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Policy change or values change? The evolution of the environmental behavior of large-scale soybean producers

in Mato Grasso, Brazil

Martin Delaroche

To cite this version:

Martin Delaroche. Policy change or values change? The evolution of the environmental behavior of large-scale soybean producers in Mato Grasso, Brazil. History. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité;

Indiana university (Bloomington, Indiana), 2019. English. �NNT : 2019USPCA038�. �tel-02329556�

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UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE PARIS CITÉ (USPC) UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 3 SORBONNE-NOUVELLE

École doctorale 122 « Europe Latine – Amérique Latine » Institut des Hautes Études de l’Amérique Latine (IHEAL)

Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur les Amériques (UMR 7227)

INDIANA UNIVERSITY - BLOOMINGTON

Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs

Thèse préparée en cotutelle afin d’obtenir le grade de:

Docteur de l’Université Sorbonne Paris Cité – Paris 3 – Sorbonne-Nouvelle Discipline : Géographie, urbanisme et aménagement du territoire

Docteur de l’Université d’Indiana – Bloomington Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs

Discipline : Public Affairs Présentée le 10 Mai 2019 par

Martin Louis Jean Delaroche

POLICY CHANGE OR VALUES CHANGE?

The Evolution of the Environmental Behavior of Large-Scale Soybean Producers in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Membres du jury:

François-Michel Le Tourneau – Directeur de Recherche au CNRS (co-directeur) Daniel H. Cole – Professeur à l’Université d’Indiana (co-directeur) Eduardo S. Brondízio, Professeur au l’Université d’Indiana (président du jury)

Vincent Dubreuil, Professeur à l’Université de Rennes II (rapporteur) Angelo Costa Gurgel, Professeur à la Fondation Getúlio Vargas (rapporteur)

Lauren MacLean, Professeure à l’Université d’Indiana

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POLICY CHANGE OR VALUES CHANGE?

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF LARGE-SCALE SOYBEAN PRODUCERS IN MATO GROSSO,

BRAZIL

Martin Louis Jean Delaroche

Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree Doctor of Philosophy

at the Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University

May 2019

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Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Doctoral Committee

Date of Defense: May 10; 2019

_____________________________________ Committee Co-Chairperson’s, Daniel H. Cole, JSD

_____________________________________ Committee Co-Chairperson’s, François-Michel Le Tourneau, PhD

_____________________________________ Committee Member’s, Eduardo Brondízio, PhD

_____________________________________ Committee Member’s, Vincent Dubreuil, PhD

_____________________________________ Committee Member’s, Angelo Costa Gurgel, PhD

_____________________________________ Committee Member’s, Lauren MacLean, PhD

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Changement de Politiques ou Changement de Valeurs ? L'évolution du Comportement Environnemental des Grands Producteurs de Soja du Mato Grosso au Brésil

Résumé : La production de commodities continue de s’étendre dans le monde. Historiquement, ces aires de production ont créé des opportunités économiques mais ont également eu des implications sociales et environnementales discutables. En 40 ans, l'État du Mato Grosso est devenu le principal producteur de soja du Brésil, représentant un quart de la production brésilienne et de 9% de la production mondiale, une expansion fulgurante vivement critiquée pour avoir causé des taux élevés de déforestation. Cette production est le résultat de petits exploitants agricoles qui ont émigré du sud du Brésil dans les années 1970 pour devenir aujourd'hui des grands producteurs de soja. Bien que les politiques environnementales adoptées dans les années 2000 aient réduit la déforestation, l’interaction entre ces politiques, les conditions de marché, la technologie agricole et l’évolution des valeurs des producteurs n’est pas claire. Quels sont les éléments constitutifs du comportement environnemental de ces producteurs et comment expliquer son changement ? Afin d’examiner cette évolution, nous avons choisi une approche multi-méthodes fondée sur une enquête de terrain comprenant 104 entretiens semi-structurés avec des producteurs, ainsi que des données quantitatives (changement d’utilisation des sols et analyse statistique). Bien que ce changement de comportement soit en partie lié aux conditions de marché et aux politiques environnementales, nous démontrons que l’identité techno-culturelle et les valeurs pro- environnementales de ces producteurs ont contribué de manière significative à ce changement.

Cette thèse contient des enseignements précieux pour comprendre les mécanismes complexes susceptibles de limiter l'impact environnemental des futures frontières agricoles.

Mots-clés : politiques environnementales, valeurs, soja, grands producteurs, Brésil, Mato Grosso

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Policy Change or Values Change? The Evolution of the Environmental Behavior of Large-Scale Soybean Producers in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Abstract: Commodity production keeps expanding around the world. Past areas of commodity production have provided economic opportunities, but mixed social and environmental outcomes.

In 40 years, Mato Grosso state has turned into the largest Brazilian soybean producer, representing a quarter of the country’s and 9% of the world’s production. Criticism of deforestation outcomes abounded. Much of that production was the result of smallholder farmers who migrated from southern Brazil in the 1970s and turned today into large-scale soybean producers. While environmental policies since the mid-2000s contributed to deforestation reduction in the region, the interplay between these policies, market conditions, technology and changing farmers’ values is unclear. What constitutes the environmental behavior of these producers and what explains that it evolves over time? To examine this evolution, I used a multi-methods approach based on extensive field research, 104 semi-structured interviews with producers, and quantitative data (land-use change and statistical analysis). Although the behavioral change of large-scale soybean producers has partly to do with market conditions and environmental policies, I demonstrate that their evolution in that regard is the result of a particular techno-cultural identity and pro- environmental values developed over time. This dissertation holds valuable lessons for understanding the complex mechanisms that could limit the environmental impact of future commodity frontiers.

Keywords: environmental policy, values, soybean, large-scale producers, Brazil, Mato Grosso

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Mudança de Políticas ou Mudança de Valores ? A evolução do

Comportamento Ambiental dos Grandes Produtores de Soja no Mato Grosso, Brasil

A produção de commodities continua a se expandir em todo o mundo. Historicamente, áreas para a produção de commodities criaram oportunidades econômicas, mas também tiveram implicações sociais e ambientais questionáveis. Em 40 anos, o Estado do Mato Grosso tornou-se o principal produtor de soja do Brasil, respondendo por um quarto da produção brasileira e 9% da produção mundial, um crescimento fortemente criticado por causar altas taxas de desmatamento. Esta produção é resultado do trabalho de pequenos agricultores que migraram do sul do Brasil na década de 1970 para se tornarem grandes produtores de soja hoje. Embora as políticas ambientais adotadas na década de 2000 tenham reduzido o desmatamento, a relação entre essas políticas, as condições de mercado, a tecnologia agrícola e a evolução dos valores dos produtores não é clara. Quais são os elementos constitutivos do comportamento ambiental desses produtores e como explicar as suas mudanças ao longo do tempo? Para examinar essa evolução, este trabalho adotou uma abordagem multi-metodológica baseada em uma pesquisa de campo a partir de 104 entrevistas semi- estruturadas com produtores, bem como dados quantitativos (mudança de uso da terra e análise estatística). Embora mudanças de comportamento estejam relacionadas, em parte, às condições de mercado e às políticas ambientais, revela-se que a identidade técnico-cultural e os valores pró- ambientais desses produtores contribuíram significativamente para essa variação. Esta tese oferece contribuições importantes para entender mecanismos complexos que podem limitar o impacto ambiental das futuras fronteiras agrícolas.

Palavras-chaves: políticas ambientais, valores, soja, grandes produtores, Brasil, Mato Grosso

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Acknowledgments

Aux gens qui ouvrent des portes First and foremost, this work is dedicated to the soybean producers of Mato Grosso, especially those of Nova Mutum, Lucas do Rio Verde, Sorriso, Sinop, Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal, and Campos de Júlio. It takes both courage and kindness to open not only your door but the book of your life to a stranger. I have no words to express my gratitude to them for sharing their stories, especially at a time of extremely polarized political and environmental debates. I keep in mind the stories and kindness of particular producers I have met but will not reveal their name as I promised them confidentiality. May they know how thankful I am for their help. This dissertation is a little bit theirs, something they won’t be surprised about since one of them once told me: “producers are researchers too!”

I would like to thank my committee and jury members for their sustained support during the writing of this dissertation. I thank François-Michel Le Tourneau, Eduardo Brondízio, and Daniel Cole for setting me on a research path that has turned to be the most exciting experience of my life. They embody all the qualities of a researcher I look up to: curiosity, knowledge, creativity, open-mindedness, and many more. This project could not have possibly been carried out if it were not for their caring and unconditional support, through long conversations that were as many stepping stones across the stream of dissertation hurdles. I equally admire and thank other members of the committee: Lauren MacLean for being a wonderful professor and teaching me how to ask the “biiiig” questions, Angelo Gurgel for his interest and incredible support in my research endeavors (which included hosting me at the FGV during my fieldwork) and Vincent Dubreuil for his numerous insights about Mato Grosso as I was about to step into the unknown (to me).

Other people in Mato Grosso and Brazil were instrumental in the success of this research, both directly and indirectly. In Nova Mutum, I especially would like to thank the president of the sindicato, Emerson, his family, and my friend Bruno who sustains the passion of repairing and restoring old VW beetles in the middle of tropical soybean fields (without whom I can safely say that my research sample would have been much smaller!). In Lucas, I wish to express my gratitude to Luciana Copete. In Sapezal, I am especially indebted to Maria José and her incredible family.

In Cuiabá, I want to thank Rui Prado, Otávio Celidonio, Vera Lúcia from the FAMATO, and Marlene Lima from APROSOJA-MT, for believing in my research project and providing me support for it. I also thank the people at ICV for their help.

In Brasília, I found tremendous support from individuals such as Prof. Ricardo Gomes, Prof.

Carlos Klink, Mateus Batistella, Gabriel Lui, Francisco Gaetani, Arnaldo Carneiro. In São Paulo, I would like to thank Cindy Moreira, my colleague Ramon Bicudo, Prof. Cristina Adams, and I say an “immense merci” to my friends Victor and Isa who hosted a weary field researcher more than one time. In Rio de Janeiro, I thank Aldée, Marco and Irina for sharing their friendship and passion for Brazil with me.

We can now turn to the thank-you part of the next continent. In Bloomington, I wish to thank my incredible colleagues and friends who have spectacularly supported me through 5 years of graduate school: Taha Hameduddin, Paulo Massoca, Vitor Dias, Anthony DeMattee, Michelle Lee, Landon

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Yoder, Jordan Blekking, Aijaz Abdul, and Jean-Bertrand Ribat. Additionally, a number of other individuals at SPEA, the Ostrom Workshop, or simply in Bloomington had an important impact on my thinking and this project, I sincerely thank them for this: Nikolaos Zirogiannis, Bill Blomquist, Julia Talbot-Jones, Emma McDonnell, Michael McGinnis, Rebecca Lave, Sean Nicholson-Crotty, Sergio Fernandez, Tom Evans, Kenneth Richards, James Farmer, Julia DeBruicker Valliant, Analena Bruce, and Jen Brass. Meetings at the CASEL lab were islands of joy each week, I want to thank everyone who are or have been there, and especially Sacha Siani, Lucy Miller, Andrea Siqueira, Roberto Palmieri, Amanda Silvino, and the amazing Marcela Feital.

A special mention for Burney Fisher, for caring about all the students of the Ostrom Workshop and never letting us down for happy hours. At the Ostrom Workshop, I had the pleasure to work with the wonderful staff represented by David Price, Gayle Higgins, Emily Castle, Patty Lezotte, and Allison Sturgeon for several years, as well as by Kelli Jacobs at SPEA. I also dedicate this work to a number of friends who probably have little idea how much they contributed to my success: Catalina Fernandez, Lucía Cores Sarría, Sofia Skavelaniti, Uri Eran, Laila Rajani, Rodrigo Chocano, Marta Menezes, Joey Carroll, Julie Le Hégarat, Charlène Gilbert, Sian Mughan, Jessica Sherrod, Ngoc Dao. My apologies to the many I have omitted, it is 4:30am after all.

It is probably a good time to talk about funding too. I thank the Ostrom Workshop for its repeated support. This research was partly funded by an Ostrom Fellowship and an Ostrom Research Award. I would like to thank the French Embassy in Brazil, IU’s Office of the Vice President for International Affairs, and IU’s Office for Sustainability for their grant support. The administration of Indiana University and the University Paris 3 has been also very supportive of the establishment of this co-supervised PhD.

In France, I would be at fault not to mention the tremendous support I received from and research exchanges I had with Marion Daugeard. I equally thank Fabrice Dubertret and Bastien Beaufort for their support at the CREDA.

I wish to express my love to all my family. They always supported me throughout more than 5 years of absence from France. Merci pour tout Romain, Martine, Chantal, Paul, Éric, Valentine, et Jean-Michel, j’ai beaucoup de chance de vous avoir. There, my extended family of exceptional friends deserve an additional mention: Matou, Etienne, Ben & Jerry, Lolo, Sami, Axel, Constant, Toniochet, Cédou, Claire, Thomas, Charlotte et tous les autres de l’IAM ou d’ailleurs.

Finally, I am not sure whether I would have been through this without my dearest Caroline. I feel extremely lucky to receive your unconditional support and absolute kindness.

Oh, And I almost forgot that section was not only for humans! Please allow me to do one exception. Last but not least, I need to thank the 1976 blue VW beetle who got me through the heaviest rains, hills, and dirt roads of Mato Grosso safe to my destination: Portella!

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Figures

Figure 0.1 Political boundaries and biomes of Brazil. ... 6

Figure 0.2. The IAD framework and its basic components. ... 26

Figure 0.3. Generic representation of the CIS framework ... 27

Figure 0.4. Values-Beliefs-Norms (VBN) theory, as drawn by Dietz et al. 2005 ... 36

Figure 0.5. Map of the study area outlining the municipal boundaries and microregion of the Alto Teles Pires (BR-163) and the Chapada dos Parecis boundaries. ... 39

Figure 0.6. Vegetation formations of the Cerrado biome. Source: EMBRAPA ... 40

Figure 0.7. Zoom into the study area outlining the municipal boundaries and microregion of the Alto Teles Pires (BR-163) and the Chapada dos Parecis boundaries. ... 44

Figure 0.8. Graphs showing the increase in production and planted area in the 7 municipalities of the study area (1988-2017), and the area cleared in each municipality (1985-2017)... 46

Figure 0.9. Soybean production volume (in tons) in 2016 and property location of interviewees. ... 52

Figure 0.10. Pictures of farmers with transportation means. ... 61

Figure 1.1. Original indigenous territories in Mato Grosso... 94

Figure 1.2. Marketing poster inviting southern farmers to migrate to Cerrado areas of MT, from the colonizadora “Tropical – Colonização e Melhoramentos Tropicais Ltda” ... 98

Figure 1.3. Timeline of colonization policies and relevant events in the colonization of the Legal Amazon ... 105

Figure 2.1. A model of life trajectory of a farmer family from the South to Mato Grosso. .... 123

Figure 2.2. Year of arrival of individuals born before 1980 ... 134

Figure 2.3. Land size category jump associated with renting land... 153

Figure 2.4. Soybean harvest (February) in Nova Mutum ... 156

Figure 2.5. Corn field in Campo Novo do Parecis ... 158

Figure 2.6. Cotton field in Campo Novo do Parecis ... 160

Figure 2.7. Harvest funding broken down by provider. ... 167

Figure 2.8. Harvest funding broken down by provider and property (controlled) size class. . 170

Figure 3.1. Official deforestation in the Legal Amazon region between 1988 and 2017 as estimated by the PRODES (INPE, 2019). ... 178

Figure 3.2. Evolution of the Legal Reserve (LR) percentage in Mato Grosso from the first Forest Code (FC) in 1934 to the new FC in 2012. ... 217

Figure 3.3. Environmental policy changes from the Nossa Natureza program (1988) to the new Forest Code (2012). ... 219

Figure 3.4. Historical contribution to native vegetation clearing (in cleared square kilometers) as estimated by PRODES and PRODES Cerrado... 220

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Figure 3.5. Two-year estimates of native vegetation clearing in Mato Grosso

(2000-2016 period).. ... 221

Figure 3.6. Deforestation rates in the state of Mato Grosso (in square kilometers) between 1988 and 2017. ... 226

Figure 4.1. Illustration of the main climatic seasons and crop plantation calendar in the Cerrado study area used to guide the optimal period of satellite image selection. ... 253

Figure 4.2. Description of land categories used for the study with a sample Landsat 5 (TM) image from 1985. ... 261

Figure 4.3. Land-use change in terms of area percentage of the surveyed properties (N= 65) for the landowners in the sample (N=56) in both the Cerrado and Amazon biome ... 270

Figure 4.4. Evolution of land clearing rates for forest formations, Cerrado vegetation and total land clearing in rural properties of the sample... 272

Figure 4.5. Land cover change between 1985 and 2015 in the 7 municipalities of the study. 277 Figure 4.6. Comparison between the municipal-level average for property-level 5-year clearing estimates in the sample (in % of total property area cleared) (1985-2015) and the absolute yearly land clearing in each municipality (in hectares) (1986-2017).. ... 282

Figure 4.7. Native vegetation clearing in selected municipalities of the BR-163 highway study area. ... 283

Figure 4.8. Native vegetation clearing in selected municipalities of the BR-163 highway study area. ... 284

Figure 4.9. Difference in total land clearing between rural properties in located in the Amazon biome vs the Cerrado biome (1985-2015). ... 285

Figure 4.10. Percentage of cleared area for Amazon properties over the 1985-2015 period, showing the different requirements for the Legal Reserve changing after 1996 ... 286

Figure 4.11. Percentage of cleared area for Cerrado properties over the 1985-2015 period, showing the different requirements for the Legal Reserve changing after 2001 (vertical dotted line).. ... 288

Figure 4.12. Difference in total land clearing between rural properties in located in the 7 municipalities included in the study (1985-2015) with maximum percentages of authorized clearing ... 289

Figure 4.13. Property clearing trajectories for the 56 producers with available spatial data, broken down by municipalities.. ... 294

Figure 4.14. Typical palmeiral in the Chapada dos Parecis region. ... 297

Figure 4.15. Cerrado típico in the Chapada dos Parecis region. ... 298

Figure 4.16. An idea of vegetation gradient in the Chapada dos Parecis region. ... 298

Figure 4.17. Net contribution of each time period to total property clearing in the 56 sampled properties, classified by municipalities (n=7) and by study region (n=2). ... 302

Figure 4.18. Land clearing trajectories at the property-level broken down in four size classes ... 307

Figure 4.19. Net contribution of each period to total property clearing in the 56 sampled properties, classified property size (smallest to largest values from left to right). ... 308

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Figure 4.20. Perceived influence of environmental policies on landowners’ compliance broken down for each environmental policy and showing how landowner of each municipality assessed the policy on average (n= 7 municipalities; n=99 landowners).. ... 316

Figure 4.21. Perceived influence of environmental policies on landowners’ compliance (average at the level of the municipality) broken down for each municipality and showing how different environmental policies compare within the municipality (n= 7 municipalities; n=99 landowners).. ... 320

Figure 5.1. Map of the different groupings of municipalities based on frontier settlement history and soybean production. ... 340

Figure 5.2. Map of the focus of interviews within the study area in Mato Grosso with dots representing the location of interviewees of dataset (a). ... 342

Figure 5.3. Self-reported adoption date of no till systems by producers interviewed in dataset (a) and classified by municipality of interview (n=94, 10 non-reported). ... 348

Figure 5.4. Comparative increase in soybean, maize, and cotton production with the increase in agrochemical consumption at the state-level in Mato Grosso ... 350

Figure 5.5. Comparison between the average soybean productivity (in numbers of soybean bags: 60 kilograms per hectare per year) and average land clearing rates (in percentage of total municipality area cleared per year) between group 1 (n=18), group 2 (n=12), and group 3 (n=10) municipalities. ... 350

Figure 5.6. Deforestation rates in the state of Mato Grosso (in square kilometers) between 1988 and 2017. ... 355 Figure 5.7. Land-use change in terms of area percentage of the surveyed properties (N= 65) for the landowners in the sample (N=56) in both the Cerrado and Amazon biome. ... 357

Figure 6.1. Dimensions of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) mentioned by the producers.

... 405 Figure 6.2. Planting machine over non-tilled soil (maize seeding). ... 409 Figure 6. 3. Sorghum is typically used as a cover crop. ... 410 Figure 6.4. Some producers rely at times on a mix of different cover crops and they use them for seed production.. ... 411

Figure 6.4. Example of terrace farming technique with contour farming for rice cultivation in Goiás.. ... 413

Figure 6.5. Summary of all the GAPs reported by 99 producers who shared data about their practices. ... 418

Figure 6.6. Conceptual model representing the evolution of environmental values and

perceptions over time in the study area... 436 Figure 7.1. CIS framework representation of the transition of large-scale soybean producers from the early stages of the colonization (starting in the late 1970s) to right before the great acceleration of soybean production in the 1990s ... 447

Figure 7.2. CIS framework representation of the expansion of soybean production under the impulse of global markets to the soybean crisis of 2004-2005 and heightened environmental policy enforcement of 2004. ... 463

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Figure 7.3. CIS framework representation of the large-scale soybean producers’ strategies and land-use decisions from the mid-2005s to today, after the revision of the Forest Code (FC) in 2012... 470

Figure 7.4. The evolution of large-scale soybean producers as the result of different action situations and contextual factors. ... 477

Figure 6.a. Plot showing the Pearson correlations between variables of interests for the

analysis.. ... 526 Figure 6.b. Plot showing the Pearson correlations between variables included in the dataset.

... 527

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Tables

Table 0.1. List of chapters, corresponding research questions, and type of evidence ... 23

Table 2.1. Distribution of producers in terms of number of farms and area (in hectares) by size categories of property for each municipality in 2006. ... 108

Table 2.2. Proportion of producers and their area in each size category with respect to the entire planted area in the municipality in 2006. ... 109

Table 2.3. Average property size in hectares by size category in each municipality in 2006. 110 Table 2.4. Sample representativeness by partially comparing interviewees from the study (n=90 producers > 2,500ha) to (1) the class of producers above 2,500 ha and (2) the total municipal population of farmers of the 2006 agricultural census... 111

Table 2.5. Descriptive characteristics of farmer n°1.. ... 114

Table 2.6. Descriptive characteristics of farmer n°2. ... 116

Table 2.10. Birthplace of the surveyed soybean producers distributed by the three states of the southern cone of Brazil. ... 127

Table 2.11. Sample breakdown as per area owned, rented, and controlled ... 152

Table 4.1. Combination of Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS band used for coloring images for visual identification of land cover... 258

Table 4.2. Robustness test for land-use classification using two official land clearing datasets: Cerrado Desmatamento (MMA) and PRODES (INPE). ... 263

Table 4.3. Land-use class changes from one period to the other and corresponding land-use change interpretation of pixels category change. ... 266

Table 4.4. Land use change (per hectare and percentages) between 1985 and 2015 on the surveyed properties. ... 267

Table 4.5. Re-coding of land-use change classes ... 269

Table 4.6. Representativeness of sampled properties with respect to the total area owned and managed by landowners of different property size class. ... 309

Table 4.7. Number and area cleared of properties located in the Cerrado biome in compliance with the LR limit of Cerrado-dominated areas (20% before 2001 and 35% after 2001) at different time periods. ... 310

Table 4.8. Number and area cleared of properties located in the Amazon biome in compliance with the LR limit of forest-dominated areas (50% before 1996 and 80% after 1996) at different time periods ... 311

Table 6.1. Frequency of positive and negative aspects associated with deforestation by the interviewees. In the top row, the number after each positive and negative word indicate if the aspect was mentioned first, second, or third. ... 375

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Table 6.2. Descriptive statistics of the variables retained for the analysis. ... 422

Table 6.3. Comparison of the effect of pro-environmental values on the general and type- specific number of GAPs adopted by producers using Poisson regression models. ... 425

Table 6.4. Results of the statistical tests of the influence of pro-environmental values on GAP adoption... 429

Table 1.a. RADAM mapping vegetation classes ... 507

Table 1.b. Re-classificaton of RADAM vegetation into transition vegetation classes ... 508

Table 5.a. Municipality name, respecting ranking against three criteria and average score. .. 511

Table 5.b. Municipality groupings, municipality name, and group number ... 512

Table 5.c. Sample breakdown as per area owned, rented, and controlled ... 513

Table 5.d. Farmers interviewed per municipality, region, and report on the response rate. ... 513

Table 5.e. List of stakeholders interviewed during fieldwork in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in 2017 (co-authors’ dataset)... 515

Table 5.f. Categories of production strategies, rationale, associated practices and risks ... 516

Table 5.g. Table of top 40 soybean producers in 2016 ... 517

Table 5.h. Municipality groupings, municipality name, and group number ... 518

Table 6.a. List of positive aspects to deforestation as reported by the interviewee, and examples of quotes that show how they evoked such aspects ... 520

Table 6.b. List of positive aspects to deforestation as reported by the interviewee, and examples of quotes that show how they evoked such aspects ... 521

Table 6.c. Summary of GAP categories. ... 525

Table 6.d. The effect of pro-environmental values on the number of GAPs adopted by producers. ... 528

Table 6.e. The effect of pro-environmental values on the total of soil-related GAPs adopted by producers. ... 529

Table 6.f. The effect of pro-environmental values on the total of chemicals-related GAPs adopted by producers. ... 530

Table 6.g. The effect of pro-environmental values on the total of conservation-related GAPs adopted by producers. ... 531

Table 6.h. The effect of pro-environmental values on whether producers have adopted at least one soil-related GAPs. ... 532

Table 6.i. The effect of pro-environmental values on whether producers have adopted at least one chemicals-related GAPs.. ... 533

Table 6.j. The effect of pro-environmental values on whether producers have adopted at least one conservation-related GAPs... 534

Table 6.k. The cumulative effect of pro-environmental values on the number of GAPs adopted by producers. ... 535

Table 6.l. The cumulative effect of pro-environmental values on the number of soil-related GAPs adopted by producers... 536

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Table 6.m. The cumulative effect of pro-environmental values on the number of chemicals- related GAPs adopted by producers. ... 537

Table 6.n. The cumulative effect of pro-environmental values on the number of conservation- related GAPs adopted by producers. ... 538

Table 6.o. Comparison of the effect of pro-environmental values on the general and type- specific number of GAPs adopted by producers... 539

Table 6.p. Comparison of the effect of pro-environmental values on the general and type- specific number of GAPs adopted by producers, as well as on whether a producer adopts at least one type-specific GAP.. ... 540

The DART-Europe E-theses Portal

HAL Id: tel-02329556

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02329556

Policy change or values change? The evolution of the environmental behavior of large-scale soybean producers

in Mato Grasso, Brazil

Martin Delaroche

To cite this version:

UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE PARIS CITÉ (USPC) UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 3 SORBONNE-NOUVELLE

INDIANA UNIVERSITY - BLOOMINGTON

Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs

Martin Louis Jean Delaroche

POLICY CHANGE OR VALUES CHANGE?

The Evolution of the Environmental Behavior of Large-Scale Soybean Producers in Mato Grosso, Brazil

POLICY CHANGE OR VALUES CHANGE?

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF LARGE-SCALE SOYBEAN PRODUCERS IN MATO GROSSO,

BRAZIL

Changement de Politiques ou Changement de Valeurs ? L'évolution du Comportement Environnemental des Grands Producteurs de Soja du Mato Grosso au Brésil

Policy Change or Values Change? The Evolution of the Environmental Behavior of Large-Scale Soybean Producers in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Mudança de Políticas ou Mudança de Valores ? A evolução do

Comportamento Ambiental dos Grandes Produtores de Soja no Mato Grosso, Brasil

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

Figures

Tables