❯ ◆■ ❱ ❊ ❘ ❙■ ❚ ➱ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❍ ❊ ❘ ❇ ❘ ❖ ❖ ❑ ❊
❋❛❝ ✉❧
❞❡ ❣ ♥✐❡
❉ ♣ ❛ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❣ ♥✐❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❣ ♥✐❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❡❝ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ✉❡
❈ ❆ ❘ ❆ ❈ ❚ ➱ ❘■ ❙ ❆ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❈ ❍■ ▼■ ◗ ❯ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙
❋ ❘ ❆ ❈ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❙ ❆ ❘ ❖ ▼ ❆ ❚■ ◗ ❯ ❊ ❙ ■ ❙ ❙ ❯ ❊ ❙ ❉ ❊
▲ ❆ ❉ ➱ ❖ ▲ ❨ ▼ ➱ ❘■ ❙ ❆ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❇ ❆ ❙■ ◗ ❯ ❊ ❉ ❊
▲ ❆ ▲■ ● ◆■ ◆ ❊
▼ ♠ ♦✐ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛✐ ✐ ❡
❙ ♣ ❝✐ ❛❧✐ ✿ ❣ ♥✐❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡
❊ ♠ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉❡❧❧❡ ❇ ❆ ❍ ▲
❙ ❤❡ ❜ ♦ ♦ ❦❡ ✭ ◗ ✉ ❜ ❡❝✮ ❈ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❛
❏ ✉✐❧❧❡ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✽
▼ ❊ ▼ ❇ ❘ ❊ ❙ ❉ ❯ ❏ ❯ ❘ ❨
❏❡ ❛ ♥✲ ▼✐❝ ❤❡❧ ▲ ❛ ✈ ♦✐❡
❉✐ ❡ ❝ ❡ ✉● ✉✐❧❧ ❛ ✉ ♠❡ ❇ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❣❡
➱ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❛ ❡ ✉❛ ♣ ❛ ◆✐ ♦ ❦ ❤ ♦ ❉✐ ♦ ✉❢✱ ❤ ❉
➱ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❛ ❡ ✉❚ ❤✐❡ ② ● ❤✐ ❧ ❛✐ ♥✱ ❤ ❉
➱ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❛ ❡ ✉❘ ➱ ❙ ❯ ▼ ➱
❉❡ ♣ ✉✐ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✵✱ ❧❡ ❣❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞✐❡ ♥ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❛ ♠✐ ❡ ♥ ♣❧ ❛❝❡ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❢ ♦ ✐❧❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥❡ ❡ ♥❡ ✉ ❞✬ ❛ ✉ ♠ ♦✐ ♥ ✺ ✪ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧✬❡ ❡ ♥❝❡ ❡ ❞❡ ✷ ✪ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❞✐❡ ❡❧ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❞✐❡ ❡❧ ❞✐ ♣ ♦ ♥✐ ❜❧❡ ✉ ❧❡ ♠ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❬ ✶❪✳ ▲✬ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦❧ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ✐ ✉❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❧✬ ✉ ♥❡ ❞❡ ✈ ♦✐❡ ❡ ♥ ✈✐ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❛ ② ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❡ ♥ ✐❡❧✱ ❝❡❧ ✉✐✲❝✐ ♣ ♦ ✉ ✈❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❞❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❢ ❛ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡✳ ❯ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❢ ❛ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ② ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛ ✉ ① ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ✱ ❧ ❛ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡ ✭ ✸ ✵✲ ✻ ✵ ✪✮✱ ❧❡ ❤ ♠✐❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡ ✭ ✶ ✺✲ ✸ ✺ ✪✮ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✭ ✶ ✹✲ ✸ ✺ ✪✮✳ ▲❡ ❞❡ ✉ ① ♣ ❡ ♠✐ ❡ ❢ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦❧ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ✐ ✉❡✱ ❛❧ ♦ ✉❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❧ ❛✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ✈ ✉ ❧❡ ❞ ✜ ✉✬❡❧❧❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ✉ ❧❡ ♣❧ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐❡❧ ✭ ❝ ❛❧❝✐ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❛ ✉ ① ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ✱ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❡ ❝✳✮✳ ❈❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✱ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ❡❧❧❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ✉ ♥❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❡✱ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✉ ❞✐ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐❡ ✉ ❡✱ ❞❡ ❡ ✛ ♦ ✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐❢ ♦ ♥ ❞ ♣❧ ♦ ② ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❡ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❡ ✳ ❈✬❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❝❡ ❜ ✉ ✉✬ ✉ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ♥ ▲✲❢ ✉❡❧ ✭▲✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❢ ✉ ❡❧ ✮ ❛ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ♣ ❛ ❧❡ ▲ ❛ ❜ ♦ ❛ ♦✐ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❚❡❝ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦❣✐ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❇✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✭ ▲ ❚ ❇✮ ❡ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❡ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ✳ ❚♦ ✉ ❡❢ ♦✐ ✱ ✉ ♥❡ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ✐ ♥❝❡ ✐ ✉ ❞❡ ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✉ ① ♠ ❝ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ✐ ♠ ♣❧✐ ✉ ❡ ❛ ✉ ① ♦ ✉ ✲ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✱ ❢ ❡✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❛✐ ♥ ✐ ❧✬ ♦ ♣ ✐ ♠✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ✳ ▲ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❤❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦✐ ♥ ❞❡ ✈ ✉❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❜❧❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥❝ ✉ ♥ ❞ ✜ ❡❧❡ ✈❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ❧✬❡ ❡ ♥ ✐❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♣ ♦❥❡ ✳ ■❧ ✬ ❛ ❣✐ ❞✬ ✉ ♥❡ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝❡ ❡ ♠ ❛❝ ♦ ♠ ♦❧ ❝ ✉❧❡✱ ♠ ❛✐ ❛ ✉ ✐ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❜❧❡ ❡ ♥ ✈ ✉❡ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❣ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ▲ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ✉ ♥ ❞❡ ✈❡ ♦ ✉ ❡❝ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ✉❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛ ✉ ① ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦❧ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✉ ①✐ ♠❡ ❣ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❉ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥ ♣ ❡ ♠✐❡ ❡ ♠ ♣ ✱ ❧✬ ✉ ♥ ❞❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐❢ ❛✐ ❞❡ ♣ ❛ ✈❡ ♥✐ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ♦ ✉ ✐❧ ❛ ♥ ❛✲ ❧ ② ✐ ✉❡ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞✬ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❡ ❞❡ ✉✐ ✈ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛❝ ✉ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❞✬ ✉ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡✱ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐❡❧❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ❞ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✭ ❇ ❈ ❉✮✳ ❉✬ ❛ ❜ ♦ ❞✱ ❧❡ ♣ ♦ ♦ ❝ ♦❧❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ✱ ♣ ✉✐ ❧❡ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✲ ✉ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ① ♦ ♥ ❞ ✜ ♥✐ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❡ ✣❝ ❛❝❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❧❡ ♠ ♦❧ ❝ ✉❧❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✉❡ ❢ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❯ ♥❡ ♠ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ❞✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ❛ ❞ ✈❡✲ ❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ❡✱ ♣ ❡ ♠❡ ❛ ♥ ❞✬ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥✐ ❧❡ ✉❧ ❛ ❞❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❧ ❛✐ ❝ ♦ ✉ ✱ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ✉❡ ❛ ♣ ♣❧✐ ✉ ❛ ✉ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ✭ ❆ ❚✮ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❝ ✐ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥ ♠✐ ♥✐ ♠ ✉ ♠ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ♥✐ ♣ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❞✬ ✉✐ ♣ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠✲ ♠ ❛ ❜❧❡✳ ▲ ❛ ❢ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐❝ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ♦❧✐ ❣ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❛ ❛❝ ✐ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❝ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ✭ ❙ ❊ ❈✮✳ ❉❡ ❡ ✛ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛❝ ❛ ✉ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣❧ ❛ ❣❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❙ ❊ ❈ ❧ ❛ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ✐❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ✬ ❛ ✛ ❛ ♥❝ ❤✐ ❞✬ ✉ ♥❡ ❝ ❛❧✐ ❜ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❝✐ ❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠❡ ❡ ❞✬ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥✐ ❧❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❡ ① ❛❝ ❡ ❞❡ ❢ ❛ ❣ ♠❡ ♥ ✳ ❋✐ ♥ ❛❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ✉ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❜❧❡ ❞❡ ❡❝ ❤ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❡ ❛ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞✬❡ ✛❡❝ ✉❡ ✉ ♥ ✉✐ ✈✐ ❡ ① ❤ ❛ ✉ ✐❢ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✲ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✉ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♣ ♦✲ ❝ ❞ ❞❡ ❞ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡✱ ♦✐ ❧✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡✳ ❈❡❝✐ ❛ ♣ ❡ ♠✐ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐ ❞❡ ❧✬❡ ✣❝ ❛❝✐ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✈❡ ❛ ✐❧✐ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ♦ ❝ ♦❧❡ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ✳ ▼ ♦ ✲ ❝❧ ✿ ▲✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡✱ ❞ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ❛❧ ② ❡ ♣ ❛ ✉ ♥❡ ❜ ❛ ❡ ✭ ❇ ❈ ❉✮✱ ❝ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡✱ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ✐❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡✱ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡➚ ❙ ❤ ❛ ✇ ♥✱ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ✱ ➚ ♠❡ ♣ ❛ ❡ ♥ ✱ ❏ ♦ ❡ ❡ ❆❧ ❛✐ ♥✱ ➚ ♠❡ ♦ ❡ ✉ ✱ ❏ ✉ ❞✐ ❤✱ ❑ ❛ ❤❡ ✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❉❡❧ ♣ ❤✐ ♥❡✳ ♦ ✉ ✈ ♦ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ✱ ✈ ♦ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✐❡ ♥ ❡ ✈ ♦ ❡ ♥✲ ❝ ♦ ✉ ❛ ❣❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✳ ❱♦ ✉ ❡ ♠❡ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❧❡ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❞✬✐ ♥ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳
❘ ❊ ▼ ❊ ❘ ❈■ ❊ ▼ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙
❏✬ ❛✐ ♠❡ ❛✐ ❡ ① ♣ ✐ ♠❡ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✉ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ❡❝ ❡ ✉ ❞❡ ♠ ♠ ♦✐ ❡✱ ❏❡ ❛ ♥✲ ▼✐❝ ❤❡❧ ▲ ❛ ✈ ♦✐❡✱ ✉✐ ♠✬ ❛ ❣ ✉✐ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧ ❛ ❛❧✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❛ ✈❛ ✉ ①✳ ❏❡ ❧❡ ❡ ♠❡ ❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♠✬ ❛ ✈ ♦✐ ❛❝❝ ♦ ❞ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✜ ❛ ♥❝❡ ✐❧ ② ❛ ♠ ❛✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♥ ✱ ❛❧ ♦ ✉❡ ❥❡ ♥✬ ❛✐ ✉✬ ❛ ✉ ❞ ❜ ✉ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❝ ♦ ✉ ✉ ♥✐ ✈❡ ✐ ❛✐ ❡✳ ▼❡ ❝✐ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬❡ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ❧❡ ♦ ♣ ♣ ♦ ✉ ♥✐ ♣ ♦❢❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥❡❧❧❡ ✱ ♠ ❛✐ ✉ ♦ ✉ ✱ ♠❡ ❝✐ ❞❡ ♠✬ ❛ ✈ ♦✐ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ❝❡ ❡ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ❡❝ ❤❡ ❝ ❤❡ ❡ ❧✬✐ ♥ ♥ ♦ ✈❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❏❡ ❡ ♠❡ ❝✐❡ ❣ ❛❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ♠ ♦ ♥ ✉ ♣ ❡ ✈✐ ❡ ✉ ✐ ♠ ♠ ❞✐ ❛ ✱ ❉ ❚ ❤✐❡ ② ● ❤✐ ❧ ❛✐ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬❡ ♥❝ ❛ ❞ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ❧❡ ♦ ✉ ✐❡ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❡ ❧❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛✐ ❛ ♥❝❡ ✉✬✐❧ ♠✬ ❛ ❛ ♥ ♠✐ ❡ ✳ ❏✬❡ ① ♣ ✐ ♠❡ ❣ ❛❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ♠ ❛ ❡❝ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛✐ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❧✬ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ▼✐ ❛ ❝ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ✉ ♣ ♣ ♦ ✜ ♥ ❛ ♥❝✐❡ ✱ ❞❡ ♠ ♠❡ ✉✬ ❛ ✉ ① ♥ ♦ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✉ ① ♣ ❛ ❡ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❛ ♥❝✐❡ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐❡❧ ❞ ✉ ▲ ❛ ❜ ♦ ❛ ♦✐ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❚❡❝ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦✲ ❣✐ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❇✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✭ ▲ ❚ ❇✮ ✿ ➱ ♥❡ ❣✐❡ ❡ ❘❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❡❧❧❡ ◗ ✉ ❜ ❡❝✱ ❊ ♥❡ ❦❡ ♠✱ ● ❡❡ ♥ ✜❡❧ ❞ ●❧ ♦ ❜ ❛❧✱ ❈ ❘ ❇ ■ ♥ ♥ ♦ ✈❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ■ ♥❝✱ ❧❡ ❈ ❘ ❙ ◆ ●✱ ❧❡ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❇✐ ♦❢ ✉❡❧ ♥❡ ✱ ❧ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞✐❡ ♥ ♥❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬✐ ♥ ♥ ♦ ✈❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❧❡ ❈ ❘■ ❇■ ◗✳ ▼❡ ❝✐ ❛ ✉ ① ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❥ ✉ ②✱ ● ✉✐❧❧ ❛ ✉ ♠❡ ❇ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❣❡ ❡ ❛ ♣ ❛ ◆✐ ♦ ❦ ❤ ♦ ❉✐ ♦ ✉❢✱ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❛❝❝ ♦ ❞ ❧ ❛ ✈✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♠ ♠ ♦✐ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ❧❡ ✉ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❤ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✉ ❛❧✐ ✳ ❏❡ ♦ ✉ ❤ ❛✐ ❡ ❣ ❛❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ♠❡ ❝✐❡ ♠❡ ♣ ❝✐❡ ✉ ① ❝ ♦❧❧ ❣ ✉❡ ❡ ❛ ♠✐ ❛ ✈❡❝ ✉✐ ❥✬ ❛✐ ♣ ❛ ❛ ❣ ♠ ♦ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❞✐❡ ♥✱ ♣ ❛ ✐❝ ✉❧✐ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❙ ♦ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❇❡ ❛ ✉❝ ❤❡ ♠✐ ♥✱ ▼ ❛ ①✐ ♠❡ ▲❡ ❛ ❞✱ ▼ ❛ ✐ ♥❡ ● ❛ ✉ ✐❡ ✱ ▼ ❛ ✐✲ ❝❡❧❧ ② ▼ ❛ ✐ ♥❡③ ❡ ❏ ❛ ♠❡ ❑ ♦ ♥ ❣✲ ❲✐ ♥✲ ❈ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣✱ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ✉ ❛ ♣ ♣ ✉✐ ❡ ❧❡ ✉ ❡ ♥❝ ♦ ✉ ❛ ❣❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✳ ❱♦ ✉ ❛ ✈❡③ ❞ ❡ ♠✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♠ ♦ ♥ ✉❝❝ ❣ ❝❡ ✈ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡✐❧ ❡ ✈ ♦ ✐ ❞ ❡ ✱ ♠ ❛✐ ✉ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✉❡ ❥ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❜❧❡✳ ▼❡ ❝✐ ❧✬❡ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❜❧❡ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❝ ♦❧❧ ❣ ✉❡ ❞ ✉ ▲ ❚ ❇ ❛ ✈❡❝ ✉✐ ❥✬ ❛✐ ♠ ♦✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛❝ ✱ ♠ ❛✐ ✉✐ ♦ ♥ ❝❡ ❛✐ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜ ✉ ❝❡ ❛ ✈❛✐❧✳ ❉ ✉ ❢ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❞ ✉ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✉ ✱ ❥❡ ❡ ♠❡ ❝✐❡ ♠ ❛ ❢ ❛ ♠✐❧❧❡ ❡ ♠❡ ❛ ♠✐ ✱ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ✉ ❛ ♣ ♣ ✉✐✱ ❧❡ ✉ ❡ ♥❝ ♦ ✉ ❛ ❣❡✲ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ❧❡ ✉ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ♦ ✉ ❛ ✉ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❝ ♦ ✉ ✳ ▼❡ ❝✐ ♠❡ ♣ ❛ ❡ ♥ ✱ ❏ ♦ ❡ ❡ ❆❧ ❛✐ ♥✱ ♠❡ ♦ ❡ ✉ ✱ ❏ ✉ ❞✐ ❤✱ ❑ ❛ ❤❡ ✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❉❡❧ ♣ ❤✐ ♥❡✱ ♠❡ ✓❢ ❡ ✔✱ ▲ ♦ ✉✐ ❡ ❛ ✐❝ ❦ ❛✐ ♥ ✐ ✉✬ ♠ ♦ ♥ ✜ ❞ ❧❡ ❛ ♠✐✱ ▼ ❛ ❤✐❡ ✉✳ ▼ ❛❧ ❣ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✈ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✈❛✐❧ ❛❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✱ ❥❡ ♥✬ ❛ ✉ ❛✐ ♣ ❛ ♣ ✉ ❛❝❝ ♦ ♠ ♣❧✐ ♦ ✉ ❛ ❛ ♥ ✈ ♦ ✉ ✳ ▼❡ ❝✐ ✐ ♥ ✜ ♥✐ ♠❡ ♥ ✳ ❋✐ ♥ ❛❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ✉ ♥ ♠❡ ❝✐ ♣ ❝✐ ❛❧ ❡ ❜✐❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥❥ ♦✐ ♥ ✱ ❙ ❤ ❛ ✇ ♥ ● ❛❧❧ ❛ ❣ ❤❡ ✲ ❉ ✉ ✈❛❧✳ ▼❡ ❝✐ ❞✬ ❛ ✈ ♦✐ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♣✐❧❧✐❡ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ▼❡ ❝✐ ❞✬ ❛ ✈ ♦✐ ✉ ♠❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♠❡ ❡ ♠✐ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ♥ ♣ ❡ ✉ ♦ ♣ ❢ ✉❡ ♥ ❡ ✱ ❞❡ ♠✬ ❛ ✈ ♦✐ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ♠ ♦ ♠❡ ♥ ❞✐ ✣❝✐❧❡ ✱ ❞✬ ❛ ✈ ♦✐ ❛ ♣ ❛✐ ♠❡ ❛ ♥ ❣ ♦✐ ❡ ❡ ❞✬ ❛ ✈ ♦✐ ❡ ✉ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✜ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❡ ♥ ♠ ♦✐✱ ♦ ✉❥ ♦ ✉ ✳ ❙✐ ❥✬ ❛✐ ✉ ✐✱ ❝✬❡ ❣ ❝❡ ♦✐✳ ▼❡ ❝✐✱ ❡❧❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✳❚ ❆ ❇ ▲ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ▼ ❆ ❚■ ➮ ❘ ❊ ❙
✶ ■ ◆ ❚ ❘ ❖ ❉ ❯ ❈ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ✶ ✶✳ ✶ ▼✐ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ① ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳ ✷ ♦ ❜❧ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❡ ✉❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❡❝ ❤❡ ❝ ❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳ ✸ ❖ ❜❥❡❝ ✐❢ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦❥❡ ❞❡ ❡❝ ❤❡ ❝ ❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ✐ ❣✐ ♥ ❛❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳ ✺ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❞ ♦ ❝ ✉ ♠❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷ ➱ ❚ ❆ ❚ ❉ ❊ ▲✬ ❆ ❘ ❚ ✼ ✷✳ ✶ ▲ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳ ✶✳ ✶ ❙ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳ ✶✳ ✷ ❙ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ❡ ❜✐ ♦ ② ♥ ❤ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳ ✷ ❆ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❤❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✷✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❉ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✷✳ ✷✳ ✷ ❉ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✷✳ ✷✳ ✸ ❱❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❢ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐❝ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ♦❧✐ ❣ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✷✳ ✸ ❚❡❝ ❤ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❞✬ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✷✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♠ ♦❧ ❝ ✉❧❡ ❞❡ ❢ ❛✐ ❜❧❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✶ ✽ ✷✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✵ ✷✳ ✸✳ ✸ ❙ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ✐❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✻ ✷✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♥❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✵ ✸ ❈ ❆ ❘ ❆ ❈ ❚ ➱ ❘■ ❙ ❆ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❉ ❊ ▲ ❆ ❋ ❘ ❆ ❈ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❘■ ❈ ❍ ❊ ❊ ◆ ▼ ❖ ◆ ❖ ▼ ➮ ❘ ❊ ❙ ✸ ✸ ✸✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✸ ✸✳ ✷ ◗ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✺ ✸✳ ✷✳ ✶ ■ ♥ ✉ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✻ ✸✳ ✸ ❊ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✾ ✸✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❊ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦❧✐ ❞❡ ✭ ❙ ❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✵ ✸✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❊ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡✲❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ✭ ▲ ▲ ❊✮ ❡ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✼ ✸✳ ✹ ❆ ♠ ❧✐ ♦ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✈❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦ ♦ ❝ ♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✺ ✸✳ ✺ ❙ ② ♥ ❤ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹ ❈ ❆ ❘ ❆ ❈ ❚ ➱ ❘■ ❙ ❆ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❉ ❊ ▲ ❆ ❋ ❘ ❆ ❈ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❘■ ❈ ❍ ❊ ❊ ◆ ❖ ▲■ ● ❖ ▼ ➮ ❘ ❊ ❙ ✻ ✸ ✹✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✸ ✹✳ ✷ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ♣ ❛ ♣ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ✭ ● ❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✸ ✹✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❈ ❤ ♦✐ ① ❞❡ ❝ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ❝ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐ ✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✹ ✹✳ ✷✳ ✷ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❜✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✼ ✹✳ ✷✳ ✸ ▼ ❝ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛✐ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✽ ✹✳ ✷✳ ✹ ● ❈ ❡ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ✐❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶ ✹✳ ✸ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ✭ ❙ ❊ ❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✵ ✐ ①① ❚ ❆ ❇ ▲ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ▼ ❆ ❚■ ➮ ❘ ❊ ❙ ✹✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❈ ❤ ♦✐ ① ❞❡ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡ ① ♣ ✐ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✵ ✹✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ✉ ♣❧ ❛ ❣❡ ✐ ♣❧❡ ❞ ❡❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶ ✹✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♥❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✽ ✺ ❆ ▲■ ❈ ❆ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❆ ❯ ❘ ❖ ❈ ➱ ❉ ➱ ❉ ❊ ❉ ➱ ❖ ▲ ❨ ▼ ➱ ❘■ ❙ ❆ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❉ ❊ ▲ ❆ ▲■ ● ◆■ ◆ ❊ ❆ ❘ ❖ ❩ ❖ ◆ ❖ ▲ ❨ ❙ ❊ ✾ ✶ ✺✳ ✶ ■ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷ ✺✳ ✷ ▼ ❛ ✐❡❧ ❡ ♠ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✹ ✺✳ ✷✳ ✶ ❖③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✹ ✺✳ ✷✳ ✷ ▼ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✹ ✺✳ ✸ ❘ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❞✐ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✼ ✺✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✼ ✺✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❧ ♠❡ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✸ ✺✳ ✸✳ ✸ ❆ ♥ ❛ ②❧ ❡ ❤❡ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ✈✐ ♠ ✐ ✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✹ ✺✳ ✸✳ ✹ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ✭ ❙ ❊ ❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✽ ✺✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♥❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✷ ✻ ❈ ❖ ◆ ❈ ▲ ❯ ❙■ ❖ ◆ ✶ ✶ ✸ ✻✳ ✶ ❙ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❛✐ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✸ ✻✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✺ ✻✳ ✸ ❚ ❛ ✈❛✉ ① ❢✉ ✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✻ ❆ ❊ ① ❡ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❝ ❛❧ ❝ ✉❧ ✶ ✶ ✾ ❆✳ ✶ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ❞❡ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✾ ❆✳ ✷ ❚❡ ❛ ✐ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❉✐ ① ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✾ ❆✳ ✸ ❖③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ✲ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❧ ♠❡ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✵ ❆✳ ✸✳ ✶ ❈ ❛❧❝ ✉❧ ❞ ✉ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❖ ✴ ❈ ❡ ❍ ✴ ❈ ❛ ♦ ♠✐ ✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✵ ❆✳ ✸✳ ✷ ❙ ♦ ✉ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ◆ ❛ ❖ ❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✶ ❇ ❈ ❛❧ ❝ ✉❧ ❞ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ❡ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❞✬ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❞✐ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✶ ✷ ✸ ❈ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠ ❡ ✶ ✷ ✺ ❈✳ ✶ ❖③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✺ ▲■ ❙ ❚ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❘ ➱ ❋ ➱ ❘ ❊ ◆ ❈ ❊ ❙ ✶ ✷ ✾
▲■ ❙ ❚ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❋■ ● ❯ ❘ ❊ ❙
✷✳ ✶ ❯ ♥✐ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳ ✷ ▼ ❝ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❞ ❤ ② ❞ ♦ ❣ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❛❧❝ ♦ ♦❧ ❝ ♦ ♥✐❢ ②❧✐ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❢ ♦ ♠❡ ❧❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❞✐❝ ❛ ✉ ① ♣ ♦ ✐ ❜❧❡ ✭ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧✬ ❛ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❞✐ ❡ ✉ ❬ ✶ ✹❪✮ ✽ ✷✳ ✸ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛❧❡ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ ❡ ❧✐ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❬ ✶ ✷✱ ✶ ✻❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳ ✹ ▼ ❝ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❢ ❛ ❣ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❧ ♦ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❞ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❑ ❛❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✷✳ ✺ ❊ ①❡ ♠ ♣❧❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❝ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❢ ❛ ❣ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ β ✲ ❖✲ ✹ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ❞ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐✲ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ✈ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❛ ❣❡ ✭ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♣ ❛✈ ❡❝ ❧✬ ❛ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❞✐ ❡ ✉ ❬ ✷ ✽❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✷✳ ✻ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❡ ♥ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ β ✲ ❖✲ ✹ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♥❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❢ ❛❝ ❡ ✉ ❞❡ ✈ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❛✐ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❞✬❡ ① ♣❧ ♦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧ ❛ ✈ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✉ ✭ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❛✈ ❡❝ ❧✬ ❛ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❞✐ ❡ ✉ ❬ ✷ ✾❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✹ ✷✳ ✼ ➱ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ❢ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❇ ❈ ❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✷✳ ✽ ▼ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛ ✉ ① ✐ ♦❧ ❧ ♦ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❞ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❝ ❛ ❛✲ ❧ ② ❡ ♣ ❛ ✉ ♥❡ ❜ ❛ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✷✳ ✾ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ❞❡ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♣ ❛ ▲ ▲ ❊ ✭ ❆✮ ❡ ❙ ❊ ✭ ❇✮ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♥❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥✐ ✈❡ ❛ ✉ ❞❡ ❢ ♦ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❍ ②✱ ❱ ❆✱ ❱ ❡ ❱ ❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾ ✷✳ ✶ ✵ ❙❝ ❤ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♠ ❝ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♣✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✉ ① ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❝ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶ ✷✳ ✶ ✶ ❉ ❡ ♠✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✣❝✐❡ ♥ ❞❡ ▼ ❛ ❦✲ ❍ ♦ ✉ ✇✐ ♥ ❦ ♣ ♦ ✉ ✉ ♥ ② ♠❡ ♣ ♦❧ ②✲ ♠ ❡ ✴ ♦❧ ✈ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♥ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸ ✷✳ ✶ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ✉ ✐❧✐ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❛❧ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ❞❡ ● ❈ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✹ ✷✳ ✶ ✸ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♦ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ▲✲ ❣❡❧ ✭ ❆ ❣✐❧❡ ♥ ✮ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❛❧✐ ❜ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ✭ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♣ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧✬ ❛ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❞✐ ❡ ✉ ❬ ✹ ✽❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✺ ✷✳ ✶ ✹ ❉ ♦ ♠ ❛✐ ♥❡ ❞✬ ❛ ♣ ♣❧✐❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❞✬✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♥❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♠ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦❧ ❛✐ ❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✼ ✸✳ ✶ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ❞✬ ✉ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦❧ ✉ ❜✐❧✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧✬ ❛❝ ♦ ♥✐ ✐❧❡ ♣ ❛ ● ❈✲ ❋■ ❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✻ ✸✳ ✷ ❙ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉❝ ❤❡ ❙ ❉ ❇✲ ▲ ✭ ❤❡ ♥ ♦ ♠❡ ♥❡ ①✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶ ✸✳ ✸ ❙ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉❝ ❤❡ ❤ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❡ ① ✲ ❙ ❛ ❛✲ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶ ✸✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉❝ ❤❡ ❞✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦❧✐ ❞❡ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ✲ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉❡ ✉ ❡ ♥❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ✉❡ ❧❡ ❛ ♥✲ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✶✮✱ ❞ ♦ ❜ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❛❝ ♦ ♥✐ ✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷ ✸✳ ✺ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♦❧ ✈ ❛ ♥ ❞✬ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛✈ ❡❝ ❧❡ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉❝ ❤❡ ❙ ❉ ❇✲ ▲ ✭ ✷ ✵ ✵ ♠ ❣ ✴ ✻ ♠ ▲✮ ✲ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉❡ ✉ ❡ ♥❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ✉❡ ❧❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✸ ①✐①✐✐ ▲■ ❙ ❚ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❋■ ● ❯ ❘ ❊ ❙ ✸✳ ✻ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉❝ ❤❡ ❞✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❙ ❉ ❇✲ ▲ ✭ ✷ ✵ ✵ ♠ ❣ ✴ ✻ ♠ ▲✮ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♠ ✉❧ ❡ ✱ ❛❝✐ ❞❡ ❡ ♥❡ ✉ ❛❧✐ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❈ ❛ ❈ ❖3✭ ♥ ❂ ✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✹ ✸✳ ✼ ▼ ❝ ❛ ♥✐ ♠❡ ❞✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ✭ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❛ ❞ ✉✐ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧ ❛ ♣ ❡ ♠✐ ✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❞✐ ❡ ✉ ❬ ✻ ✻❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✽ ✸✳ ✽ ❘ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♣ ❛ ❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡✲❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ✭ ▲ ▲ ❊✮✱ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ✭ ❙ ❖✮ ❛ ✈❡❝ ◆ ❛ ❈❧ ❡ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ❛ ✈❡❝ ◆ ❛2❙ ❖4 ❛ ✈❡❝ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ♦❧ ✉ ♥❡ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✵ ✸✳ ✾ ❘ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♣ ❛ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧❡ ◆ ❛ ❈❧ ❡ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ♦❧ ✉ ♥❡ ❡❧ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❡ ❞✬ ❛ ❣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶ ✸✳ ✶ ✵ ❘ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♣ ❛ ❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡✲❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ✭ ▲ ▲ ❊✮✱ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ✭ ❙ ❖✮ ❛ ✈❡❝ ◆ ❛ ❈❧ ❡ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ❛ ✈❡❝ ◆ ❛2❙ ❖4 ❛ ✈❡❝ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❞✬ ❛❝ ✲ ❛ ❡ ❞✬ ❤ ②❧❡ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷ ✸✳ ✶ ✶ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ♣ ❛ ● ❈✲ ❋■ ❉ ✭ ❆✮ ❙ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ♣ ✉ ✭ ❇✮ ❙ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ▼ ❘ ❋ ❢ ♦ ✐ ✜ ❡ ♣ ✉✐ ❡ ① ❛✐ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ✭ ❈✮ ❇❧ ❛ ♥❝ ❞✬❡ ❛ ✉ ✉❧ ❛ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❡ ① ❛✐ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✼ ✹✳ ✶ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ❞❡ ● ❈ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✜ ❣ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ✱ ❞ ❡❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❉ ❆ ❉ ✷ ✺ ✹ ♥ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✺ ✹✳ ✷ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ● ❈ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ❖ ❘ ❋ ❡ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡✱ ❞ ❡❝✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❉ ❆ ❉ ✷ ✺ ✹ ♥ ♠✱ ✭ ❆✮ ♦❧ ✉ ❜✐❧✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❝ ❤❧ ♦ ♦❢ ♦ ♠❡ ❡ ✭ ❇✮ ♦❧ ✉ ❜✐❧✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❚ ❍ ❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✽ ✹✳ ✸ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ● ❈ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❜✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤❧ ♦ ♦❢ ♦ ♠❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❜ ❡ ♥③ ♥❡✱ ❞ ❡❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❘■ ❉ ✭ ❆✮ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✪ ❈ ❍ ❈❧3✱ ✭ ❇✮ ✶ ✵ ✪ ❜ ❡ ♥③ ♥❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❈ ❍ ❈❧3 ❡ ✭ ❈✮ ✸ ✵ ✪ ❜ ❡ ♥③ ♥❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❈ ❍ ❈❧3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✵ ✹✳ ✹ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ● ❈ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❜✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤❧ ♦ ♦❢ ♦ ♠❡✱ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❆ ❈■ ✭ ❆✮ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ✈❡✱ ✭ ❇✮ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✸ ✹✳ ✺ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❡❝ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❆ ❈■ ❡ ♥ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ✈❡✭ ❆✮ ✶ ✻ ✷ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❇✮ ✸ ✼ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❈✮ ✺ ✽ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❉✮ ✾ ✸ ✺ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❊✮ ✶ ✽ ✻ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧ ❡ ✭ ❋✮ ✷ ✼ ✽ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✹ ✹✳ ✻ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❡❝ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❆ ❈■ ❡ ♥ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✈❡✭ ❆✮ ✶ ✻ ✷ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❇✮ ✸ ✼ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❈✮ ✺ ✽ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❉✮ ✾ ✸ ✺ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✱ ✭ ❊✮ ✶ ✽ ✻ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧ ❡ ✭ ❋✮ ✷ ✼ ✽ ✵ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✺ ✹✳ ✼ ❉ ♦✐ ❡ ❞✬ ❛❧ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦❧ ❛✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥✐❡ ♣ ❛ ❧❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉❢ ❛❝ ✉ ✐❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❝❡❧❧❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ❛ ✉ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✼ ✹✳ ✽ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ● ❈ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❖ ❘ ❋ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❞✐ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❚ ❍ ❋✱ ✭ ❆✮ ❚■ ❈ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❆ ❈■ ❡ ♥ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ✈❡ ❡ ✭ ❇✮ ❉ ❆ ❉ ✷ ✺ ✹ ♥ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✽ ✹✳ ✾ ❙ ♣ ❡❝ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❖ ❘ ❋ ❞✐ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❚ ❍ ❋ ♣ ❛ ♣ ❛ ● ❈ ❛ ✈❡❝ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❜✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤❧ ♦ ♦❢ ♦ ♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✾ ✹✳ ✶ ✵ ❙❝ ❤ ♠ ❛ ❞ ✉ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣❧ ❛ ❣❡ ❙ ❊ ❈✲ ❉ ❆ ❉✲ ❉ ❊ ❉ ▲✲ ▼ ❙ ✴ ❚ ❖ ❋ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧❡ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ✉❡ ✉ ❡ ❞✐ ❛✲ ♠ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ♣✐❧❧ ❛✐ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠❡ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ② ♥❝ ❤ ♦ ♥✐ ❡ ❧❡ ✐ ❣ ♥ ❛ ✉ ① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷
▲■ ❙ ❚ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❋■ ● ❯ ❘ ❊ ❙ ①✐✐✐ ✹✳ ✶ ✶ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❞✬ ❖ ❘ ❋ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❙ ❊ ❈ ✭ ❆✮ ❉ ❆ ❉ ✷ ✼ ✺ ♥ ♠✱ ✭ ❇✮ ❉ ❊ ❉ ▲✱ ✭ ❈✮ ❚■ ❈ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐❢ ❡ ✭ ❉✮ ❚■ ❈ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✹ ✹✳ ✶ ✷ ❙ ♣ ❡❝ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❊ ❙■✱ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✈❡✱ ❛ ✉ ① ❡ ♠ ♣ ❞❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❆✮ ✷ ✶✱ ✻ ✷ ✸✱ ✸ ♠✐ ♥✱ ✭ ❇✮ ✷ ✸✱ ✹ ✷ ✸✱ ✼ ♠✐ ♥ ❡ ✭ ❈✮ ✷ ✹✱ ✺ ✷ ✹✱ ✾ ❡ ✭ ❉✮ ✷ ✹✱ ✾ ✷ ✺✱ ✻ ♠✐ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✻ ✹✳ ✶ ✸ ❙ ♣ ❡❝ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ❖ ❘ ❋ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❊ ❙■✱ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✈❡✱ ❛ ✉ ① ❡ ♠ ♣ ❞❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❆✮ ✷ ✷✱ ✼ ✷ ✸✱ ✶ ♠✐ ♥✱ ✭ ❇✮ ✷ ✸✱ ✺ ✷ ✸✱ ✼ ♠✐ ♥ ❡ ✭ ❈✮ ✷ ✹✱ ✻ ✷ ✹✱ ✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✼ ✹✳ ✶ ✹ ❙ ✉❝ ✉ ❡ ❤ ② ♣ ♦ ❤ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ✉ ❜ ✐ ♥❡ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❡ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❡ ❇❡ ✲ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❡ ✳ ❛❧✳✳ ▲❡ ❧✐ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞❡ ♥ ✐ ✜ ❡ ♣ ❛ ✱ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ❀ ❙✱ ✉ ❜ ✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❈✱ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ❤ ② ❞ ❛ ❡ ✭ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧✬ ❛ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❞✐ ❡ ✉ ❬ ✻ ✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✾ ✺✳ ✶ ➱ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ❛✐ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ❞✬ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✾ ✺ ✺✳ ✷ ❘❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❤ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬ ♦ ① ② ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♣ ❛ ❧✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥❡ ❥ ✉ ✉✬ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❈ ❖2 ✭ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♣ ❞❡ ❬ ✼ ✾❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✾ ✺✳ ✸ ❈ ♦ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❍ ❞❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❡ ♣ ❝❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ✭ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♣ ❞❡ ❬ ✽ ✷❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✺✳ ✹ ➱ ✈ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥❝❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛ ✉ ① ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♣ ❛ ❧✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦✲ ❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♥❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❞❡ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭❡ ♥ ♠✐ ♥ ✉ ❡✮ ✭ ❆✮ ❘ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✶ ✭ ❇✮ ❘ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✷ ❡ ✭ ❈✮ ▼ ♦ ②❡ ♥ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✉ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✷ ✺✳ ✺ ❉✐ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❱❛ ♥ ❑ ❡ ✈❡❧❡ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❧✬ ✈ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❈ ❍ ❖ ❛ ✉ ✜❧ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✐ ♥ ♦❧ ✉ ❜❧❡ ✴ ♦❧✐ ❣ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❡ ❧✬ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❜ ✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✺ ✺✳ ✻ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❤❡ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ✈✐ ♠ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ♦❧ ✉ ❜❧❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧✬ ❛❝✐ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❞❡ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✼ ✺✳ ✼ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛ ✉ ① ② ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ♥✐ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ✉ ♥✐ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❬ ✶ ✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✼ ✺✳ ✽ ❘❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ♦ ✉ ✈❡ ✉ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ②❝❧❡ ❛ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❞✬ ✉ ♥ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❧❡ β ✲ ❖✲ ✹ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥❡ ❧ ❛ ❛❧❡ ♠ ♦✐ ♥ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❤❡ ♠✐ ✉❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✽ ✺✳ ✾ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐✐❧ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❞✐❢✲ ❢ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❞❡ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✾ ✺✳ ✶ ✵ ➱ ✈ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❞❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❙ ❊ ❈ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♥❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❞ ✉ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✵ ❇✳ ✶ ❉✐ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞✬ ✉ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ❝✐ ❛❧ ✭ ▼ ♣ ❂ ✾ ✸ ✺ ❣ ✴ ♠ ♦❧✮ ♣ ❛ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ✐❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡✱ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❆ ❈■ ❡ ♥ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✸ ❈✳ ✶ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ✜❧ ❛ ❛❝✐ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❧ ♦ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣ ✲ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❡ ① ❛✐ ♣ ❛ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡✳ ❘ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✻ ❈✳ ✷ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ✜❧ ❛ ❛❝✐ ❞❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❧ ♦ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣ ✲ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❡ ① ❛✐ ♣ ❛ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡✳ ❘ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✼
▲■ ❙ ❚ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❚ ❆ ❇ ▲ ❊ ❆ ❯ ❳
✷✳ ✶ ❚ ② ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ✉❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣❧ ❛ ❣❡ ❞❡ ❛ ❞✐❝ ❛ ✉ ① ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ✜ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✷✳ ✷ ✭ ❡✲ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❧✬ ❛ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❞✐ ❡ ✉ ❬ ✶ ✺❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳ ✷ ♦ ♣ ♦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ② ♣ ❡ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❜ ♦✐ ❞❡ ✐ ♥❡ ✉ ① ❡ ❧❡ ❜ ♦✐ ❞❡ ❢❡ ✉✐❧❧ ✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✸✳ ✶ ❈ ❛ ❛❝ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❛✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ▼ ❘ ❋ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥✐ ♣ ❛ ❈ ❘ ❇ ✐ ♥ ♥ ♦ ✈❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✸ ✹ ✸✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ❝✐ ❜❧ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬✐ ❞❡ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧ ❛ ❢ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐❝ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✺ ✸✳ ✸ ➱ ✈❛❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♦ ❜ ✉ ❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♠ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♣ ❛ ● ❈✲ ❋■ ❉ ❛ ✈❡❝ ✉ ♥❡ ❝ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ❞❡ ② ♣ ❡ ✺ ♠ ❞✬ ✉ ♥❡ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ✉❡ ✉ ❞❡ ✸ ✵ ♠✱ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥❡ ♠ ❛ ✐❝❡ ✐ ♠ ♣❧❡ ❞✬ ❛❝ ♦ ♥✐ ✐❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✽ ✸✳ ✹ ❈ ❛ ❛❝ ✐ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉❝ ❤❡ ❞✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦❧✐ ❞❡ ✭ ❙ ❊✮ ❡ ❡ ✳ ✹ ✶ ✸✳ ✺ ➱ ✈❛❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣❧✐❝ ❛ ❜✐❧✐ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♠ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ❞✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦❧✐ ❞❡ ✭ ❙ ❊✮ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✻✮ ❛ ✈❡❝ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉❝ ❤❡ ❙ ❉ ❇✲ ▲ ✭ ✷ ✵ ✵ ♠ ❣ ✴ ✻ ♠ ▲✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✺ ✸✳ ✻ ➱ ✈❛❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ❞❡ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ❡ ①✲ ❛✐ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦❧✐ ❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✬ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ▼ ❘ ❋ ❘ ✷ ❆ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✼ ✸✳ ✼ ➱ ✈❛❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ❞❡ ❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ▼ ❘ ❋ ❘ ✷ ❆ ♣ ❛ ❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡✲❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ❡ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✹ ✸✳ ✽ ➱ ✈❛❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♦ ❜ ✉ ❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♠ ❤ ♦ ❞❡ ❞✬❡ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❞❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♥ ♦❧✐ ✉❡ ❞✬ ✉ ♥❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ♣ ❛ ❇ ❈ ❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✽ ✸✳ ✾ ❱❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♥❝❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♥❝✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❡ ❞❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✵ ✹✳ ✶ ❈ ❛ ❛❝ ✐ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❝ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ▲❣ ❡❧ ✭ ❆ ❣✐❧❡ ♥ ✮ ❡ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✹ ✹✳ ✷ ▼ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✜ ❣ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✉❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✻ ✹✳ ✸ ▼ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ❖ ❘ ❋ ❡ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ♣ ♣ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ♦❧ ✈❛ ♥ ✱ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ♣ ❛ ● ❈ ❛ ✈❡❝ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❜✐❧❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❤❧ ♦ ♦❢ ♦ ♠❡ ✻ ✾ ✹✳ ✹ ▼ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ② ♥❡ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ✐❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❝❡❧❧❡ ❞ ❡ ♠✐ ♥ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❧❡ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥✐ ❡ ✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✻ ✹✳ ✺ ■ ♥❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ♣ ❛ ❧❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣❧ ❛ ❣❡ ✉ ❛ ❡ ❞✐ ♠❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶ ✹✳ ✻ ■ ❞❡ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❞✬ ❖ ❘ ❋ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✈ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✺ ✺✳ ✶ ❇✐❧ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✽ ✺✳ ✷ ■ ❞❡ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛ ✉ ① ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♣ ❛ ❧✬ ♦③ ♦✲ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❆❧❝❡❧❧ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✺✳ ✸ ◗ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✜❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❧ ♠❡ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❛ ♦ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥❡✱ ❞✬ ❤ ② ❞ ♦ ❣ ♥❡ ❡ ❞✬ ♦ ① ② ❣ ♥❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♣ ❛ ❧✬ ♦③ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ② ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❆❧❝❡❧❧ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ✭ ♥ ❂ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✹ ✺✳ ✹ ❱❛❧❡ ✉ ❞❡ ❞ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❤❡ ♠✐ ✉❡ ♠ ❛ ①✐ ♠ ❛❧❡ ✭ ❉ ❚ ●m a x ❡ ❢ ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♦ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✉❡ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✵◦❈ ❞❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐❧❧ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♦❧ ✉ ❜❧❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧✬ ❛❝✐ ❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✻ ① ✈① ✈✐ ▲■ ❙ ❚ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❚ ❆ ❇ ▲ ❊ ❆ ❯ ❳ ✺✳ ✺ ➱ ♥❡ ❣✐❡ ❞❡ ❞✐ ♦ ❝✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ♦ ②❡ ♥ ♥❡ ❞❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛❧❡ ❧✐ ❛✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✻ ❆✳ ✶ ❘ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ✐ ✐ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❡❥❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧❡ ✉ ♣ ❛ ❧❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❉✐ ① ♦ ♥ ✉ ♥ ♥✐ ✈❡ ❛ ✉ ❞❡
▲■ ❙ ❚ ❊ ❉ ❊ ❙ ❆ ❈ ❘ ❖ ◆ ❨ ▼ ❊ ❙
❆ ❝ ♦ ♥ ② ♠ ❡ ❉ ✜ ♥✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❆ ❈■ ❆ ♠ ♦ ♣ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❈ ❤ ❡ ♠✐ ❝ ❛❧ ■ ♦ ♥✐③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ■ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠ ♦ ♣ ❤ ✐ ✉❡ ❆ ■ ❆ ♠ ♦ ♣ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❤ ♦ ♦✲■ ♦ ♥✐③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❤ ♦ ♦✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠ ♦ ♣ ❤ ✐ ✉❡ ❆ ❚ ● ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❤❡ ♠ ♦ ❣ ❛ ✈✐ ♠ ✐ ✉❡ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❈ ❛ ❛❧ ②③ ❡ ❞ ❉ ❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ❡ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❉ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ❛❧ ② ❡ ♣ ❛ ✉ ♥❡ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❈■ ❈ ❤ ❡ ♠✐ ❝ ❛❧ ■ ♦ ♥✐③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ■ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ❈ ❖ ✷ ✶ ❈ ♦ ♥❢ ❡ ♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❛ ✐ ❞❡ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✺ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❈ ◆ ❯ ❈ ❈ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥✲❝ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❞❡ ◆ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ♥✐❡ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❉ ❆ ❉ ❉✐ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❆ ❛ ② ❉ ❡ ❡❝ ♦ ✲ ❉ ❡❝ ❡ ✉ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐ ♦ ❞❡ ❉ ❊ ❉ ▲ ❉ ❡❝ ❡ ✉ ✈❛ ♣ ♦ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❞✐ ✛ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧ ✉ ♠✐ ❡ ❉ ❚ ● ❉ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦❣ ❛ ✈✐ ♠ ❡ ② ✲ ❉ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❞✬ ❆ ❚ ● ❊■ ❊❧ ❡❝ ♦ ♥✐ ❝ ■ ♦ ♥✐③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ■ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧❡❝ ♦ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❊ ❙■ ❊❧ ❡❝ ♦ ♣ ❛ ② ■ ♦ ♥✐③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ■ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❧❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❜ ✉❧✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❋■ ❉ ❋❧ ❛ ♠ ❡ ■ ♦ ♥✐③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❉ ❡ ❡❝ ♦ ✲ ❉ ❡❝ ❡ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ✢ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ● ❈ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❣ ❛③❡ ✉ ❡ ● ❊ ❙ ● ❛③ ❡ ✛❡ ❞❡ ❡ ❡ ● ❈ ● ❡❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✲ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ✉ ❣❡❧ ♣ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❍ ▲ ❈ ❍✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ✉ ❡ ▲✐ ✉✐ ❞ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✲ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ❤ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ■ ❈ ■ ♦ ♥✐ ❝ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✲ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ✐ ♦ ♥✐ ✉❡ ▲ ▲ ❊ ▲✐ ✉✐ ❞✲ ▲✐ ✉✐ ❞ ❊ ① ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❊ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡✲❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ▼ ❆ ▲ ❉■ ▼ ❛ ✐ ① ❆ ✐ ❡ ❞ ▲ ❛ ❡ ❉ ❡ ♦ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ■ ♦ ♥✐③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ■ ♦ ♥✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❞ ♦ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❡ ♣ ❛ ✉ ♥❡ ♠ ❛ ✐❝❡ ▼ ❙ ▼ ❛ ❙ ♣❡❝ ♦ ♠ ❡ ② ✲ ❙ ♣ ❡❝ ♦ ♠ ✐❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❆ ❚ ♦❝❡ ❆ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❚❡❝ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦❣ ② ✲ ❚❡❝ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ♣ ② ② ♦❧ ② ❡ ❙ ❊ ❈ ❙✐③ ❡ ❊ ① ❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✲ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❞✬❡ ①❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉❡ ❙ ❖ ❊ ❙ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ❣✲ ♦ ✉ ❊ ① ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❊ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❡❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❣❡ ❙ ❊ ❙ ♦❧✐ ❞ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❊ ① ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❊ ① ❛❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦❧✐ ❞❡ ❚ ❖ ❋ ❚✐ ♠ ❡✲ ♦❢✲ ❋❧✐ ❣ ❤ ✲ ❚❡ ♠ ♣ ✲ ❞❡✲ ✈ ♦❧ ❯ ❞❡ ❙ ❯ ♥✐ ✈❡ ✐ ❞❡ ❙ ❤❡ ❜ ♦ ♦ ❦❡ ❯ ▲ ❈ ❯❧ ❛ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❝❡ ▲✐ ✉✐ ❞ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✲ ❈ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤✐❡ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ✉❧ ❛ ❤ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❯ ❱ ❯❧ ❛✲ ✈✐ ♦❧❡ ① ✈✐✐❈ ❍ ❆ ■ ❚ ❘ ❊ ✶
■ ◆ ❚ ❘ ❖ ❉ ❯ ❈ ❚■ ❖ ◆
✶✳ ✶ ▼✐ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ① ❡
▲ ❛ ✐ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ✈✐ ♦ ♥ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❛❧❡ ❡ ❞❡ ♣ ✉✐ ♣❧ ✉ ✐❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❥ ✉ ♥❡ ♣ ♦ ❝❝ ✉ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♠✲ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✉ ♥✐ ✈❡ ❛ ✉ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ❛❧✳ ❉❡ ♣ ✉✐ ❧✬ ❛ ❞ ♦ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥✲ ❝ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❡ ◆ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ♥✐ ❡ ✉ ❧ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉ ❡ ✭ ❈ ❈ ◆ ❯ ❈ ❈✮ ❡ ♥ ✶ ✾ ✾ ✷✱ ♣❧ ✉ ✐❡ ✉ ❛❝❝ ♦ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛ ✉ ① ♦ ♥ ✐ ❣ ♥ ✱ ❧❡ ✉❡❧ ✈✐ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❧❡ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❣ ❛③ ❡ ✛❡ ❞❡ ❡ ❡ ✭ ● ❊ ❙✮✳ ❊ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✜ ❛ ♥ ❝❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❧❡ ❈ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✬❡ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❣ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❧❡ ❡ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧❧ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❛ ♠ ♦ ♣ ❤ ✐ ✉❡ ✱ ♥ ♦ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❈ ❖2✳ ➚ ❝❡ ❡ ✛❡ ✱ ❡ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✷✱ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛✐ ✉❡ ❧❡ ❈ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛✐ ❧❡ ✾e ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛❧ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ❡ ✉ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ❛❧ ❞❡ ● ❊ ❙✱ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜ ❛ ♥ ❧ ❛ ❤ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✉ ❞❡ ✶✱ ✻ ✪ ❛ ✉ ① ♠✐ ✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ❛❧❡ ❬ ✷❪✳ ❉ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❞✬✐ ♥ ✈❡ ♥ ❛✐ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ✶ ✾ ✾ ✵✲ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✻ ❞❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❞✬ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ● ❊ ❙✱ ❧❡ ❣ ♦ ✉ ✈❡ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞✐❡ ♥ ♦ ✉❧✐ ❣ ♥❡ ✉❡ ♣❧ ✉ ❞❡ ✽ ✶ ✪ ❞❡ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✐ ❜ ✉ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❛ ✉ ❡❝ ❡ ✉ ❞❡ ❧✬ ♥❡ ❣✐❡✱ ♥ ♦ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ♥ ❧✬❡ ① ♣❧ ♦✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❢ ♦ ✲ ✐❧❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧❡ ❞ ♦ ♠ ❛✐ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❛ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❬ ✸❪✳ ❉❡ ❝❡ ❢ ❛✐ ✱ ❡ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✺✱ ✉✐ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥❢ ❡ ♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❛ ✐ ❞❡ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✺ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ✭ ❈ ❖ ✷ ✶✮✱ ❧❡ ❈ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✬❡ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❣ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❡ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧❧ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❛ ♠ ♦ ♣ ❤ ✐ ✉❡ ❞✬ ❛ ✉ ♠ ♦✐ ♥ ✸ ✵ ✪ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛ ✉ ♥✐ ✈❡ ❛ ✉ ❞❡ ✷ ✵ ✵ ✺✱ ❡ ❝❡ ❞✬✐❝✐ ✷ ✵ ✸ ✵✳ ❈❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐❢ ❛ ♠ ❜✐ ✐❡ ✉ ① ♣ ♦ ✉ ❛✐ ❡ ❡ ♥❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❢ ❛✐ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ❡ ✛ ♦ ❝ ♦❧❧❡❝ ✐❢ ♣❧ ✉ ✐❡ ✉ ♥✐✲ ✈❡ ❛ ✉ ①✳ ❆ ✉ ◗ ✉ ❜ ❡❝ ❡ ✉❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ❧❡ ❣ ♦ ✉ ✈❡ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ♥❝✐ ❛❧ ❛ ♣ ✉ ❜❧✐ ❛ ♦❧✐ ✐ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❣ ✐ ✉ ❡ ✷ ✵ ✸ ✵ ✱ ❧ ❛ ✉❡❧❧❡ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❡ ❧❡ ❛ ❣✐❡ ❡ ♠ ♣❧ ♦ ② ❡ ♣ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ♥❝❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❡ ♠✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❣ ❛③ ❡ ✛❡ ❞❡ ❡ ❡✳ ✐ ✈✐❧ ❣✐ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠✐❡ ❢ ❛✐ ❜❧❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥❡✱ ❧❡ ❣ ♦ ✉ ✈❡ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✈✐ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✉ ♥❡ ❞✐ ♠✐ ♥ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ✹ ✵ ✪ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ♣ ♦❧✐❡ ❞✬ ♦ ✐ ❣✐ ♥❡ ❢ ♦ ✐❧❡✱ ❡ ♥ ♣❧ ✉ ❞✬ ❛ ✉ ❣ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ❞❡ ✺ ✵ ✪ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ♥❡ ❣✐❡✱ ❝❡ ✉✐ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❧❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❬ ✹❪✳ ❈❡ ♠❡ ✉ ❡ ✬ ❛❥ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♥ ♥ ♦ ❛ ♠ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❣❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞✐❡ ♥ ✉ ❧❡ ❝ ❛ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❡ ♥ ✈✐ ❣ ✉❡ ✉ ❞❡ ♣ ✉✐ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✵✱ ❧❡ ✉❡❧ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❡ ✉ ♥❡ ❡ ♥❡ ✉ ❞✬ ❛ ✉ ♠ ♦✐ ♥ ✺ ✪ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧✬❡ ❡ ♥❝❡ ❡ ❞❡ ✷ ✪ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❞✐❡ ❡❧ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❞✐❡ ❡❧ ❞✐ ♣ ♦ ♥✐ ❜❧❡ ✉ ❧❡ ♠ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❬ ✶❪✳ ❆✈❡❝ ♣ ♦ ✉ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐❢ ✉ ♥❡ ❡❧❧❡ ❛ ✉ ❣ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✱ ✐❧ ❡ ✈✐ ❞❡ ♥ ✉❡ ♣❧ ✉ ✐❡ ✉ ❡❝ ❤ ♥ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐❡ ❞ ♦✐ ✈❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♣✐ ❞❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❞❡✲ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ✐ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥✐ ✉ ♥❡ ❛❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈❡ ❛ ✉ ① ❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❢ ♦ ✐❧❡ ✳ ▲✬❡ ① ♣❧ ♦✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❡❧❧❡ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❜✐ ♦ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❧✬ ✉ ♥❡ ✶✷ ❈ ❍ ❆ ■ ❚ ❘ ❊ ✶✳ ■ ◆ ❚ ❘ ❖ ❉ ❯ ❈ ❚■ ❖ ◆ ❞❡ ❛ ❣✐❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛❧❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬ ❛ ❡✐ ♥ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♦ ❜❥❡❝ ✐❢ ✳ ❆❝ ✉❡❧❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ❧❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ❧✬ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦❧ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❧✬ ❝ ❤❡❧❧❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐❡❧❧❡ ♣ ✐ ♥❝✐ ♣ ❛❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❧ ❛ ❢❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ✉❝ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✈❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♠ ❛ ✱ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜❡ ❡ ❛ ✈❡ ✉❝ ❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❛ ♥ ♥❡ ✉❝ ❡✱ ♣ ❛ ❡ ①❡ ♠ ♣❧❡✳ ▲ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✬ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦❧ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✉ ①✐ ♠❡ ❣ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❧✬ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦❧ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ✐ ✉❡✱ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❛✐ ✈❡ ♥ ✉❡❧❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ❡ ① ♣❧ ♦✐ ❡ ❝❡ ❡ ✜ ♥ ✈ ✉ ❧✬ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠✐ ❡ ❞✐ ♣ ♦ ♥✐ ❜❧❡✳ ▲✬ ✉ ✐❧✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❡ ✐ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❣ ✐❝ ♦❧❡✱ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♥❝ ♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❧✐ ❣ ♥ ♦ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ✐ ✉❡ ♣ ♦ ✈❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ❝❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐❡ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♠❡ ❡ ✉ ❡ ✈ ✉ ❧❡ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✉ ① ❛ ✈❛ ♥ ❛ ❣❡ ✉✬❡❧❧❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❬ ✺❪ ✿ ✶✳ ■❧ ✬ ❛ ❣✐ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❝❡ ❞❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥❡ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ✷✳ ▲ ❛ ❝ ✉❧ ✉ ❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧❡ ❝ ②❝❧❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❡❧ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥❡✱ ❝❡ ✉✐ ❞ ✉✐ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❛ ❜❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❧✬❡ ♠ ♣ ❡✐ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ✉❡ ✸✳ ▲❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ✉ ✐❧✐ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠✐ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♣ ♦ ♥✐ ❜❧❡ ❢ ❛✐ ❜❧❡ ❝ ♦ ➱ ✈✐ ❞❡ ♠ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ♥✬❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✉❡ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❛❝ ✉ ♥❡ ❞❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✭❧ ❛ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡✱ ❧❡ ❤ ♠✐❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡✮ ❡ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❡✳ ➚ ❝❡ ❥ ♦ ✉ ✱ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✉ ❡ ✉ ✐❧✐ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥❝❡ ♣ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❛ ✣ ♥❡ ✐❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❧✬ ♥❡ ❣✐❡ ♦ ✉ ❢ ♦ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❣ ❛③ ✭ ❜✐ ♦ ❣ ❛③✱ ② ♥ ❣ ❛③ ✱ ❤ ② ❞ ♦ ❣ ♥❡ ❡ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❛ ♥❡✮ ♦ ✉ ❧✐ ✉✐ ❞❡ ✭ ❜✐ ♦ ❤ ❛✲ ♥ ♦❧✱ ❜✐ ♦ ❞✐❡ ❡❧✱ ❜✐ ♦✲ ❤ ✉✐❧❡ ✱ ❡ ❝✳✮ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♥❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ♦ ❞✐ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ❞❡ ♠ ♦❧ ❝ ✉❧❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❡❢ ♦ ♠❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐❡ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡✱ ❞❡ ♣ ♦❧ ② ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♥❡ ♦ ✉ ❞❡ ❛❝✐ ❞❡ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ✉❡ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✈ ❞❡ ✉❝ ❡ ❬ ✻❪✳ ▲ ❛ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡ ✭ ✸ ✵✲ ✻ ✵ ✪ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡✮ ❡ ❧❡ ❤ ♠✐❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡ ✭ ✶ ✺✲ ✸ ✺ ✪ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡✮ ♣ ❡ ✉ ✈❡ ♥ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥❡ ♠ ✉❧ ✐ ✉ ❞❡ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❞❡ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❛❧ ♦ ✉❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✈❡ ♥ ❧ ❛✐ ❡ ❞❡ ❝ ✈ ✉ ❧❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✜ ✉✬❡❧❧❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ✉ ❧❡ ♣❧ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐❡❧✱ ❝✬❡ ✲ ✲ ❞✐ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❛❧❝✐ ❛ ♥❝❡ ❛ ✉ ① ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❝ ❤✐ ♠✐ ✉❡ ✱ ❧❡ ♣ ♦ ❜❧ ♠❡ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉✬❡❧❧❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉✐ ✱ ❛ ❢ ❛✐ ❜❧❡ ♦❧ ✉ ❜✐❧✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❧ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ♣ ❛ ❞❡ ♦❧ ✈❛ ♥ ✱ ❡ ❝✳ ● ♥ ❛❧❡ ♠❡ ♥ ✱ ❡❧❧❡ ❡ ❜ ❧ ❡ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉✐ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❛❧❡ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❛✐ ❡ ❛ ✉ ① ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❞❡ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❤ ♠✐❝❡❧❧ ✉❧ ♦ ❡ ✱ ❝❡ ✉✐ ❡ ♥ ❢ ❛✐ ✉ ♥ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❞❡ ❢ ❛✐ ❜❧❡ ✈❛❧❡ ✉ ❬ ✼❪✳ ❈❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✱ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ❡❧❧❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✭ ✶ ✵ ✸ ✵ ✪ ❞ ✉ ♣ ♦✐ ❞ ♠ ❛ ✐ ✉❡ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡✮ ❡ ✉✬❡❧❧❡ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ✈❡❧ ❛ ❜❧❡ ❡ ✐❝ ❤❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ♥❡✱ ❞❡ ❡ ✛ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❞ ♣❧ ♦ ② ❞❡ ♣ ✉✐ ♣ ❞❡ ✶ ✵ ✵ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✜ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❡ ✳ ❉❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❞ ❞❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✈❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ✱ ♠ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ♦✲ ❞✐ ❡❧ ✉❡ ❧❡ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✱ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠❡ ❧❡ ▲✲❢ ✉❡❧ ✭ ▲✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥ ❉ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❋ ✉ ❡❧ ✮ ❬ ✽❪✱ ❞❡ ❛ ❞ ❞✐ ✐❢ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬❡ ❡ ♥❝❡ ❬ ✾❪ ♦ ✉ ❡ ♥❝ ♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♠ ♦❧ ❝ ✉❧❡ ✈❛❧❡ ✉ ❛❥ ♦ ✉ ❡ ❬ ✶ ✵❪✳ ▲ ❛ ✈❛❧ ♦ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❧✐ ❣ ♥✐ ♥❡ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥❝✱ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❧✬✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐❡✱ ❞✬ ✉ ♥❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥❝❡ ♠ ❛❥❡ ✉ ❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠❡ ❛✐ ❛✐ ♥ ✐ ❞❡ ♣❧❡✐ ♥❡ ♠❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❜✐❧✐ ❡ ❧✬ ✉ ✐❧✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❡ ❧ ❛ ❜✐ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥❝❡ ♣ ❞❡ ❜✐ ♦ ❛ ✣ ♥❡ ✐❡✳
