century as Philoxenus was compile d in Italy . Only one MS . of Philoxenus survives, and that a mere ninth-cen-tury epitome of the original compilation ; while Abolita survives only i n a selection of glosses which. was entered in the margin of a MS, of a quite different glossary, Abstrusa . Our earliest MS, of this Abstrusa-Abolit a mixture, Vat . lat . 3321, seems to have been written at Rome in the
222
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDU S
middle of the eighth century . Idow deplorably weak is the tradition o f Festus-glosses, whether the Latin-Greek of Philoxenus or the all-La-tin ofAbolita ! And how lucky that other glossaries had borrowed freel y from better MSS . of the pair than have survived !
Another help, not available in Mueller's time, is the Isidore-scholia o f Bp Grauso (end of tenth century), who used a full copy of Festus . And , since my edition appeared, a few Festus-excerpts have been unearthe d in an Italian MS . (now at Bamberg) of Chalcidius' commentary on th e Timaeus of Plato . Will owners of Gloss . Lat . IV please acid this headin g on p . 76 :
Ill
aDE EXCERPT IS PESTINIS
(cod . Bamberg, class. 18) ,and append a reference to my article on the new discovery, in the
Clas-sical Quarterly(XXVI 193, 1932), Ne v` Light on Festus' . The change s to be macle in my text are these : —
(p . 139 1) s . v . Coeula) . Print the Plautus-citation in ordinary type .
(p . 242
e,
last line) . Add (Excerpta Fest .) Plautus in Anemone dici t carnificem se inlactare .(p . 400 x , last line) . For Sym . . . print Synar(istosis) . (p . 442°, s . v . Todi) . For Syra) print Synar(istosis) .
And other necessary changes, due partly to the subsequent publica-tion of vol . V, partly to the detecpublica-tion of misprints, are : —
(p . 112° s . v . Antiae) Add Philox . AN 117 Antiosa : òpy r!rs,cpía . (p .
1281
(Gloss . Aboi . AM 15) . Amatores rivales : duo qui aman t unam ; quasi de uno rivobibunt .(p . 159 s . v . caNsaiia) ad schol . in Plant. Rud . 1269-1272 totam
glos-sam refert Marx .
(p . 185 s . v . DaTUDES) et forfasse 112 Detudia (-cud-cod .) : ipeaxeÀta .
(p . 1.88 s . v . DECALrcATUM) cf . ps .-Plac . D . 34 Decal(i)catis : de calc e
albatie .
(p . 1891 (Gloss . Fest .) Diprax (?) : qui perdit sermones et aliud hinc , inde aliud defert (seil . more Truculenti Plautini) .
(p . 189 s . v . nELuoNcin) vicie ne huc redeat gl . Corp . H 79 (= A.bol . ) Ilel(v)us : pallidus nausia .
(p . 195, s . v . anrcUMATA) bine Gloss . AA L' 54 (= Abol .) Edessumat a
deem .
(p . 209
s . v . FRUTINAL) cf . Krogmann (Glotta 20, 175) .(p . 215 s . v . GNAdeGAVIT) cf . Ansil . EX 534 (= Abol .) Exgnarabant :
ignorabant .
(p . 217 s . v . caAssAnI) vide ne Lucilius grassari pro adulari posuerit ,
uncle Horatius (Sat . 2,
5,
93) `obsequio grassare ' .(p . 235 s . v .
INGLUVILS) hincine Isid . Etym . 10, 114 : Glutto a gula, i dANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDUS
22 3 (p . 2396 , first line) Lutetium (Leuc-P) .
(p . 239 s . v . LAPIDEM SILICnar) CUP in LE-serie est ?
(p . 246 s . v . LUSCrrIO) Cf. Strzelecki (Herrn . 08, 350) .
(p . 301 s . v . o1L1TTERATUilr) Gloss . Abol . OB 9 (cf. Corp . 0 53) Ohlitte -ratum : oblivione obscurum .
(p . 312° s . v . Orcinos) cf . Gloss . Abay . Oí1.8 (= Ahol .) Orcinus : mort e manu missus .
(p . 313 s . v . COMPILARE) cf. Non . 12, 21 ` a pilorum rapt u ' . Quod rival e etymon si addidit Festus, via munitur ad lemma proximum .
(p . 330 s . v . reoruul.co) gl . Abba PRO 54 (= Abol .) Promulcus : scaph a quae navem maiorem ducit remigio .
(p . 332 s . v. Provos) hincine gl . Abba PRI 15 (= Abol .) Privis : singu-lis, privatis ?
(p . 342 1) s . v . Peculatus) ea(m) lege sanxerunt (cf . Walters, Phil . \Moth . 51, 286) .
(p . 360a ) (Gloss . Fest .) Pedicum : vitium mollitiae Lucilius in n Saii-rarum `pedicum iam excoquit omne ' .
(p . 360 a ) (Gloss . Pest .) Planipedes mimi ditti quod apud antiquos i n orchestra adsueverunt exultare ; idernque saltatores vocantur .
(p . 360 b) (Gloss . Pest .) Praemiator praemii atque praedae appetens . (p . 364 a s . v . Querqueram) Plau(tus) . . . (Lucilius) (cf. Strzelecki , Quaestiones Verrianae, p . 85) .
(p . 3906 s . v . Rica) mitra(ve utebantur Veranius) (cf. Strzelecki , Quaest . \Terr ., p . 32) .
(p . 391 b ) (Gloss . Abol . RU 14 10) Rues : ruina .
(Gloss . Cyrill . 425, 56) Rues : 7[ ';ysK .id oixo&ol:.
(p . 426 b s . v . Sex Suffragia) centuriarum ; quas .
(p . 440 a ) (Gloss . Fest .) Salina (ranna cod .) : narium medium .
(p . 440 a) (Gloss . Fest .) Scidici : lascivi, libidinosi ; quod subinde scin-dantur, id est findantur .
(p . 4401 (Gloss . Fest .)
Scultimidoni :
qui scultimam suam, quod es tpodicis orificium, gratis largia(n)tur. (p . 452a s . v . Tertium) quod (quoi) quid .
(p . 456 s . v . TROSSULI) addii scholiasta in Persium (I, 82) `Nurnio quo -dam duce ' .
(p . 457 s . v . Tnu'ALLUS) sed vide ne ad Inv . 6, 365 26 revocanda si t glossa, non ad Festum .
(p . 4646 s . v . Unciaria lex) debi(tores duo) decimam partern .
Other misprints will he found in Goetz ' review in Gnomon (VIII, 258) ; but he should not have included caesis (i . e . caesiis) p . 290, s . v . Not -tua ; nor did he recognize that on p . 357 (s . v . PALUDATI) . I referred to
some other passage where Festes had discussed the word paludamentur n (cf. Abba PA 6-7) .
224 ANALYSES ET C0MPTES-RENDU S
The Placidus Glossary, which in last century was held in so high es -teem by Latin scholars, is included in the same volume . It is edited b y M r Pirie of Glasgow University, who divides it into three sections (a) ge nuine glosses of Placidus, (b) doubtful glosses, (c) glosses of pseudoPla -cidus . It is these last, closely connected with Festus, which brought th e whole glossary into favour with scholars, and it is to Goetz that we ow e their separation from the worthless glosses (or rather notes) from Pla-cidus' lectures . But Goetz made a strange mistake . He supposed that th e label rnAcmi in the margin of Ansileubus (the Liber Glossarum) referre d to all subsequent glosses until a new label appeared . The strict alphabe-tical arrangement of Ansileubus makes this quite unbelievable (see vol . I p . 7) ; therefore Goetz' list (unfortunately accepted by Wessner i n Iierrn . 5'2, 63, where he enumerates Isidor e' s borrowings from Placidus ) must be severely cut down . The new presentation of the glossary super-sedes all previous presentations and is accepted by the Thesaurus lin-guae Latinae . I wish that I could have put Fulgentius Expositio
Sermo-num Antiquorum beside ps .-Plat . in this volume, for it is a similar
col-lection of rare vocables for the rhetorician who courts applause (Fulgen-tius in his other works often uses words culled in the Expositio) ; bu t until a MS . of a new family is discovered, the restoration of the true Ful-gentius-text (and of Fulgentius ' reputation for honesty) is too difficult. Besides, the money could not be found for a larger volume .
fiere are some corrections (in addition to those mentioned in the re -view in Gnomon) : —
(p . 14" s . v . Age) (or)nativa .
(p . 14 ad A 75) nunc — aequos et Verg . — dicirnus oral . R .
(p . 24 ad 16) eastigat discipulum qui'inclaudibilis ' scripserat. pro in-clausibilis .
(p . 30 ad 0 14) vol studii diligentiam add . Abba (OP 29) . (p . 31 ad P 12) quae sternehantur in templis add. GP . (p . 32 ad R 11) cf. E 33 .
(p . 45' post 0 1) 2 . Oblectatur (—or) : quasi cum lacte, cum fraude , utTerentius (Andr . 648) `nisi me lactasses amantern' ; Linde et oblectar e
dictum est .
(p . 45 ad 0 2) Plac .] 1, t ; Gloss .] p .
— Isid . Etym . 1.0, 199 .
( p . 52 ad A 11) Illud quern (i . e . aliquem) .
(p . 56 ad C 35) cf. Harrell (Dos Menologium des Liber Glossarum , Lund 1932, p . 26) .
(p . 57 ad C 61) ad . Phut . Rud . 1273 refert Marx . (p . 534 s . v . Continari) continua [et] coniuncta . (p . 67 ad M 19) mutire Kettner .
Glos-ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDUS
22 5 nary . Goetz followed his usual method of publishing an apograph of th e oldest specimen of each glossary, and published (in C . G . L . IV) a n apograph of the St Gall MS . Alas! the defects of this method are clea r here . For the St Gall MS ., in spite of its age, is a mere epitome . In it th e Abba gloss (COM 01) :
Compita : fines, bivia, trivia, quadrivia ; id est semita compendiaria , is reduced to :
Compita : fines, bivia, trivia, quadrivia ; the Abba gloss (TRA 7) :
Transenna : tegula per quam lumen admittitur ; a transeundo dicta , is reduced to :
Transenna : tegula perta (sic) qua lumen venit ,
the St Gall scribe having written perta instead of per quam and left th e
to to suggest to later descendants the specious tegula aperta. How man y
discussions of transenna nowadays perpetuate this error, tegula aperta ! The full form of Abba glosses is preserved in a glossary (later by a cen-tury and a half than the St Gall MS .), Asbestos, which incorporated mos t of the Abba glosses . My two editors had therefore to print Asbestos , bracketing the glosses not taken from Abba and supplementing it fro m the Epitome . Prof. Lehmann ' s article on the St . Gall MS . did not appea r till the Abba portion of vol . V had passed through the press, so that hi s interesting discovery, that leaves of the exemplar had been used, pa-limpsest, by the scribe, could not be mentioned in my preface . But whil e agreeing with him that Abba, at least the Epitome, was a Bobbio work , 1 regard the St Gall rather than the Bobbio scriptorium as the plac e where the St Gall MS . was written ; for the cursive script used at th e end (p . 201) seems to me rather Swiss than North Italian .
Abba (under the name of ` the St Gall Glossary ') has won fame . But it s only merit is that the compiler (a Bobbin teacher?) favoured the Festus-glosses of Abolita and enriched his glossary with them . The Transenna-item, for example, comes straight from Abol . TRI 18 . This new editio n should explode the theory that Abba took its learned glosses directl y
from Festus or an epitome of Festus .
The reviewer in Gnomon does not make any corrections . I sugges t these : —
(p . 33° s . v . Bimatur) (Abstr . 17 duplicatur) .
(p . 69 a post HE 43) 44 . Herbedum : herbosum . (p . 69 b s . v . Hydroplasmum) (Abstr . 14) . (p . 69 ad HE 38) immo Y : quinque codd . (p . 71° s . v . Iconistna) pittore (pect-) . (p . 71 ad IE 11) fine pectore a caput S .
(p . 75 b) [Iniuges boves : id est iugurn numquam ferentes .]. (Fulg . Serrn . 10) .
22(3
ANALYSES ET COMPT.ES-1lENDU S (p, 78 ad IN 328) Intempestivum AA .
(p . 82 ad LE 18) an (Vitilena :) lc, vi, etc . ? (p . 82 h s . v .) Leptopyr(et)ia .
(p . 86 h s . v . Melotes) (Euch . )
(p . 86 h s . v . Melicus) (Abstr . 10) . (p . 89a s . v .) Munimenta (monim-) .
(p . 95" post OB 98) 99 . Obliteratum : oblivione obscurum (Abol . 9) . (p . 97" s . v . Opera et Operant) (Plac . 0 14) .
(p . 97" s . v .) OpiGcium : res aliqua qu(a)e in opere est opus . (Plac . 0 22) .
(p . 97 ad OP 32) vel ubi opera Bunt add. Plac . (p . 97 b s, v . Oridurius) aspere .
(p . 100 ad PA. 136) immo conventio . Cf. Corp . P 25 Pactio : coni-ventio .
(p . 102 ad PE 37) Pecoratus : abundans pecorihus add . S .
(p . LOG" s . v .) Praetestatus (-text-) : infans qui de praetextato patr e nascitur .
(p . 108" s . v .) [Ploratus . . . confunduntur .] (Serv, Aen . 6, 427) . (p . 111" s . v . Pulvinaria) ar(e)ae .
(p . 119" post SA 92) 93 . Satellitium : satellite (-tum) turma . (p . 121" s . v .) * Seminertis .
(p . 121 ad SE 77) Corp .
(p . 125" s . v .) Spiculator (spec-) .
(p . 127" s . v, Subcenturiatus) (Abol . 81) .
(p . 127b s . v . Scurrilitas) (Plac . S 30) .
(p . 127 ad SU 68) Cf. Cyrill . 263, 10 (= Philox .) Scrupus : Y') .Xouc a /aLoa .
(p . 133" s . v .) T(i)naci (ten-) : libido (liv-) . (Sirach 14, 3) . (p . 135" s . v . Tholum) signurn (ti-P) .
The AA Glossary has been illumined by the discovery of its editor , D" C . Theander, that Vat . lat . 1471 is not, as had been supposed, a re-duced form, but the true form ; to which were subsequently added, a t Monte Cassino, batches of glosses from a Monte Cassino MS . of Abstr . -Abol . (perhaps the actual exemplar of Cas . 439, saec . x) . The additions , which do not begin till the middle of the A-chapter and are less foun d in the A- and C-chapters, must now be associated with Vat . lat . 3321 an d Cas . 439 as a third witness to the text of Abolita . Would that I ha d known this before I edited Abolita! And would that Goetz had known it ! For his excerpts (C . G . L V) give quite a wrong idea of the importanc e of AA by the predominance of these intruders . And the danger of thi s method, the arbitrary selection of a number of apparently good glosses , instead of the publication of all — good, bad, and indifferent — is clear
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDUS
22 7 here . And yet, excerption seemed justified here if anywhere . For Stupi-dity stalks rampant through the AA Glossary . The compiler had hew n from the same quarries as Abba, and his material (like Abba' s) consist s of borrowings from Abolita, borrowings from Abstrusa, borrowing s from Philoxenus, and so on . But he used also glosses in a MS . of Sulpi-cius ' Dialogues . At Sulp . Dial . 1, 27, 4 (tu vero, inquit Postumianus, vel Celtice ant, si maxis, Gallice loquere) the MS . had, instead of vel
Cel-tice, the monster-word velteltice . The monastery-teacher had explaine d
this as gentis cuiusdain loquelā (abl .), and this ridiculous gloss was trans-ferred from the margin of the MS . to the AA Glossary (V 154) . Can w e have a better example of the folly of believing that medieval glossarie s conserve ancient lore, lore worthy of record in the Thesaurus linguae
Latinae, lore to be appealed to in support of this or that theory of th e
true meaning or use of this or that Latin word ?
Prof. Paul Lehmann seemed to have provided an argument for th e `ancient lore' theory, when he called attention to the three citations o f Ennius in the annotation of a St Gall MS . of Orosius . But D" J . Clark in this journal (Vlll 5 `The annotations of Ekkehart IV in the Orosius MS . , St Gall 621'), shewed that the hopes raised by Lehmann's article wer e fallacious . The annotation emanated from Ekkehart' s own brain ; the En-nius-citations had come from the margin of an ancient MS . of Orosiu s which had no annotation . And Prof . Wessner 4 , in his recent publicatio n of ancient Juvenal-scholia, has not found any connexion between the m and the miserable Juvenal-glosses in extant glossaries . Let us hope tha t the publication of the AA. glossary will put an end, once for all, to th e
absurd respect for medieval Latin glossaries . I add some corrections : —
(p . 172 ad A 735-736) Hine ridicule Gloss . cod . Casin . 402 (C .
G. L.
V 549, 3) Alcheon : avis Herculis dictus est .(p . 196 ad C 334) Cf. tarnen Assmann (Glotta 21, 63) .
(p . 260 ad II 51) Abeat Davus . Nam recta glossae forma est flui d ab[u]surdum : non ineptum .
(p . 261b s . v . Historicus) (Abstr . HI 28) .
(p . 266 ad I 219) an Nationum : indigenarum (Abol . ; cf. Fest . 164, 15) ? (p . 274 ad I 764) plenius Ansil . (IN 1767) fi . di . vel ut negaretur prohi-bait .
(p . 279 a s . v .) [Lancinata cute : ascultis mordacibus laceratum ] (p . 287 h s . v .) Mactus : magis, (id est) super, auctus .
1 . The late Prof . Wessner ; for his name must be added to the list of those emi-nent German scholars to whom the year 1933 has been fatal . `The pity of it, O the pity of it!'
228
ANALYSES ET COMI'TES-RENDU S (p . 302 ad N 428) an (Nihili :) null . morn ., etc . ?
(p . 305 ad 0 88) arr Obliterat : in obi . dedit (Philox OB 40 Oblitera t (p . 305 a post 0 113) 113" [Obiurgantur ; 129, 44] .
(p . 306 ad 0 201) cf. Corp . 0 16 . (p . 336" s . v. Pulvinaria) ar(e)ae .
(p . 350 ad S 65) a Saliis
a :
aliis c . An fiunt Saliis (dat .) ? (p . 352 ad S 247) an (Secors :) sera ., etc . (cf. Corp . S 291) ? (p . 354" s . v .) [Seron : sepulcrum idolum corruptive . ](p . 361 ad S 905) cf . Ansil . ST 357 Strigna : pallia operosiora . (p . 363 ad S 1039) cf. 1195 .
And some additions to my version of Abolita (vol . III) : (p . 102 b post AN 21) 21" . Antecellit : antecedit .
(p . 103 b post AR 1) 1" . Armilla : ornaments manus rotunda .
(p . 113 b post CO 106) 107 . Compago : corporis commissura . 108 . Concede :
transi .
109 . Conspicuum : quicquid inter ceteros denotatur, vel pulcher .(p . 122" post EL 4) 4 " . Electrum : id est argentum et aurum mixtum . (p . 133" post 1-10 1) 1" . Honiu(1)lus : qui supra .
(p . 134" post I61 4, nisi potius in III-capitolo) 5 . Imago : similitudo . 6 . Irnitari : similare . 7 . Imitatores : grope similes .
(p . 136 b post IN 141") 141 b . Ingemere qui in aerumna constitutus gra-vissimis languoribus confringuntur (-gitur) .
(p . 141 b post LE 23) 23" . Lemniculum : navicula .
(p . 160" post PR 92) 92" . Prosapia : progenies sive propago ut rustic i (supare pro iacere dicunt?) [hest . 252, 9) .
(p . 166" post RU 14) 14" . Rumogerulus (-mig-) : rurnoris invento r (-ect-?) 'li b . Rudora (-era) : stercora . 14 Itugitum : ferarurn sonum . 140 . Rumor : murmur . 14" . Rupinas : abrupta[s] montium . 14f . Rupea : saxosa . 14 g . Rudimenta :
initia
nova (Aen . 11, 157) . I ii)' . Rumor : fama . 14' . Rudis : novus . 14 k . Rues : ruina[m] .(p . 175 post TO 16) 16" . Tonditantes (tudi-) : saepe tondentes (tund-) . (p . 176 1) post '1'RO 8) 8" . Troncone (lurcone ?) : devoratore (Apul . Met . 8, 25 lurconem) 8 b . Truces : crudeles vel irati .
(p . 178 b post VE 8) 8" . Vernulae : familiaritatis usitatae (domestici) . My series of Latin Glossaries is meant (with my edition of Corp . ad-ded) to take the place of
all
the Latin glosses of C .G . L .
IV-V and of th e Latin-Greek of C .G . L .
11 ; for the glossesof C . G . L .
IV 404-end, V 104-158, 259-401, 410-431 hardly furnish anything new, and those of V 490625, 657660 should be severely left alone . Let me give a brief his -tory of the series, in apology for its defects .ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDUS
22 9 and Ampl . IIof C . G . L . V) . Its text was accepted by the Cambridge Uni
-versity Press, but not the Prolegomena : these were made a publicatio n
(11° VIII) of the English Philological Society and printed by the Oxfor d
University Press . The type and paper are excellent ; misprints, there ar e none . But at what a cost! The Glossary-text is sold for two pounds ; th e Prolegomena for fifteen shillings . It was clear to me that my series,
Glos-saria Latina, when the British Academy took it under its patronage ,
must be printed abroad, even though misprints are inevitable when th e author speaks one language and the printers another, and an author exi-gentofproof-sheets cannot expect a low printers' bill . At first the Aca-demy had no funds at its disposal, but the President, Sir Fred . Kenyon , by an appeal to some Universities, raised enough money to justify th e beginning of the printing . When a frugal Government at last answere d the Academ y ' s call for funds, economy was still rigidly necessary ; ther e were so many other publications to be financed out of the Governmen t grant . And haste was necessary, lest these rivals should leave no mo-ney for mere glossaries, and lest my young collaborators should quit th e task .
Well, at last the undertaking bas been finished, ut potui, non omnino ut volui . A. serviceable structure stands on Goetz' foundations . On hi s
magnificent foundations, I repeat ; for my motto has been the concludin g sentence of Wessner's report on glossaries : ` Each further advance i n this or that direction is a tribute to the doyen of glossography . '
W . M . LINDSAY .
EinarLÖFSTRDT,Syntactica
(Studien
und Beitriigezur historische n
Syntax desLateins) . — Il (Zweiter Teil .
Syntaktischstilis -tischeGesichtspunkte
undProbleme) .
Lund, C . W . K . Gleerup , 1933 . Skrifter utgivna av kungl . humanistiska veteuskapssam-fundet i Lund, X : 2 (xiit-492 pp .) . Prix :100
fr .Le savant suédois vient d'offrir à la science philologique le secon d volume de ses Syntactica, plusieurs années après le premier volume , qui a obtenu l ' approbation unanime des latinistes . Il continue la séri e des capita selecta avec une méthode sévère, une extrême prudence e t une aptitude peu commune à sentir les nuances les plus fines du style , Nous avouons volontiers notre incompétence à porter un jugement d'en -semble sur des études aussi diverses qu' approfondies . Aussi nous bor-nerons-nous à signaler aux lecteurs quelques points intéressants traité s dans cette oeuvre magistrale .
par-230
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDU S
tie morphologique, une partie psychologique et une partie stylistique . La première partie commence, après quelques remarques prélimi-naires, par une étude très documentée sur la position syntaxique de s neutres, comprenant, entre autres, l ' examen critique d ' un article de Ha-vers paru dans Glotta (XIII, 171 sqq) . Ensuite, l ' auteur étudie le rôl e que jouent la forme et le volume d 'un vocable de forme verbale dans l a vie du langage . On constate, par exemple, que la Vulgate a une préfé-rence très marquée pour le participe présent vadens au détriment d e
iens, qu ' elle se sert deux fois de eo, mais vingt fois de vado, phénomèn e
très important pour le développement postérieur de la langue (cf . l e présent du verbe français a aller ») . On trouve des circonlocutions pour les noms des saisons ; diu> longo, multo, magno, plurimo tempore ; tot ,
quot > tanti, quanti ; vir > homo ; les pronoms fille, iste, ipse étendent
beaucoup leur domaine dans cette latinité postclassique ; on évite le s formes monosyllabiques de plusieurs verbes (dare, nare) . Le quatrièm e chapitre traite de la disparition du futur classique, remplacé par des cons-tructions avec un verbe auxiliaire : volo + inf., debeo + inf ., futurus
(sum)
+ inf., habere + inf . (où il y a peut-être quelque influence d u sens futur de la formule grecquei c' +
inf .) . La théorie de Karl Vossle r(Geist und Kultur in der Sprache, 1925, p . 67 sqq .) a été soumise à u n
examen . Ainsi que le futur, qui n ' a pas su maintenir son existence, le lo-. catif a péri dans la lutte violente que lui livraient constamment les di -verses puissances de la vie du langage : il a été vaincu par l ' ablatif d e lieu, bien qu ' il ait survécu longtemps dans les noms de la première décli-naison . La première partie se termine par un aperçu très détaillé su r l ' emploi des pronoms interrogatifs indéfinis quis et qui .
Après une savante digression sur les phénomènes de l'attraction et de l ' assimilation, la deuxième partie continue par un chapitre sur l a
constructio ad sensum : exemple intéressant : Cie ., De leg .,
II,
25, 63 ,pernzansít hoc iusTERnA IIUMANDI, QUAM quom prozumi fecerant obduc-taque terra erat . . ., comme si le génitif humationis précédait au lieu de terra hunzandi . Ensuite, les contaminations donnent lieu à une foul e
d ' observations et d'explications ingénieuses : par exemple, Oros ., VI , 1, 16, ipsi PRO NIHILO CONTEMPTIsunt, = pro nihilo ducere + contem-nere . Ltifstedt rappelle la construction : EAnmUS 'ru in ius (Plant ., Truc . ,
840), où il s' agit d ' une contamination intéressante : eamus ambo in iu s
+ i tu mecum in ius, à rapprocher, entre autres, du français : viens-nous-en (= viens + allons-viens-nous-en) . L ' auteur nous offre une étude dé-finitive des pléonasmes . Après des remarques générales, il examin e l ' emploi pléonastique des pronoms, par exemple Plaute (Aul., 820) : Quis me Athenis nunc magis QUISQUAM est homo, oui di sint propitii P
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDUS
23 1
ad, Qu ., fr . III, 4, 3) : reus sE dixit, si in cisitate licuisset Bibiesse, mihi
sE satis /acturum . Le pléonasme n ' est pas toujours absent de la
compa-raison, par exemple Plaute (Men ., 55), aiAGts MAIORES nugas . Dans ce s
circonstances, il est plus fréquent en latin postclassique, jusqu ' en an-cien français (plus forçor), prov . (plus melhor), anc .
esp .
(mas mejor) .On le rencontre dans les négations, par exemple Plaute (Mil ., 1411) ,
Tura te NON nociturum esse homini de hac reNEDflNt,souvent mémo dan s la latinité postérieure, jusque dans les langues romanes
(it .
e non ved o niente ») . Il se montre dans l ' emploi des conjonctions et des adverbes (et . . . — que, et atque, simulatque . . . cum, etc . ; deinde, posten, tune deinde ,ita sic, sic tam, sic taliter) . La combinaison aut sel (sel nut) est
intéres-sante à cet égard (Oribase, Synops ., 1V, 4, V11I, 1 ; Vit . Patr ., VI, 3 , 17) — à rapprocher du français « ou bien s . L ' emploi pléonastique de s prépositions est rare et ne se rencontre que tard et dans des textes vul-gaires, C . 1 . L ., VI, 16414 con quacom, XI, 5779 con quicu, exemples qui annoncent l'italien « parlare con seco » (expression que Ltifstedt emprunte à
Leonardo
de Vinci, Pensieri) . Le savant auteur a traité ave c un admirable sens critiquede
l' ellipse, sujet dangereux quia souvent donné lieu à des interprétations à l'égard desquelles on ne peut qu'éprouve r de l'inquiétude . A bon droit, il fait remarquer que certains sujets (vie , mort, maladie, religion) favorisent les constructions elliptiques .La partie stylistique s'ouvre par un grand mémoire qui résume le s qualités particulières d ' un certain nombre d ' auteurs, Tacite, Salluste , Tite-Live et d'autres encore . Ensuite, une monographie très intéres-sante, avec une documentation solide et variée, traite les styles diver s
(Stilarten) et les classes de langue différentes (Sprachschichten), lati n
vulgaire, langue parlée, langue écrite, langue artificielle . Löfstedt niet bien en valeur l ' importance capitale de l ' ceuvre de Cicéron, qui a s u créer e la langue des idées générales en latin » (cf . Meillet, Aperçu . . .) . Plusieurs phénomènes importants du latin « vulgaire n sont examiné s
de
plus près . Par exemple, l ' accusatif tend à remplacer le nominatif , changement important dans l'aspect grammatical de la phrase, où l'on constate 1a préférence très marquée pour la désinence -as, influence des dialectes italiques . Enfin, après avoir donné des exemples de l a force vitale du langage populaire, après des remarques judicieuses su r les différentes stylistiques des particules copulatives et, -que, atque , sur le latin « vulgaire n en général, Lòfstedt rappelle la parenté entr ele
latin populaire et la langue poétique . Dans une étude pénétrante , l ' auteur poursuit l ' évolution du latin postclassique jusque dans le s langues romanes . Il cite entre autres l ' adjectif orbus = caecus déjà dans Apulée (Met ., V, 9), sens qui a survécu dans presque toutes les partie s de la Romania : roum . orb,it .
orbo, anc . fr . orb, prov . orp, anc . cat .232
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDU S
orb, etc . ; ensuite, il traite de l'expression ab oculis > aveugle ; semis,
se-mus > prov . sein, catal . sem, fr . seime ; viaticum voyage, dans Ven . Fort . Carin . praef . 5 ; narrare = dicere (Ter ., Andr ., 367) subsiste en sarde ; mittere = ajouter se trouve dans Apicius, = mettre [un vête-ment] dans les Vitae Patrum (III, 47) ; necare = noyer dans Grégoire de Tours ; mutare> prov . mudar, anc . fr . couder, avec un sens péjoratif , par exemple dans Acta Andr . et lllattla ., p . 35, 8 (éd . Fr . Blatt), d e même alterare (Cael . Aurei . Morb . Chron ., II, 8,115) ; melius peut mar-quer un degré supérieur (anc . fr ., pros, ., catal .) et se trouve employ é
magis, potius (p . 384) . Iaa dernière partie de ce chapitre, particulière
-ment intéressant, est consacrée à l ' étude de quelques questions syn-taxiques . Le quatorzième chapitre examine la question des hellénismes , sujet séduisant, mais semé de pièges, et qui a donné lieu à de nom-breuses controverses . Très intéressant nous semble l ' emploi de tempus nous, . grec ,póvoç = année, par exemple Sedul ., Pasch . carm ., I , 210, jusqu ' en plein Moyen Age . Enfin, suivent quelques doctes pages , qui éclairent plusieurs phénomènes des débuts de la latinité chrétienn e et qui témoignent une fois de plus du caractère universel de l'activité d e M . I,tifstedt .
En somme, ce beau volume complète un monument admirable de l a philologie moderne, construit sur les fondements inébranlables d ' un e vaste érudition, d 'une sensibilité fine et sûre et d ' une perspicacité gé-niale .
P .-W . HoocTrnn .
Zwei religiös-politische Begriffe : Buer«etes-Concordia . By Eiliv
Sxanv . Oslo, Jacob Dybwad, 1932, 106 p .
This is a very good monograph, interesting and useful to anyone wh o studies the political, religious or even linguistic phenomena of the Hel-lenistic and Roman periods . It is published under the auspices of th e Norwegian Academy of Science, and shows the learning, exactness an d insight which we have come to expect from Scandinavian works .
The first part, p . 7-66, deals with the history of the word eúepyí'rrlç , so far as it can be reconstructed from epigraphy and literature, showin g that it was originally, in official use, a title conferred only on foreigner s who had benefitted a Greek state ; that it was regularly connected i n thought and language with certain appropriate ideas (zeal, affection to -wards the state in question, and so forth) and that unofficially it wa s used often enough of citizens ; a good instance (p . 31), albeit negative , is Sophokles, Ant ., 284 ; Freon sarcastically asks if the gods regarded
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDUS
23 3 Polyneikes as an EúapykIs of especial merit, when he tried to burn thei r temples in Thebes . D'' Shard proceeds to show its use of such figures a s Herakles, the authors of civilisation and so forth, and finally its applica-tion to the ideal king, as in Xenophon, and the significance of this fo r the monarchical movement which prepared the way for Hellenistic king -ship .
Regarding concordia, he much doubts if the word represents a nativ e Latin idea at all . The evidence for a temple of Concord in early days i s very weak (p . 102 sqq .) ; here he somewhat cavalierly passes over th e testimony of Ovid,
Fast . I,
641 sqq ., as of no independent value (p . iO4) , because of the uncertainty of his sources, forgetting the strong genera l probability that he draws on Verrius Flaccus . The earliest positively known temple dates from 216 B .C ., in an age when Greek influence w'a s already far from negligible . He thinks therefore that concordia is the fa-miliar ój.6vota of Greek political thought . It became a catchword espe-cially of the optimates during the troubles which preceded the fall of th e Roman republic, and is associated with philosophical ideas, notably thos e popularised by Poseidonios (to whom he is perhaps a little too ready t o attribute the origin or diffusion of a thought) of the composition of th e universe and human states alike from the harmonious blending of oppo-sing factors, concordiadinars .
A detail may be thought in need of correction . On p . 89 he devote s some space to a rather needless proof that the speech of Meneniu s Agrippa to the plebs is a mass of Greek commonplaces ; he omits (p . 91 ) to make the really relevant enquiry whether the fable of the Belly an d the Members has parallels in any genuine folklore .
H . J . R .
BULL . DU CANGE . 1933
234
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDU S
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The Year's Work in Modern Languages Studies, volume I11 (Year en
-ding 30 June, 1932), edited by William Entwistle . Oxford University Press, 1933, 186 p . Price : 7s, 6d .
S . Caesarii Arelatensis Episcopi Regula Sanctarum Virginum, aliaqu e
opuscula ad sanctimoniales
diretta,
ad normam codicum nunc primum edidit Germanus Morin, O . S . B . (Florilegium Patristicum, fasc . 34) .Bonn, Peter Hanstein, 1933, 55 p ., avec trois photogravures . Prix : M . 2,80 .
Clement Louis HItnr.ICKA, O . S . B ., A Study of the Late Latin Vocabu-lary and of the Prepositions and Demonstrative Pronouns in the Confes-sions of St . Augustine (Dissertation) . Catholic University of America ,
Washington, D . C ., 1931, xxn + 268 p . Price : $ 3,50 .
A . J .MACnoNALD,Authority and Reason in the early Middle Ages, bein g
the Hulsean Lectures, 19311932, delivered in the University of Cam -bridge, 1931 . Oxford University Press, 1933, vni + 136 p . Price : 6s . William Chase GREEN, The Achievementof Rome : A chapter in civili-zation . Harvard University Press, Cambridge, U . S . A . London,
Hum-phrey Milford, 1933, xiv + 560 p . Price : 19s .
S . J . Cnnwsonn „AngloSaxon Influence on Western Christendom, 600
-800. Oxford University Press, 1933, 109 p . Price : 5s .
C . E . STEVENS, Sidonius Apollinaris and his Age . Oxford University
Press, 1933, xiv + 224 p ., maps and illustrations . Price : 12s . 6d .
A Concordance of Boethius the five Theological Tractates and th e Consolation of Philosophy . Compiled by Lane Cooper . The Medieval Aca-demy of America, Cambridge, Mass, 1928, xrr + 467 p . Price : 5 dollars (4 dollars to members of the Academy) .
A Concordance to the Histor ia Ecclesiastica ofBede, by Putnam
Fen-nell JONES . Published for the Concordance Society by the Medieval Aca-demy of America . Cambridge, Mass ., 1929, rx + 585 p . Price : 6,50 dol-lars (to members of the Academy 5,50 doldol-lars) .
Walter MATZKOW, De vocabulis quibusdam Italae et Vulgatae
Christia-nis Quaestiones lexicographae (Dissertation) . Berolini, Wilhelm Pilz & Noack, 1933, 55 p .
Günter REICHENKION, Passivum, Medium und Re flexivum in den ro-manischen Sprachen (Dissertation) . Berlin, 1933, p . 41 .
ANALYSES ET COMPTES-RENDIJS
23 5
JEROME, Select Letters, with an English translation by F . A . Wright .
London, William Heinemann ; New York, G . P . Putnam ' s Sons, 193 3 [Loeb Classical Library], xvi + 510 p . Price : 10s .
Einar LÖFSTEDT, Syntactica . Studien und Beiträge zur historiche n
Syntax des Lateins . Zweiter Teil : Syntaktischstilistiche Gesichts -punkte und Probleme [Skrifter utgivna ay . Kungl . Humanistika Vetens-kapssamfundet i Lund ; X, 2] . Lund, C . W . K . Gleerup ; London, Hum-phrey Milford ; Paris, E . Droz ; Leipzig, O . Flarrassowitz, 1933 , 492 p .
Thomas ALLISON, Pioneers of English learning . Oxford, Blackwell ,
1932, xix-109 p . Price : 5s .
Charlotte 11IuELLnn, Observationes grammaticae in Paulini Pellaei car -men Eucharisticum (Dissertation) . Berlin, R . Pfau, 1933, Inn + 181 p .
J . SvszzuuG, Wortstudien zu den spätlateinischen Oribasiusrezensionen . Uppsala, 1932 (Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, 1933, Sprakvetenska-pliga Sällskapets Förhandlingar, p . 57-146, et à part .) .
Symbolae 0sloenses, fase .
XII, éd .
S . Eitrem et Gunnar Rudberg . Oslo, A . W . Brogger, 1933, 101 p .J . E . A . JoLLIFFE, Pre-Feudal England : the Jutes (Oxford Historica l Series, vol . 3) . Oxford University Press, 1933, x + 122 p ., two maps . Price : 7s . 6d .
