Life Satisfaction of Non-Luxembourgish and Native Luxembourgish Postgraduate Students

Abstract²,W LV QRW RQO\ WKH HFRQRPLF GHWHUPLQDQWV WKDW LPSDFW RQ OLIH FRQGLWLRQV EXW PDLQWDLQLQJ D JRRG OHYHO RI OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ /6PD\DOVREHDQLPSRUWDQWFKDOOHQJHFXUUHQWO\,Q/X[HPERXUJ XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVUHFHLYHILQDQFLDODLGIURPWKHJRYHUQPHQW7KH\

DUHWKHQUHJLVWHUHGDWWKH&HQWUHIRU'RFXPHQWDWLRQDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ RQ +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ &(',(6 /X[HPERXUJ LV EXLOW RQ PLJUDWLRQ ZLWKDOPRVWKDOILWVSRSXODWLRQFRQVLVWLQJRIIRUHLJQHUV,WLVXSRQWKLV EDVLVWKDWRXUUHVHDUFKDLPVWRDQDO\]HWKHDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKPHQWDO KHDOWK IDFWRUV KHDOWK VDWLVIDFWLRQ SV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI OLIH ZRUU\ SHUFHLYHG ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ FDUHHU DWWLWXGHV DGDSWDELOLW\

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

\HDUVSHUFHLYHGWKHLUILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQDVPRUHGLIILFXOWDQGD KLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHLUSDUHQWVKDGDQHGXFDWLRQOHYHOKLJKHUWKDQ D %DFKHORUV GHJUHH IDWKHU YV IRU QDWLYHV PRWKHU YVIRUQDWLYHV,QDGGLWLRQWKHIDWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQZDV UHODWHGWRWKH/6RISRVWJUDGXDWHVDQGWKHKLJKHUZDVWKHVFRUHWKH JUHDWHUZDVWKHFRQWULEXWLRQWR/6:KHUHDVIRUQDWLYHVWXGHQWVZKHQ WKHLU VFRUHV RI KHDOWK VDWLVIDFWLRQ DQG FDUHHU RSWLPLVP ZHUH KLJKHU WKHLU /6¶ VFRUH ZDV KLJKHU )RU ERWK JURXSV WKHLU /6 ZDV OLQNHG WR PHQWDO KHDOWKUHODWHG IDFWRUV SHUFHSWLRQ RI WKHLU ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ FDUHHU RSWLPLVP DGDSWDELOLW\ DQG SODQQLQJ 7KH KLJKHU WKH SV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI OLIH VFRUH ZDV WKH JUHDWHU WKH /6 RI SRVWJUDGXDWHV¶ZDV*RRGKHDOWKDQGSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVUHODWHGWRWKH MREPDUNHWHQKDQFHGWKHLU/6LQGLFDWRU

Keywords²&DUHHU DWWLWXGHV IDWKHUV¶ HGXFDWLRQ OHYHO OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQPHQWDOKHDOWK

&KU\VRXOD .DUDWKDQDVL VFLHQWLILF FROODERUDWRU ,QVWLWXWH RI +HDOWK DQG

%HKDYLRU UHVHDUFK XQLW ,16,'( 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /X[HPERXUJ 0DLVRQ GHV 6FLHQFHV+XPDLQHV&DPSXV%HOYDO/(VFKVXU$O]HWWH/X[HPERXUJ

6HQDG .DUDYGLF 3K' VWXGHQW ,QVWLWXWH RI +HDOWK DQG %HKDYLRU UHVHDUFK XQLW ,16,'( 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /X[HPERXUJ 0DLVRQ GHV 6FLHQFHV +XPDLQHV

&DPSXV%HOYDO/(VFKVXU$O]HWWH/X[HPERXUJ

3U0LFKqOH%DXPDQQVFLHQWLILFGLUHFWRU,QVWLWXWHRI+HDOWKDQG%HKDYLRU UHVHDUFK XQLW ,16,'( 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /X[HPERXUJ 0DLVRQ GHV 6FLHQFHV +XPDLQHV&DPSXV%HOYDO/(VFKVXU$O]HWWH/X[HPERXUJ

,%$&.*5281'

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¶V LQWHUQDWLRQDO SRSXODWLRQ UHIOHFWV WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI WKH *UDQG 'XFK\ DQG WKH ODERU PDUNHW RI WKH FRXQWU\ LW PDNHV ILQGLQJV VLJQLILFDQW 7KLV SRSXODWLRQ FRPSULVHG RI IRUHLJQ VWXGHQWV ZKR DUH UHVLGHQWV KDG HDUOLHU HGXFDWLRQLQ/X[HPERXUJDGGWRVWXGHQWVFRPLQJIURPRWKHU 0HPEHUVWDWHVRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDVZHOODVVWXGHQWVIURP GHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZKRDUULYHLQ/X[HPERXUJZLWKVWXGHQW YLVDV >@ 0LJUDWLRQ GRHV QRW UHSUHVHQW D WKUHDW WR WKH SRVWJUDGXDWHV¶PHQWDOKHDOWK+RZHYHUFLUFXPVWDQFHVVRFLDO FRQWH[WDQGFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKHPLJUDWLRQWDNHVSODFHV FRXQWV>@

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

LQ(XURSHSRSXODWLRQNPDQGDOVRRQHRIWKH PRVWPXOWLOLQJXDODQGFXOWXUDOO\GLYHUVHRI1DWLRQ6WDWHVZLWK RYHU GLIIHUHQW QDWLRQDOLWLHV PDQDJLQJ WR FUHDWH D SRZHUIXOPXOWLOLQJXDODQGFRPSHWLWLYHXQLYHUVLW\

,,,1752'8&7,21

6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIHLVDSRWHQWLDONH\WRVRFLDOSURJUHVV FRQWULEXWHV WR LQGLYLGXDO IXQFWLRQLQJ >@ DQG KDV EHHQ LGHQWLILHG DV D GLVWLQFW FRQVWUXFW UHSUHVHQWLQJ FRJQLWLYH HYDOXDWLRQ >@ /LIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ LV DOVR UHODWHG WR SRVLWLYH PHQWDOKHDOWKRXWFRPHVDVSHRSOHZKRDUHVDWLVILHGZLWKWKHLU OLYHV UHSRUW ORZHU OHYHOV RI GLVWUHVV ZKLFK LV SUHGLFWLYH RI IXWXUH SV\FKRORJLFDO EHKDYLRUV >@ >@ ,Q WKH VDPH OLQH

/LIH6DWLVIDFWLRQRI1RQ/X[HPERXUJLVKDQG1DWLYH /X[HPERXUJLVK3RVWJUDGXDWH6WXGHQWV

&KU\VRXOD.DUDWKDQDVL6HQDG.DUDYGLF$QJHOD2GHUR0LFKqOH%DXPDQQ

7

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:9, No:11, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10003867

SHUFHLYHGKHDOWKVWDWXVKDVEHHQLQGLFDWHGDVWKHPRVWQRWDEOH SUHGLFWRURIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ>@

7KH VWUHQJWKHQLQJ RI VWXGHQWV¶ OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ KDV EHHQ FRQVLGHUHGDQLPSRUWDQWPLVVLRQRIHGXFDWLRQ>@(GXFDWLRQ IDYRUDEO\ LPSDFWV RQ WKH SHUFHSWLRQ RI OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ DV KROGHUV RI XQLYHUVLW\ GHJUHHV KDYH UDWHG LW KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH ZLWK VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ >@ )RUHLJQ DQG ORFDO VWXGHQWV SHUFHLYHGLIIHUHQWSUREOHPVWKURXJKRXWWKHLUDFDGHPLFVWXGLHV

>@ ,PPLJUDQWV KDYH ORZHU OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ DV FRPSDUHG WR QDWLYHV GXH WR FXOWXUDO GHPRJUDSKLF DFDGHPLF DQG VRFLDO IDFWRUV >@ >@ ,Q WKH DFDGHPLF MRXUQH\ VWXGHQWV DUH FRQIURQWHGZLWKFKDOOHQJHVVXFKDVDGMXVWLQJWRQHZOHDUQLQJ UHJLPHVILQGLQJDQGWKULYLQJDWDJRRGLQWHUQVKLSH[SRVXUHWR WKH VRFLDO LVVXHV RI WKHLU HQYLURQPHQW DQG KDQGOLQJ ILQDQFHV

>@ >@ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR FXOWXUDO DVSHFWV >@ WKH XQLYHUVLW\

SHULRG PD\ EH DQ DQ[LRXV H[SHULHQFH IRU VWXGHQWV FDXVLQJ HPRWLRQDO LQVWDELOLW\ DQG ZRUULHV DERXW WKHLU IXWXUH LQ SDUWLFXODUVKRXOGWKHLUPHQWDOKHDOWKEHDIIHFWHG>@,QGHHG WKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW RI WKHLU PHQWDO KHDOWK LQ RUGHU WR KHOS PDQDJH OLIH FLUFXPVWDQFHV E\ SURPRWLQJ SRVLWLYH FKDQJHV WKURXJK FRSLQJ VNLOOV PXVW EH GHYHORSHG >@ 0HQWDO KHDOWK UHSUHVHQWVDJURZLQJSXEOLFKHDOWKLVVXH>@)RUWKHVWXGHQWV EHLQJSV\FKRORJLFDOO\KHDOWK\DOORZVWKHPWRJHWWKHPRVWRXW RI WKHLU HGXFDWLRQ DQG PRYH FRQILGHQWO\ LQWR HPSOR\PHQW

>@ $OO WKHVH SRVH FKDOOHQJHV WRZDUGV PDLQWDLQLQJ DQ DFFHSWDEOHOHYHORIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ:HWKHUHIRUHRSWHGIRUD JHQHUDODSSURDFKWROLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQXVLQJJOREDOPHDVXUHPHQW LH HYDOXDWLRQ RI OLIH LQ JHQHUDO LQ WKH EHOLHI WKDW PHQWDO KHDOWKIDFWRUVFDUHHUEHKDYLRUVDQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFFRQGLWLRQV DUHDOOUHODWHGWRWKH/6RISRVWJUDGXDWHV

3UHYLRXV VWXG\ RI 0DVWHU¶V VWXGHQWV DQG JUDGXDWHV KDV VKRZQWKDWSRVLWLYHFDUHHUDWWLWXGHVDUHUHODWHGWRVWXGHQWVOLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ DQG WKRVH ZLWK JUHDWHU FDUHHU DGDSWDELOLW\ DUH EHWWHUDEOHWRKDQGOHOLIHHYHQWVE\SODQQLQJWKHLUFDUHHUV>@

&DUHHU DGDSWDELOLW\ FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG DV DQ LQGLYLGXDO¶V FDSDFLW\WRDQWLFLSDWHDSRVVLEOHQRYHOVLWXDWLRQDQGSUHSDUHLQ DGYDQFH IRU FKDQJH E\ DFTXLULQJ QHZ DELOLWLHV DQG VWUHQJWKHQLQJ WKHLU DELOLW\ WR PDNH D VHULHV RI VXFFHVVIXO WUDQVLWLRQVZKHQWKHODERUPDUNHWLVFRQVWDQWO\FKDQJLQJ>@

7KH IDFW WKDW GHVWLQDWLRQ FRXQWULHV FRXOG EHQHILW IURP WKH VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF FRQWULEXWLRQ RI LPPLJUDQWV FUXFLDOO\

GHSHQGVRQWKHIXOOLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHIRUHLJQERUQSRSXODWLRQ LQWKHKRVWVRFLHW\>@,QGHHGLQDFRXQWU\OLNH/X[HPERXUJ ZKHUHPLJUDWLRQFKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHORFDOSRSXODWLRQLQWKHSDVW DV ZHOO DV LQ WKH SUHVHQW DQG ZKHUH SRVWJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV UHSUHVHQWSDUWRIWKHIXWXUHODERUPDUNHWOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQPXVW EHH[DPLQHGDVLWKDVEHHQVKRZQLQSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVWRKHOS VWXGHQWV GHYHORS SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV WR RYHUFRPLQJ FKDOOHQJHV LQ WKHLU DFDGHPLF OLYHV 2XU VFLHQWLILF TXHVWLRQV ZHUH 'RHV /6 GLIIHU EHWZHHQ QRQ/X[HPERXUJLVK DQG QDWLYH /X[HPERXUJLVK VWXGHQWV" +RZ GR PHQWDO KHDOWKUHODWHG IDFWRUV FDUHHU DWWLWXGHV DQG VRFLRHFRQRPLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV UHODWH WR /6" :KDW DUH WKH DVVRFLDWLRQV EHWZHHQ PHQWDO KHDOWK IDFWRUV KHDOWK VDWLVIDFWLRQ SV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI OLIH ZRUU\ SHUFHLYHG ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ FDUHHU DWWLWXGHV DGDSWDELOLW\RSWLPLVPNQRZOHGJHSODQQLQJDQG/6"

,,, 0(7+2'6 A. Population

%HWZHHQWKH\HDUVDQGDOOSRVWJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWV ZKR UHFHLYHG ILQDQFLDO DLG IURP WKH JRYHUQPHQW ZHUH UHJLVWHUHGLQWKHGDWDEDVHRIWKH&HQWUHRI'RFXPHQWDWLRQDQG ,QIRUPDWLRQRQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ&HQWUHGH'RFXPHQWDWLRQHW G,QIRUPDWLRQ VXU O(QVHLJQHPHQW 6XSpULHXU &(',(6 DQG ZHUHFRQWDFWHGE\SRVWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQRXUVXUYH\

B. Method and Data Collection

3RVWJUDGXDWHV ZHUH LQYLWHG E\ PDLO WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ DQ RQOLQHVXUYH\7KHLQYLWDWLRQFRQWDLQHGWKHDLPVRIWKHVWXG\

LQVWUXFWLRQVRQFRPSOHWLQJWKHVHOIDGPLQLVWHUHGTXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG WKH ZHE DGGUHVV RI WKH VXUYH\¶V OLQN 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDVDYDLODEOHLQ(QJOLVKDQG)UHQFK

)URPWKHUHVSRQGHQWV1 WZRJURXSVZHUHFRPSDUHG QRQ/X[HPERXUJLVKSRVWJUDGXDWHVVHWWOHGLQ/X[HPERXUJQRW ERUQLQ/X[HPERXUJDQGZLWKRXW/X[HPERXUJLVKFLWL]HQVKLS 1 DQG QDWLYH /X[HPERXUJLVK VWXGHQWV ERUQ LQ /X[HPERXUJDQGZLWKQDWLRQDOLW\1 5HVSRQGHQWVERUQ LQ/X[HPERXUJEXWZLWKRXWFLWL]HQVKLSRUFLWL]HQVQRWERUQLQ /X[HPERXUJZHUHH[FOXGHGIURPWKHVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV

C.Measurement Instrument

Life Satisfaction (LS) LV WKH GHSHQGHQW YDULDEOH DQG ZDV HVWLPDWHG ZLWK D VLQJOHLWHP KRZ ZRXOG \RX UDWH \RXU OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ" QRWDWDOOVDWLVILHGWR YHU\VDWLVILHG>@

2WKHUYDULDEOHVDVVHVVHG

L Mental health-related factors: 6HOIUDWHG KHDOWK VDWLVIDFWLRQ ZDV DVVHVVHG ZLWK D VLQJOHLWHP DUH \RX VDWLVILHGZLWK\RXUKHDOWK"WR YHU\VDWLVILHG>@

Psychological quality of lifeLVDVXEVFDOHLWHPVWR H[WUHPHO\RIWKH:KRTROEUHIWRRO>@PHDVXULQJQHJDWLYH IHHOLQJV SRVLWLYH IHHOLQJV VHOIHVWHHP VSLULWXDOLW\ WKLQNLQJ DQGERGLO\LPDJH

Worry, LWHPV LV REWDLQHG IURP WKH VFDOH RI >@ PDQ\

VLWXDWLRQVPDNHPHZRUU\WR YHU\W\SLFDORIPH LL Career attitudes: ,WFRPSULVHGGRPDLQVH[SORULQJFDUHHU

DGDSWDELOLW\LWHPVRSWLPLVPLWHPVNQRZOHGJH LWHPV DQG SODQQLQJ LWHPV WR VWURQJO\ DJUHH DGDSWHGE\>@

LLL Socioeconomic characteristics: 'DWDFROOHFWHGZHUHDJH VH[ SDUHQWV¶ HGXFDWLRQ OHYHO ORZHUHTXDOKLJKHU WKDQ D EDFKHORU GHJUHH W\SH RI KRXVHKROG OLYLQJ DORQHQRW DORQH DQG SHUFHLYHG ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ WR YHU\

JRRG

D.Statistical Analysis

$OO VFRUHV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG RQ D UDQJH IURP WR 7R H[SORUH WKH DVVRFLDWLRQV EHWZHHQ OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ DQG VRFLRGHPRJUDSKLF PHQWDO KHDOWK IDFWRUV DQG FDUHHU DWWLWXGHV GHWHUPLQDQWVVWXGHQWV¶ WWHVWV DQG ELYDULDWH FRUUHODWLRQVZHUH XVHG7KHQDPXOWLSOHORJLVWLFUHJUHVVLRQZDVDSSOLHGIRUHDFK JURXSEXWRQO\VLJQLILFDQWYDULDEOHVSZHUHLQWURGXFHG LQWRWKHUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOV7KHDQDO\VHVZHUHSHUIRUPHGZLWK 6366VRIWZDUH

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:9, No:11, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10003867

,9 5(68/76

Sociodemographic, Mental Health-Related Factors and Career Attitudes (Table I)

1RQ/X[HPERXUJLVK VWXGHQWV ZHUH ROGHU WKDQ WKH QDWLYHV KDG D ORZHU SHUFHSWLRQ RI WKHLU ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ DQG LQ D PDMRULW\ ERWK SDUHQWV KDG FRPSOHWHG WHUWLDU\ HGXFDWLRQ

$PRQJQDWLYHSRVWJUDGXDWHVOHVVWKDQKDOIRIWKHLUIDWKHUVDQG DWKLUGRIWKHLUPRWKHUVKDGDXQLYHUVLW\GHJUHH

Relationships between Life Satisfaction and Sociodemographic, Mental Health, Career Attitudes and Financial Situation (Table II)

)RUWKHQRQ/X[HPERXUJLVKVWXGHQWVRQO\WKHIDWKHU¶VOHYHO RIHGXFDWLRQZDVOLQNHGWR/6VFRUH/6ZDVKLJKHUZKHQWKHLU IDWKHUVKDGFRPSOHWHGWHUWLDU\HGXFDWLRQ0HQWDOKHDOWKUHODWHG IDFWRUVFDUHHUDGDSWDELOLW\RSWLPLVPSODQQLQJDQGSHUFHLYHG ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ ZHUH UHODWHG WR OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ LQ ERWK JURXSV

7$%/(,

62&,2'(02*5$3+,&0(17$/+($/7+$1'&$5((5$77,78'(6)25121/8;(0%285*,6+$1'1$7,9(3267*5$'8$7(6

Non-Luxembourgish postgraduates Native postgraduates

SYDOXH

RU0HDQ6' RU0HDQ6'

/LIH6DWLVIDFWLRQ>@

$JH

6H[ 0DOH

)HPDOH

7\SHRIKRXVHKROG /LYLQJDORQH

3DUHQWVHGXFDWLRQOHYHO

•%DFKHORU

)DWKHU

0RWKHU

3HUFHLYHGILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQ>@

0HQWDOKHDOWKIDFWRUV +HDOWKVDWLVIDFWLRQ>@

4RO3V\FKRORJLFDO>@

:RUU\>@

&DUHHUDWWLWXGHV $GDSWDELOLW\>@

2SWLPLVP>@

.QRZOHGJH>@

3ODQQLQJ>@

6LJQLILFDQWSYDOXHSSS6' 6WDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ 7$%/(,,

5(/$7,216+,36%(7:((1/^,)(6$7,6)$&7,21$1'62&,2'(02*5$3+,&0^(17$/+^($/7+&^$5((5$77,78'(6$1'),1$1&,$/6^,78$7,21

/LIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ>@

Non-Luxembourgish Native postgraduates

0HDQ6( SYDOXH 0HDQ6( SYDOXH

6H[ 0DOH

)HPDOH

7\SHRIKRXVHKROG /LYLQJDORQH

'RHVQWOLYHDORQH

3DUHQWVHGXFDWLRQOHYHO )DWKHU•%DFKHORU

%DFKHORU

0RWKHU•%DFKHORU

%DFKHORU

&RUUHODWLRQ

FRHIILFLHQW SYDOXH &RUUHODWLRQ

FRHIILFLHQW SYDOXH

$JH

3HUFHLYHGILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQ>@

0HQWDOKHDOWKIDFWRUV +HDOWKVDWLVIDFWLRQ>@

4RO3V\FKRORJLFDO>@

:RUU\>@

&DUHHUDWWLWXGHV

$GDSWDELOLW\>@

2SWLPLVP>@

.QRZOHGJH>@

3ODQQLQJ>@

6( 6WDQGDUGHUURU6LJQLILFDQWSYDOXHSSS3HDUVRQVFRUUHODWLRQ

Associations between Mental Health, Career Attitudes and Financial Situation and Students’ Life Satisfaction (Table III)

2XU OLQHDU UHJUHVVLRQ PRGHOV H[SODLQHG DERXW WKH VDPH

YDULDQFHRI/6IRUERWKJURXSVIRUQRQ/X[HPERXUJLVK YVIRUQDWLYHV)RUWKHQRQ/X[HPERXUJLVKSRVWJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWVWZRIDFWRUVLQWHUYHQHGLQWKH/6VFRUH+LJKHUZHUH

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:9, No:11, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10003867

WKH GLIILFXOW\ RI WKH ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ DQG WKH SV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI OLIH VFRUHV JUHDWHU ZDV WKH /6 VFRUH :KHUHDV IRU WKH QDWLYH VWXGHQWV KLJKHU ZHUH KHDOWK VDWLVIDFWLRQ

SV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI OLIH DQG FDUHHU RSWLPLVP VFRUHV JUHDWHUZDVWKHVWXGHQWV¶/6VFRUH

7$%/(,,,

$662&,$7,216%(7:((10(17$/+($/7+&$5((5$77,78'(6$1'),1$1&,$/6,78$7,21$1'678'(176¶/,)(6$7,6)$&7,21 /LIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ>@

Non-Luxembourgish postgraduates E 6( / 8 S

,QWHUFHSWV

)DWKHUVHGXFDWLRQ %DFKHORU

•%DFKHORU

3HUFHLYHGILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQ >@

0HQWDOKHDOWKIDFWRUV +HDOWKVDWLVIDFWLRQ

4RO3V\FKRORJLFDO

:RUU\

&DUHHUDWWLWXGHV $GDSWDELOLW\

2SWLPLVP

3ODQQLQJ

Native postgraduates E 6( / 8 S

,QWHUFHSWV

)DWKHUVHGXFDWLRQ %DFKHORU

•%DFKHORU

3HUFHLYHGILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQ >@

0HQWDOKHDOWKIDFWRUV +HDOWKVDWLVIDFWLRQ

4RO3V\FKRORJLFDO

:RUU\

&DUHHUDWWLWXGHV $GDSWDELOLW\

2SWLPLVP

3ODQQLQJ

E 3DUDPHWHUHVWLPDWH6( 6WDQGDUGHUURU/ /RZHUOLPLWRIWKHFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDO8 8SSHUOLPLWRIWKHFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOS YDOXH 6LJQLILFDQFHOHYHORIWKHWWHVWSSS

9',6&866,21

7KH DLP RI RXU VWXG\ ZDV WR DQDO\]H WKH DVVRFLDWLRQV EHWZHHQ PHQWDO KHDOWK IDFWRUV ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ DQG FDUHHU DWWLWXGHV DQG /6 DPRQJ QRQ/X[HPERXUJLVK DQG QDWLYH /X[HPERXUJLVKSRVWJUDGXDWHV

2XU PDMRU ILQGLQJ ZDV WKDW WKH EHWWHU WKH SV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI OLIH WKH KLJKHU WKH /6 IRU ERWK JURXSV 6LPLODUO\

KDYLQJDJRRGSV\FKRORJLFDOTXDOLW\RIOLIHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK DFTXLVLWLRQ RI VNLOOV WKDW LQFUHDVH HPSOR\DELOLW\ >@ %HWWHU HGXFDWLRQ SURYLGHV PRUH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU SHUVRQDO GHYHORSPHQWDQGDEHWWHUTXDOLW\RIOLIH>@

)RU WKH WZR JURXSV LQ RXU VWXG\ WKH GHWHUPLQDQWV RI /6 ZHUH LGHQWLFDO )LUVWO\ WKH UHODWLRQVKLSV RI PHQWDO KHDOWK UHODWHG IDFWRUV ZLWK /6 VXJJHVWHG WKDW SHUFHLYHG KHDOWK SV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI OLIH DQG ZRUULHV LQIOXHQFH D SRVWJUDGXDWHV¶ /6ZKLFK LQWXUQKHOSV WKHP DGRSWEHKDYLRUV KHOSIXO WR FDUHHU SODQQLQJ DQG SURVSHFWV 6HFRQGO\ /6 ZDV DOVR UHODWHG WR FDUHHU RSWLPLVP DGDSWDELOLW\ DQG SODQQLQJ ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ LGHQWLILHG DV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU SRVLWLYH FDUHHU RXWFRPHV >@>@ &DUHHU RSWLPLVP LV OLQNHG WR D KHDOWK UHODWHGDGMXVWPHQW>@DQGDSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVHOIDQG RQH¶VOLIHLQJHQHUDO>@7KLUGO\WKHSHUFHSWLRQRIVWXGHQWV¶

ILQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQZDVOLQNHGZLWK/62XUUHVXOWVDUHLQOLQH ZLWK6DP¶V>@ZKRSRLQWHGRXWWKDWVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKRQH¶V ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ SUHGLFWLQJ VXEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJIRUXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV0RUHSUHFLVHO\

LW VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFWHG WKHLU /6 $QRWKHU ILQGLQJ ZDV WKDW

DPRQJ QRQ/X[HPERXUJLVK UHVSRQGHQWV WKH IDWKHU¶V HGXFDWLRQ ZDV SRVLWLYHO\ FRUUHODWHG WR WKH VWXGHQWV /6 7KH KLJKHU WKH DFKLHYHG OHYHO RI HGXFDWLRQ WKH JUHDWHU WKH FRQWULEXWLRQWR/67KHLGHDWKDWSDUHQWDOHGXFDWLRQPD\DVDQ LQGLFDWRU RI IDPLO\ VRFLRHFRQRPLF VWDWXV PRGHUDWH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DFDGHPLF DFKLHYHPHQW DQG /6 LV VXSSRUWHGE\%RXUGLHX¶VWKHRU\RIFODVVGLVWLQFWLRQ>@0RUH KLJKO\HGXFDWHGSDUHQWVPD\EHWWHUIRVWHUVWXGHQWV¶PRWLYDWLRQ WR VXFFHHG DFDGHPLFDOO\ >@ DQG KDYH KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQDO DVSLUDWLRQV IRU WKHLU FKLOGUHQ >@ >@ 2WKHU VWXGLHV >@

>@ KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WKH PRWKHU¶V OHYHO RI HGXFDWLRQ LV DVVRFLDWHGZLWKFKLOGUHQ¶VDFDGHPLFDFKLHYHPHQWDQGWKHLU/6 DVPRWKHUV¶LQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKWKHLUFKLOGUHQDUHPRUHIUHTXHQW WKDQ LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK IDWKHUV DQG HYHQWXDOO\ PRUH LPSRUWDQW IRU NH\ DVSHFWV RI WKH FKLOGUHQ¶V VXEMHFWLYH ZHOOEHLQJ +RZHYHU RXU UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WKH IDWKHU SOD\V D PRUH VLJQLILFDQW UROH WKDQ WKH PRWKHU LQ WKHLU FKLOGUHQ¶V /6 ZKHUH HGXFDWLRQ LV FRQFHUQHG 2QH H[SODQDWLRQ RI RXU ILQGLQJ PD\

EHWKDWWUDGLWLRQDOO\IDWKHUVKDYHEHHQWKHUROHPRGHOVLQWKH IDPLO\ DQG FKLOGUHQ WU\ WR HLWKHU DFKLHYH WKH VDPH OHYHO RI FDUHHUVXFFHVVRUUHVSRQGWRWKHLUIDWKHU¶VH[SHFWDWLRQV:KHQ IDWKHUV SHUFHLYH WKHLU FKLOGUHQ DV FDSDEOH RI VXFFHHGLQJ DFDGHPLFDOO\DQGSURIHVVLRQDOO\WKHFKLOGUHQGHYHORSSRVLWLYH SHUFHSWLRQV RI WKHLU RZQ DELOLWLHV OHDGLQJ WR KLJK /6 ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKDW DV HGXFDWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH WKH FRUQHUVWRQHRIVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\IRU\RXQJQRQ(8 PLJUDQWVUHDFKLQJKLJKOHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQDODWWDLQPHQWOHDGV

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:9, No:11, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10003867

WRDJUHDWHUSRWHQWLDOIRUWKHHPSOR\PHQWDQGVRFLDOLQFOXVLRQ RI LQGLYLGXDOV VLQFH WKH\ DFTXLUH EDVLF VNLOOV DQG VKDUH WKH FRPPRQ YDOXHV RI WKH VRFLHW\ WKH\ OLYH LQ >@ :KHUHDV IRU QDWLYH SRVWJUDGXDWHV WKH EHWWHU ZDV WKHLU KHDOWK VDWLVIDFWLRQ DQGFDUHHURSWLPLVPWKHKLJKHUZDVWKHLU/67KHVHILQGLQJV DUH LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH ODVW 4XDOLW\ RI /LIH UHSRUW >@

ZKLFKGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWKHDOWKLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSUHGLFWRU RI/60RUHRYHUKDYLQJDSRVLWLYHFDUHHUDWWLWXGHLPSOLHVRI EHLQJ PRUH DPELWLRXV ZKHQ GHYHORSLQJ D FDUHHU SODQ DQG VHWWLQJJRDOVLQRUGHUWRWDNHVRFLRHFRQRPLFDGYDQWDJHV

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

&RQWH[WXDOL]LQJ RXU ILQGLQJV WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ VRFLRHFRQRPLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DUH GLVFXVVHG 1RQ /X[HPERXUJLVKVWXGHQWVZHUHROGHUWKDQQDWLYHVKDGDORZHU SHUFHSWLRQ RI WKHLU ILQDQFLDO VLWXDWLRQ DQG PDMRULW\ RI WKHLU SDUHQWV KDG FRPSOHWHG WHUWLDU\ HGXFDWLRQ )RUHLJQ VWXGHQWV QHHGDQDGDSWDWLRQRURULHQWDWLRQSHULRGLQWKHKRVWHGFRXQWU\

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

$&.12:/('*0(17

0DQ\ WKDQNV WR WKH &HQWUH IRU 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ RQ +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ &(',(6 DQG WR DOO WKH VWXGHQW YROXQWHHUV ZLWKRXW ZKRP WKLV UHVHDUFK ZRXOG QRW KDYH EHHQ SRVVLEOH 7KH SURMHFW HQWLWOHG ³&$3-2%

6WXGHQWV DQG JUDGXDWHV &DSLWDO HPSOR\DELOLW\ DQG TXDOLW\ RI OLIH´ZDVVXSSRUWHGE\DILQDQFLDOJUDQWIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI /X[HPERXUJ

5()(5(1&(6

>@ 6WDWHF ³3RSXODWLRQ SDU VH[H HW SDU QDWLRQDOLWp DX HU MDQYLHU [

´ 2QOLQH $YDLODEOH

KWWSZZZVWDWLVWLTXHVSXEOLFOXVWDW7DEOH9LHZHUWDEOH9LHZDVS["5HSR UW,G ,)B/DQJXDJH IUD 0DLQ7KHPH )OGU1DPH $FFHVVHG 2FW

>@ (85<',&(The European Higher Education Area in 2012: Bologna Process Implementation Report

>@ 8QLYHUVLW\RI/X[HPERXUJ³$QQXDOUHSRUW´

>@ (XURSHDQ 0LJUDWLRQ 1HWZRUN (01 ³,PPLJUDWLRQ RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6WXGHQWVWRWKH(8´S

>@ 26'DOJDUG³)O\WWLQJRJSV\NLVNKHOVH´LQSykdom, sjel og samfunn VW HG : 1RWDNHU +HQU\ 3HGHUVHQ (G 2VOR 3D[ )RUODJ SS

±

>@ (XURIRXQGQuality of life in Europe: Impacts of the crisis QR 7KLUG (XURSHDQ 4XDOLW\ RI /LIH 6XUYH\ /X[HPERXUJ 3XEOLFDWLRQV 2IILFH RI WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ

>@ :3DYRWDQG('LHQHU³5HYLHZRIWKH6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH6FDOH´

Psychol. Assess.YROQRSS±

>@ : 3DYRW DQG ( 'LHQHU ³7KH 6DWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK /LIH 6FDOH DQG WKH HPHUJLQJFRQVWUXFWRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ´J. Posit. Psychol.YROQR SS±

>@ < :DQJ DQG ) .RQJ ³7KH 5ROH RI (PRWLRQDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH LQ WKH ,PSDFW RI 0LQGIXOQHVV RQ /LIH 6DWLVIDFWLRQ DQG 0HQWDO 'LVWUHVV´Soc.

Indic. Res.YROQRSS±

>@ : ) 2¶1HLOOEducational Ideologies: Contemporary Expressions of Educational Philosophy*RRG\HDU3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\

>@ (85267$7Quality of life in Europe - facts and views - overall life satisfaction - Statistics Explained /X[HPERXUJ 3XEOLFDWLRQV 2IILFH RI WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ

>@ 1 = $ELGGLQ DQG $ ,VPDLO ³(IIHFWLYH 6XSHUYLVRU\ $SSURDFK LQ (QKDQFLQJ 3RVWJUDGXDWH 5HVHDUFK 6WXGLHV´Int. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci.

YROQRSS±

>@ ' / 6DP ³6DWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK OLIH DPRQJ LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQWV DQ H[SORUDWRU\VWXG\´Soc. Indic. Res.YROSS±

>@ 6 %ăOĠăWHVFX ³&HQWUDO DQG (DVWHUQ (XURSHDQV 0LJUDQWV ¶ 6XEMHFWLYH 4XDOLW\RI/LIH$&RPSDUDWLYH6WXG\´J. Identity Migr. Stud.YRO QRSS±

>@ / 6FDQORQ / 5RZOLQJ DQG = :HEHU ³<RX GRQ¶W KDYH OLNH DQ LGHQWLW\ௗ«ௗ\RX DUH MXVW ORVW LQ D FURZG¶ )RUPLQJ D 6WXGHQW ,GHQWLW\ LQ WKH)LUVW\HDU7UDQVLWLRQWR8QLYHUVLW\´J. Youth Stud.YROQRSS

±

>@ $ 0DFDVNLOO ³7KH PHQWDO KHDOWK RI XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV LQ WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP´Br. J. Guid. Counc.YROQRS

>@ 9$QJHOLQL/&DVLDQG/&RUD]]LQL³/LIHVDWLVIDFWLRQRILPPLJUDQWV GRHVFXOWXUDODVVLPLODWLRQ PDWWHU"´J. Popul. Econ. YROQRSS

±

>@ (00RQNDQG=0DKPRRG³6WXGHQWPHQWDOKHDOWK$SLORWVWXG\´

Couns. Psychol. Q.YROQRSS±

>@ $ 3 6DYRML DQG . *DQML ³,QFUHDVLQJ 0HQWDO +HDOWK RI 8QLYHUVLW\

6WXGHQWV WKURXJK /LIH 6NLOOV 7UDLQLQJ /67´Procedia - Soc. Behav.

Sci.YROSS±

>@ ' (LVHQEHUJ ( *ROEHUVWHLQ DQG 6 6 ( *ROOXVW ³+HOSVHHNLQJ DQG DFFHVV WR PHQWDO KHDOWK FDUH LQ D XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQW SRSXODWLRQ´Med.

CareYROQRSS±

>@ 6 .DUDYGLF DQG 0 %DXPDQQ ³3RVLWLYH &DUHHU $WWLWXGHV (IIHFW RQ +DSSLQHVV DQG /LIH 6DWLVIDFWLRQ E\ 0DVWHU 6WXGHQWV DQG *UDGXDWHV´

Open J. Soc. Sci.YROSS±

>@ 0/6DYLFNDV³7KH7KHRU\ DQG3UDFWLFHRI&DUHHU &RQVWUXFWLRQ´LQ Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work 5 %URZQ 6WHYHQ /HQW (G +RERNHQ 1HZ -HUVH\ 86 -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV,QFSS±

>@ 6 6NHYLQJWRQ 1 6DUWRULXV DQG 0 $PLU ³'HYHORSLQJ PHWKRGV IRU DVVHVVLQJ TXDOLW\ RI OLIH LQ GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUDO VHWWLQJV´Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol.YROQRSS±

>@ ' %HUOH 9 6WDUFHYLF . 0RVHV $ +DQQDQ ' 0LOLFHYLF DQG 3 6DPPXW ³3UHOLPLQDU\ YDOLGDWLRQ RI DQ XOWUDEULHI YHUVLRQ RI WKH 3HQQ 6WDWH :RUU\ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH´Clin. Psychol. Psychother. YRO QR

$XJXVWSS±

>@ 6 .DUDYGLF .DUDWKDQDVL &KU\VRXOD /H %LKDQ (WLHQQH %DXPDQQ 0LFKqOH .DUDYGLF ³$VVRFLDWLRQV EHWZHHQ SV\FKRHGXFDWLRQDO GHWHUPLQDQWV DQG G\QDPLF FDUHHU DWWLWXGHV DPRQJ XQGHUJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV´ LQPsychology Applications & Developments - Advances in Psychology and Psychological Trends Series&3UDFDQD(G/LVERD,Q

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:9, No:11, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10003867

6FLHQFH3UHVVSS±

>@ 0%DXPDQQ,,RQHVFXDQG1&KDX³3V\FKRORJLFDOTXDOLW\RIOLIHDQG LWV DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK DFDGHPLF HPSOR\DELOLW\ VNLOOV DPRQJ QHZO\

UHJLVWHUHG VWXGHQWV IURP WKUHH (XURSHDQ IDFXOWLHV´BMC Psychiatry YROQRS

>@ 7:+1J/7(E\./6RUHQVHQDQG'&)HOGPDQ³3HGLFWRUV RI REMHFWLYH DQG VXEMHFWLYH FDUHHU VXFFHVV $ PHWDDQDO\VLV´Pers.

Psychol.YROQRSS±

>@ 3-5RWWLQJKDXV³7KH&DUHHU)XWXUHV,QYHQWRU\$0HDVXUHRI&DUHHU 5HODWHG $GDSWDELOLW\ DQG 2SWLPLVP´J. Career Assess. YRO QR SS±

>@ 6.DSODQ-&%UDGOH\-1/XFKPDQDQG'+D\QHV³2QWKHUROHRI SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH DIIHFWLYLW\ LQ MRE SHUIRUPDQFH D PHWDDQDO\WLF LQYHVWLJDWLRQ´J. Appl. Psychol.YROQRSS±

>@ - - &RQQROO\ DQG & 9LVZHVYDUDQ ³7KH UROH RI DIIHFWLYLW\ LQ MRE VDWLVIDFWLRQDPHWDDQDO\VLV´Pers. Individ. Dif.YROQRSS±

>@ --7UXQ]RDQG%03LQWR³6RFLDOVXSSRUWDVDPHGLDWRURIRSWLPLVP DQG GLVWUHVV LQ EUHDVW FDQFHU VXUYLYRUV´Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 2QOLQH $YDLODEOH KWWSSV\FQHWDSDRUJ

" ID PDLQGRL/DQGLQJ GRL ; $FFHVVHG 2FW

>@ 0 &RHW]HH DQG . (VWHUKXL]HQ ³3V\FKRORJLFDO FDUHHU UHVRXUFHV DQG FRSLQJ UHVRXUFHV RI WKH \RXQJ XQHPSOR\HG $IULFDQ JUDGXDWH $Q H[SORUDWRU\VWXG\´SA J. Ind. Psychol.YROQRSS±

>@ 3 %RXUGLHX ³7KH )RUPV RI &DSLWDO´ LQHandbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education-5LFKDUGVRQ(G1HZ<RUN

*UHHQZRRG3UHVVSS±

>@ 56WHLQPD\U)&'LQJHUDQG%6SLQDWK³0RWLYDWLRQDVD0HGLDWRU RI6RFLDO'LVSDULWLHVLQ$FDGHPLF$FKLHYHPHQW´Eur. J. Pers.YRO QRSS±0D\

>@ 0LQ =KDQ 0LFKDHO 6KHUUDGHQ 0LQ =KDQ DQG 0LFKDHO 6KHUUDGHQ

³$VVHWV ([SHFWDWLRQV DQG &KLOGUHQ¶V (GXFDWLRQDO $FKLHYHPHQW LQ )HPDOHǦ+HDGHG +RXVHKROGV´Soc. Serv. Rev. YRO QR SS ±

>@ < .LP DQG 0 6KHUUDGHQ ³'R SDUHQWDO DVVHWV PDWWHU IRU FKLOGUHQ¶V HGXFDWLRQDO DWWDLQPHQW" (YLGHQFH IURP PHGLDWLRQ WHVWV´Child. Youth Serv. Rev.YROQRSS±

>@ 3 ( 'DYLV.HDQ ³7KH ,QIOXHQFH RI 3DUHQW (GXFDWLRQ DQG )DPLO\

,QFRPH RQ &KLOG $FKLHYHPHQW 7KH ,QGLUHFW 5ROH RI 3DUHQWDO ([SHFWDWLRQV DQG WKH +RPH (QYLURQPHQW´J. Fam. Psychol. YRO QRSS±

>@ -&UHGH/:LUWKZHLQ10F(OYDQ\DQG56WHLQPD\U³$GROHVFHQWV¶

DFDGHPLF DFKLHYHPHQW DQG OLIH VDWLVIDFWLRQ WKH UROH RI SDUHQWV HGXFDWLRQ´Front. Psychol.YROQR)HEUXDU\SS±

International Science Index, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:9, No:11, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10003867