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Joao Paulo NOBRE, José OUTEIRO - Evaluating Residual Stresses Induced by Drilling of
Ti-6Al-4V Alloy by Using an Experimental-Numerical Methodology - In: 15th CIRP Conference on
Modelling of Machining Operations, Allemagne, 2015 - Procedia CIRP - 2015
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* C Ab An ultr pow met dist © 2 Pee Key 1. I eff inc wit par ind imp pro use per No A E Q Rp0 Rm 'H
Evaluati
aSchool of orresponding aut stract experimental-n ra-high cutting wered by comp thodology has tribution. 2015 The Autho er-review under ywords: Residual Introduction Residual stres fects (part di creasing the fi th the corresp rts [1]. There duced by man portance, eith ocesses, either ed [2], alw rformance and omenclature Reductio Modulus Poisson’ 0.2 Yield str m Tensile s Induced1
ing Resi
Usin
of Mechanical, In thor. Tel.: +27-01 numerical meth speeds on the pressed air, whi demonstrated ors. Published b r responsibilityl stress; Drilling;
sses may have stortion, prem final mean str pondent effect efore, the det nufacturing pr her for optim r for validation ways aiming d service life o on of area at fr s of Elasticity s ratio ress strength drilling strain
5th CIRP C
idual Str
ng an Ex
dustrial and Aero
b CEMDRX, Ph cArts et Metie 11-70177301; fax hodology is app e residual stress ich are commo an important r by Elsevier B.V of The Internat Titanium; Finite e either benef mature cracki ress during cy t on the servi termination o rocesses assu mization of fi n of specific s to improv of structural p fracture (Young’s mo n relaxation
Conference o
resses In
xperimen
J.P. Nobre
onautical Enginee hysics Departmen ers ParisTech, La x: ++27-011-7017 plied to evaluat s distribution i only used in theole on the opti V. tional Scientific element method ficial or detrim ing, decreasin yclic loading, ice life of the of residual str umes high pra inal manufact simulation sof ve the func arts. odulus)
on Modellin
nduced b
ntal-Num
e
a,b,* and J.
eering, University nt, University of C aBoMaP, Rue Por77302. E-mail add te the residual is analysed. Th e hole-drilling imization of th c Committee of (FEM) mental ng or etc.), e final resses actical turing ftware ctional 'He F F 'F VRS V1c V2c V1 V2 'V Z AP FEM IHD UH ma per me Bol con
ng of Machi
by Drillin
merical M
C. Outeiro
y of the Witwaters Coimbra, Coimbr rte de Paris, 712 dress: joao.nobre stresses induce hese ultra-high equipment for he drilling oper f the “15th Conf exp Experim Minimum Maximum Different S Residual al Calibrati al Calibrati Resulting Resulting Calibrati Hole dep PDL ANSYS P M Finite ele D Incremen HSD Ultra high The drilling chining opera rformed regard chanical effec lted joints, fo nstruction [3]ining Opera
ng of
Ti-Methodo
o
b,c srand, Johannesb ra, 3000, Portuga 50 Cluny, France e@wits.ac.za ed by drilling o cutting speeds residual stress rations paramet ference on Mod entally determ m applied load m applied load tial load (F2-F stress on stress corre on stress corre g stress when g stress when on stress (V2+ th Parametric De ement method ntal hole-drilli h speed drillin operation is ations. Howev ding the resid cts during this or example, aand the contr
ations
-6Al-4V
ology
burg, WITS 2050, al e of Ti-6Al-4V al s are produced s measurements ters for an impdelling of Mach mined drilling d during tensil ad during tensi F1) responding to responding to F1 is applied F2 is applied +V1) esign Languag d ing ng s one of th ver, only few dual stresses in s important ma are widely u trol of the stru
V Alloy b
South Africa
lloy. The influe by a turbine s s. The applied proved residual hining Operatio strain relaxati le tests ile tests F1 F2 (VRS+V1cal) (VRS+V2cal) ge he most com w works have nduced by the achining oper sed in mecha uctural integr
by
ence of system hybrid l stress ons”. ion mmon been ermo-ration. anical rity of © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
the h stres acco techn techn resid techn techn the t relax is int opera for a very steel proce appli mach drilli resid impr impo regar this i deter easil techn the d 9] w speci resid therm the o matr study polym gene deter of th appli 6Al-coate by m Espe mode is th meth param drilli contr cylin and w 2. Ex Th drilli cuttin drilli hole-drilled pa ses induced b unt. On the nique and, in nique (IHD) i dual stress me
nique was the nique consists est material ( xation induced tended to be d ation itself on a reliable appli well develop s, for which edure was p ication to oth hining materia ing stresses. I dual stresses i rove the relia ortance of the rding the drill issue. This is d rmining indu y accessible f niques availab determination were based on imens previo dual stress re mal treatments other hand, th ix composite y the applica mers, in parti eral, Nobre et rmine the indu he IHD techn ied to study th 4V alloy su ed end mills. modifying the ecially empha el of the drilli he demonstra hodology for meters can be ing residual st rol of drilling ndrical holes i will be presen xperimental-N he residual ing operation, ng process, c ing operation. arts is very im by drilling is e other hand n particular, is a well-acce easurement [4 e base for the s on drilling 1-3 mm diam d by the hole determined [4 n the existent ication of this ped for isotro h an ultra-h proposed by her materials als, needs a be In fact, almos induced by dr ability of IHD knowledge o ling optimizat due to the hig uced drilling for the differe ble. In genera of induced d measuring th ously subjecte elaxation. How
s are not one his procedure es. Considerin ability of IH icular, and to t al. [11] pro uced drilling s nique. In this he induced dr ubjected to U The cutting air pressure o asis was put ing operation. ation of the r optimizing e improved by tresses. The st g operation u in the same a nted in the nea
Numerical M
strains and due to the the can be used t The methodo mportant, for w a main param d, the so-cal the incremen epted mechani 4]. The princ e proposed m a small hole meter) and to m on the residua 4]. The influen residual stres technique. Th opic material high speed d Flaman [5 , in particula etter knowled st all publicat rilling have be D [6-10]. Al of the induced tion, almost n gh difficulty an stresses. Bor nt residual str al, almost all drilling stresse he strain relax ed to therma wever, it is hundred perc cannot be ap ng these res HD to glass polymer matr oposed a new strains, based work, this m illing stresses UHSD, using speed of UHS of the air turb t on develop . The main ob importance g drilling o
y controlling tudy of the com
using twist d alloy, is curre ar future. Methodology stresses, indu ermo-mechan to evaluate th ology used in
which the resid meter to take lled hole-dril ntal hole-dril ical technique ciple of the I methodology. T in the surface measure the st al stress field nce of the dril ss state is cru his technique s, especially, drilling (UH ]. However, ar to difficult ge of the indu tions related w een performed lthough the h d drilling stres o studies exis nd complexity re walls are ress measurem studies regard es during IHD xation in meta al treatments well known cent effective. pplied to poly trictions, and fibre reinfor rix composite w methodology on the princi methodology s in a titanium special carb SD was analy bine system u ing a numer bjective, howe of the propo perations. T the final indu mputer numer drills, to perf ently under st uced during nical effects of he quality of this work perm
dual into lling lling e for IHD This e of train that lling ucial was for HSD) its t-to-uced with d to high sses, st on y for not ment ding D [7-allic for that . On ymer d to rced es in y to iples was m Ti-bide ysed used. rical ever, osed Their uced rical form tudy the f the f the mits the quan proce unde simu exper be ev perfo nume meth test a meth mate consi nume Th phase previ the in in th mate witho case be ap deve princ Fig. 1 Th exper on th absol load the g mate accou prese VRS, strain be d modi stress preci In the m speci strain F2, r strain induced dri ntification is edure, where r a tensile ca ulation of the rimental and p valuated. Ther ormed in two erical simulat hodology is th and drilling op hodology can b rial, without ider the const erical simulati he first shortc e, since the ious treatment nitial residual he material b rials, stress r out a complet of polymer m pplied. Theref loped based ciple can be un . Elimination of superposition
hus, the calib riments will b he differential
lute stress, V1 to the specim greatest load,
rial only beha unt the stres ence. This wa will be separa n relaxation m due to the cal
ified tensile t ses to the sp ision load cell n the experim material is stu imens, until t ns, for the min respectively, a n relaxation lling stresse based on the specime alibration stre experimental predicted data refore, the pro o different ph tion phase. T he independen peration applie be applied to any restricti titutive laws o ion phase. coming to be s proposed m t of the materi l stresses, i.e. before drilling elief by therm te guaranty o matrix composi fore, a metho on the prin nderstood by a
f the initial residu principle. bration stress be equal to th load 'F (see 1cal or V2cal, du men, F1 or F2, r F2, must be aves in the ela ss concentrat ay, the effect ated from the measured duri libration stres est machine w pecimens. Th
and the strain mental phase, udied firstly, b the maximum nimum and m are recorded after drilli es to be d an experime ens are incre ess, followed l test. The co a allows the r oposed metho hases, an exp The great ad ncy from the ed. It means t any drilling o ion. It is on of the test ma solved during methodology n rial, is how to ., the residual g. If, in the mal treatment of its complete ites this proce od to eliminat nciple of sup analysing Fig
ual stresses by usi
to be consid he differential e Fig. 1), inste ue to a given respectively. T e chosen con astic regime an tion effect d t of the initia calibration str ing the drillin ss 'V applie was used to he loads are ns by electric the stress-str by loading an m applied load maximum appl
for the deter ing each d determined. ental calibrat ementally dri d by a numer omparison of residual strain dology should perimental an dvantage of e materials un that the presen operation and nly necessary aterial during g the experime needs no spe take into acco l stresses exis case of meta t can be appl e removal, in edure cannot e te this effect perposition. T . 1. ing the dered during stress 'V, ba ead the use of n level of app The magnitud sidering that nd also taken due to the h al residual str ress ('V and ng tests will o d. In practice apply the ten
controlled b strain gauges. ain behaviour nd unloading d, F2. The in lied loads, F1 rmination of epth increm The tion illed rical the ns to d be nd a this nder nted test y to the ental ecial ount sting allic lied, n the even was This the ased f an plied e of the into hole ress, d the only e, a nsile y a . r of the itial and the ment.
Sec firs the ros stra unl Th rad exp afte of to cur of num In exp sim num par dia stra and stra cal onl the line rela wh ope ope eff hap obs obt are the pur err As a fu stra stra H ' condly, the sp st depth increm e strains arisin settes, the spec ains measured loaded to F1 ese steps are dius of the perimental pro Fig. 2. Graph Based on th er each depth curves of strai the calibratio rves, which ta the cutting merical ones d the subseq perimental c mulated using merical simul rameters used ameter, hole d ain gauge are d elastic prope ain relaxation libration stres ly considers th e imposed uni ear elastic axation vs. de here the ther eration is not eration where fect, i.e., wit ppen during r served betw tained strain r e essentially ermo-mechani rposes it mig or, related to suming that e function of dep ain relaxation ains 'H(z) sho
z 'Hnum
H pecimen is loa ment is drilled ng around the cimen is loade d and recorde and the seco repeated unti hole, is at ocedure.
hical representatio he initial stra increment ca in relaxation v on stress imp ake into accou process, are determined by quent nume calibration pr g the finite lation approac d during the depth, size an ea related wit erties of the m n curves, cor ss, ('V), can he geometrica iaxial stress fi material beh epth curves ca rmo-mechanic t taken into ac e the material thout friction real cutting p een the exp relaxation, in due to the r ical effects ght be prefera the strains in experimentally pth is 'Hexp(z) n (ideal case) ould be calcula
z 'Hexp
z
aded to the low d. After measu hole, using s ed to the grea ed again. The ond depth in il a depth, at ttained. Fig. on of the experim ain values, th n be determin versus hole de posed ('V), i unt all thermo-e furththermo-er com y finite elemen erical simula rocedure de element met ch is carried experimenta nd number of th the strain material. This rresponding t be determin al effect of th field and is ca haviour. The an be conside cal effects du ccount. This is removed w n and plastic processes. Th perimentally each increme residual strain of cutting. able to determ nduced by the y determined ) and the nume
is 'Hnum(z), th ated by:
west load F1 an uring and reco special strain g atest load F2 an e specimen is crement is dr least, equal t 2 illustrates mental procedure. he strain relax ned. This way
epth, correspo is obtained. T -mechanical e mpared with nt simulation. ation phase, scribed abov thod (FEM). out considerin l phase, i.e., f depth increm gauge rosette way, ideal in-o a given ap ned. FEM an he hole presen arried out assu
e obtained red ideal ones ue to the dr is an ideal dr without any co
deformation us, the differ and numer ental depth dr ns induced b For optimiz mine a perce e drilling oper strain relaxati erically determ he induced dr nd the ording gauge nd the s then drilled. to the s the xation y, a set onding These effects ideal , the ve is This ng all , hole ments, e used -depth pplied nalysis nce on uming strain s, i.e., rilling rilling ontact n that rences rically drilled, by the zation entage ration. ion as mined rilling (1) rela Acc lead ma H ' H ' fina stra fun
/ 3. M aer sho spe wid sele elem ros Tab Rp 88 F ma equ loa equ scr
Since the app axation value cording to eq d to tensile gnitude of 'H
!'H Hnumz
'H Hnumz However, it al stresses wi ain relaxation nction of depth
num z z H H ' Material, exp Titanium allo ronautical stru ows its main ecimens geom dth in the m ected accordi ment strain-g ette [4]). le 1. Mechanical p0.2 [MPa] 80 Fig. 3. Geom
For the exp chine, shown uipped with a ad cell, a th uipment and a ew, nut and lo
Fig. 4. Tensile
plied calibrati es, 'Hnum(z) a quation (1), t
or compressi num(z) and 'He
'H Hexpz
'H
Hexpz should be no ll be always -depth curves h, can be also
z u100
> @
% perimental an oy of the ser uctures, was s n mechanical metry used in measurement ng to the sta gauge rosette properties of Ti-Rm [MPa] 950metry of the specim
perimental te n in Fig. 4, a purpose-des hree-point su an anti-bendin ock-nut, as als
e test machine use
tion stress is and 'Hexp(z), the induced d ive stresses, exp(z). Thus, if
z 0Ten
z ! 0Com
oted that the related with t s. A percentag determined b
@
nd numerical ries Ti-6Al-4V selected for t properties. n the experim region of th andard dimen used (ASTM -6Al-4V alloy. E [GPa] 114imens used in the
ests, a horiz was used. signed grip sy upport for m ng system, co so shown in Fi
ed during the exp
tensile, both will be neg drilling strain depending on f: nsile stresses mpress. stresse magnitude o the gradient o ge error, /(z) y: procedures V, widely us this study. Ta Fig. 3 show mental phase. he specimens nsions of the M type B stan Q A [%] 0.34 14 tensile tests. zontal tensile The machine ystem, an acc mounting the omposed by a ig. 4. perimental phase. strain gative. s can n the (2) es (3) of the of the , as a (4) sed in able 1 ws the . The s was three ndard ] e test e was curate IHD brass
Th diffe ('V) param effec lowe Table Cros Sect Area mm2 48 IH for t powe rotat rotat betw was possi was by th algor used 1250 was the f touch incre fricti mini roset diam per t as m value recor were the h Table pr [ Fig. 5 he specimen erent load leve
, as already meters used ctive maximu er than the mat
2. Tensile test pa ss tion Minimu load a 2 F1 KN 1 HD equipmen he drilling op ered on by ion speeds. A ion speed has ween 2.5 bar a developed to ible to keep th evaluated usin he turbine thr rithm. As sho , the rotation 000 rpm. For repeated seve feed rate was h/remove the ement), to m ion. The drilli mum applied tte. Coated t meter and six t est). The hole minimum depth es of the strai rded for the t e repeated unt hole radius (§ 3. Hole-drilling p Air essure [bar] Cut Sp [m/ 2.5 5 2.8 5 3 5 3.5 5 . End-mills rota turbine feedin ns were clam els, for a give
explained bef during the um stress (~5 terial yield str arameters. um Maxim V1cal MPa F2 KN 21 10 nt (RS-200 sy peration. This compressed As shown in ta s been varied and 3.5 bar. B o cut the mat he end mill we ng frequency rough a FFT own in Fig. 5 n speed varie a given rotati eral times for very low and e end mill minimise the ing operation d load at the tungsten carb teeth were us es were made h increment. A in relaxation, two load level til a total hole
0.9 mm). parameters. tting peed /min] Numb of tes 34 2 50 2 65 5 81 1 ational speed as a ng. mped and su en differential fore. Table 2 tensile calibr 563 MPa) aro ress (880 MPa mum Load V2cal MPa 'VMP 209 187 ystem from Vi s system uses air, which e able 3, in the d by changing elow 2.5 bar terial. Above ell clamped. T analysis of th (Fast Fourier 5, for the rang ed between ion speed, the statistical ana d performed in when drill thermal eff was always p centre of th bide end mil sed in all tests
incrementally After each dep arising aroun ls, F1 and F2. e depth appro ber sts Feed rate [mm/min < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 a function of the a ubjected to calibration st shows the m ration tests. ound the hol a). a Rp0.2 MPa 7.5 880 ishay®) was u a turbine sys nables ultra-h present study g the air pres no enough tor 3.5 bar was The rotation sp he sound produ r Transformat ge of air pres 100000 rpm e hole-drilling alysis. For all t
ntermittently ( ling each d fects induced performed for he ASTM typ ls with 1.6 s (a new end y using 50-100 pth increment nd the hole, w The experim ximately equa e n] Hole diameter [mm] 1.83 1.79 1.83 1.82
air pressure for
two tress mean The le is used stem high y the ssure rque s not peed uced tion) ssure and g test tests (i.e., depth d by r the pe B mm mill 0Pm t, the were ments al to r A used node selec appli chang deve plane was a mode The exper FEM of ea used noda surfa Fig. 6 4. Re Fi alloy loads modu value also t In speci ANSYS Param to develop th 3D structur cted. The FE ied to differe ging of the A loped consid es). During th always simula el, using “bir depth increm riments (~50 M model. The ach strain-gau in this stud al strain valu ace area corres
. Finite elemen diameter (SG
esults and Dis
ig. 7 shows th y, determined s used durin ulus and Pois es presented in table 1. Fig. 7. Stre n respect of imens subject metric Design he numerical s ral solid elem EM model ha ent situations APDL scripts. dering ¼ of he numerical s ated, incremen th and death” ments were eq Pm). Fig. 56 paths on the m uge of the sta dy. During th ues are autom
sponding to ea
t mesh near 1 m grids for ASTM t
scussion he stress-strain experimentall ng the exper son’s ratio ar n the literature ess-strain behavio the hole-dril ed to tensile s n Language (A simulation mo ments (SOLID as been para s, to minimi The finite el the model simulation ph ntally, at the c ” ANSYS co qual to those 6 shows the m model corresp andard ASTM he post-proce matically inte ach strain-gau mm hole depth a type A rosette). in behaviour o ly, in the rang rimental tests re in good ag
e for the Ti-6A
our of the Ti-6Al
lling tests, pe stresses, whos APDL) [11] w odel. Quadrat D185 [11]) w ameterized to ize the need lement mesh w (two symme hase, hole-dril centre of the F de features [ used during mesh used in pond to the g M type B ros ssing phase, egrated over uge. and 1.83 mm ho of the Ti-6Al ge of the app s. The Youn reement with Al-4V alloy – l-4V alloy. erformed on se parameters was ic 8 was be d of was etric ling EM 11]. the the grids sette the the ole -4V lied ng’s the – see the are
sho det the spe lev MP neg Fig geo stre Fig hol app stre hol Fig own in table 2 termined, for e results obtai eed 550 m/min vel and the si
Pa) (see table gative strain re . 8. Measured in MPa, d = 1. A numerical ometrical para ess of 187.5 g. 9 shows the le with differ plied in X dir ess concentrat le depth. . 9. Predicted st MPa). Dept 2, a set of stra each cutting s ined experime n. These resu ign of the ca e 2 and Fig. 2 elaxation valu
n-depth strain rel .83 mm, cutting s l simulation w ameters and t MPa, applied e predicted (F rent depths, rection. An in tion effect in tress distribution th: 0.1 mm (a), 0. ain-depth rela speed. Fig. 8 s entally (meas ults are expect alibration stre 2). Applied ten ues [4]. axation distributi speed 550 m/min) was performe the same diff d during the EM) stress di for the abov nteresting con creases with (Vx) around a hol 5 mm (b) and 1.0 axation curves shows, as exa ured) for a c ted, considerin ss applied (+ nsile stresses ion (stress of +18 ). ed using the ferential calib experimental istribution aro e-mentioned nclusion is th the increase o le (1.83 mm; 187 0 mm (c). s were ample, cutting ng the +187.5 imply 87.5 same ration tests. ound a stress hat the of the 7.5 dist axi (90 com dep Fig. dire exp cur spe dev hig (b Fig. Fig. 10 show tributions in t s of the specim 0°) and at 45° mpare measur pth strain relax 10. Predicted in MPa in X di Figs. 11 sh ection and f perimental tes rves that bett eed (see table viation. Highe ghest cutting sp (a) b) 11. Experimenta 0q direction ws the in-de the longitudin mens and app (SG1 and SG red (experime xation distribu
n-depth strain rela irection (SG2); 1
how this com for different sts.The exper
er fits all tes e 3) and the er standard de peeds. al vs. FEM in-dep and b) 45q direct epth predicted nal direction (0 plied load (SG G3). The nex ental) and pr utions. axation distributio .83 mm hole diam mparison for cutting spe rimental curv sts performed error bars re eviations were pth strain relaxat tion. d strain relax 0°, direction o G2)), cross dire t step consist edicted (FEM on (stress of 187. meter). r the longitu eeds used in ves are the av
d for each cu eflect the stan e found for th ion distributions. xation of the ection s into M) in-5 udinal n the verage utting ndard e two a)
A was depth betw with bars also relax S resid the a all ca tests speed resul value direc C curve deter two the in Fig. 1 T simil were resid the s cuttin arise drilli As shown in F not sufficient h strain relaxa ween predicted the increase observed for shows that xations are low Since negative dual stresses ( applied stress w
ases, the avera are inside th d of 565 m/m lts clearly sho es are lower ction, the inve Considering e es, correspon rmined. For sa cutting speed nduced drillin 2. Induced strain drilling condit Fig. 13. Induc The correspon lar for both c e determined dual stress det
stress state is ng speed, i.e., es. The U shap ing stresses m
Fig. 11 (a), the t to produce ation distribut d and measu of cutting sp the two high for the sam wer than the p e strains imp (see equation will be less te age values cor he standard d min. It can b ow a good rep
than the pr erse is true for
quation (1), t ding to the in ake of clarity, ds: 534 m/min ng strains were n relaxation vs. de tions.
ced drilling stress
nding induced cases, as show using the s termination by s more adver , 565 m/min, pe of the in-de must be noted. e variation in significant ch tions. Howev ured results s peed, althoug hest cutting sp me depth, all redicted one. ply the appea
s (1) and (2) ensile than the rresponding to deviation foun e concluded peatability. If redicted ones 45q direction the strain rela nduced drillin Fig. 12 show n and 565 m/m
e similar for b
epth curves for tw
ses for two drillin
d drilling resi wn in Fig. 13 so-called inte y IHD [4,12]. rse for the ca
where higher epth distributi
UHSD induc
the cutting sp hanges in the
er, the differe slightly increa gh the large e peeds. This fig
measured st arance of ten ), experiment predicted one o all experime nd for the cut that the obtai the experime for longitud n – see Fig. 11 axation vs. de ng strains, can ws these curves min. As expec both cases. wo different hole-g conditions. idual stresses 3. These stre egral method Near the surf ase of higher shear stress s on of the indu ed relatively h peed e in-ence ases error gure train nsile tally e. In ental tting ined ental dinal b). epth n be s for cted -are esses for face the state uced high tensil sligh shear resid appli titani analy 5. Co x Ind wer me x No of cas U dee the x The pro opt imp x IHD 6A for the Ackn J.P. N Depar Gover ESAS Refe [1] Sc W D [2] Ja M pr [3] H N [4] A by [5] Fl ho [6] R re [7] Fl fo 19 [8] W in m [9] H dr 45 [10] N Sc co [11] A [12] N ba ho le residual s htly compress r stress is a dual stresses ication of IH ium alloy st ysing the valu
onclusions duced drilling re determin thodology. substantial d the ultra-high ses, in depth p shape with te eper layers, hi intermediate e results pres oposed method timization of t proving the in D can be app l-4V alloys. H the values de deepest layer nowledgemen Nobre gratefully a rtment of Scien rnment, through TAP Plus Progra
rences
choltes B. Eigen Werkstoffzustände DGM, Information awahir IS, Brink Meyer D, Umbrel rocesses. CIRP A Handbook of bolt New York: CRC p ASTM E837-13a. y the hole-drilling laman MT. Brief ole method of res Rendler NJ, Vign esidual stresses. E laman MT, Herri or the center-ho 985; 9:30-32. Weng CC, Lin Y nduced drilling s measurement. Exp Honner M, Litos rilling residual st 5:131-142. Nobre JP, Stiffel choltes B. Induc omposites. CIRP ANSYS. Mechanic Nobre JP, Dias A ased software pa ole-drilling techn stresses near ive in the in almost neglig become ten HD for measu tudied, some
es near the sur
stresses due ned using differences we h cutting spee principal maxi ensile stresses gher than the depth layers. ent a good re dology seems the drilling op nduced drilling plied for meas However, som etermined in rs. nts acknowledges the ce and Techno the program Ho amme, which mad
nspannungen in en: Ursachen, Er nsgesellschaft mb ksmeier E, M'Sao lo D, Jayal AD. Annals 2011; 60/2 s and bolted join press; 1998. Standard test me g strain-gage met f investigation of sidual-stress meas ess I. Hole-drilli Exp. Mech. 1966; ing JA. Comparis le residual-stress YC, Chou CP, A stressesin the ho . Tech. 1992; 16: P, Svantner M. tress measuring t J-H, Nau A, Ou ced drilling stra
Annals 2013; 60( cal APDL Releas AM, Domingos A ckage to evaluate ique. Comp. App
the surface, ntermediate la gible. In dee nsile again. uring residual care must urface and for
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