Annotated bibliography on cold storage plants

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Annotated bibliography on cold storage plants Caughey, S. E.

PAGE

-

Construction 1 Cooling Systems Design ~ n d Layout Doors

c

7

Foundations and Floors

8

Insulation and Vapour Barriers 10

Structural Cogponents and Materials

.13

Miscellaneous Structural Details

16

abutment alcove alignment apartment arch area ashlar attic batten bay bearing bevel a board bond brad

clay concrete eave eRlorescenc#

knot laminatea tion paint pone parapet * partition pediment pier pigment pitch plan plaster plumbing plywood prefabricated quoins a raftel

AlJlJOTATED BIBLIOC+RAPI-IY

ON

COLD

STORAGE

PLANTS

compiled by S.

E.

Caughey

I

References taken from The Engineering

Index

1954

t o

1959.

is nsreraary for each odditlonal 7 pages or fraction thereof. A photoprinh ahould ba addressed to the Natlonoi Rawarch Cwn

Coupom ore i u d by the Council volwd at 5, 25, and 50 cenh. Thew can ba uwd in payment for this senice M well M caih (stamps ore not acceptable), money order or cheque (payable at par in Oihwo a e d B Notionol Rawarch Councll). Coupons can be ured for the purchase of all Natlonol Rareolrch Council publicotiona.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPIIY

COLD

STORAGE

PUNTS

compiled by

S,

Eo-

Caughey

Construction

New refrigerated warehouse serves rapidly expanding frozen

food processing area. Industrial Refrigeration, V.126,

n.1, Jan.

1954,

p.13-16.

Skagit Cold Storage Company in Mto Vernon,

Washington, utilizes floor subsurface

aeration, zone room temperature control and

diffused circulation of air.

Facilities were

designed to accommodate

12,500

lb,

of

commercial cold storage and to sharp freeze

up to 75

tons of fruits and vegetables dally.

Some experiences in use of aerated concrete for cold storage

insulation,

H.E. Evans, Institute of Refrigeration,

Proceedings, V.49,

1952-3,

p

.47-61,

62-9,

Construction method and cost aspects; thermal

behaviour under working conditions; practical

example of application to British plant having

capacity of

7,500

bushels of fruit; typical

breakdown for labor and materials; note on

sealing for gas storage of fruit.

Sfarehouse addition built in

100 days. R. Gubser, Industrial

Refrigeration,

V,26,

n.3;

March

195&

p.27-9.

Method used in construction of single story

freezer storage building of 350,000 cu,ft.

capacity for California Consumer Corp., Los

Angeles, California, Refrigeration is provi

ded

by 18,000~

of

1*"

p i p a

coils hunp on ceiling.

Welding helps to lift a building.

R, G.

Colvfn,

Zealand

Engineering, V,10,

12.7,

July

15,

1955,

P O

225-30.

Use of welding in fabrication of steelwork and

lifting equipment during alterations to Waitara

freezing worlcs of Thos. Borthwick (~'sia);

field erection and welding of structural steel

columns; installation of' hydraulic lifting

Cooling Systems

I n f l u e n c e of h o t and cold storage-loads on r e f r i g e r a t e d - space temperature of cooling complex. C.P. Kayan, American S o c i e t y of Mechanical EngPneers, c a p e r n. 58-A-165 f o r meeting Nov.30

-

~ e c ,

5 ,

1953, 9 D.

I n f l u e n c e on space-temperature-time h i s t o r y of ' b o t f ' load of goods suddenly introduced i n t o

r e f r i g e r a t e d zone of i n s u l a t e d s t r u c t u r e i s of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i n cold s t o r a g e warehouse o p e r a t i o n s ; of f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t i s u l t i m a t e e f f e c t of t r a n s i e n t load on performance of o t h e r

components of system, such as connected space- cooled h e a t exchanger; i n study of t r a n s i e n t e f f e c t , experimental s i m u l a t i o n methods a r e employed e n t i r e l y .

L o s Angeles g r o c e r c h a i n b u i l d s own f r o z e n foods s t o r a e

n.6, June

1955,

p.15-17,

56.

8

p l a n t . K.V. Brown, I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V,12

,

P l a n t f o r Ralphsl Grocery Co. i s 186'

x

l4Qt

x

16' t o 11'6''. Space i s d i v i d e d i n t 8 two r o g s

86

by 1.40 and 100

x

14.0 h e l d a t -10

F

and 0 F

r e s p e c t i v e l y ; automatic sqs

t

em employs use of 2-stage m u l t i c y l i n d e r ammonia machines and

c e i l i n g type water d e f r o s t blowers.

Metropolf t a n Frozen food d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t r e . R. Gubser, and G. Paulick; I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.134,

n o

5 ,

Nay 1958,

p.13-6.

I

Considerations

i n

c o n s t r u c t i o n of 2,000,000 cu,Pt

.

s u b e r a p u b l i c brarehouse f o r Los Angeles Cold:

Storage Co. ; amnonia l f q u f d pump and standby pump d i s c h a r g e r e f r i g e r a n t i n t o header w i t h

28

metering valves.

Modern German cold s t o r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d , Modern Refrf g e r a t i o n , V. 60, n.707, F'ebruaqj 1957, p e 60-2.

"Mordmark" B u t t e r and Egg Centre a t Bamburg, wl~ich in c l u d e s cheese s t o r e s covers a r e a of some

25,800' has

4

s t o r e y s , i n c l u d i n g basement and ramp f l o o r ; s t o r a g e and f r e e z i n g rooms a r e served by

4

i d e n t i c a l v e r t i c a l , watercooled ar~monia corqpressors, one oY ~ h i c h a c t s as standby;

condenser c a p e c i t y ' i s 1,320,000 i3tu/hr; cooling water c i r c u l a t i o n 3 s about 1,!170 cu.f t / h r .

R e f r f g e r a t f o n i n s t a l l a t i o n p r o v i d e s f u l l y a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n f o r new cold s t o r a p e warehouse, I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V,126, n.1, January 1954, p.18-20, 42.

Systems f o r b l a s t f r e e z i n g and f r o z e n food s t o r a g e f o r B e a t r i c e Foods Co. and

K

and R

P ~ ~ l c i n g Co. i n Denver, Colo. ; h i g h s t a g e compressors and condens! np equipment f o r two s t a g e ammonia systems a r e l o c a t e d i n K and B engine room and low s t a g e compressors i n

B e a t r i c e p l a n t ; c r a w l t u n n e l between compressor rooms c o n t a i n s r e f r i g e r a n t p i p i n g e l e c t r i c l i n e s , e t c ,

United Frozen Foods Corp. chooses a u t o m a t i c systems. W.H. B r i t t Z n ,

industrial

R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V.

135;

n.

3,

September 1958, p. 12-3..

F a c i l i t y a t Los Angeles comprises two -lo°F f r e e z e r rooms w i t h combined c a p a c i t y o o f

391,000 cu.f

t.,

one h i g h h u m i d i t y 1!-0 F ~ o o l e r having c a p a c i t y of 4,000 c u . f t . , one 60 F

p r o c e s s i n g room of 14,000 c u , f t , ; ammonia was s e l e c t e d f o r two f r e e z e r rooms and R e f r i g e r a n t -12 f o r o t h e r s t o a c h i e v e automat?-c o p e r a t i o n , economy and e f f i c f e n c y ; r e c i r c u l a t i n g f l o o d e d systems, u s i n g

7

60,000 ~ t u / h r . e v a p o r a t o r s a r e used,

United S t a t e s Cold S t o r a g e Corporation opens new warehouse

a t

P o r t Worth, I n d u s t r i a l Refrigeration, V.129, n.4,

October

1955,

p.22-3, 25,

Cold s t o r a g e and f r e e z f n g p l a n t occupies 161,000 s q . f t , ; combination d i r e c t expansion and c h i l l e d b r i n e f r e e z i n g s g s t em used,

Warehouse s e r v i c e s water f r o n t . I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V.130,

n.5,

Nay 1956, p.29-30.

New f a c i l i t y of Qufncy Market Cold S t o r a g e and Warehouse Co,, of Boston in G l o u c e s t e r , Mass., h a s s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y of 1 2 t o

14

m i l l i o n l b . ;

s p e c i a l low temp. f l u o r e s c e n t l i g h t i n g , automati c door opening d e v i c e s , a u t o m a t i c f i r e and b u r g l a r a l a r m syste;s a r e i n s t a l l e d ; ammonia compressors produce -30

P

r e f r i g e r a t i o n f o r f r e e z i n g , -S0F t o - 1 0 O ~ te m p e r a t u r e s I n s t o r a g e a r e a s ,

Design and Layout

C o n t i n e n t a l f r e e z e r adds new s t o r a g e f a c i l i t i e s f o r f r o z e n foods.

RmJm

E p s t e i n and A .

J,

Sander. I n d u s t r i a l

R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V.129, n.2, ~ u g u s t , l 9 S $ , p.19-24 ( s e e a l s o unsigned a r t t c l e

i n

Modern R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V,S8,

n.

686,

IIay

1955,

p.176-80).

Layout a n d f a c i l i t i e s of new f r e e z e r b u i l d i n g f o r C o n t i n e n t a l F r e e z e r s o f I l l i n o i s , Inc.; ammonia r e c i r c u l a t ~ o n system i s combined w i t h f o r c e d a i r blowers and overhead s h e e t metal. d u c t s .

D e r Kuehlhausbau i n M i

t

t e l d a u t schland. W. Pohlmmn, K a e l t e t e c h n i k ,

V.9,

n.7, J u l y 1957, p.208-12, B u i l d i n g o f c o l d s t o r e s i n e a s t e r n Germany; r e p o r t on s t a n d a r d t y p e s o f b u i l d i n g s and r e f r i ~ e r a t i n g Z n s t a l l a t i o n s e r e c t e d under government s u p e r v i s i o n . Design o f c o l d s t o r e s . Zbdern R e f r i g e r a t t o n , T J .

57,

_{n, 681,} Dec. 1954, p.422-4,

v.58,

n.682, Jan, 1955, p.12-3,

V,58,

n.683, Peb. 1955, p.148-3. Dec'. 1951b: d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s t h a t nlalre f o r e f f i c i e n c y , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o e l i m i n a t i o n of h e a t l o s s and d e s i g n f a c t o r s i n r e l a t i o n t o m a t e r i a l s h a n d l i n g . Jan,

-

Feb.

1955:

F a c t o r s

i n

b u i l d i n g d e s i g n . Economic a s p e c t s o f c o l d s t o r e d e s i g n and o p e r a t i o n , G . k . May, Proc,, I n s t i t u t e of R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.51,

19S4-SS1

p.

107-27,

128-36.

Design o f h y p o t h e t i c a l p l a n t ~ r h i c h would prov5.de s t o r a g e space

of

about 69,100 cu..?t. a f t e r

a l l o w i n c f o r space occupied by c o o l e r s and ~ i p e c o i l s ,

3

f l o o r s a r e slrtggested, w i t h , t e m p c r a t u r e s of v a r i o u s spaces a t -3.0,

15

avld 3 0 tp; l a y o u t diagram. 1 Modern c o l d s t o r a g e p l a n t d e s t g n .

H.

P e t e r s o n , I n d u s t r i a l R e f n l g e r a t i o n , V.12S,

n.5,

3?ov, 1953, p.23-5, 27, 29-30, 6 0 ,

Review

of how d i f ? e r e n t i d e a s and d e s i g n s a r e b e i n g used throughout United S t a t e s t o meet v a r i e d c o l d s t o r a g e a p p l i c a t i o n problems; p a l l e t i z e d o p e r a t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d pre-

Modern Spanish cold s t o r e . E. Moeller, Modern R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.62,

n.732, Islarch 1959,

p.243-5,

Cold s t o r a g e p l a n t of Congelacion y H e f r i g e r a c i o n de Alimentos S . A . i s expected t o be of 883,000 t o 1,060,OOO c u , f t . , while f i r s t s e c t i o n of 353,000 c u . f t . i s p r e s e n t l y i n o p e r a t i o n ; f i r s t p o r t i o n c o n s i s t s of two f l o o r s each w l t h s i x e q u a l sfzed cooling rooms; f o u r r o o w a r e f o r o p e r a t i o n e i t h e r a t

~ P P

o r a t

-4

t o

-13

I?;

on second f l o o r t h e r e i s 5-ton quick f r e e z i n g tunnel; f o u r S a b r o l corcpressors a r e used; c o o l i n g u n i t s a r e f l o a t r e g u l a t e d ; t h r e e rooms a r e

provided w i t h w a l l c o i l s f o r s t o r i n g of f r o z e n goods. Modern warehouse i n S t . Louis deslgned f o r s p e e d i e r handling

of merchandise. V.C. Alexander, I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.132,

n.

5 ,

.May 1957, p. 13-8.

Amrrlonia r e c i r c u l n t i n g r e f r i g e r a t l o n system used a t . New Merchants R e f r i g e r a t i n g Cob food s t o r a g e p l a n t ; b e s i d e s 1 , ~ 0 0 , 0 0 0 cu. f t

.

of r e f r i g e r a t e d s t o r a g e

space, s e p a r a t e b u i l d i n g i s d i v i d e d i n t o 1 2 rooms of 3000 o r 1800 s q . f t . ~ ~ h i c h can be l e a s e d by

t e n a n t s ; 1 0 t u n n e l t y p e b l a s t f r e e z e r s have c a p a c i t y of 100,000 l b s . p e r

24

'nr.

New h e a t and .water vapour t r a n s m i s s i o n a p p a r a t u s f o r i n s u l a t e d panels. Modern H e f r i g e r a t i ~ n ~ V.57

,

n o 680, November

1954,

~ ~ 3 8 7 - 9 .

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of apparatus developed by U.S

.

Bureau of Standards, which w i l l be used t o o b t a i n p r a c t i c a l c r i t e r i a f o r designing r e f r i g e r a t i o n warehouse p a n e l s which a r e n o t s u b j e c t t o damage due t o i n t e r n a l condensat i o n of mol s t u r e ;

a p p a r a t u s c o n s i s t s o f two p a r t s coupled t o form i n s u l a t e d enclosure; t e s t p a n e l s

4 x

8

f t . , d i v i d e s e n c l o s u r e i n t o warm s i d e and c o l d s i d e when a n p a r a t n s i s c l o s e d .

New r e f r i g e r a t e d warehouse a t Amsterdam, Dock and Harbour Authority, V.40, n.465, J u l y 1959, p.80-3.

D e s c r i p t i o n of Blaauwhoed

N

.V. p l a n t , named Amerika,

i n r i v e r dock a r e a a t Amsterdam; g r o s s cold s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y i s 714,000 c u . f t , and s t o r a g e f o r g e n e r a l foods 353,000 c u . f t . ; b u i l d i n g r e s t s on 510

c o n c r e t e p i l e s driven through bog; c a p a c i t y of e i g h t ammonia compressors i s 5,950,000 ~ t u / h r .

Post-war design of c o l d s t o r e i n n o r t h w e s t i n c o r p o r a t e s many new f e a t u r e s , Modern R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V,

57, n.

674,

May 1954,

p.170-3.

Layout of B o o t l e Cold S t o r a ~ e Co. p l a n t i n England; a l l rooms a r e cooled by m m o n i ~ d f r e c t expansion c e i l i n g g r i d s , w h i l e rooms on t h i r d f l o o r can, a s a l t e r n a t f v e , be c o o l e d by u n i t t y p e a i r c o o l e r s ,

S t o r a g e d e p o t w i t h r e g u l a t e d atmosphere i n chambers. A .

1956, ' Kornfehl. Escher !fyss News,

V.29,

n.3, S e p t ,

-

Uec.

p*16-9. I Depot a$ E. S t e f f e n

-

R i s , U t z e n s t o r f , S w i t z e r l a n d , compr9ses

4

s t o r a g e chambers b u i l t f o r i n c r e a s e d C02 g a s c o n t e n t ; atmosphere of 2 chambers

i s

c o n t r 6 l l e d w i t h c o o l i n g and a i r d i s t r i b u t i n g means o u t s i d e chamber, whfle 2 o t h e r s have c o o l i n g and ,

a i r

d i s t r i b u t i n g means i n l o c a l i t y i t s e l f ; two I

f r u i t c o o l i n g s t o r e s a r e of u s u a l d e s i g n ; two " r o t a s c o " compressors supply 75,000 Kcal/hr.

T e s t l n g F a c i l i t i e s f o r r e f r i g e r a t e d warehouse c o n s t r u c t i o n .

H.C.

Brown, Jr., I n d u s t r i a l Refri.creration, V.130, n.2,

3,

Februaq- 1956, n.13-16, !larch 17569 p.11-22.

~ a c i l i t ~ 20 f t . s q . w i t h c e i l i n g h t . of 1 0

f t . ,

i s b u i l t w i t h j n

GO

f t ,

d i a m e t e r c i r c u l a r b u f l d t n g a t Hesearch and Development' Centre of Armstrong Cork Co.; t e m n e r a t u r e s i n i n n e r room can be c y c l e d

from

mhnus 100 t o ~ l u s 7 0 0 ~ ~ , i n s h e l l from z e r o

t o 160 F; Froon -22 compression system u s e s

Freon

I

-11 a s h e a t t r a n s f e r medium t o a i r c o o l e r

i n

each room; t e s t r e s u l t s f o r d e s i g n and m a t e r i a l s . .

The d e s i g n of t h e ?ew c o l d s t ~ r e s a t Torry Research S t a t i o n s . A . Banks, G.C. Eddie and R.A.K. Long, Nodern R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.57,

n. 670, January 1954, po6-12.

Deslgn r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r f a c i l i t y a t Aberdgen i n c l u d e d 10 rooms at t e n ~ p e r a t u r e below

4

P w i t h a i r loclrs, v a r i a b l e h u n i d i t y , and s e p a r a t e auto- m a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l f o r each room;

_amOnf

unusual f e a t u r e s i s j a c k e t c o o l i n g t o o b t a i n h gh r e l a t i v e h ~ m i d i t y ; p l a n t i s mainly f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l s t o r a g e of quick f r o z e n f i s h ; research on e f f e c t

T r a n s i e n t r e f r i g e r a t i o n l o a d s a s r e l a t e d t o energy-flow concepts.

C.F.

Bayan and J . A . McCague, American

S o c i e t y of Heating, R e f r i g e r a t i n g and Air-Conditioning Engineers, J o u r n a l (formerly Ref r i p r a t i n g Engineering)

,

V.1,

n.3,

Mar.

1959, p.77-82.

Consideration OF e f f e c t w i t h r e g a r d t o s t o r a g e - s t r u c t u r e space and i m e d i a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d heat exchanger equipment on p r e d i c t i n g heat-flow r a t e s and h e a t exchanger performance; d i r e c t r e p r e s e n t e - t i o n of t r a n s i e n t behavior by use of r e s i s t a n c e - capacitance technique t o e s t a l ~ l i s h h e a t flow by

monitoring changing h e a t flows a s s o c i a t e d with varying temperature d i f f e r e n c e between s o l i d goods s u r f a c e and s t o r a g e space a i r ; a p p l i c a t i o n t o examples.

Doors .111.)

-Cold s t o r a g e door d e s i g n i n s t e p w i t h modern warellouse methods, I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.

126, n.

6,

June 1954, p.15-7.

Design of doors f o r frozen food s t o r a g e rooms which provide f o r use of mechanized handling equipment, minimize l o s s of p e r r i c e r a t i o n , and i n which formation o f i c e on edges i s r e t a r d e d o r eliminated.

New cold-room door s irnprove warehouse o p e r a t i o n s . .T?. Ruff, Food Engineering,

V.27,

n.1, January 1955, p.72-5, 188.

Cold s t o r a g e door systems i n s t a l l e d i n new .

r e f r i g e r a t e d warehouse of Merchants Terminal Corp,

,

Landover, Pld. ; each door grouping c o n s i s t s of 2 l a r g e h o r i z o n t a l sliding doors, f o u r v e s t i b u l e o r b a t t e n doors, two wicker doors b u i l t i n s l i d i n g doors, and personnel door between them.

You

can keep your cold s t o r a g e doors from f r e e z i n g s h u t . , F. Odendthal, I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.129,

n.1,

July 1955, p.17-21.

Causes and r:iecl~anisr;~ of i c e format ion; a n p l i c a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l h e a t i n g u n i t s t o n e w and e x i s t i n g doors.

Foundations and F l o o r s A n a l y s i s of f r o s t a c t i o n b e n e a t h cold s t o r a , g e warehouses, D.C. Pearce, T r a n s a c t i o n s Engineering I n s t i t u t e of Canada, V.2,

n.4,

December 19G8, p.153-6. A n a l y s i s h a s demonstrated t h a t f r e e z i n g of s o 2 1 t o considerabl-e d e p t h b e n e a t h cold s t o r a g e

warehouse of slab-on-grade constmxction i s t o be expected; t h u s , t h e r e e x i s t s p o s s i b i l i t y of darnage by f r o s t a c t i o n t o s u c h b u i l d i n g , e l i m i n a t i o n of p o s s i b i l i t g of damage by i n t r o - d u c t i o n of h e a t b e n e a t h f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n i s shown t o be economically f e a s i b l e ; d e s i g n o f h e a t i n g system t o p r e v e n t s o i l f r e e z i n g .

A s s o c i a t e d grace-rs complete m i l l i o n d o l l a r warehouse a t M i a m i , F l o r i d a , I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V,l33, n.3,

September 1957, p . 20-2.

Emphasis i s on r e f r i g e r a t i o n for 10,000 s q . f t .

a r e a of new 110,000 s q . f t

.

warehouse; r e f r i g e r a t e d a r e a i s d i v i d e d i n t o compartments f o r f r e s h produce, below z e r o s t o r a c e of f r o z e n f o o d s , and hrealmx, room f o r f i l l i n g s m a l l f r o z e n food o r d e r s ; t h i s a r e a and a i r conditfoned o f f i c e space a r e s e r v e d

w i

t h

4

Kramer Enicons i n roof u t i l i z i n g r e f r i g e r a t i o n - t o - a i r h e a t t r a n s f e r f o r condensin[!; underground , t u n n e l s e l i m i n a t e f r o s t b u i l d lip u n 8 . e ~ f r e e z e r f l o o r .

Der Flaermef l u s s 'vom erdboden i n gekuehte Raeume. E. Emblik, K a e l t e t e c h n i k , V , 1 1 , n.3, Islarch 1959, ~ ~ 6 6 - 9 ,

Heat t r a n s f e r from ~ ; r o ~ . m d t o c o l d s t o r a g e chamber; method, based on o v e r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t , f o r c a l c ~ l l a t i o n of h e a t p e n e t r a t i o n t h r o ~ i g h uninsinlated f l o o r s of c o l d s t o r a g e rooms; v e l o c i t y ,with whlch f r o s t p e n e t r a t e s s o i l and r e s u l t i n g h e a t t r a n s f e r t h a t talres p l a c e under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s i s determined.

F r o s t a c t i o n under c o l d s t o r a g e p l a n t s , D.C. Pearce and N.B. Hutcheons R e f r i r : e r a t i n g Engineering, V.

66,

n. 1 0 , October 1958,

p.33-5,

74-6.

E f f e c t s produced by f r o s t a c t i o n i n s o i l s ; c a u s e s of f r e e z i n g under c o l d s t o r a g e p l a n t s where f l o o r s a r e i n c o n t a c t w i t h ground; e f f e c t of p l a n t s i z e ; t h i c k n e s s of i n s u l a t i o n r e q u i r e d t o p r e v e n t f r e e z i n g ; c o n s t r u c t i o n s where v e n t i l a t i n g space i s provided by e l e v a t i n g f l o o r s , o r where h e a t i s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o f i l l b e n e a t h s l a b .

HOW t o c o r r e c t f r o s t heaving of f r e e z e r room f l o o r s .

Ruff, I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V. 127,

n.

5,

T?ovember l9Shy p.13-5. ( s e e a l s o Food Engineering, V.27, n.1, January 1955, p.79.)

Two b a s i c methods of i n s t a l l i n g e l e c t r i c a l h e a t i n g u n i t s under i n s u l a t e d f l o o r s l a b without i n t e r f e r i n g with f r e e z e r room use.

New a n t i - f r o s t - h e a v e system i n frozen foods s t o r e . Mod-ern R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V.61, n.728, November 1950, p.1079-83.

Hethod used a t new ~ i r d k ?3ye Ltd. sub-zero p l a n t a t S a l f o r d t s Surrey, i n v o l v e s p a s s i n g warm o i l

under c o l d s t o r e ; warm o i l i s pumped from r e s e r v o i r i n engine room and i s kept a t c o r r e c t temperature by waste h e a t from compressors p l u s immersion h e a t e r brought i n a u t o m a t i c a l l y when former Is inadequnt e; p l a n t i s designed t o hold 600 t o n s of qufcle f r o z e n products i n

17

f t .

6

_{i n . h i g h chamber some 134 f t .}

long by 50 f t . wide, d i v i d e d i n t o two rooms. Reconstruction of ground f l o o r of Royal Edward Gold S t o r e ,

Avonrno~lth Doclcs, W. J. Sive-Idright and

SOP,

I.lhittfngton, Proc., I n s t i t u t i o n of C i v i l Engineers, V.3, P a r t s

3,

n.1, A p r i l 1954, p.166-82.

.

Remed3al work c a r r i e d o u t f ollowf ng e x t e n s i v e damage t o ground f l o o r of l-uilding by f r o s t heave; f l o o r , which was o r i g i n a l l y l a i d d i r e c t l y on ground, r e p l a c e d by suspended f l o o r w i t h a i r - s n a c e beneath; p o s s i b l e ( e f f e c t o f r e i n f o r c e d concrete p i l e s on s o i l

temperatures beneath cold s t o r e having a i r space below cold room.

Sherman p u t deep f r e e z e r on deep sand. Power Engineering,

v.60,

n.7, J u l y 1956, p.72-3.

Layout of Zero Warehouses i n M i a m i , F l o r i d a ; t o s e a l o f f ground water, s p e c i a l f o u n d a t i o n was b u i l t w i t h f o o t i n g s and w a l l s of l i g h t w e i g h t aggregate mixed w i t h thermal r e s i s t i n g c o n c r e t e , waterproof menbrane and

31

i n s u l a t i n g f i l l of d r y f i l l s i l i c a a s bed f o r 6-in. concrete s l a b f l o o r of f r e e z e r a r e a ; c a n t i l e v e r e d roof moves t o allow 2" s t e e l work c o n t r a g t i o n when f r e e z e r a r e a tern- p e r a t u r e goes t o -10

F.

S u b - s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e s and f rost-heave. Gay. P i t t s , Proc. I n s t ? t u t e of R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V,

el,

19j54-54', ?. 139-54,

155-62,

Design o f cold s t o r a g e p l a n t s t o p r o v i d e a g a i n s t f r o s t heave; . c a l c u l a t i o n of h e a t g a i n t h r o u g h i n s u l a t e d s u r f a c e s ; s o i l t y p e i n r e l a t i o n t o f r o s t heave; f a c t o r s i n f l o o r i n s u l a t i o n ; u s e o f h e a t i n e mats.

Teploperedecha v g r ~ m t e pod i z o l y a t s i e i k h o l o d i l nikov.

M.D.

Khaskind, Akademiya Nauk SS"s R z v e s t i y a , O t d e l e n i e Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, n.lO, October 1958, p.51-62.

eat

t r a n s f e r i n ground b e n e a t h i n s u l a t i o n of

r e f r i g e r a t o r s ; g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n of problem o b t a i n e d ;

i t

i s p o s s i b l e t o deterrnfne d e p t h of p e n e t r a t i o n o f low t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t o ground and t o e s t i m a t e t h i c k n e s s of i n s u l a t i o n .

What f r o s t a c t i o n d i d t o c o l d s t o r a g e p l a n t . J.J. IIamilton,

D.C.

P e a r c e , N.B. Hutcheon, .9merican S o c i e t y of Heating, R e f r i g e r a t i n g and Air-Conditioning Engineers J o u r n a l , V.1,

nebr

A p r i l 1959, p.54-8.

Case h i s t o r y of damage done by f rost, a c t i o n i n

ground under b u i l d i n g s of Stormont ( ~ n t , ) Cold S t o r a g e Cooperative; s o i l was found t o be f r o z e n t o d e p t h of 9 f t . ; corresponding: f l o o r heave c o n d i t i o n s shown; d e c i s i o n w a s made t o thaw u n d e r l y f n g s o i l a n d a f t e r 6 mo. p e r i o d , heave had

completely subsided; p r o c e d u r e used i n thawing o p e r a t Ion d e s c r i b e d .

I n s l r l a t i o n a n d Vapour B a r r i e r s

" ~ d v a n c e d " c o l d s t o r e a t Great Yarmouth, Modern R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.59,

n.702, September 1956,

p.312-5.

1,

New p l a n t f o r B i r d ! s Eye Foods Ltd. i s chamber t y p e , w i t h c a p a c i t y of 2500 t o n s ; i n t e r n a l h e i g h t i s

.18'3",

l e n g t h 236'

,

w i d t h

581

6",

i n s u l a t i o n i s by 10" of s l a b cork; r e f r i g e r a t i o n i s by c i r c u l a t i o n of l i q u i d armonia from accumulator by p o s i t i v e pumps d e l i v e r i n g i n t o c e i l i n g g r i d s

New c o l d s t o r e s f o r B r i t i s h T r a n s p o r t Cornmission i n

Southhampton Dock. Modern R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.

61, n.725, a u g u s t

1958,

~ ~ 7 7 8 - 8 4 ;

( s e e a l s o similar a r t i c l e by

H.W. Evans, Dock and Harbour 4 u t h o r i t y , 17.39, n.455, September

1958,

p.157-62. )

I n t e r n a t t o n a l Cold S t o r a g e and I c e Co. p l a n t

i s o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r a l l f l o o r s and c o l i m s , wit11 e x t e r n a l w a l l s of r e i n f o r c e d brickwork; t h e r e a r e no beams i n c e i l i n g of chamber, t h u s e l i m i n a t inp roclcets i n cold room c i r c u i t s ; rooms on one f l o o r a r e cooled t o

15%

by d i r e c t expansion; v a r i o u s rooms on second f l o o r a r e h e l d a t

35

t o lG°F'; -looand - 2 0 O ~ by f o r c e d a i r c i r c u l a t i o n . New p r e s t r e s s c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e 1-zsed on s o u t h e r n r e f r i g e r a t e d warehouse.

D.

W . Kirk, I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n , V.129,

n.

5 ,

November 1955, p.27-8, 30s 59. S t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s of warehouse . f o r United S t a t e s Cold S t o r a g e Corporation a t E't. Worth, Tex., w a l l s a r e p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e p a n e l s , and r o o f i s c o n s t r u c t e d of p r e c a s t c h a n n e l s l a b s

supported on p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e b e a m ; s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r l a y o u t and materi-als

.

New Thames-Side c o o l a i r s t o r e s . IJJodern R e f r i g o r a t i o n , V.60, n.713, August 1957, p.310-6.

New c o l d s t o r a c e p l a n t of Hayt s 'fharf Group

i s designed f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s above 32'5' mainly. f o r s t o r a g e o f cheese and eggs; p l a n t i s

118' x

100' x

70'

h i p h t o . f l a t r o o f ; r o o f and second f l o o r a r e of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e , o t h e r f l o o r s of n r e c a s t u n i t s ;

3

-

2 c y c l e anrnonta

compressors s u p p l y r e f r i q e r a t i o n ; l a y o u t p l a n . Performance of' vapor v e n t e d i n s l i l a t f o n i n l a r g e f r e e z e r

warehouse. K.R. Qncer, and I3.R. McT,allghlin, iiefrfg- e r a t i n g E n g i n e e r i n ~ , TT.

6lc,

n. 1, Januar: 1956, v.29-34,

84-5.

( d i s c t ~ s s i o n ) n.3, S.!arch 1956, p . 4 ~ , f l ~ , 9 0 , 9 2 , 9 ~ .

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Memyllis, Tern. n l a n t u s i n g thermocouples, % e a t f lor^ ? l e t e r s and ~ o ! . s t ~ l r o block; purpose w a s t o confir?-I nredtcted

o p e r a t i o n of i n s u l n t c d ''dry-wall" c n n a t r u c t i o n , show d i f f e r e n c e s betpreen l a b ~ r n t o ~ y a n d n o r v i c e

performance, and o b t a i n p o s s i b l e new information on s i n g l e vs m u l t i p l e vapor b a r r i e r constrlxctions and vapor-impervious vs vapor p e ~ m e a b l e in s u l a t i o n assemblies.

Safeway s t o r e s open r e f r i g e r a t e d warehouse. I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,

V.131,

n.5, November 1956, p,13-4.

One s t o r y f r o z e n food warehouse i n Los Angeles i s 210 x

51 x

1 6 , high and c o n t a i n s 31,500 c u . f t . of f r e e z e r s t o r a g e space; c o n s t r u c t i o n u s e s t i l t - u p p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e s l a b s ; c o i l i n g u n i t s i n s t a l l e d i n v e s t i b u l e s dehumidi f y i n f i l t r n t e d a i r t o prevent excessive moisture from g e t t i n g i n t o main s t o r a g e room; da%a on r e f r i g e r a t i o n

equipment f a - maintaining sGorage space t e r n p e r a t ~ ~ r e of

- 1 2 ? ~

under maxim~m l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s

.

Temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n i n f i n s and o t h e r p r o j e c t i o n s i n c l u d i n g those of b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e s by s e v e r a l procedures. C.F. Bayan, and H.G. Gates, Arnerican S o c i e t y of Mechanfcal Ebgineers, P,lper n. 57-A-173 f o r meeting December 1-6, 1957,

9

pages.

S u b j e c t i s f i r s t developed on b a s i s of " f i n s " i.e. pure simple extended s u r f a c e , and then on broader b a s i s , i n terms of corrlplex c'omposition s t r u c t u r a l forms; mathematical methods, co:n- p u t a t i o n a l

-

numerical means an2 e l e c t r i c a l

s i m u l a t i o n approaches a r e employed; a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o s t e e l framed b u i l d i n g s , cold s t o r a g e s t r u c t u r e s , e t c .

Underground r e f r i g e r a t e d s t o r a g e t o provide f r e e z e r s?a.ce f o r f r o z e n food. I n d u s t r i a l R e f r i g e r a t i o n , v.127, n.

5 ,

November 1954, p. 17-8.

I n l a n d Cold Storage Co, p r o j e c t i s 9 a c r e c p a r r y n e a r Kansas C i t y i n which temperature remains

unvarying

5s0I?;

most

of

1 6 concrete block s t o r a g e rooms w i l l be c h i l l e d t o -lo0& o t h e r s t o

30°??;

590 t o n r e f r i g e r a t i o n system of amnonia and b r i n e type has been i n s t a l l e d .

B e r e i n f a c h t e ' Berechnung d e r Dampf -Diffusion durch g e s c h i c h t e t e

Idaende. H. Glaser, Maeltechnik,

V.10,

n.11, November 1958, p.358-64, n.12, December, p.386-90.

S b ' ~ p 1 i f l e d c a l c u l a t i o n of vanor dj.ffus%on t ' n r o u ~ b l m i n a t e d w a l l s by p r e c i p i t a t i o n of' w a t e r and i c e ;

e q u a t l o n f o r vrapor p r e s s u r e and d e n s i t y d e r t v e d

on

- I

premise t h a t inflt-lence of heat of condensst i o n on

t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i a t i o n is s l i ~ h t ; at edges of d i f f e r e n t l a y e r s , e i t h e r a d d i t i c r l a l m o i s t i ~ . r e is excluded o r I

c e r t a i n a r e a d r i e s o u t ; example f o r w a l l s

of

c o l d s t o r a g e rooms,

Miscellaneous S t r ~ l c t u r a l D e t a i l s

Commercial and I n d u s t r i a l ~ e f r i g e r a t ; i o n . C. !Jesley Welson, McGraw-Hill Book Co., I n c . 1952. Chapter

13:

Low- t e m p e r a t u r e R e f r i g e r a t Son.

Die K a e l t e t e c h n i l r i n Polen. D.J. T i l g n e r , K a e l t e t o c k n f k ,

V.11, n r 4 , & m i l

1959,

pe104-8. , .

R e f r i g e r a t i n g e n g l n e o r i n g i n Poland; p r o g r e s s s i n c e end o f l a s t

war,

p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o

development of cold storar-e p l a n t s , comnressors and

i n s u l a t i o n , food ~ r o d u c t c o o l i n g and P r e e z J n ~ ; n o t e s on a i r c o n d i t l o n i n q on t r a i n s and s h i n s ; Snforr-lation on t r a i n i n g s p e c i a l i s t s a t t h r e e t e c h n i c a l . i l n i v s r s - i - t i e s and a t one n ~ o f e s s t o n a l school, and on w o r l c a t r e s e r ' t ~ c h

i n s t i t u t e s . 3 0 r e f e r e n c e s , . i

R e f r i g e r a t i n g p r i n c i w l e s and n r a c t f c s s . Norman Shame, McGraw-

Hj

11 Boolr Co.

,

Inc., 1949. C\la? t e r 10: Refri,yera.tlon ,

a p p l i c a t i o n s ,

R e f r i g e r a t i o n , A i r Conc!itioning ,md Cold Storsage p r i n c i r ; l e s and a p p l i c a t i o n s . Raymond C. Gunther, C h i l t o n Co,

( I n c , )

-

P h i l a d e l p h i a , l9G7. Chapter 14: P r i n c i p l e s o f colcl s t o r a g e ,

.

Ref r i g e r a t f on m-d Air-Condit i o n t n g , Hichard C. Jordon, and

Gayle

B.

P r i e s t e r , P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 3hgIe1mod Cliffs,

N.

J.,

1956.

Chapter 1 9 : Food P r e s e r v a t i o n ( 2 0 pages).

R e f r i g e r a t i o n p r i n c i p l e s and ~ r a c t i c e . E z s r G r l f f i t h s ( e d i t o r ) George Net~nes

Ltd,,

Tower IIouse, SoutT~hmpton S t . , Strcmd, London, 'f.C.2, 19S1, Chapter

3:

Cooling o f Reef.

Chapter 12: C o n s t r u c t i o n of Cold S t o r e s ,

Trends and p r a c t i c e s

i n

r e f r f g e r a t e d stol9a?e of food s t u f f s i n Comnonwealth. J. C . F i d l e r , Plodern R e P r i ~ ; e r a t i o n , V.56,

n.067,

October 19q3,

p.373-6.

I

Notes on cold s t o r a ~ e o f meat, egE<s, f r u l t s and v e ~ ; e t a b l e s arid f i . s h t n TTnited Kfn$6om, A 4 u s t ~ a l i a ,